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trishti
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ias is pleased to revise its program
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specially targeting js paper 4 which
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deals with
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ethics integrity and aptitude
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in this episode of the program ethics
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definitions and concepts
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we will discuss social justice theories
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and concepts let us begin with the brief
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introduction
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on social justice social justice is the
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view that everyone
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deserves equal economic political social
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rights
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and opportunities social justice as a
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concept
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arose in the early 19th century during
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the industrial revolution
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and the subsequent civil revolutions
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throughout europe
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it aimed to create a more egalitarian
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society
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and remedy capitalistic exploitation of
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human labor
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early social justice advocates focused
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primarily
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on capital property and the distribution
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of wealth
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by the mid-20th century social justice
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had expanded
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from being primarily concerned with
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economics
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it includes other spheres of life to
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include the environment
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race gender and other causes and
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manifestations of inequality
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the measure of social justice has
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expanded from being
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measured and enacted only by the
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nation-state
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to include a universal human dimension
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now let us focus on the principles of
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social justice
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there are five main principles of social
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justice
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namely access to resources equity
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participation diversity and
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human rights looking at access to
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resources first
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it refers to the extent to which
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different socio-economic
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groups receive equal access to give
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everyone
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an equal start in life many societies
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offer a multitude of resources and
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services for their citizens
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such as healthcare food shelter
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education and recreational opportunities
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there often exist unequal access to such
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services
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shifting towards principle of equity
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equity refers to how individuals are
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given tools
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specific to their needs and
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socioeconomic status
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in order to move towards similar
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outcomes
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it contrasts with equality where
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everyone is offered the same tools to
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move towards the same outcome
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as such often things that are equal
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are not equitable due to the more
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advanced needs of some individuals in
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groups
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social justice integrated with
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addressing equity issues
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might include advancing policies that
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provide support
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to overcome systemic barriers
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now let us discuss participation
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participation refers to how everyone in
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society is given a voice
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an opportunity to verbalize their
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opinions and concerns
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they have a role in any decision making
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that affects the livelihood
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and standard of living social injustice
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occurs when a small group of individuals
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makes decisions for a large group while
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some people
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are unable to voice their opinions
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shifting towards the next principle that
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is diversity
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appreciating the value of cultural
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differences
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is especially important policy makers
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are often
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better able to construct policies that
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take into consideration
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differences that exist among different
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societal groups
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it is important to recognize that some
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groups
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face more barriers in society by
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considering the iniquities
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policymakers and civil servants will be
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in a stronger position
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to expand opportunities for marginalized
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or disadvantaged groups
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discrimination in employment on the
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basis of factors
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such as race gender
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ethnicity sex age and other
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characteristics
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of constant issues in the society
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looking at the principle of human rights
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in social justice
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human rights are the basic rights and
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freedoms
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that belong to every person anywhere in
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the world
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from birth until death they are applied
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regardless of nationality faith or race
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human rights and social justice are
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certainly interrelated
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and it is impossible for one to exist
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without the other they are extremely
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important in many societies
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and are recognized internationally
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through institutions such as
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the international criminal court
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international court of justice
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and the united nations human rights
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council
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now looking at various theories of
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social justice
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let us begin with utilitarianism
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the protagonists of utilitarianism such
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as jeremy bentham or john stuart mill
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considered practicality and utility to
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be the measure of
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virtue and justice the value of justice
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is inherent in how many individuals
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derive
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pleasure from it that is how far it is
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useful
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or full of utility in favor of common
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interest
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that which is not useful or does not
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contain any utility
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cannot be just and ethically justifiable
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the maximum good of the greatest number
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of individuals
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is regarded as the basis of justice
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for them utility ought to be the
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minister of good
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right morality progress and justice
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bentham stressed that justice must be
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demonstrated
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and the welfare of the needy and the
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oppressed be protected
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according to these thinkers whatever is
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useless
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painful evil and unjust
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must be reformed or changed in the
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interest of the greatest number of
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individuals
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in other words all questions of
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distribution
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are to be resolved by reference to
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consequences
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a socially just allocation is the
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ultimate allocation that produces
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the greatest sum of happiness
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the next theory we will discuss is
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self-perfectionism
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since all individuals differ in their
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abilities and capacities
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their duties too would immensely differ
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each individual must do all his duties
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honestly
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and efficiently in accordance with the
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place he has been assigned in society
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every person has the right to choose his
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own place of duties
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one can pursue any course of his liking
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but once he selects his place
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he must do his work devotedly the
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possibilities of social progress
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and the areas of justice are expanded in
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the interest of all
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this is the right way to achieve
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individual and social good
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and there is no contradiction between
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the two
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looking at marxism the marxist view of
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social justice
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believes that the idea of justice has
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been developed through the ages
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it changes from one age to the other on
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the basis of
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economic relations the economic
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structure
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plays a decisive role in establishing
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and maintaining social justice
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there has been continuous trouble
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between the haves
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and have-nots throughout the ages in the
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pretext of social justice
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in every stage of human society the
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have-nots
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were exploited by the have class
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they could not attain such justice as
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the problem of exploitation
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is rooted in the economic structure
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itself
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the marxist ethics first associate the
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concept of
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justice with the idea of liberating
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society
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from exploiting class social justice
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attains its summit in communist society
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in which
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all traces of social and economic
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distinction
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disappear now we will discuss
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existentialism the existentialist
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did not accept justice as natural virtue
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like that of german philosopher nishi
