Racismo: Uma historia Parte 2

00:59:02
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mu5cqfOvmII

Resumen

TLDRO vídeo revela os horrores do imperialismo e do racismo científico, destacando como as ideologias do século XIX justificaram massacres e genocídios. Começando com os campos de morte na Namíbia, onde os povos Herero e Nama foram exterminados, o vídeo explora a destruição dos aborígenes da Tasmânia e as fomes na Índia, resultantes de políticas britânicas. A narrativa mostra a transição de uma visão de benevolência imperial para uma de exterminação, culminando na ascensão do nazismo. O racismo científico, que emergiu como uma justificativa para a dominação colonial, é apresentado como um precursor das atrocidades do século XX, incluindo o Holocausto. O vídeo conclui que a memória desses eventos não pode ser apagada, pois eles fazem parte de uma continuidade histórica de violência e opressão.

Para llevar

  • 🪦 Restos de vítimas de um campo de morte na Namíbia revelam um passado sombrio.
  • 📜 O imperialismo europeu foi marcado por massacres e genocídios.
  • ✝️ A abolição da escravidão não eliminou o racismo; ao contrário, ele se transformou.
  • 🌍 A ciência foi usada para justificar a dominação e o extermínio de povos indígenas.
  • ⚔️ A Guerra Negra na Tasmânia resultou em quase a extinção dos aborígenes.
  • 📉 Políticas britânicas na Índia causaram fomes que mataram milhões.
  • 🧬 A eugenia buscou 'melhorar' a população através da seleção genética.
  • 📚 O racismo científico influenciou a ascensão do nazismo.
  • 🔍 O Holocausto é parte de uma continuidade histórica de violência.
  • 🕊️ A memória dos massacres não pode ser apagada; é crucial para entender a história.

Cronología

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    As profundezas do deserto Namib, um terrível segredo emerge: os restos de vítimas do primeiro campo de morte do mundo, onde milhares de africanos foram exterminados pelo exército alemão, muito antes da ascensão dos nazistas. Esses restos permaneceram esquecidos por mais de um século, mas não são únicos, pois existem locais de massacres e genocídios ao redor do mundo, resultado do imperialismo, onde milhões morreram em uma parte da história colonial que a Europa prefere esquecer.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    No século XIX, cientistas, escritores e filósofos europeus desenvolveram ideias que justificavam os assassinatos em massa da era imperial. Essas teorias inspiraram horrores que consumiriam a Europa no século XX. O século XIX começou com otimismo, com a Grã-Bretanha se preparando para abolir a escravidão, libertando 750 mil escravos nas plantações do Caribe, mas a visão de um futuro de gratidão e trabalho duro pelos ex-escravizados era ilusória.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    A luta contra a escravidão foi liderada por abolicionistas cristãos, que acreditavam que, embora os negros fossem homens e irmãos, eram considerados inferiores. A perspectiva dominante era de uma ordem racial hierárquica, onde a missão de elevar os povos negros e marrons justificava a expansão do Império Britânico, levando à destruição de culturas indígenas e religiões.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Durante o século XIX, a visão dos missionários foi gradualmente ofuscada por uma nova ideologia que afirmava que as raças escuras não podiam ser civilizadas e deveriam ser exterminadas. A colonização da Tasmânia pelos britânicos exemplificou essa ideologia, onde os aborígenes, considerados primitivos e sem cultura, foram massacrados e deslocados de suas terras.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    A guerra negra na Tasmânia foi um conflito oculto, onde os colonos britânicos mataram aborígenes e cometeram atrocidades. A escassez de aborígenes levou à sua quase extinção, e o governador colonial George Arthur, preocupado com a reputação do Império Britânico, implementou políticas que resultaram em mais violência e morte entre os aborígenes.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    George Robinson, encarregado de 'civilizar' os aborígenes, os forçou a adotar um modo de vida europeu, resultando em doenças e morte. A população aborígene, que antes era forte, sofreu um declínio devastador em uma geração, com muitos morrendo em condições desumanas em uma ilha onde foram confinados.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    O que aconteceu na Tasmânia não foi um evento único; povos indígenas em todo o mundo foram empurrados à beira da extinção. Na África do Sul, os povos Koisan foram escravizados e mortos, enquanto na América do Sul, guerras de extermínio contra os índios Pampas estavam em andamento. O racismo que surgiu na era da escravidão começou a ressurgir, culpando os ex-escravizados pela ruína das plantações.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    Com a abolição da escravidão, os antigos proprietários de escravos começaram a culpar os negros pela perda de suas riquezas, ressurgindo estereótipos raciais. A ideia de que os negros eram intrinsecamente preguiçosos começou a ganhar força, e a visão otimista dos abolicionistas começou a se desvanecer, levando a uma nova era de racismo e desumanização.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    A ciência racial emergiu, com anatomistas e craniologistas medindo crânios para justificar a ideia de que diferentes raças eram espécies separadas. A teoria da evolução de Darwin foi mal interpretada para justificar a dominação das raças superiores sobre as inferiores, levando a uma aceitação da ideia de que a extinção de raças 'inferiores' era natural e inevitável.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:59:02

    Na virada do século XX, a Alemanha, influenciada por teorias de eugenia e racismo científico, cometeu genocídios em suas colônias, como na Namíbia, onde os povos Herero e Nama foram exterminados em campos de concentração. Esses eventos prefiguraram os horrores do Holocausto, mostrando que a violência nazista não foi um desvio, mas uma extensão lógica de uma história de racismo científico e imperialismo.

Ver más

Mapa mental

Vídeo de preguntas y respuestas

  • Qual é o tema principal do vídeo?

    O vídeo aborda os horrores do imperialismo e do racismo científico, destacando genocídios e massacres ao longo da história.

  • O que aconteceu na Namíbia?

    Na Namíbia, os alemães estabeleceram campos de concentração onde os povos Herero e Nama foram exterminados.

  • Como o racismo científico influenciou a história?

    Ideias de racismo científico justificaram massacres e políticas genocidas, culminando em eventos como o Holocausto.

  • Qual foi o impacto da abolição da escravidão?

    A abolição da escravidão levou a uma nova forma de racismo, onde os ex-proprietários de escravos culpavam os libertos por suas dificuldades econômicas.

  • O que foi a Guerra Negra na Tasmânia?

    A Guerra Negra foi um conflito entre colonos britânicos e aborígenes, resultando em massacres e quase a extinção dos aborígenes.

  • Como a ciência foi usada para justificar o imperialismo?

    A ciência foi usada para promover teorias de hierarquia racial, justificando a dominação e exterminação de povos indígenas.

  • Qual foi a resposta do governo britânico aos massacres?

    O governo britânico frequentemente ignorou ou minimizou os massacres, priorizando a manutenção do império.

  • O que é eugenia?

    Eugenia é uma ciência que buscava melhorar a população humana através da seleção genética, frequentemente associada a políticas racistas.

  • Como o imperialismo afetou a Índia?

    O imperialismo britânico na Índia resultou em fomes devastadoras, onde milhões morreram devido a políticas de mercado e negligência.

  • Qual é a relação entre o imperialismo e o nazismo?

    O nazismo pode ser visto como uma extensão lógica das ideologias racistas e imperialistas do século XIX.

