00:00:07
[Music]
00:00:16
as the Roman army gradually began to
00:00:21
move away from its use of the Greek
00:00:23
style of war it gained a distinctly
00:00:25
unique character of its own flexibility
00:00:29
harsh discipline and good equipment led
00:00:31
to success and others took note during
00:00:35
their rise the Roman military system was
00:00:38
tested against many other unique
00:00:40
military structures which had been the
00:00:43
most lethal during their own time such
00:00:45
as the Carthaginian mercenary army and
00:00:47
the Macedonian phalanx welcome to our
00:00:51
video on the Roman legions mortal enemy
00:00:53
and how it managed to overcome the
00:00:55
Carthaginians in the 3rd century BC in
00:01:00
our previous video we explained the
00:01:02
structure of the Roman legion at the
00:01:04
time of the Punic Wars so we shan't go
00:01:07
into full detail again this time their
00:01:10
infantry consisted of three lines of
00:01:12
heavy infantry Gladius wielding has
00:01:14
start a and pre copays backed up by
00:01:17
veteran spear bearing tree REE this core
00:01:20
was screened by a contingent of well at
00:01:23
a light infantry skirmishes and was
00:01:25
flanked by experienced squadrons of
00:01:28
equity cavalry these legions were
00:01:31
standardised formations and allied units
00:01:34
which usually made up half of Roman
00:01:36
armies had to conform to these tactics
00:01:39
and were not permitted to fight in their
00:01:41
traditional manner Carthage was a
00:01:44
fundamentally different state to Rome
00:01:46
and its armies showed this clearly it
00:01:50
had a permanent backbone of citizen
00:01:52
soldiers from the capital but these were
00:01:54
always heavily outnumbered by the Allies
00:01:56
clients and mercenaries that the
00:01:59
Phoenicians could call on facilitated by
00:02:02
their advanced trading network and vast
00:02:04
wealth this patchwork of troops was
00:02:08
commanded by Carthaginian officers and
00:02:10
unlike the Roman armies was permitted
00:02:13
and encouraged to fight in their own
00:02:15
national styles rather than being
00:02:17
drilled to fight in pre-arranged
00:02:19
formations in fact one of the main
00:02:22
challenges of any Carthaginian general
00:02:25
was to utilize these unique styles to
00:02:28
their best potential and
00:02:29
meld them into one coherent force their
00:02:33
primary infantry recruiting pool came
00:02:35
from the Libya Phoenicians Iberian sand
00:02:38
goals as well as Greeks and others who
00:02:40
were recruited as mercenaries the Libya
00:02:43
Phoenicians lived in peripheral
00:02:45
settlements surrounding Carthage and
00:02:47
were only one stage removed from full
00:02:50
Carthaginian citizenship by the 3rd
00:02:52
century BC they were recruited by levy
00:02:56
from the Empire's hinterland between the
00:02:58
Moroccan Atlantic coast and the Egyptian
00:03:01
border likely being armed as cerissa or
00:03:04
spear wielding forlán jetties however
00:03:07
there is debate about this as it seems
00:03:09
clear in the sources that these troops
00:03:11
are equipped themselves from the Roman
00:03:14
dead at Lake Trasimene these are also
00:03:17
the hardened soldiers which Hannibal
00:03:19
placed on the wings at kanae which held
00:03:21
the Romans off successfully Iberian
00:03:24
troops usually consisted of two main
00:03:27
types Scutari II and contrar II
00:03:29
determined by their type of shield the
00:03:33
iberian Scutari used the heavy Scouten
00:03:36
shield large flat and oval-shaped
00:03:38
serving as heavy infantry whereas the
00:03:41
Kenter re used the flat round and
00:03:44
circular kitra and served as light
00:03:46
infantry skirmishes both variations
00:03:49
would be armed with a sword
00:03:51
probably a falcata or even the Gladius
00:03:54
and a triangular shaped dagger the
00:03:57
ghoulish infantry that served Carthage
00:03:59
were renowned for their ferocity in the
00:04:02
charge unfortunately after the impetus
00:04:05
of their charge had disappeared their
00:04:07
lack of formation left them vulnerable
00:04:09
the majority of these goals were Celt
