BBC Order And Disorder Episode 1 Energy
Résumé
TLDRDer Dokumentarfilm zeigt, wie Menschen Energie verstanden und genutzt haben, um die moderne Welt zu formen. Beginnend mit den ersten Maschinen, die große Energiemengen verarbeiteten, deckt er ab, wie Denker wie Gotfried Leibniz zur Entwicklung des Energiebegriffs beitrugen. Der Film beschreibt die Entstehung der Thermodynamik, hauptsächlich durch Pionierarbeiten der Wissenschaftler Carno und Boltzmann. Die Hauptgesetze der Thermodynamik, insbesondere der zweite Hauptsatz, werden erklärt, die besagen, dass Energie von einem geordneten zu einem ungeordneten Zustand zerfällt. Diese Prinzipien sind universell und gelten für grundlegende Prozesse im Universum. Der Film endet mit aktuellen Bemühungen, wie der Gewinnung von Energie aus Fusion, die das Potenzial hat, erneuerbare Energie für die Zukunft bereitzustellen.
A retenir
- 🌍 Menschen haben Energie genutzt, um die Welt zu transformieren.
- 💡 Energie ist entscheidend für Bau, Transport und Leben.
- 📜 Die Thermodynamik erklärt die Umwandlung und Erhaltung von Energie.
- 🔄 Der zweite Hauptsatz beschreibt den Übergang von Ordnung zu Unordnung.
- 🧠 Leibniz erkannte früh die Bedeutung der Energie.
- ⚙️ Dampfmaschinen revolutionierten das Verständnis und die Nutzung von Energie.
- 🔬 Boltzmann etablierte die Verbindung zwischen Atomen und Energie.
- 🌌 Das Universum arbeitet nach Prinzipien der Entropie.
- 🔥 Fusion könnte die Zukunft der Energie sein.
- 📈 Entropie nimmt stetig zu und stellt eine universelle Wahrheit dar.
Chronologie
- 00:00:00 - 00:05:00
Die Menschheit hat im Laufe der Geschichte zahlreiche Methoden entwickelt, um Energie zu nutzen. Von der Nahrung über Holz bis hin zur Dampfkraft. Vor etwa 300 Jahren begannen Maschinen große Energiemengen freizusetzen, was durch Wissenschaftler wie Gottfried Leibniz unterstützt wurde, der die Prinzipien der Energie zu verstehen versuchte.
- 00:05:00 - 00:10:00
Leibniz und seine Zeitgenossen beschäftigten sich mit Kollisionen von Objekten und postulierten, dass eine Art ‚lebende Kraft‘ zwischen ihnen übertragen wird. Dies führte zu dem Verständnis, dass Energie in verschiedenen Formen vorkommt und möglicherweise genutzt werden kann, wie z.B. in Schießpulver und Dampf.
- 00:10:00 - 00:15:00
Im 19. Jahrhundert wurden Dampfmaschinen zu einem Symbol der industriellen Revolution und zeigten die Kapazitäten der dampfbetriebenen Mechanik. Die dafür benötigten immensen Energiemengen gaben erste Einblicke in die kosmischen Prinzipien, auf der die moderne Physik basiert.
- 00:15:00 - 00:20:00
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot untersuchte die Erhöhung der Effizienz von Wärmekraftmaschinen und legte damit das Fundament für thermodynamische Studien. Er erkannte, dass die Effizienz durch das Temperaturgefälle zwischen Wärmequelle und Umfeld steigt.
- 00:20:00 - 00:25:00
Die Wissenschaft erkannte allmählich, dass Energie in der Tat nie erschaffen oder vernichtet wird, sondern lediglich die Form ändert. Das führte zur Begründung des Ersten Gesetzes der Thermodynamik, das die Erhaltung der Energie beschreibt.
- 00:25:00 - 00:30:00
Rudolph Clausius' Beitrag zur Thermodynamik, das Zweite Gesetz, postulierend, dass Wärme von selbst nur von warm nach kalt und nie umgekehrt fließt, führte zur Erkenntnis, dass der Grad der Entropie im Universum stetig zunimmt.
- 00:30:00 - 00:35:00
Clausius prägte das Verständnis der Entropie als Maß für die irreversible Verteilung von Energie. Die Entropie beschreibt, warum Wärme von heiß nach kalt fließt und warum dieser Prozess unvermeidbar ist, was das fundamentale Verhalten der Energie im Universum zeigt.