Ver más resúmenes de vídeos

Obtén acceso instantáneo a resúmenes gratuitos de vídeos de YouTube gracias a la IA.
Subtítulos
en
Desplazamiento automático:
  • 00:00:05
    From deep within the dunes of Africa's
  • 00:00:07
    Namib Desert, a terrible secret is
  • 00:00:11
    beginning to
  • 00:00:14
    emerge. These are the remains of victims
  • 00:00:16
    of the world's first death
  • 00:00:19
    camp. A place where thousands of
  • 00:00:21
    Africans were exterminated by the German
  • 00:00:24
    army 30 years before the Nazis came to
  • 00:00:27
    power.
  • 00:00:30
    These remains have lain here forgotten
  • 00:00:33
    for over a hundred years. But this
  • 00:00:36
    terrible place is not
  • 00:00:40
    unique. Scattered across the world are
  • 00:00:43
    the sites of the massacres and genocides
  • 00:00:45
    of
  • 00:00:47
    imperialism where millions died in an
  • 00:00:50
    aspect of colonial history that Europe
  • 00:00:52
    often chooses to forget.
  • 00:00:56
    These people were victims of the truth
  • 00:00:58
    that lies behind the myth of the white
  • 00:01:01
    man's
  • 00:01:03
    burden. Throughout the 19th century,
  • 00:01:06
    European scientists, writers, and
  • 00:01:09
    philosophers developed ideas to justify
  • 00:01:12
    the mass killings of the age of
  • 00:01:15
    empire. These same theories went on to
  • 00:01:18
    inspire some of the horrors and the
  • 00:01:20
    savagery that would consume Europe in
  • 00:01:23
    the 20th century.
  • 00:01:46
    The 19th century was to end with the
  • 00:01:48
    worst crimes of empire, but it began
  • 00:01:51
    with a great moment of optimism.
  • 00:01:55
    In the 1830s, in the great plantations
  • 00:01:58
    of the Caribbean, Britain prepared to
  • 00:02:01
    become the first nation to end
  • 00:02:06
    slavery. 3/4 of a million slaves across
  • 00:02:09
    the Caribbean were about to be freed.
  • 00:02:12
    And as Britain basted in her sense of
  • 00:02:14
    national benevolence, it was presumed
  • 00:02:17
    that the grateful slaves would transform
  • 00:02:19
    themselves into a hardworking and
  • 00:02:21
    Christian peasantry.
  • 00:02:33
    [Music]
  • 00:02:44
    The battle against slavery had been led
  • 00:02:47
    from the pullpit by an alliance of
  • 00:02:49
    Christian abolitionists and
  • 00:02:50
    missionaries.
  • 00:02:52
    They had fought the campaign from their
  • 00:02:54
    churches and meeting
  • 00:03:01
    halls in the 1830s. It was their views
  • 00:03:04
    that dominated the national debate on
  • 00:03:10
    race. When slavery was finally
  • 00:03:13
    abolished, there would have been an
  • 00:03:15
    enormous sense of elation and
  • 00:03:17
    achievement on the part of the
  • 00:03:18
    abolitionists. Don't forget this was a
  • 00:03:20
    50-year campaign from 1787 onwards
  • 00:03:23
    involving hundreds of thousands of
  • 00:03:25
    ordinary British people, petitions, etc.
  • 00:03:27
    So that when slavery was abolished, the
  • 00:03:29
    abolitionists had won. A sort of a sense
  • 00:03:31
    of triumph. I think they also felt that
  • 00:03:33
    that question, am I not a man and a
  • 00:03:36
    brother was
  • 00:03:40
    answered. The abolitionist response to
  • 00:03:43
    that great question was that although
  • 00:03:45
    men and brothers, black people were
  • 00:03:48
    lesser men and lesser
  • 00:03:51
    brothers. I think in that moment the
  • 00:03:54
    dominant perspective is of a
  • 00:03:58
    hierarchical racial order, but one in
  • 00:04:01
    which it's a question of culture and
  • 00:04:03
    civilization. They certainly do not
  • 00:04:06
    think that black people are equal to
  • 00:04:08
    them at this time. They think maybe at
  • 00:04:11
    some time in the future they will be
  • 00:04:13
    equal.
  • 00:04:15
    The mission to raise up the black and
  • 00:04:17
    brown peoples of the world to the
  • 00:04:19
    supposedly superior level of white
  • 00:04:21
    Englishmen was not to be confined to the
  • 00:04:23
    former slaves. This was to be the great
  • 00:04:27
    task that would justify the expansion of
  • 00:04:29
    the British Empire. The abolitionists
  • 00:04:32
    satisfied one aspect of their tutilage
  • 00:04:36
    and governance of black people in that
  • 00:04:38
    they fought and won for the freedom of
  • 00:04:41
    black people. The next step was to send
  • 00:04:44
    your stormtroopers, your missionaries
  • 00:04:47
    into Africa and the Caribbean to finish
  • 00:04:49
    off the job as it were. You know, these
  • 00:04:51
    are heathens who have to be brought into
  • 00:04:53
    into the fold of Christianity.
  • 00:04:55
    That notion of giving civilized values
  • 00:04:58
    and modes of behavior to other peoples,
  • 00:05:01
    that's the ideology that underpinned the
  • 00:05:04
    empire. In the empire that the
  • 00:05:06
    missionaries and abolitionists set out
  • 00:05:08
    to create, indigenous peoples would see
  • 00:05:11
    their cultures destroyed and their
  • 00:05:13
    religions
  • 00:05:15
    eradicated. And yet all this seems
  • 00:05:17
    almost benign when compared with the
  • 00:05:20
    grim reality of what imperialism became.
  • 00:05:23
    Because during the 19th century, their
  • 00:05:26
    dream was gradually overwhelmed by
  • 00:05:28
    another vision. One that claimed that
  • 00:05:31
    the dark races could not be civilized
  • 00:05:33
    and should instead be
  • 00:05:41
    exterminated. The event that began the
  • 00:05:43
    slow collapse of the missionaries vision
  • 00:05:46
    took place in the then little known
  • 00:05:48
    outpost of Britain's vast and expanding
  • 00:05:50
    empire.
  • 00:05:54
    This is Tasmania on the southern coast
  • 00:05:57
    of
  • 00:05:58
    Australia. What the British did on this
  • 00:06:00
    small island was to resonate down
  • 00:06:03
    through the Victorian
  • 00:06:10
    age. When the British started to settle
  • 00:06:13
    in Tasmania in 1803, they encountered
  • 00:06:16
    the ancient Aboriginal peoples of the
  • 00:06:18
    island. only 5,000 strong, they had
  • 00:06:22
    lived in complete isolation for 10,000
  • 00:06:24
    years on the very edge of the habitable
  • 00:06:31
    world. The settlers saw these people
  • 00:06:33
    through ideas brought with them from
  • 00:06:36
    Europe. Quite early, you get expressions
  • 00:06:39
    of disgust and shock about the way the
  • 00:06:43
    Tasmanians lived. To the Europeans, it
  • 00:06:47
    appeared that the Tasmanians were
  • 00:06:49
    without culture. They were without
  • 00:06:52
    religion. They were godless. So, they
  • 00:06:55
    looked upon the Tasmanians as people
  • 00:06:57
    who'd been left behind by history. And
  • 00:07:01
    they also related to a very popular idea
  • 00:07:04
    of the late 18th century, that is the
  • 00:07:06
    great chain of being that the various
  • 00:07:09
    races of humankind were arranged in
  • 00:07:12
    hierarchical order. and that the
  • 00:07:15
    Tasmanians were uniquely savage and
  • 00:07:17
    primitive and therefore can be treated
  • 00:07:20
    almost as animals.
  • 00:07:26
    The British set about building a new
  • 00:07:28
    capital and settling the surrounding
  • 00:07:31
    countryside, land that for millennia had
  • 00:07:34
    been the prime hunting ground of the
  • 00:07:39
    Aboriginals. Out in these fields and
  • 00:07:41
    pastures, far from the control of the
  • 00:07:44
    authorities, the settlers were free to
  • 00:07:46
    displace and abuse the
  • 00:07:49
    [Music]
  • 00:07:52
    Aboriginals. From the 1820s, huge amount
  • 00:07:55
    of Aboriginal land has been taken up and
  • 00:07:58
    there is this enormous struggle between
  • 00:08:00
    Aboriginal people and whites. Of course,
  • 00:08:03
    it's very hard to document a lot of the
  • 00:08:06
    settler violence because they know that
  • 00:08:08
    it is against the law to kill Aboriginal
  • 00:08:11
    people. They are being told that