00:04:12
Iberian from northern Spain who had
00:04:15
invaded from Gaul in the 4th century BC
00:04:17
in contrast to the Iberian 's who
00:04:20
inhabited the south or worthy goals of
00:04:23
northern Italy who joined the Punic army
00:04:25
when Hannibal crossed the Alps
00:04:30
the cavalry that Carthage employed were
00:04:33
substantial and incredibly successful
00:04:35
fighting in many different styles the
00:04:39
tribal elites of the Gaulish societies
00:04:41
in Carthage's reach formed an elite
00:04:43
force of heavy cavalry which were the
00:04:45
most prominent horsemen in Hannibal
00:04:47
Barker's army with 4,000 men they were
00:04:51
usually equipped with heavy thrusting
00:04:53
Spears and slashing swords having much
00:04:56
more armor than their infantry
00:04:57
counterparts
00:04:59
Hannibal also had a contingent of
00:05:01
Iberian horsemen which also functioned
00:05:03
as heavy cavalry and were likely armed
00:05:06
in the Greek style with Kuras shield and
00:05:08
Lance similar to their Roman
00:05:10
counterparts the most famous of Carthage
00:05:14
is cavalry worthy new midians
00:05:16
originating from the north african
00:05:18
berber kingdoms these naturally gifted
00:05:21
riders used light small but Hardy horses
00:05:24
which were incredibly nimble and rode
00:05:27
them without saddles this fit the
00:05:30
numidian tactic of hit-and-run perfectly
00:05:32
almost completely an armored and armed
00:05:35
with light javelins the midians would
00:05:38
rush into the fight and throw their
00:05:39
javelins at the enemy before swiftly
00:05:41
retreating it was a general rule that if
00:05:45
the numidians were on Carthage's size
00:05:47
during a battle they usually won that
00:05:50
battle Roman historian Livy singled
00:05:53
these men out as by far the best
00:05:56
horsemen in Africa unique mercenary
00:05:59
forces were also hired to fight
00:06:01
Carthage's Wars from all around the
00:06:04
Mediterranean Greek mercenaries were
00:06:07
purchased to fight in the First Punic
00:06:08
War against the Romans and were armed in
00:06:11
the late Greek style fighting in the
00:06:13
traditional Macedonian phalanx of their
00:06:16
homeland
00:06:17
likewise philip v of macedonia was
00:06:20
convinced by hannibal during the Second
00:06:22
Punic War to join an alliance against
00:06:24
the Romans
00:06:25
he threatened to invade Italy as well
00:06:28
but this never materialized
00:06:30
a unit of 4,000 Macedonians did fight at
00:06:33
the Battle of Zama in 202 BC organized
00:06:37
in the traditional Macedonian
00:06:38
with Long's ERISA pikes and small round
00:06:42
shields elite mercenary units of the
00:06:45
famous Balearic slingers and Cretan
00:06:47
archers also gave Hannibal's army a
00:06:49
decided edge over the roman well it
00:06:52
tastes during his invasion of Italy the
00:06:55
slingers in particular were regarded as
00:06:57
a reliable unit by the Carthaginians and
00:06:59
many other forces who chose to hire them
00:07:01
in the ancient world Carthage's most
00:07:05
infamous military unit was undoubtedly
00:07:06
their war elephants with which Hannibal
00:07:09
crossed over the Alps in 218 BC Pyrrhus
00:07:13
first introduced war elephants to
00:07:15
Carthage during his wars in Sicily and
00:07:18
the Phoenicians were so impressed that
00:07:20
they immediately employed them to
00:07:22
replace their Tyree and chariots the
00:07:26
elephant employed was the now extinct
00:07:28
African forest elephant which stood at a
00:07:31
rather small 2.5 meters in height
00:07:33
compared to the Indian elephants which
00:07:36
were introduced to the Greek world by
00:07:38
Seleucus because of this smaller size it
00:07:41
is likely that they did not carry
00:07:43
warriors on top of them
00:07:45
despite their intimidating and exotic
00:07:48
nature the war elephant was somewhat of
00:07:51
a novelty weapon used less for its
00:07:53
physical than its psychological effects
00:07:56
on an enemy who might have never seen
00:07:58
one before in particular elephant
00:08:01
charges could reliably spook the horses
00:08:03