- 00:35:00 - 00:40:00
Ludwig Boltzmann erweiterte die Entropie-Theorie um das mikroskopische Verständnis der Atome und Moleküle. Er beschrieb die Entropie als Ergebnis der Atombewegungen und wandelte sie in messbare mathematische Begriffe um.
- 00:40:00 - 00:45:00
Mit der Verwendung der Atomtheorie vermittelte Boltzmann die Grundlagen, dass alle materiellen Objekte aus Atomen bestehen und so auch die Entropie erklärt werden kann, wodurch eine allgemeine Akzeptanz seiner Ideen gefördert wurde.
- 00:45:00 - 00:50:00
Die Entropie bestimmt, dass Systeme zum Chaos tendieren. Diese Erkenntnis, durch Boltzmann's mathematische Beschreibung unterlegt, führte zu einer neuen Sichtweise auf Energie und die Organisation der Universums.
- 00:50:00 - 00:59:15
Im 21. Jahrhundert bemühen sich Wissenschaftler, die Fusion als Energiequelle zu nutzen. Trotz ihrer Tendenz zur Entropie erlaubt die Natur den Aufbau von Komplexität, wie durch Evolution und Technologie, während sie gleichzeitig auf den Wärmetod zusteuert.
Carte mentale
Questions fréquemment posées
Warum ist Energie wichtig für das menschliche Leben?
Energie ist wichtig für den Bau von Strukturen, den Transport, die Beleuchtung und das Leben selbst, da wir Energie aus Nahrung beziehen.
Wer war Gotfried Leibniz?
Er war ein Diplomat, Wissenschaftler, Philosoph und gilt als einer der ersten, der das Konzept der Energie zu verstehen versuchte.
Worum geht es im Film hauptsächlich?
Um die Entdeckung und Nutzung von Energie durch die Menschheit und die zugrunde liegenden wissenschaftlichen Gesetze.
Wie beeinflusst die zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik unser Universum?
Er erklärt, dass Energie von einem höheren zu einem niedrigeren Niveau zerfällt, was die natürliche Ordnung zu Unordnung führt.
Was ist der erste Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik?
Er besagt, dass Energie nie neu geschaffen oder zerstört wird, sondern nur ihre Form verändert.
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- 00:00:06how did humans acquire the power to
- 00:00:09transform the planet like
- 00:00:12this looking at the Earth at night
- 00:00:14reveals to us just how successful we've
- 00:00:16been in harnessing and manipulating
- 00:00:19energy and how important it is to our
- 00:00:25[Music]
- 00:00:28existence
- 00:00:32energy is vital to us all we use it to
- 00:00:36build the structures that surround and
- 00:00:38protect us we use it to power our
- 00:00:40transport and light our homes and even
- 00:00:43more crucially energy is essential for
- 00:00:45life itself without the energy we get
- 00:00:48from the food we eat we' die but what
- 00:00:51exactly is energy and what makes it so
- 00:00:54useful to
- 00:00:55[Music]
- 00:00:58us
- 00:01:00in attempting to answer these questions
- 00:01:02scientists would come up with a strange
- 00:01:04set of laws that would link together
- 00:01:07everything from engines to humans to
- 00:01:10Stars it turns out that energy so
- 00:01:13crucial to our daily lives also helps us
- 00:01:17make sense of the entire
- 00:01:24universe this film is the Intriguing
- 00:01:27story of how we discovered the rules
- 00:01:30that drive the
- 00:01:32[Music]
- 00:01:38universe it's the story of how we
- 00:01:40realized that all forms of energy are
- 00:01:44destined to degrade and fall
- 00:01:46[Music]
- 00:01:51apart to move from order to
- 00:01:58disorder it's the story of how this
- 00:02:01amazing process has been harnessed by
- 00:02:04the universe to create everything that
- 00:02:06we see around
- 00:02:09[Music]
- 00:02:16[Music]
- 00:02:26[Applause]
- 00:02:28us
- 00:02:46over the course of human history we've
- 00:02:48come up with all sorts of different ways
- 00:02:51of extracting energy from our
- 00:02:53environment everything from picking
- 00:02:55fruit to burning wood to sailing boats
- 00:02:59to water wheels
- 00:03:00but around 300 years ago something
- 00:03:03incredible happened humans developed
- 00:03:06machines that were capable of processing
- 00:03:08extraordinary amounts of energy to carry
- 00:03:11out previously unimaginable tasks now
- 00:03:15this happened thanks to many people and
- 00:03:16for many different reasons but I'd like
- 00:03:18to begin this story with one of the most
- 00:03:21intriguing characters in The History of
- 00:03:23Science one of the first to attempt to