  • 00:08:12
    Aboriginal people are British subjects,
  • 00:08:15
    but they certainly reveal in their
  • 00:08:17
    diaries and journals the desire to kill
  • 00:08:20
    Aboriginal people.
  • 00:08:22
    What became known as the Black War was a
  • 00:08:25
    hidden conflict. The landscape itself
  • 00:08:27
    was the only witness. The British
  • 00:08:30
    settlers killed any Aboriginals they
  • 00:08:33
    encountered. Whole groups were
  • 00:08:34
    massacred. Kidnapping and rape became
  • 00:08:37
    common place. The Aboriginals regularly
  • 00:08:40
    attacked the settlers as they fought
  • 00:08:42
    desperately to defend their land. And as
  • 00:08:44
    the death toll rose, fear fused with
  • 00:08:47
    hatred.
  • 00:08:49
    In such circumstances, it was very easy
  • 00:08:53
    um on both sides, no doubt, to regard
  • 00:08:57
    the other side as being totally
  • 00:08:59
    subhuman. I've got no doubt that the
  • 00:09:01
    Aborigines thought the Europeans were
  • 00:09:04
    people totally without morality uh or
  • 00:09:08
    without any restraint. Equally, the the
  • 00:09:11
    Europeans uh slipped very quickly into a
  • 00:09:15
    view that these people were animals and
  • 00:09:17
    savages. So that conflict in such a
  • 00:09:21
    racially divided society so easily tips
  • 00:09:25
    over into an extreme feeling of
  • 00:09:30
    hatred. The death toll of the Black War
  • 00:09:32
    had terrifying implications for the
  • 00:09:34
    Tasmanian Aboriginals. The British, who
  • 00:09:37
    arrived in everinccreasing numbers,
  • 00:09:39
    could replace their dead. But the
  • 00:09:41
    Aboriginals, only 5,000 strong before
  • 00:09:44
    the war, could not. And by the end of
  • 00:09:47
    the 1820s, they were at risk of being
  • 00:09:50
    completely
  • 00:09:51
    annihilated. The only man who had any
  • 00:09:53
    hope of halting the violence was the
  • 00:09:56
    colonial governor George Arthur. Now,
  • 00:09:59
    the governor of Tasmania is an
  • 00:10:02
    evangelical. He knows Wilberforce and he
  • 00:10:06
    is aware that his future and his
  • 00:10:11
    reputation depends on how he deals with
  • 00:10:14
    this problem above all else. Now, he's
  • 00:10:17
    already been warned in the late 1820s by
  • 00:10:20
    the British
  • 00:10:22
    government that the rapidly declining
  • 00:10:25
    numbers suggests that these people might
  • 00:10:28
    be exterminated. And were this to
  • 00:10:32
    happen, it would be an indelible stain
  • 00:10:35
    on the reputation of the British
  • 00:10:38
    Empire. But by implication, it would
  • 00:11:22
    The poster also propagated the lie that
  • 00:11:25
    the British wanted to integrate with the
  • 00:11:27
    Aboriginals. It was both a fiction and a
  • 00:11:30
    complete failure because out in the
  • 00:11:33
    bush, the killings on both sides
  • 00:11:35
    continued. And in 1830, Governor Arthur
  • 00:11:39
    embarked upon a new policy. He ordered
  • 00:11:42
    the army to sweep across the area of
  • 00:11:44
    European settlement in an attempt to
  • 00:11:46
    capture the remaining Aboriginal
  • 00:12:46
    Robinson took a message that the
  • 00:12:49
    government wanted to come to some sort
  • 00:12:52
    of an
  • 00:12:53
    agreement, a negotiation, a peace
  • 00:12:57
    treaty. And that is, I believe,
  • 00:13:00
    undoubtedly the way the Aborigines saw
  • 00:13:02
    it. They too saw this as a way to end a
  • 00:13:07
    conflict which they had realized they
  • 00:13:10
    could never win. They could never get
  • 00:13:12
    rid of the
  • 00:13:13
    Europeans. If they stayed and fought,
  • 00:13:16
    they would be wiped out.
  • 00:13:18
    and Robinson and his intermediaries
  • 00:13:21
    convince them that they should
  • 00:13:25
    temporarily go to an island where
  • 00:13:27
    they'll be looked after and
  • 00:13:29
    fed and that they will ultimately Um,
  • 00:14:53
    husband had been murdered in front of
  • 00:14:55
    her. All of them had seen their culture
  • 00:14:58
    almost wiped out. What little was left,
  • 00:15:02
    Robinson now set out to
  • 00:15:04
    erase. Because Point Civilization was
  • 00:15:07
    not merely a settlement. It was
  • 00:15:09
    essentially a factory to transform
  • 00:15:12
    so-called savages into civilized
  • 00:15:14
    Christians.
  • 00:15:16
    To become a successful Christian, he
  • 00:15:19
    believes you have to settle down. You
  • 00:15:21
    have to live in a village. He wants to
  • 00:15:24
    send the children to school. He wants to
  • 00:15:27
    teach them to to plow and to sew and to
  • 00:15:30
    become agriculturalists.
  • 00:15:37
    Forced to adopt an alien way of life and
  • 00:15:40
    confined to an island hundreds of miles
  • 00:15:42
    from home, they began to succumb to
  • 00:15:44
    European diseases and what the local
  • 00:15:47
    doctor called dejected
  • 00:15:50
    spirits. They die one by one by one.
  • 00:15:55
    Children are not being born and there
  • 00:15:58
    must have been this enormous sense of
  • 00:16:01
    trauma amongst them. A people that had
  • 00:16:04
    once been strong and healthy suffering
  • 00:16:08
    this enormous
  • 00:16:10
    decline within a generation.
  • 00:16:15
    George Robinson, the supposed savior of
  • 00:16:18
    the Aboriginals, was reduced to
  • 00:16:20
    sketching out his plan for their future
  • 00:16:22
    graves.
  • 00:16:25
    Frequently he he cries with the mourers.
  • 00:16:30
    He weeps himself. He's so moved by their
  • 00:16:34
    fate. But ultimately he says, "Well, it
  • 00:16:37
    is better that they die here having
  • 00:16:40
    letared the message of uh of the gospels
  • 00:16:43
    rather than be killed in the bush by the
  • 00:16:45
    settlers." He finds a way to ease his
  • 00:16:48
    own conscience so that Robinson's own
  • 00:16:50
    beliefs, you see, protect him against a
  • 00:16:53
    full accounting of what he was partly
  • 00:16:56
    responsible for.
  • 00:17:03
    Of the 300 Aboriginals lured to Flenders
  • 00:17:06
    Island, by the mid 1840s, around 260
  • 00:17:10
    were dead.
  • 00:17:17
    Jinny,
  • 00:17:20
    Manama, and Watti had all
  • 00:17:28
    succumbed. Tranini was one of the few
  • 00:17:31
    survivors. She lived on, growing into
  • 00:17:34
    old age. When she finally died in
  • 00:17:37
    1876, she was regarded by some as being
  • 00:17:40
    the last full-blooded Tasmanian.
  • 00:17:44
    A people whose story could be traced
  • 00:17:46
    back 10,000 years had within the span of
  • 00:17:49
    a single lifetime been almost
  • 00:17:58
    exterminated. What had happened in
  • 00:18:00
    Tasmania was far from being a unique
  • 00:18:07
    event. Across the world, indigenous
  • 00:18:10
    peoples were being pushed to the brink
  • 00:18:12
    of
  • 00:18:13
    extinction. In the South African Cape,
  • 00:18:16
    the Koisan peoples have been driven from
  • 00:18:18
    their land, enslaved and killed in their
  • 00:18:21
    thousands by British settlers and the
  • 00:18:24
    bo. The same forces had also attacked
  • 00:18:27
    the ancient Stan Bushmen of the
  • 00:18:28
    Kalahari, hunting them down as if they
  • 00:18:31
    were
  • 00:18:32
    animals. In New Foundland, the native
  • 00:18:35
    Beeruck peoples had been completely
  • 00:18:37
    wiped out by
  • 00:18:39
    Europeans. And in South America, wars of
  • 00:18:42
    extermination sanctioned by the
  • 00:18:44
    Argentinian government were raging
  • 00:18:46
    against the Pampas Indians. Everywhere
  • 00:18:49
    it seemed, white settlers were
  • 00:18:51
    destroying indigenous peoples.
  • 00:19:05
    And in these very same years, the old
  • 00:19:08
    racism that had been born in the age of
  • 00:19:10
    slavery began to
  • 00:19:14
    reemerge. In the aftermath of abolition,
  • 00:19:17
    competition from new sugar producers
  • 00:19:19
    began to undermine Britain's once mighty
  • 00:19:22
    sugar plantations.