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or an ancient indian law giver manu and
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said that
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is fundamentally free man makes his own
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ideals with the view to bring about a
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particular social system
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in future the existentialists
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hold that man's life is a continuous
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trouble in the midst of the unity of the
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process of choice
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in john paul stark's view man cannot
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escape
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the exercise of freedom as freedom is
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inherent in the existence of mankind
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freedom would remain in life apparently
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so long as the existence of
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man continues man's freedom is unlimited
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that is freedom can never be destroyed
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by any law or moral rule
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it cannot be rooted by coercion of an
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ideal or
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any system of obligations
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this fact however does not exonerate man
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from responsibility
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which is the sole basis of the
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existential
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idea of justice man is responsible for
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all his ideas which he chooses as a free
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being
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whether these ideals are related to
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justice
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morality democracy or economic welfare
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man's just ideals or unjust systems
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inspire him accordingly for pursuing his
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own course of action
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let's focus on john roll's theory of
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social justice
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in his work a theory of justice roles
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defends
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a conception of justice as fairness
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he holds that an adequate account of
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justice cannot be derived from
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utilitarianism
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the doctrine is consistent with
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intuitively
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undesirable forms of government which
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neglects
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the rights and interests for minority
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roles argues that justice consists of
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the basic principles of government
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that free and rational individuals would
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agree to
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in a hypothetical situation of perfect
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equality
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roles imagines a group of individuals
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who have been made
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ignorant of the social economic and
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historical circumstances
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from which they come they are ignorant
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of their basic values and goals
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including their conception of what
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constitutes a good life
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situated behind this whale of ignorance
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they could not be influenced by
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self-interested desires
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to benefit some social groups at the
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expense of
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others it ensures that principles chosen
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are fair according to rohr
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each person is to have an equal right to
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the most extensive total system
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of basic liberties compatible with a
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similar system of liberty for all
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social and economic inequalities are to
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be arranged
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so that they are both the greatest
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benefits of the least advantaged
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attached to the offices and positions
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open to all
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under conditions fair equalities of
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opportunities
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the most distinctive element is that
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inequalities in the allocation of goods
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are permissible if they work to the
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benefit of the least well of members of
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society
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now let's discuss the theory of
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libertarianism
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a more far-reaching challenge has been
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posed by critics such as hague
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and najic who reject the notion of
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social justice
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altogether they argue instead for a
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return to the traditional
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understanding of justice as respect for
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law and established rights
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it contains three central claims first
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the notion of social justice assumes
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that there is some agency responsible
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for the distribution of benefits in
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society
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in fact this distribution arises through
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uncoordinated activity of many agents
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non-aiming at overall results second
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the quest for social justice involves
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replacing the market economy with a
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bureaucracy
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it tries to exercise complete control
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over the flow of resources
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to individuals third this quest
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also involves fundamental interference
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with personal freedom
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justice is a property of processes
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rather than of outcomes
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nordrake's writings develop a theory of
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justice
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which reinforces a radical free market
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approach
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and fits a so-called minimal or night
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watchmen state
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the minimal state is the most extensive
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state that can be justified
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and an extensive state violates people's
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rights
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under utilitarianism or the theory of
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roles we could have redistribution
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policies
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but no redistribution is legitimate in
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the minimal state
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now let's focus on ambedkar's view on
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social justice
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ambedkar agreed with bourbon's idea of
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justice which states
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justice has always evoked ideas of
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equality
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and proportion of compensation if all
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men
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are equal old men are of the same
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essence and common essence entitles them
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to the same fundamental rights
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and to equal liberty ambedkar had also a
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very liberal concept of justice
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in the sense of its being grounded in
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human values
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justice for ambedkar is simply another
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name for liberty
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equality and fraternity according to
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ambikar
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political democracy cannot last unless
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there lies at the base
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of it the social democracy which
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recognizes equality
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liberty and fraternity as the principles
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of life
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these principles of liberty equality and
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fraternity are not to be treated
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as separate items in a trinity but form
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a unity of trinity in the sense
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to divorce one from the other is to
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defeat the very purpose of democracy
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hence for ambedkar democracy is an
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essential ingredient
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for attaining social justice ambedkar's
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concept of social justice means a mode
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of life to give
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every man his right place in society the
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measure of social justice is not
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material progress
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but the abundance and proliferation of
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human values among the people
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at the end let's look at some of the
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questions asked in the previous years
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in 2019 the following question was asked
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what does the following quotation mean
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to you
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when there is righteousness in the heart
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there is beauty in the character
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when there is beauty in the character
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there is harmony in the hole
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when there is harmony in the home there
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is an
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order in the nation and when there is
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order
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in the nation there is peace in the
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world
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apj abdul kalam in 2018
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the following question was asked what
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does the following quotation
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mean to you in the present context the
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true rule in determining to embrace
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or reject anything is not whether it has
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any evil in it
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but whether it has more evil than good
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there are few things holy evil or holy
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good
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almost everything especially of
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government policy is an
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inseparable compound of the two so that
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our best judgment of the preponderance
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between them is continually demanded
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abraham lincoln in 2017
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the following question was asked if a
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country is to be corruption free
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and become a nation of beautiful minds
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i strongly feel that there are three
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key societal members who can make a
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difference
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they are father mother and teacher
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apj abdul kalam analyze
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in 2014 the following question was asked
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for the following quotations bring out
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what it means to you
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in the present context there is enough
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on this earth for everyone's need but
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not
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for one's greed mahatma gandhi
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nearly all men can withstand adversity
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but if you want to test man's character
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give him power
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abraham lincoln with this we conclude
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today's episode of ethics
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definitions and concepts until next time
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stay safe thank you
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to watch our videos in hindi subscribe
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to our hindi youtube channel
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rishti ias
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