- 00:03:26understand
- 00:03:28energy
- 00:03:44gotfried liit was a diplomat scientist
- 00:03:48philosopher and genius he was forever
- 00:03:50trying to understand the mechanisms that
- 00:03:53made the universe
- 00:03:55work liit like several of his great
- 00:03:58contemporaries was absolutely convinced
- 00:04:00that the world we see around us is a
- 00:04:03vast machine designed by a powerful and
- 00:04:07wise
- 00:04:08person and if you could understand how
- 00:04:12machines worked you could therefore
- 00:04:15understand how the universe and the
- 00:04:17principles that had been used to make
- 00:04:19the universe worked as well and so there
- 00:04:23was an extremely close relationship for
- 00:04:26livets between um theology and
- 00:04:30philosophy on the one hand and
- 00:04:31engineering and mechanics on the
- 00:04:33[Music]
- 00:04:36other it was this relationship between
- 00:04:39philosophy and Engineering that in
- 00:04:421676 would lead him to investigate what
- 00:04:45at First Sight seemed to be a very
- 00:04:47simple
- 00:04:48[Music]
- 00:04:54question what happens when objects
- 00:04:57Collide this is what VI knits and many
- 00:05:00of his contemporaries were grappling
- 00:05:02with so when these two balls bump into
- 00:05:04each
- 00:05:05other the movement of one gets
- 00:05:08transferred to the
- 00:05:09other it's as though something's being
- 00:05:12passed between them and this is what
- 00:05:14liet called The Living Force he thought
- 00:05:18of it as as stuff as a real physical
- 00:05:20substance that gets exchanged during
- 00:05:28collisions
- 00:05:32lits argue that the world is a living
- 00:05:37machine and that inside the machine
- 00:05:40there is a quantity of living Force put
- 00:05:43there by God at the creation that will
- 00:05:46stay the same forever so the amount of
- 00:05:49living force in the world will be
- 00:05:51conserved the puzzle was to define
- 00:05:58it libbets would soon find a simple
- 00:06:02mathematical way to describe the living
- 00:06:05Force but he would also see something
- 00:06:10else he realized that in gunpowder fire
- 00:06:14and steam his living force was being
- 00:06:17released in violent and Powerful
- 00:06:20[Music]
- 00:06:28ways
- 00:06:32[Music]
- 00:06:34if this could be harnessed it could give
- 00:06:37humankind unimaginable
- 00:06:48power liet would soon become fascinated
- 00:06:51with ways of capturing the living
- 00:06:58Force
- 00:07:01a prolific letter writer libnet struck
- 00:07:04up correspondence with a young French
- 00:07:06scientist called Denny
- 00:07:13Papa as they corresponded liet and papa
- 00:07:16realized the living Force released in
- 00:07:19certain situations could indeed be
- 00:07:23harnessed heat could be converted into
- 00:07:26some form of useful action
- 00:07:35but how far could this idea be
- 00:07:37taken Papa was in no doubt this is an
- 00:07:41extract from his letter to
- 00:07:44[Music]
- 00:07:45liet I can assure you that the more I go
- 00:07:48forward the more I find reason to think
- 00:07:51highly of this invention which in Theory
- 00:07:54May augment the powers of man to
- 00:07:56Infinity but in practice I believe I can
- 00:07:59say without exaggeration that one man by
- 00:08:02this means will be able to do as much as
- 00:08:04a hundred others can do without
- 00:08:09it now you might expect me at this point
- 00:08:12to tell you that livits and papan
- 00:08:14changed the world forever well they
- 00:08:17hadn't their ideas had been profound and
- 00:08:20far-reaching yes but they hadn't really
- 00:08:22moved things forward for that you need
- 00:08:24something much more tangible you need
- 00:08:28Innovation IND industry you need
- 00:08:30countless skilled workers and craftsmen
- 00:08:33who are going to apply these ideas to
- 00:08:35experiment with them in in novel and new
- 00:08:38ways well in the century that followed
- 00:08:41liveit and papan this would take place
- 00:08:43in the most dramatic way
- 00:08:46[Music]
- 00:08:54imaginable 150 years after livits and
- 00:08:58papan discussions the living Force had
- 00:09:01been harnessed in spectacular
- 00:09:03ways the machines they dreamed of had
- 00:09:06become a reality steam engines were Now
- 00:09:10The Cutting Edge of 19th century
- 00:09:21technology if you look at steps in