  • 00:19:24
    And as their estate rotted, the former
  • 00:19:27
    slave owners began to blame their ruin
  • 00:19:30
    on the people who had once made them
  • 00:19:34
    rich. When the Caribbean plantations
  • 00:19:37
    started to lose money in a big way, um
  • 00:19:40
    they fell back to the stereotype of the
  • 00:19:42
    lazy negro.
  • 00:19:45
    The planters were then able to say to
  • 00:19:47
    the abolitionists and to Britain, look,
  • 00:19:49
    we are now in ruin because we no longer
  • 00:19:52
    have the freedom to coair splacks to
  • 00:19:55
    work. We no longer have the freedom to
  • 00:19:56
    to drive them to work. These people are
  • 00:19:59
    intrinsically lazy. You know, you were
  • 00:20:01
    arguing that they were human beings, a
  • 00:20:03
    man and a brother, but in fact, they're
  • 00:20:04
    not. They're still at the level of
  • 00:20:06
    beasts.
  • 00:20:10
    Whereas up to the end of the
  • 00:20:13
    1830s, it's been pretty unpopular to
  • 00:20:17
    talk about Africans in those ways and
  • 00:20:20
    the respectable talk of the
  • 00:20:22
    humanitarians about Africans has been,
  • 00:20:25
    you know, far more prevalent. By the mid
  • 00:20:28
    1840s, that's beginning to shift. Those
  • 00:20:32
    who argued that abolition had been a
  • 00:20:34
    failure due to the laziness and savagery
  • 00:20:37
    of the slaves now claimed that the
  • 00:20:39
    Christian vision of a civilizing empire
  • 00:20:42
    was also doomed.
  • 00:20:45
    You might say that the moral momentum
  • 00:20:47
    ran out of the abolitionist movement.
  • 00:20:50
    People found that other races were not
  • 00:20:54
    becoming civilized. There was something
  • 00:20:58
    difficult.
  • 00:21:00
    They fought back. They didn't seem to
  • 00:21:04
    learn as fast as we would appreciate to
  • 00:21:07
    make them more pliable for
  • 00:21:09
    us. Christian optimism about the spread
  • 00:21:12
    of civilization and the Christianization
  • 00:21:16
    of people of color around the world
  • 00:21:19
    began to drain away.
  • 00:21:23
    If the non-white races seem to reject
  • 00:21:25
    the message of the missionaries, some in
  • 00:21:27
    Britain began to ask if they could be
  • 00:21:29
    civilized at
  • 00:21:31
    all. One of those who thought not was
  • 00:21:33
    the eminent writer and historian Thomas
  • 00:21:36
    Carlilele. In 1849, Carlilele published
  • 00:21:40
    an essay entitled Occasional Discourse
  • 00:21:43
    on the Negro Question in which he
  • 00:21:46
    appealed for a return to some form of
  • 00:21:48
    slavery.
  • 00:21:50
    It was printed and reprinted in
  • 00:21:52
    magazines across the world and helped
  • 00:21:54
    transform the 19th century debate about
  • 00:21:57
    race. Carlilele's voice is a kind of
  • 00:22:00
    prophetic voice, you know, which booms
  • 00:22:03
    out from
  • 00:22:05
    his study in in Cheney Walk in Chelsea.
  • 00:22:10
    And he writes these, you know,
  • 00:22:12
    extraordinarily powerful prophetic
  • 00:22:14
    pieces which were read, you know, with
  • 00:22:18
    gusto by Victorians. than they I mean
  • 00:22:21
    one can imagine them all sitting around
  • 00:22:23
    their fires reading the latest
  • 00:22:25
    periodical that's come out with this
  • 00:22:27
    flow of
  • 00:22:28
    rhetoric in this case in the occasional
  • 00:22:31
    discourse on the negro question the flow
  • 00:22:33
    of rhetoric is about the necessity for
  • 00:22:36
    inequality inequality is the proper way
  • 00:22:40
    to run a society those who know should
  • 00:22:43
    rule those who don't know men should
  • 00:22:45
    rule women white people should rule
  • 00:22:48
    black educated people should rule the
  • 00:22:51
    masses.
  • 00:22:55
    The depth to which these ideas became
  • 00:22:57
    embedded within mid Victorian society
  • 00:23:00
    was revealed by one of the most
  • 00:23:02
    controversial events of the whole 19th
  • 00:23:07
    century. In 1865, the people of Morant
  • 00:23:11
    Bay, a tiny settlement in East Jamaica,
  • 00:23:15
    attacked a courthouse during a minor
  • 00:23:17
    demonstration.
  • 00:23:22
    In return, the governor general imposed
  • 00:23:24
    martial law and ordered his soldiers to
  • 00:23:28
    go on a killing spree. It was a killing
  • 00:23:31
    time. Nearly 500 people were just
  • 00:23:34
    executed. 600 people just fgged, some of
  • 00:23:36
    them to the point of death, and a
  • 00:23:38
    thousand homes torched. Enormous
  • 00:23:42
    um disparity in terms of the retaliation
  • 00:23:46
    against these people. And you know, when
  • 00:23:47
    all this was being done, the so-called
  • 00:23:49
    rebels didn't put up a fight. You know,
  • 00:23:51
    when their houses were being burned,
  • 00:23:54
    they didn't they weren't terrorists.
  • 00:23:56
    They weren't murderers, you know. All
  • 00:23:58
    they wanted was for the judiciary to
  • 00:24:00
    treat them with with a with a sense of
  • 00:24:02
    justice.
  • 00:24:04
    The man who ordered the killings was
  • 00:24:06
    Governor
  • 00:24:07
    Edward. And when news of what he had
  • 00:24:09
    done reached Britain, the liberal
  • 00:24:11
    establishment was shocked. And the cause
  • 00:24:14
    is taken up by the old abolitionists
  • 00:24:18
    who've kept going and kept going and
  • 00:24:20
    kept going. And the old anti-slavery
  • 00:24:23
    societies kind of wrenched themselves
  • 00:24:25
    back into action and mobilized
  • 00:24:26
    themselves again. And all the ladies
  • 00:24:28
    who've been doing it for decades when
  • 00:24:30
    the men have gone off and done more
  • 00:24:32
    interesting things. You know, there they
  • 00:24:34
    are with the machinery still in place
  • 00:24:36
    that can be mobilized when you need to.
  • 00:24:38
    Their tactic was to put Governor Heir on
  • 00:24:41
    trial for mass murder. But in court, he
  • 00:24:44
    was acquitted due in part to a huge wave
  • 00:24:46
    of popular support. He had the whole of
  • 00:24:50
    House of Lords, parliamentarians,
  • 00:24:51
    bishops, priests, the establishment, the
  • 00:24:54
    aristocracy backing him, saying that he
  • 00:24:56
    was justified uh he was justified in
  • 00:24:59
    imposing severe order in these people
  • 00:25:01
    because that's the only language they
  • 00:25:03
    could understood because they black
  • 00:25:04
    people were brutes.
  • 00:25:07
    heir's defense was orchestrated by the
  • 00:25:09
    high priest of the new racism, Thomas
  • 00:25:12
    Carlilele.
  • 00:25:15
    But behind him stood many members of the
  • 00:25:17
    British literary elite. All of whom made
  • 00:25:20
    known their support for Governor Heir
  • 00:25:22
    and his actions at Morant
  • 00:25:24
    Bay. The art critic and writer John
  • 00:25:29
    Ruskin. The author of Vanity Fair,
  • 00:25:32
    William Makepiece Stackery. The Reverend
  • 00:25:35
    Charles Kingsley, writer of the
  • 00:25:37
    children's classic The Water Babies, and
  • 00:25:40
    Charles Dickens, the most celebrated
  • 00:25:43
    author of the century.
  • 00:25:46
    the notion of treating other people with
  • 00:25:49
    some degree of justice and rule of law
  • 00:25:52
    finally went out of the window and was
  • 00:25:55
    demolished in uh in the 1860s over
  • 00:25:57
    Moren. You know, from then on we knew
  • 00:25:59
    that the empire was about ruling people
  • 00:26:02
    with the maximum degree of coercion.
  • 00:26:19
    Some of the new ideas about race in the
  • 00:26:21
    high Victorian age drew their evidence
  • 00:26:24
    from the world of the
  • 00:26:26
    dead. Based on the study of corpses and
  • 00:26:28
    skeletons, the burgeoning science of
  • 00:26:31
    anatomy laid the foundations for a new
  • 00:26:34
    scientific racism.
  • 00:26:38
    In Britain, the most important race
  • 00:26:40
    scientist was a now forgotten
  • 00:26:42