of cavalry man into fright causing chaos
00:08:06
in the ranks against an enemy who did
00:08:09
not know how to deal with them elephants
00:08:11
could also cause massive casualties
00:08:13
against massed infantry who would often
00:08:15
panic the second Punic Wars most notable
00:08:19
event is probably Hannibal crossing the
00:08:22
Alps with his elephants but because the
00:08:24
Carthaginians already outnumbered and
00:08:26
outclassed the Roman cavalry they were
00:08:29
not used in the front lines during
00:08:31
battle this array of expert specialised
00:08:35
forces created a deadly army which the
00:08:38
up-and-coming Romans would have to
00:08:40
overcome putting their military
00:08:42
structure to the ultimate test
00:08:44
though the roman manipular system was
00:08:47
one that promoted flexibility it was
00:08:49
often let down against intelligent
00:08:51
Carthaginian generals by the stubborn
00:08:54
Roman mindset which often prioritized
00:08:56
brute force the glory of defeating the
00:09:00
enemy in an old-fashioned set piece
00:09:02
battle was extremely appealing to the
00:09:05
Dignitas seeking Roman politician
00:09:07
general who was always aiming to
00:09:09
increase his wealth and standing in
00:09:11
society if allowed to engage in a simple
00:09:15
set piece battle with no surprises
00:09:17
the efficient Roman legions would crunch
00:09:19
through their enemy the majority of the
00:09:21
time but this room and mindset was
00:09:24
effectively exploited by Hannibal in the
00:09:27
second Punic War at the Battle of cannae
00:09:30
in 216 BC Hannibal knew that the
00:09:33
inexperienced and rash Gaius Terentius
00:09:36
Pharaoh would command the Roman army on
00:09:39
the 2nd of August on that day he baited
00:09:42
the massive and unwieldy Roman force
00:09:45
into a trap and annihilated them with a
00:09:47
clever maneuver mistakes like this did
00:09:50
not go unnoticed by the Romans who were
00:09:53
defeated at the battles in the wars
00:09:55
against Hannibal this was exemplified by
00:09:58
skip EO africanus who supposedly learned
00:10:01
from his rival and used his tactics to
00:10:04
great effect at the Battle of Aleppo in
00:10:06
206 BC while the whole truth is more
00:10:10
complex than this it could be understood
00:10:12
that the conflicts between Rome and
00:10:14
Carthage was on the tactical level a
00:10:17
conflict between two opposite military
00:10:20
organizations a conflict which the
00:10:22
Romans eventually won the patchwork
00:10:26
mercenary army of Carthage with all its
00:10:29
exotic units fighting in their own
00:10:30
manner went up against the standardized
00:10:33
and uniform citizen legions of Rome
00:10:36
where the Roman allies were all trained
00:10:38
and drilled purely in the Roman style
00:10:42
during the second Punic War
00:10:44
Hannibal made an alliance with Philip v
00:10:46
of Macedon the latter believed Rome to
00:10:50
be finished and attempted to expand his
00:10:52
power westward starting the first
00:10:55
Macedonian war
00:10:56
in 214 BC this would give Rome the
00:11:00
opportunity to begin expanding its
00:11:02
tendrils into the Hellenistic world and
00:11:05
would see one of the most epic clashes
00:11:07
of military forces in history the Roman
00:11:10
legion against the Macedonian phalanx of
00:11:13
Alexander the Great in the next video we
00:11:17
will discuss how the Roman legions
00:11:18
matched up against the Macedonian
00:11:20
phalanx so make sure you are subscribed
00:11:22
to our channel and have pressed the bell
00:11:25
button we would like to express our
00:11:27
gratitude to our patreon supporters and
00:11:29
channel members who make the creation of
00:11:31
our videos possible now you can also
00:11:34
support us by buying our merchandise by
00:11:36
the link in the description this is the
00:11:39
kings and Generals channel and we will
00:11:41
catch you on the next one
![[VIDEO CONTOH] National Campaign Competition 2021 | Isu Kerusakan Lingkungan](https://ruhnrawpgxrzdrgaohnf.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/images/video/4qfBbLZWEtE/thumbnail.jpg)