- 00:09:24Civilization then one great step was the
- 00:09:27steam engine because it Chast muscle
- 00:09:30animal muscle including our muscle by
- 00:09:33steam power and the steam power was
- 00:09:35effectively Limitless and hugely
- 00:09:38important to doing almost unimaginable
- 00:09:48things but steam technology would do
- 00:09:51more than just transform Human Society
- 00:09:55it would uncover the truth about what
- 00:09:57liet had called The Living Force
- 00:10:00and reveal new insights about the
- 00:10:02workings of our
- 00:10:04[Music]
- 00:10:09universe this is cross Ness in southeast
- 00:10:12London it's an incredible industrial
- 00:10:16Cathedral and home to some of the most
- 00:10:18impressive Victorian steam engines ever
- 00:10:24[Music]
- 00:10:28built
- 00:10:32constructed in
- 00:10:331854 cross Ness houses four huge engines
- 00:10:37that once required 5,000 tons of coal
- 00:10:41each year to drive their 47 ton
- 00:10:58beams
- 00:11:00everything about this place seems to
- 00:11:03have been built to impress from the
- 00:11:06lavish Iron Work the grand pillars like
- 00:11:09something out of a a Greek or Roman
- 00:11:11Temple it's a sort of effort you'd think
- 00:11:13would have been uh lavished on a luxury
- 00:11:16ocean liner for the Rich and Famous and
- 00:11:19yet this place was built to process
- 00:11:22sewage although only a few workers and
- 00:11:25Engineers would have seen the insides of
- 00:11:26this place steam had become such a vital
- 00:11:30part of British power and economic
- 00:11:33Prosperity that it was afforded almost
- 00:11:36religious
- 00:11:51respect but for all the great success
- 00:11:54and immense power that engines were
- 00:11:56bestowing on their creators there was
- 00:11:58still a great deal of confusion and
- 00:12:01mystery surrounding exactly how and why
- 00:12:04they worked in particular questions like
- 00:12:07how efficient could they be made were
- 00:12:09there limits to their
- 00:12:11power ultimately people wanted to know
- 00:12:14just what might it be possible to
- 00:12:16achieve with
- 00:12:19[Music]
- 00:12:27steam the reason these questions
- 00:12:30persisted was simple almost no one had
- 00:12:33understood the fundamental nature of the
- 00:12:35steam engine very few were aware of the
- 00:12:38cosmic principle which underpinned
- 00:12:44it these great lumbering machines that
- 00:12:47we think of as the early steam engines
- 00:12:50actually were the seed of understanding
- 00:12:53of everything that goes on in the
- 00:12:58universe
- 00:13:01as unlikely as it sounds steam engines
- 00:13:04held within them the secrets of the
- 00:13:28cosmos
- 00:13:31this is the chatau dean in Paris events
- 00:13:35here would motivate one man's journey to
- 00:13:38uncover the cosmic truth about the steam
- 00:13:40engine and help to create a new science
- 00:13:44the science of heat and motion
- 00:13:50[Music]
- 00:13:58thermodynamics
- 00:14:03in March 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars
- 00:14:07when Napoleon and his armies were
- 00:14:08fighting elsewhere Paris itself came
- 00:14:11under sustained attack from the combined
- 00:14:14forces of Russia Prussia and Austria and
- 00:14:17citizens of the city were deployed
- 00:14:19around key locations to protect them now
- 00:14:22this Shadow was being defended by a
- 00:14:25group of inexperienced young students
- 00:14:27who were forced to treat under sustained
- 00:14:30artillery fire one of them was a
- 00:14:33brilliant young scientist and Soldier
- 00:14:36his name was Nicola Leona Sadi Caro and
- 00:14:40the humiliation he felt personally would
- 00:14:43drive him and motivate him to uncover a
- 00:14:46profound insight into how all engines
- 00:14:53work Caro came from a highly respected
- 00:14:56military family after the the French
- 00:14:59defeat here and elsewhere around Europe
- 00:15:02he became determined to reclaim French
- 00:15:06[Music]
- 00:15:10Pride what really bothered Carno was the
- 00:15:13technological superiority that France's
- 00:15:16enemies seem to possess and Britain in
- 00:15:19particular had this huge Advantage both
- 00:15:23militarily and economically because of
- 00:15:26its Mastery of steam power so Carno
- 00:15:30vowed to really try and understand how
- 00:15:33steam engines work and use that