    Edinburghough surgeon. Ruined by a body
  • 00:26:45
    snatching scandal in the 1820s, he had
  • 00:26:48
    fled Britain in disgrace. But in the
  • 00:26:51
    1840s, Dr. Robert Knox resurfaced with a
  • 00:26:55
    publication of a new book.
  • 00:26:59
    Race is everything. Literature, science,
  • 00:27:02
    art, in a word,
  • 00:27:04
    civilization depends on it. For Robert
  • 00:27:07
    Knox in that book, race is everything.
  • 00:27:11
    It determined your character. It
  • 00:27:12
    determined your position in
  • 00:27:14
    civilization. It determined your
  • 00:27:16
    destiny. Can the black races become
  • 00:27:18
    civilized? I should say not. He saw
  • 00:27:22
    racial conflict and extermination
  • 00:27:25
    happening all around the world. It was
  • 00:27:27
    natural for him to believe that racial
  • 00:27:31
    types were bound to struggle and that
  • 00:27:34
    the superior races would dominate the
  • 00:27:37
    naturally inferior ones. The Saxon race
  • 00:27:40
    will never tolerate them, never
  • 00:27:42
    amalgamate, never be at peace. It is a
  • 00:27:45
    war of
  • 00:27:46
    extermination. One or other must.
  • 00:27:50
    Robert Knox was not a lone voice. In
  • 00:27:53
    America, a group led by the renowned
  • 00:27:56
    craniologist Samuel George Morton had
  • 00:27:59
    begun to collect the skulls of different
  • 00:28:00
    races and compare them. Skulls were
  • 00:28:04
    chosen to be measured because it was
  • 00:28:06
    reckoned that the skull was the
  • 00:28:08
    container of the most important part of
  • 00:28:10
    the human body, the brain. The bigger
  • 00:28:13
    the skull, the bigger the brain. The
  • 00:28:14
    shape of the skull, the shape of the
  • 00:28:16
    brain.
  • 00:28:18
    The American School of Race Scientists
  • 00:28:20
    concluded that the races as measured
  • 00:28:23
    through their skulls were so different
  • 00:28:25
    as to be separate
  • 00:28:28
    [Music]
  • 00:28:30
    species. Tasmanians, Africans, American
  • 00:28:33
    Indians were not the lower races of men.
  • 00:28:36
    They were perhaps not fully human at
  • 00:28:38
    all.
  • 00:28:46
    One writer compared the extermination of
  • 00:28:49
    these races by white settlers as being
  • 00:28:52
    like the melting of snow before the
  • 00:28:55
    advancing rays of the
  • 00:28:59
    sun. But the theory that was to have the
  • 00:29:02
    most powerful impact upon race came not
  • 00:29:05
    from the anatomists or the skull
  • 00:29:07
    measurers, but from the work of one of
  • 00:29:09
    the 19th century's greatest minds.
  • 00:29:14
    [Music]
  • 00:29:18
    The origin species really threw a
  • 00:29:19
    bombshell first of all into science. It
  • 00:29:21
    really invented the science of biology
  • 00:29:24
    and then into religion and into society.
  • 00:29:27
    And what Darwin did in some ways was to
  • 00:29:29
    give an alibi for being a judge. If
  • 00:29:32
    evolution had changed the races and the
  • 00:29:34
    species of the world, why hadn't he done
  • 00:29:37
    the same to humans?
  • 00:29:39
    Many believed that Darwin's laws had
  • 00:29:42
    done just that. Natural selection, they
  • 00:29:45
    claimed, neatly explained and justified
  • 00:29:49
    the global expansion of the great
  • 00:29:52
    British race.
  • 00:29:55
    Life favors a hierarchy of
  • 00:30:00
    specialists, and you find that
  • 00:30:02
    throughout the plant and the animal
  • 00:30:03
    world.
  • 00:30:04
    [Music]
  • 00:30:08
    There are bugs on top of bugs on top of
  • 00:30:10
    bugs. Each one surviving at another's
  • 00:30:12
    expense. Each one filling a niche that
  • 00:30:15
    another can't
  • 00:30:17
    [Music]
  • 00:30:22
    occupy. People, Darwin said, are the
  • 00:30:24
    same way. They are expansive organisms.
  • 00:30:28
    In other words, Englishmen are just like
  • 00:30:30
    other organisms. They are successful
  • 00:30:33
    because they are good at
  • 00:30:36
    expanding. Those who understood
  • 00:30:38
    colonialism and human competition in
  • 00:30:41
    terms of Darwin's theories became known
  • 00:30:44
    as the social
  • 00:30:45
    Darwinists. Men like the radical
  • 00:30:47
    biologist Thomas Henry Huxley and the
  • 00:30:51
    famous economist Herbert
  • 00:30:53
    Spencer and social Darwinism foresaw
  • 00:30:56
    very different fates for the various
  • 00:30:58
    races of mankind.
  • 00:31:01
    Evolution was in operation.
  • 00:31:05
    It was advancing the most recently
  • 00:31:09
    evolved, the most successfully evolved,
  • 00:31:12
    that is the northern Europeans, the
  • 00:31:15
    British. But evolution also suggested
  • 00:31:19
    that there had to be losers in this
  • 00:31:22
    great cosmic process. And the losers
  • 00:31:25
    were those peoples who could not
  • 00:31:29
    compete and once put into competition
  • 00:31:32
    with superior races were doomed to
  • 00:31:35
    disappear. And this was likely to happen
  • 00:31:37
    to all the native peoples in North
  • 00:31:39
    America, in the Pacific, and in Africa.
  • 00:31:43
    Across the world, the crimes of
  • 00:31:45
    imperialism now came to be taken as
  • 00:31:47
    proof that the social Darwinists were
  • 00:31:50
    right.
  • 00:31:59
    In North America, centuries of disease
  • 00:32:01
    and war had devastated the Native
  • 00:32:04
    Americans. Whole nations had been all
  • 00:32:06
    but
  • 00:32:07
    annihilated. In parts of the Australian
  • 00:32:10
    mainland, the peoples of the outback
  • 00:32:12
    were, it seemed, going the same way as
  • 00:32:14
    their cousins in Tasmania.
  • 00:32:17
    And across Africa, the scramble for
  • 00:32:19
    empire had brought the might of Europe
  • 00:32:22
    to bear against innumerable peoples,
  • 00:32:25
    killing literally
  • 00:32:30
    [Music]
  • 00:32:33
    millions. The social Darwinists
  • 00:32:35
    predicted a future in which these races,
  • 00:32:38
    like many animal species, would only be
  • 00:32:41
    remembered as
  • 00:32:42
    curiosed exhibits in anthropological
  • 00:32:45
    museums. the white man's burden and the
  • 00:32:48
    Christian dream of benign imperialism
  • 00:32:50
    were rendered obsolete.
  • 00:32:53
    old missionaries who still talked about
  • 00:32:56
    the equality of humanity and talked
  • 00:32:59
    about everyone descended from Adam and
  • 00:33:01
    Eve and talked about that the truth the
  • 00:33:05
    only truth came from the Bible were seen
  • 00:33:08
    as being extraordinarily old-fashioned
  • 00:33:10
    who simply had failed to come to terms
  • 00:33:13
    with the great scientific thinking of
  • 00:33:15
    the age
  • 00:33:17
    and these racial theories were not only
  • 00:33:20
    applied in new colonies but also in the
  • 00:33:23
    oldest parts of the
  • 00:33:27
    empire. In the traditional story of
  • 00:33:30
    imperialism, British India has usually
  • 00:33:32
    been represented as an example of benign
  • 00:33:35
    imperial rule. The British Raj, we are
  • 00:33:37
    told, was run by men who were competent,
  • 00:33:40
    professional, and wise. Men who brought
  • 00:33:43
    order and prosperity to a chaotic land.
  • 00:33:46
    But there is an aspect of Indian history
  • 00:33:48
    that has been written out of this
  • 00:33:49
    account of the imperial past.
  • 00:33:53
    [Music]
  • 00:33:56
    In the mid 1870s, the great dam plane of
  • 00:33:59
    India was affected by the climatic
  • 00:34:01
    phenomenon we now know as El Nino. And
  • 00:34:04
    within months, millions of peasants had
  • 00:34:07
    begun to starve.
  • 00:34:10
    The monsoons had failed. People had
  • 00:34:12
    eaten their food reserves. India stood
  • 00:34:14
    on the precipice of a great human
  • 00:34:16
    tragedy. At this point, the viceroy of
  • 00:34:19
    India, Lord Linton, was totally absorbed
  • 00:34:22
    in in what was probably the largest
  • 00:34:25
    party in world history. Uh, celebrating
  • 00:34:28
    the coronation of Queen Victoria as
  • 00:34:32
    Empress of India. This is one of the
  • 00:34:35
    great catering feats in history since it
  • 00:34:37
    meant whining and dining. uh more than
  • 00:34:40
    60,000 sat traps and princes and
  • 00:34:44
    retainers and friends of the British
  • 00:34:46
    Empire uh in India over the course of a
  • 00:34:50
    long
  • 00:34:55
    week as Lord Littton and the ruling
  • 00:34:58
    elite of the Raj feasted at banquetss
  • 00:35:00
    and posed for official photographs.
  • 00:35:03
    Millions were slowly dying in the
  • 00:35:05
    countryside and the viceroy justified
  • 00:35:07
    his inaction with arguments gleaned from
  • 00:35:09
    the social
  • 00:35:13
    Darwinists. This was a very very crass
  • 00:35:16
    use of a Darwinian evolutionary notion
  • 00:35:20
    of survival of the fittest whereby a
  • 00:35:23
    famine could be actually seen as an
  • 00:35:26
    instrument of of Darwinian winnowing.
  • 00:35:29
    Yes. that people who were unfit uh would
  • 00:35:32
    effectively perish as a result of this
  • 00:35:34
    and to intervene to stop them perishing
  • 00:35:37
    was really to interfere with with almost
  • 00:35:39
    a rule of
  • 00:35:43
    nature. What made the famines especially
  • 00:35:46
    deadly was that the British had
  • 00:35:48
    dismantled ancient systems that had for
  • 00:35:50
    centuries prevented food shortages from
  • 00:35:52
    turning into famines.
  • 00:35:55
    If you'd had a poor monsoon and there
  • 00:35:57
    was a food shortage, many people still
  • 00:35:59
    had enough. They may have had less, but
  • 00:36:01
    they would have had enough because they
  • 00:36:03
    grew their own food or they would have
  • 00:36:04
    had access to it from from other groups
  • 00:36:07
    in the community who would share it with
  • 00:36:09
    them during a time of
  • 00:36:11
    crisis. All this had been wiped away
  • 00:36:13
    when the British force the poorest
  • 00:36:15
    peasants to grow cash crops like wheat
  • 00:36:17
    and rice for export, thereby ushering
  • 00:36:20
    them into a global market. And in the
  • 00:36:23
    1870s, that market condemned them to
  • 00:36:27
    death. By
  • 00:36:29
    1877, millions in southern and central
  • 00:36:31
    India were
  • 00:36:33
    starving. In desperation, parents sold
  • 00:36:36
    their children for scraps of food. Many
  • 00:36:38
    thousands committed suicide. And in some
  • 00:36:41
    places, the people were forced into
  • 00:36:46
    cannibalism. And all the while, the food
  • 00:36:48
    that could have saved them was piled up
  • 00:36:50
    on the docks of Madras, ready to be
  • 00:36:53
    shipped to Britain and
  • 00:36:57
    America. But to Lord Littton, it was no
  • 00:37:00
    more than an unfortunate byproduct of
  • 00:37:02
    the iron laws of social Darwinism.
  • 00:37:06
    If you read the letters of Lord Littton,
  • 00:37:09
    what is so striking about them is not
  • 00:37:11
    simply their fanatical devotion to uh to
  • 00:37:14
    the market and then and and market
  • 00:37:17
    forces. It's not simply their, you know,
  • 00:37:21
    parsimony and desire to spend as little
  • 00:37:23
    as possible, but the enormous calm with
  • 00:37:28
    which they accept the fact that millions
  • 00:37:30
    of Indians would die because these are
  • 00:37:32
    Indians they believe are the useless
  • 00:37:33
    part of the population. The poorest of
  • 00:37:35
    the poor, people condemned to death by
  • 00:37:37
    nature.
  • 00:37:43
    When finally Litton was pressured into
  • 00:37:45
    action, his solution proved just as
  • 00:37:48
    deadly as the famine itself.
  • 00:37:52
    Lord Littton sets up a system of outdoor
  • 00:37:55
    relief that looks more like Nazi
  • 00:37:57
    concentration camps than anything
  • 00:37:59
    representing decent human charity. First
  • 00:38:02
    of all, there's the obligatory test. You
  • 00:38:04
    can't be relieved. That is given a job
  • 00:38:06
    or food within 10 miles of your
  • 00:38:08
    residence. You must walk and you must
  • 00:38:10
    walk sometimes distances of hundreds of
  • 00:38:12
    kilometers and tens of thousands of
  • 00:38:15
    people die in the course of that. Then
  • 00:38:16
    you're put to work doing heavy labor,
  • 00:38:19
    very heavy labor, breaking stone,
  • 00:38:21
    working on the railroads, and you're
  • 00:38:23
    confined then to swallowed camps where
  • 00:38:25
    your daily diet is in caloric terms less
  • 00:38:28
    than that provide to inmates of
  • 00:38:30
    Bukinwall and other Nazi concentration
  • 00:38:32
    camps. They become literally and simply
  • 00:38:35
    death camps. And perhaps worst of all,
  • 00:38:37
    children were now too weak and small to
  • 00:38:39
    do the necessary uh work. children
  • 00:38:42
    became the the main victims of Britain's
  • 00:38:45
    coolhearted
  • 00:38:50
    [Music]
  • 00:38:54
    policies. 8 million Indians died in the
  • 00:38:57
    famines of the
  • 00:38:59
    1870s. But they were not the only
  • 00:39:01
    famines of the British Raj. And they
  • 00:39:03
    were not the last. Famines returned in
  • 00:39:06
    the 1880s and the 1890s. And in all
  • 00:39:10
    almost 30 million Indians starved to
  • 00:39:12
    death under British rule. A story
  • 00:39:15
    airbrushed out of the glorious accounts
  • 00:39:17
    of the Raj and the men who ruled over
  • 00:39:19
    it.
  • 00:39:23
    [Music]
  • 00:39:43
    Social Darwinism had justified genocidal
  • 00:39:45
    policies in the colonies. And in the
  • 00:39:48
    same years, it also fueled new fears
  • 00:39:50
    amongst the British elite. Fears of
  • 00:39:52
    other dangerous races living in their
  • 00:39:54
    midst, the working classes of their own
  • 00:39:57
    cities.
  • 00:40:00
    [Applause]
  • 00:40:02
    Race and class are actually very close
  • 00:40:04
    to each other. If you look at books
  • 00:40:06
    about race around Darwin's time, they
  • 00:40:09
    often talk about the Cocknney race, the
  • 00:40:11
    English country race, the the Scottish
  • 00:40:15
    race. There were drawings of the head of
  • 00:40:18
    a typical member of the Cocknney race
  • 00:40:20
    and the word was used quite
  • 00:40:23
    seriously. There were maps made of where
  • 00:40:26
    the criminal races lived. These were the
  • 00:40:29
    rrookeries. This was the east end, the
  • 00:40:32
    uh the melting pot of all the horrors of
  • 00:40:34
    going to go out infect the rest of part
  • 00:40:35
    of the
  • 00:40:39
    population. Race scientists and social
  • 00:40:42
    reformers visited prisons to study the
  • 00:40:44
    criminal races at firsthand. And among
  • 00:40:47
    them was Charles Darwin's cousin,
  • 00:40:49
    Francis Golton. Golton was terrified by
  • 00:40:52
    the fact that the underclass were
  • 00:40:54
    reproducing faster than the middle
  • 00:40:56
    classes. Darwinian law had, it seemed,
  • 00:40:59
    been turned on its head. The least fit
  • 00:41:01
    were surviving. Reversing this situation
  • 00:41:04
    became his mission. Darwin had looked
  • 00:41:07
    backwards. Where have we come from?
  • 00:41:09
    Golton turned the telescope around and
  • 00:41:12
    looked forward. Where were we going? And
  • 00:41:14
    he devoted much of the rest of his life
  • 00:41:16
    to the idea of understanding homo
  • 00:41:18
    sapiens, us as a species, and trying to
  • 00:41:21
    direct where homo sapiens was going to
  • 00:41:23
    go in order to become more sapient, more
  • 00:41:26
    wise in the future, more of a genius and
  • 00:41:28
    less of what he saw, more stupid, more
  • 00:41:31
    ignorant, and more decayed.
  • 00:41:37
    Golton designed a new science of human
  • 00:41:39
    selective breeding. He dreamed of
  • 00:41:41
    encouraging the middle classes to have
  • 00:41:43
    more children and inhibiting breeding
  • 00:41:45
    amongst the lower and criminal classes.