- 00:15:35knowledge for the benefit of
- 00:15:39France he says absolutely explicitly
- 00:15:42that if you could take away steam
- 00:15:45engines from Britain then the British
- 00:15:47Empire would
- 00:15:49collapse and he's writing in the wake of
- 00:15:52French military defeat and he proposes
- 00:15:55to analyze literally the source of of
- 00:15:59British power by analyzing the way in
- 00:16:02which fire and heat engines
- 00:16:08work living on half pay with his brother
- 00:16:11eoit in a small apartment in Paris in
- 00:16:141824 Carno wrote the now legendary
- 00:16:18Reflections on the Motive Power of fire
- 00:16:21in just under 60 Pages he developed and
- 00:16:24abstracted the fundamental way in which
- 00:16:27all heat engin work
- 00:16:29Carno saw that all heat engines
- 00:16:32comprised of a hot Source in cooler
- 00:16:36surroundings now Caro believed that heat
- 00:16:39was some kind of substance that would
- 00:16:41flow like water from the hot to the
- 00:16:44cool and just like water falling from a
- 00:16:47height the flow of heat could be tapped
- 00:16:50to do useful
- 00:16:53[Music]
- 00:16:56work Caro's crucial insight
- 00:16:59was to show that to make any heat engine
- 00:17:01more efficient all you had to do was to
- 00:17:04increase the difference in temperature
- 00:17:06between the Heat source and the cooler
- 00:17:12surroundings this idea has guided
- 00:17:15Engineers for 200
- 00:17:20years ultimately a car engine is more
- 00:17:23efficient than a steam engine because it
- 00:17:25runs at a much hotter
- 00:17:27temperature jet engine
- 00:17:29are more efficient still thanks to the
- 00:17:31incredible temperatures they can run
- 00:17:34[Music]
- 00:17:36at Carno had revealed that heat engines
- 00:17:39weren't just a clever invention they
- 00:17:43were tapping into a deeper property of
- 00:17:47nature they were exploiting the flow of
- 00:17:50energy between hot and
- 00:17:55[Music]
- 00:17:57cold
- 00:18:00Carno had glimpsed the true nature of
- 00:18:02heat engin and in the process began a
- 00:18:05new branch of science but he would never
- 00:18:09see the impact his idea would have on
- 00:18:11the
- 00:18:13World In 1832 a chera epidemic spread
- 00:18:17through Paris it was so severe it would
- 00:18:20kill almost 19,000 people now back then
- 00:18:24there was no real scientific
- 00:18:26understanding of how the disease spread
- 00:18:27so it must have been terrifed in Carno
- 00:18:31undaunted by the risks decided to study
- 00:18:34and document the spread of the disease
- 00:18:37but unfortunately he contracted it
- 00:18:39himself and was dead a day later he was
- 00:18:43just 36 years old a lot of his precious
- 00:18:46scientific papers were burnt to stop the
- 00:18:48spread of contagion and his ideas fell
- 00:18:51into temporary obscurity it seems the
- 00:18:55world wasn't quite ready for Carno
- 00:19:03Carno had made the first great
- 00:19:05contribution to the science of
- 00:19:08thermodynamics but as the 19th century
- 00:19:10progressed the study of heat motion and
- 00:19:14energy began to grip The Wider
- 00:19:16scientific
- 00:19:17Community soon it was realized that
- 00:19:20these ideas could do much more than
- 00:19:22simply explain how heat engines worked
- 00:19:26just as livess had suspected with his
- 00:19:28notion of of living Force these ideas
- 00:19:31were applicable on a much grander
- 00:19:34[Music]
- 00:19:40[Music]
- 00:19:46scale by the mid 19th century scientists
- 00:19:50and Engineers had worked out very
- 00:19:52precisely how different forms of energy
- 00:19:55relate to each other they measured how
- 00:19:58much of a particular kind of energy is
- 00:20:00needed to make a certain amount of a
- 00:20:03different kind let me give you an
- 00:20:06example the amount of energy needed to
- 00:20:09heat 30 mlit of Water by 1° centigrade
- 00:20:14is the same as the amount of energy
- 00:20:16needed to lift this 12 1/2 kg weight by
- 00:20:211
- 00:20:24meter the deeper Point here that people
- 00:20:26realized was that although mechanical
- 00:20:29work and heat may seem very different
- 00:20:33they are in fact both facets of the same
- 00:20:35thing
- 00:20:40energy this idea would come to be known
- 00:20:44as the first law of
- 00:20:46thermodynamics the first law reveals
- 00:20:49that energy is never created or