  • 00:41:48
    And he named his new science
  • 00:41:51
    eugenics. In the last decades of the
  • 00:41:53
    19th century, it became widely
  • 00:41:56
    respected, attracting an array of
  • 00:41:58
    highprofile supporters.
  • 00:42:01
    They included many of the great figures
  • 00:42:03
    of the late 19th, early 20th century.
  • 00:42:04
    People like George Bernard Choy, HG
  • 00:42:06
    Wells, uh Winston Churchill. All of them
  • 00:42:09
    absolutely convinced
  • 00:42:12
    [Music]
  • 00:42:18
    eugenicists. In the first years of the
  • 00:42:20
    20th century, all the racial theories
  • 00:42:23
    developed in the Victorian age.
  • 00:42:25
    Eugenics, social Darwinism, and
  • 00:42:27
    scientific racism came together in a
  • 00:42:30
    forgotten outpost of
  • 00:42:33
    colonialism. This is Namibia. But at the
  • 00:42:37
    dawn of the 20th century, it was the
  • 00:42:39
    German colony of Southwest Africa and
  • 00:42:42
    home to an ancient people called the
  • 00:42:45
    Herrera. In 1904, they rebelled against
  • 00:42:48
    the brutality of German rule. What
  • 00:42:51
    followed was to prefigure the worst
  • 00:42:53
    crimes of the 20th century.
  • 00:42:58
    The Germans committed innumerable
  • 00:43:00
    massacres and atrocities, but they were
  • 00:43:02
    unable to hunt down and destroy all the
  • 00:43:04
    Herrera people across such a vast
  • 00:43:07
    landscape. And when the Nama, another of
  • 00:43:10
    the Namibian peoples, rose up, the
  • 00:43:12
    Germans turned instead to a recent
  • 00:43:14
    invention, the concentration camp.
  • 00:43:22
    In these camps, the Herrerero and Nama
  • 00:43:24
    were imprisoned and
  • 00:43:26
    enslaved. Thousands were worked to
  • 00:43:29
    death, others raped, beaten or simply
  • 00:43:32
    murdered by the guards.
  • 00:43:44
    The most infamous and deadly of the
  • 00:43:47
    camps was at a place called Shark
  • 00:43:53
    Island. Shark Island was established for
  • 00:43:56
    the express purpose of killing
  • 00:43:59
    people. Anybody placed on that island,
  • 00:44:02
    everybody knew they were going to
  • 00:44:04
    die.
  • 00:44:06
    People knew that. The German officers
  • 00:44:09
    knew that. If I were to have to use the
  • 00:44:12
    language of the Nazi period, then I
  • 00:44:15
    would certainly see Shark Island as a
  • 00:44:18
    death camp.
  • 00:44:21
    The people
  • 00:44:23
    were bang together in Shak Island from
  • 00:44:26
    all over Namibia. Heros,
  • 00:44:29
    Tamaras, Bushman, Nama. And they had
  • 00:44:33
    cool blooded murder
  • 00:44:36
    there. My own family, my
  • 00:44:39
    ancestors that they were also killed
  • 00:44:43
    there. In this desolate place on the
  • 00:44:46
    southern edge of Africa, 3 and a half
  • 00:44:49
    thousand people were exterminated with
  • 00:44:51
    the speed and efficiency that was to
  • 00:44:53
    become the hallmark of 20th century
  • 00:44:55
    slaughter.
  • 00:44:57
    The genocides which took place in
  • 00:44:59
    Namibia in 1904 to 199. They are the
  • 00:45:02
    precursor to what happens in the Nazi
  • 00:45:05
    period, they are the precursor. They
  • 00:45:07
    have the
  • 00:45:09
    same symptoms in the sense that you can
  • 00:45:12
    see the bureaucratization of mass
  • 00:45:14
    killing and this
  • 00:46:06
    The site of Shark Island lie some of the
  • 00:46:09
    victims of the 20th century's first
  • 00:46:11
    genocide.
  • 00:46:28
    Other victims were denied even the
  • 00:46:30
    meager dignity of a mass
  • 00:46:33
    grave. They became the raw material of
  • 00:46:36
    racial
  • 00:46:39
    science.
  • 00:46:42
    Their skulls and even severed heads were
  • 00:46:47
    sold to museums in Europe and used to
  • 00:46:49
    prove the inferiority of
  • 00:46:52
    [Music]
  • 00:46:56
    Africans. The trade in skulls was so
  • 00:46:58
    accepted that it was even depicted on a
  • 00:47:01
    postcard.
  • 00:47:11
    In the aftermath of the genocide, German
  • 00:47:14
    racial scientists continued to use
  • 00:47:16
    Namibia as a field laboratory and the
  • 00:47:18
    African peoples who had survived as
  • 00:47:21
    their subjects.
  • 00:47:25
    In 1908, a eugenicist called Oen Fischer
  • 00:47:29
    traveled to the small town of Riaboth,
  • 00:47:31
    home to a people of mixed bore and
  • 00:47:33
    African heritage, who called themselves
  • 00:47:35
    the Riaboth
  • 00:47:38
    basters. Fischer and his assistants
  • 00:47:41
    spent months photographing, measuring,
  • 00:47:44
    and examining the inhabitants of this
  • 00:47:47
    town, people whose descendants still
  • 00:47:49
    live here.
  • 00:47:54
    The person at the bottom there is my
  • 00:47:59
    grandfather, Malcolm
  • 00:48:01
    McNab, and above him is his brother,
  • 00:48:05
    Charles
  • 00:48:07
    McNab. My grandfather used to talk a lot
  • 00:48:10
    about what they
  • 00:48:13
    did, measurements, the eyes, the nose,
  • 00:48:16
    the lips, the ears, hair, etc.
  • 00:48:21
    They was not
  • 00:48:23
    aware of the nature of the
  • 00:48:27
    [Music]
  • 00:48:30
    experiment. Lying in the vaults of an
  • 00:48:33
    archive in modernday Namibia, Oen
  • 00:48:36
    Fisher's original files and photographs
  • 00:48:38
    remain as he left them a century ago.
  • 00:48:41
    They reveal his methods and also his
  • 00:48:44
    aims. Here, Ogan Fischer has lined the
  • 00:48:47
    different pictures up next to each other
  • 00:48:49
    to try to trace very specific facial
  • 00:48:52
    features like the eyes or the noses. And
  • 00:48:54
    the reason he's done this is to try to
  • 00:48:56
    show how very specific African facial
  • 00:48:59
    features like high cheekbones and the
  • 00:49:00
    the drawn out eyes that represent the
  • 00:49:03
    African genes are very prominent and
  • 00:49:06
    become more prominent through the
  • 00:49:08
    degenerations.
  • 00:49:10
    Oegan Fischer came to Namibia to prove
  • 00:49:13
    one basic point and that was that racial
  • 00:49:15
    mixing was always bad and that the
  • 00:49:18
    African gene is dominant over the white
  • 00:49:23
    [Music]
  • 00:49:27
    gene. Fischer's work in Riaboth sealed
  • 00:49:30
    his reputation as one of Germany's
  • 00:49:32
    leading racial scientists.
  • 00:49:35
    It also brought in recognition from a
  • 00:49:37
    nation that was then experiencing the
  • 00:49:39
    greatest influx of immigration the world
  • 00:49:42
    had ever
  • 00:49:43
    seen. In the first years of the 20th
  • 00:49:46
    century, the ethnic makeup of America
  • 00:49:49
    was being transformed as millions of
  • 00:49:51
    immigrants poured into her great
  • 00:49:54
    cities. Many of those who feared that
  • 00:49:56
    mass immigration would lead to
  • 00:49:58
    widespread racial mixing looked to the
  • 00:50:00
    ideas of eugenics, an increasingly
  • 00:50:02
    powerful science.
  • 00:50:05
    Eugenics flourished, mutated and went
  • 00:50:07
    out of control when it got to the United
  • 00:50:09
    States. And the irony is that the
  • 00:50:13
    eugenics movement in the United States,
  • 00:50:15
    which which uh certainly descended
  • 00:50:19
    directly from Golton,
  • 00:50:21
    um had the great advantage of having a
  • 00:50:24
    lot of money, huge amount of money.
  • 00:50:27
    [Music]
  • 00:50:30
    Some of that money was used to establish
  • 00:50:32
    the eugenics records office ran by the
  • 00:50:35
    infamous Charles
  • 00:50:37
    Davenport. In order to defend the health
  • 00:50:39
    and purity of the white race, Davenport
  • 00:50:42
    and his followers sought to identify
  • 00:50:44
    those classes and those races in America
  • 00:50:47
    whom they considered genetically
  • 00:50:50
    unfit. Identified and monitored, the
  • 00:50:53
    scientists would then take control of
  • 00:50:54
    their lives and their fertility.
  • 00:51:00
    Once you were identified as a certain
  • 00:51:02
    class, it meant what school you could go
  • 00:51:05
    to, what cemetery you could be buried
  • 00:51:07
    in, where you could live. It was a
  • 00:51:09
    matter of life and
  • 00:51:11
    death. Marriage laws were established in
  • 00:51:13
    dozens of states around the United
  • 00:51:15
    States, saying that people could not
  • 00:51:16
    marry outside of their group. Blacks
  • 00:51:18
    could not marry whites. Um, Indians
  • 00:51:20
    could not marry blacks. In Virginia, if
  • 00:51:23
    you married the wrong person, meaning
  • 00:51:25
    interracial marriage, they would unmar
  • 00:51:27
    you. They would invalidate your
  • 00:51:31
    marriage. 27 states passed eugenics
  • 00:51:34
    marriage laws. An eugenicist spread
  • 00:51:37
    their message using the new medium of
  • 00:51:46
    [Music]
  • 00:51:52
    cinema. The propaganda was intended to
  • 00:51:55
    protect the genetic health of the white
  • 00:51:57
    race.
  • 00:52:01
    [Music]
  • 00:52:05
    This would be achieved by eradicating
  • 00:52:08
    those deemed unworthy through forced
  • 00:52:10
    mass sterilization.
  • 00:52:13
    [Music]
  • 00:52:16
    They went about methodically tracking
  • 00:52:18
    ancestry and target and targeting
  • 00:52:21
    bloodlines for extinction. That's
  • 00:52:24
    eugenics. the effort to create a white
  • 00:52:28
    master blonde, blue-eyed, master race by
  • 00:52:33
    wiping out other bloodlines until they
  • 00:52:36
    were left only with
  • 00:52:39
    themselves and people who resembled
  • 00:52:42
    [Music]
  • 00:52:45
    themselves. And what's important here is
  • 00:52:48
    that these people thought they were
  • 00:52:50
    saving humanity. These people thought
  • 00:52:52
    they were liberals. They were reformers.
  • 00:52:55
    [Music]
  • 00:52:58
    Eugenics was a worldwide movement. In
  • 00:53:01
    Sweden, an official program forcibly
  • 00:53:04
    sterilized 60,000 people, mental
  • 00:53:06
    patients, and members of the ethnic
  • 00:53:08
    minorities. In Britain, the Eugenic
  • 00:53:11
    Society received widespread support from
  • 00:53:13
    across the political spectrum.
  • 00:53:18
    [Music]
  • 00:53:25
    But it was in Germany that the radical
  • 00:53:28
    ideas of the American eugenics movement
  • 00:53:30
    found its most receptive audience.
  • 00:53:36
    Anything connected to America would seem
  • 00:53:38
    to be modern, progressive, scientific,
  • 00:53:41
    democratic, reasonable. So it must be
  • 00:53:43
    good. America was the future, the force
  • 00:53:45
    of the future. Secondly, I think that
  • 00:53:48
    many European eugenicists, including the
  • 00:53:50
    Germans, like the tone adopted by
  • 00:53:52
    American eugenicists, which was very
  • 00:53:54
    radical and sort of nononsense and they
  • 00:53:57
    didn't use euphemisms. They said exactly
  • 00:53:59
    what they meant. The Americans provided
  • 00:54:02
    more than just
  • 00:54:04
    inspiration. American foundations also
  • 00:54:06
    bankrolled the development of German
  • 00:54:09
    eugenics. This was the Kaiser Vilhelm
  • 00:54:12
    Institute of Anthropology and Human
  • 00:54:14
    Heredity. In the 1930s, the men and
  • 00:54:17
    women who worked here received grants
  • 00:54:19
    from the American Rockefeller
  • 00:54:22
    Foundation. And the leading scientist
  • 00:54:24
    here was the man who made his name in
  • 00:54:27
    Namibia, Oegan
  • 00:54:30
    Fiser. Under the Nazis, Fischer was
  • 00:54:33
    empowered to sterilize the racially
  • 00:54:35
    mixed people of Germany's rhinand, 400
  • 00:54:38
    of them, all children.
  • 00:54:41
    The majority of those sterilized by the
  • 00:54:43
    Nazis before 1939, however, were the
  • 00:54:45
    mentally
  • 00:54:47
    ill. But when the Nazis began their war,
  • 00:54:50
    they abandoned sterilization in favor of
  • 00:54:53
    adult euthanasia, the Nazi euphemism for
  • 00:54:58
    murder. The victims of this program were
  • 00:55:01
    amongst the first people gassed by the
  • 00:55:03
    Nazis. But the program wasn't restricted
  • 00:55:05
    to the mentally
  • 00:55:07
    ill. when um they have killed the target
  • 00:55:12
    figure of mental patients they want to
  • 00:55:14
    kill which is roughly 70,000 people they
  • 00:55:16
    slightly exceeded it so the first thing
  • 00:55:18
    they do then is to contact the SS who
  • 00:55:21
    have large numbers of what they deem to
  • 00:55:23
    be sick um concentration camp prisoners
  • 00:55:26
    in other words people who might have got
  • 00:55:28
    wear glasses or you know be myopic or
  • 00:55:31
    have a wooden leg or something so they
  • 00:55:33
    want them out of the way so these people
  • 00:55:35
    oblige and they take 15 or 20,000 people
  • 00:55:38
    from the concentration camps and kill
  • 00:55:40
    them on behalf of the SS, it's a bit
  • 00:55:42
    like sort of contract work. And then
  • 00:55:45
    when the um uh SS and other people have
  • 00:55:48
    decided they're going to go for the big
  • 00:55:50
    project, which is to kill the Jewish
  • 00:55:52
    population of Europe, and in particular
  • 00:55:54
    that of Poland, which is the biggest
  • 00:55:56
    population they're concerned with. Then
  • 00:55:58
    those people push themselves forward and
  • 00:56:00
    say, "Well, hey, we can do this. We've
  • 00:56:02
    done it. We have a record of doing this.
  • 00:56:04
    We murder people." and they become the
  • 00:56:07
    core personnel in all the big
  • 00:56:09
    extermination camps.
  • 00:56:12
    These killing centers were the second
  • 00:56:14
    network of concentration camps and death
  • 00:56:17
    camps in German
  • 00:56:19
    history. And the experts in eugenics or
  • 00:56:22
    race hygiene as the Germans called it
  • 00:56:25
    were involved not just in their
  • 00:56:26
    day-to-day running but also in the
  • 00:56:28
    highest levels of planning.
  • 00:56:31
    It's worth reminding ourselves that the
  • 00:56:33
    Bonsai Conference, which is the one that
  • 00:56:36
    set up the plan for the final solution,
  • 00:56:38
    almost half the people around that
  • 00:56:40
    table, had doctorates, PhDs in race
  • 00:56:43
    hygiene or genetics as we'd say today.
  • 00:56:46
    So there really is a genuine link
  • 00:56:49
    between the Goltonian agenda and the
  • 00:56:52
    horrors which happen in Germany.
  • 00:56:57
    The German experts in race hygiene who
  • 00:57:00
    assembled here at the Vansy Villa
  • 00:57:02
    outside Berlin dreamed of racial
  • 00:57:04
    genocide just like their spiritual
  • 00:57:06
    predecessors, the race scientists and
  • 00:57:08
    the social Darwinists of the Age of
  • 00:57:13
    Empire. But the colonial genocides
  • 00:57:15
    inspired and justified by the 19th
  • 00:57:18
    century theorists have been written out
  • 00:57:20
    of Europe's history.
  • 00:57:23
    The horrors of the Shark Island death
  • 00:57:26
    camp, the destruction of the Tasmanian
  • 00:57:33
    Aboriginals, the 30 million victims of
  • 00:57:36
    the Indian
  • 00:57:38
    famines, all have been
  • 00:57:43
    forgotten. The erasure of this memory
  • 00:57:46
    encourages the belief that Nazi violence
  • 00:57:49
    was an aberration in European history.
  • 00:57:52
    Though the Holocaust itself was
  • 00:57:54
    motivated by the fanatical anti-semitism
  • 00:57:56
    of the Nazis, it can also be seen as
  • 00:58:00
    part of a longer historical
  • 00:58:02
    continuum, one that identifies it as a
  • 00:58:05
    logical extension of scientific
  • 00:58:08
    racism. But this history, like the bones
  • 00:58:12
    in the Namibian deserts, refuses to
  • 00:58:15
    remain buried forever.
  • 00:58:19
    [Music]
  • 00:58:32
    [Music]
  • 00:58:39
    [Music]
  • 00:58:45
    [Music]
Etiquetas
  • imperialismo
  • racismo
  • genocídio
  • Namíbia
  • Tasmânia
  • eugenia
  • Holocausto
  • história
  • colonialismo
  • fome