- 00:20:51destroyed it just changes from one form
- 00:20:55to
- 00:20:56another 19th century scientists realized
- 00:21:00this meant the total energy of the
- 00:21:02entire universe is actually fixed
- 00:21:06amazingly there's a set amount of energy
- 00:21:09that just changes into many different
- 00:21:13forms so in a steam engine energy isn't
- 00:21:17created it's just changed from heat into
- 00:21:21mechanical
- 00:21:23[Music]
- 00:21:27work
- 00:21:29but impressive though the first law is
- 00:21:32it begged an enormous question what
- 00:21:35exactly is going on when one form of
- 00:21:38energy changes into another in fact why
- 00:21:41does it do it at
- 00:21:44[Music]
- 00:21:49all the answer would in part be found by
- 00:21:53German scientist Rudolph clausius and it
- 00:21:57would form the basis of what would
- 00:21:58become known as the second law of
- 00:22:06Thermodynamics Rudolph clausius was a
- 00:22:10brilliant German physics student from
- 00:22:13Pomerania who studied in Berlin and at a
- 00:22:18ridiculously young age became a very
- 00:22:20brilliant professor in Berlin and then
- 00:22:23in Zurich at the new technology
- 00:22:26University set up there in Switzerland
- 00:22:29and in the 1850s and 60s clausius
- 00:22:33offered what is really the first
- 00:22:36coherent full-blown mathematical
- 00:22:39analysis of how thermodynamics
- 00:22:45Works clausius realized that Not only
- 00:22:48was there a fixed amount of energy in
- 00:22:50the universe but that the energy seemed
- 00:22:53to be following a very strict rule put
- 00:22:57simply energy in the form of heat always
- 00:23:01moved in one particular
- 00:23:07direction this Insight of his is in fact
- 00:23:10one of the most important ideas in the
- 00:23:12whole of science as Claus has put it
- 00:23:15heat cannot of itself pass from a colder
- 00:23:19to a hotter body this is a very
- 00:23:21intuitive idea if left alone this hot
- 00:23:25mug of tea will always cool down what
- 00:23:28this means is that heat will pass from
- 00:23:30the hot mug say to my hand and then
- 00:23:33again from my hand to my
- 00:23:44chest this might seem completely obvious
- 00:23:48but it was a crucial
- 00:23:51Insight the flow of heat was a oneway
- 00:23:55process that seemed to be built very
- 00:23:57fundamentally into the workings of the
- 00:24:00entire
- 00:24:04universe of course objects can get
- 00:24:07hotter but you always need to do
- 00:24:10something to them to make this
- 00:24:15happen left alone energy seems to always
- 00:24:18go from being concentrated to being
- 00:24:27dispersed
- 00:24:30[Music]
- 00:24:33one of my favorite statements in science
- 00:24:35was made by the biochemist Albert and
- 00:24:38George who said that science is all
- 00:24:41about seeing what everyone else has seen
- 00:24:44but thinking what no one else has
- 00:24:46thought and he Rudolph
- 00:24:49Claus um looked at the everyday world
- 00:24:53and saw what everyone else had seen that
- 00:24:56heat does not flow spontaneously from a
- 00:25:00cold body to a hot body it always goes
- 00:25:02the other way but he didn't just say ah
- 00:25:06I see that he actually sat down and
- 00:25:08thought about
- 00:25:16it clausius brought together all these
- 00:25:20ideas about how energy is transferred
- 00:25:23and put them into mathematical context
- 00:25:25it can be summarized by this equation
- 00:25:36[Music]
- 00:25:46now what clausius did was introduce a
- 00:25:48new quantity he called entropy this
- 00:25:51letter s basically what it's saying in
- 00:25:54the context of this equation is that as
- 00:25:56heat is transferred from hotter to
- 00:25:59colder bodies entropy always
- 00:26:05[Music]
- 00:26:09increases entropy seem to be a measure
- 00:26:12of how heat dissipates or spreads out as
- 00:26:16hot things cool their entropy
- 00:26:20increases it appear to clausus that in
- 00:26:23any isolated system this process would
- 00:26:26be irreversible
- 00:26:38clausius was so confident about his
- 00:26:40mathematics that he figured out that
- 00:26:42this irreversible process was going on
- 00:26:45out there in the wider Cosmos he
- 00:26:48speculated that the entropy of the
- 00:26:50entire universe had to be increasing
- 00:26:53towards a maximum and that there was
- 00:26:55nothing we could do to avoid this this
- 00:26:58this idea became known as the second law
- 00:27:01of Thermodynamics and it turned out to
- 00:27:03be stranger and More Beautiful more
- 00:27:07Universal than anything clausius could
- 00:27:09have
- 00:27:11[Music]
- 00:27:19imagined the second law of
- 00:27:21Thermodynamics seemed to say that all
- 00:27:24things that gave off heat were in some
- 00:27:27way connected
- 00:27:28[Music]
- 00:27:30together all things that gave off heat
- 00:27:33were part of an irreversible process
- 00:27:36that was happening
- 00:27:39everywhere a process of spreading out
- 00:27:42and
- 00:27:43dispersing a process of increasing
- 00:27:50entropy it seemed that somehow the
- 00:27:53universe shared the same fate as a cup
- 00:27:56of tea
- 00:27:58[Music]
- 00:28:00the wonderful thing about the the
- 00:28:01Victorian scientists is that they could
- 00:28:05make these great leaps and that they
- 00:28:07could see that their study of
- 00:28:10thermometer in a beer actually could be
- 00:28:13trans could be extrapolated could be
- 00:28:15enlarged to Encompass the whole
- 00:28:27universe
- 00:28:38despite the successes of thermodynamics
- 00:28:40in the middle of the 19th century there
- 00:28:42was great debate and confusion about the
- 00:28:45subject what exactly was this strange
- 00:28:48thing called entropy and why was it
- 00:28:51always
- 00:28:52increasing answering this question would
- 00:28:54take an incredible intellectual leap but
- 00:28:57it would end up revealing the truth
- 00:29:00about energy and the many forms of order
- 00:29:03and disorder we see in the universe
- 00:29:06around
- 00:29:10us many scientists would tackle the
- 00:29:13mysterious concept of entropy but one
- 00:29:16more than any other would shed light on
- 00:29:19the truth he'd show what entropy really
- 00:29:21was and why over time it always must
- 00:29:25increase his name was ludvik boltzman
- 00:29:29and he was one of science's true
- 00:29:43revolutionaries boltzman had been born
- 00:29:45in Vienna in
- 00:29:461844 it was a world of scientific and
- 00:29:49cultural certainty but boltzman took
- 00:29:52little notice of the entrenched beliefs
- 00:29:54of his contemporaries to him the
- 00:29:57physical world was was something best
- 00:29:59explored with an open
- 00:30:03mind boltzman wasn't your stereotypical
- 00:30:07scientist in fact he had the kind of
- 00:30:09temperament that most people might
- 00:30:11associate with great
- 00:30:13artists he was ruthlessly logical and
- 00:30:16analytical yes but while working he'd go
- 00:30:19through periods of intense emotion and
- 00:30:22these would be followed by terrible
- 00:30:24depressions which would leave him
- 00:30:26completely unable to think
- 00:30:35clearly he had terrible sort of mental
- 00:30:39crises and breakdowns in which he really
- 00:30:42thought that the world was coming apart
- 00:30:44at the
- 00:30:45seams and yet these were also
- 00:30:48accompanied by some of the most profound
- 00:30:50insights into the nature of our
- 00:30:54world outside of mathematics boltzman
- 00:30:57was passionate about music and was
- 00:30:59captivated by the Grand and dramatic
- 00:31:02operas of Vagner and the raw emotion of
- 00:31:08Beethoven he was a brilliant pianist and
- 00:31:11could lose himself for hours in the
- 00:31:13works of his favorite composers just as
- 00:31:15he could lose himself in deep
- 00:31:17mathematical
- 00:31:26theories boltzman was a scientist Guided
- 00:31:30by his emotions and Instinct and also by
- 00:31:33his belief in the ability of mathematics
- 00:31:35to unlock the secrets of nature it was
- 00:31:38these traits that would lead him to
- 00:31:40become one of the champions of a
- 00:31:42shocking and controversial new Theory
- 00:31:45one that would describe reality at the
- 00:31:47very smallest scales far smaller than
- 00:31:50anything we could see with the naked
- 00:31:54eye during the second half of the 19th
- 00:31:57century
- 00:31:58a small group of scientists began
- 00:32:00speculating that at the smallest scales
- 00:32:03the universe might operate very
- 00:32:06differently to our everyday
- 00:32:09[Music]
- 00:32:13experiences if you could look close
- 00:32:15enough it seemed possible that the
- 00:32:17Universe might be made of tiny hard
- 00:32:21particles in constant
- 00:32:26motion
- 00:32:33[Music]
- 00:32:36viewed in terms of atoms heat would
- 00:32:39suddenly become a much less mysterious
- 00:32:42concept boltzman and others saw that if
- 00:32:45an object was hot it simply meant that
- 00:32:47its atoms were moving about more
- 00:32:53rapidly viewing the world as atoms seem
- 00:32:56to be an immensely power powerful
- 00:33:00idea but this picture of the universe
- 00:33:04had one seemingly insurmountable
- 00:33:09problem how could trillions and
- 00:33:11trillions of atoms even in a tiny volume
- 00:33:14of gas ever be studied how could we come
- 00:33:17up with mathematical equations to
- 00:33:19describe all of this after all atoms are
- 00:33:22constantly bumping into each other
- 00:33:24changing direction changing speed and
- 00:33:27there are just many of them it seemed
- 00:33:30almost an impossible problem but then
- 00:33:33boltzman saw there was a
- 00:33:43way boltzman saw more clearly than
- 00:33:45anyone that for physics to explain this
- 00:33:48new strata of reality it had to abandon
- 00:33:56certainty
- 00:33:59[Music]
- 00:34:03instead of trying to understand and
- 00:34:05measure the exact movements of each
- 00:34:07individual atom boltzman saw you could
- 00:34:10build working theories simply by using
- 00:34:13the probability that atoms will be
- 00:34:15traveling at certain speeds and in
- 00:34:18certain
- 00:34:23[Music]
- 00:34:26directions boltzman had transported
- 00:34:29himself inside
- 00:34:33matter he'd imagined a world beneath our
- 00:34:36everyday reality and found a mathematics
- 00:34:39to describe
- 00:34:41it it would be here at this scale that
- 00:34:45boltzman would one day manage to unlock
- 00:34:48Energy's deepest
- 00:34:50secret despite the widespread hostility
- 00:34:53to his
- 00:34:56theories
- 00:35:00boltzman's ideas were highly highly
- 00:35:03controversial and you have to remember
- 00:35:06that you know today we take Adams for
- 00:35:08granted but the reason we take Adams for
- 00:35:11granted is precisely because boltzman's
- 00:35:14mathematics married up so beautifully
- 00:35:17with
- 00:35:26experiments
- 00:35:28[Music]
- 00:35:46one of the most surprising aspects of
- 00:35:48this story is that many of boltzman's
- 00:35:51contemporaries viewed his ideas about
- 00:35:53atoms with intense
- 00:35:56hostility
- 00:36:00today the existence of atoms the idea
- 00:36:02that all matter is composed of tiny
- 00:36:05particles is something we accept without
- 00:36:07question but back in boltzman's time
- 00:36:10there were notable eminent physicists
- 00:36:12who just didn't buy it why would they no
- 00:36:15one had ever seen an atom and probably
- 00:36:18no one ever would how could these
- 00:36:20particles be considered as
- 00:36:26real
- 00:36:30[Music]
- 00:36:33after one of boltzman's lectures of
- 00:36:35atomic theory in Vienna the great
- 00:36:37Austrian physicist Ernst Mar stood up
- 00:36:40and said simply I don't believe the
- 00:36:43atoms exist it was both cutting and
- 00:36:47dismissive and for such a comment to
- 00:36:49come from a highly regarded scientist
- 00:36:51like Ern M it would have been doubly
- 00:36:56hurtful
- 00:36:57[Music]
- 00:37:03they argued that no atoms don't exist
- 00:37:06their names labels convenient fictions
- 00:37:10calculating devices they don't really
- 00:37:12exist we can't observe them no one's
- 00:37:15ever seen one and for that reason so
- 00:37:18boltzman's critics said he was a
- 00:37:22[Music]
- 00:37:24fantasist but boltzman was right
- 00:37:28he peered deeper into reality than
- 00:37:30anyone else had dared and seen that the
- 00:37:32Universe could be built from the atomic
- 00:37:35hypothesis and understood through the
- 00:37:37mathematics of
- 00:37:38probability the foundations and
- 00:37:41certainty of 19th century science were
- 00:37:44beginning to
- 00:37:46[Music]
- 00:37:52crumble as boltzman stared into his
- 00:37:55Brave New World of atoms
- 00:37:58he began to realize his new vision of
- 00:38:00the universe contained within it an
- 00:38:03explanation to one of the biggest
- 00:38:05mysteries in
- 00:38:07science boltzman saw that atoms could
- 00:38:10reveal why the second law of
- 00:38:12Thermodynamics was true why nature was
- 00:38:15engaged in an irreversible
- 00:38:17process atoms had the power to reveal
- 00:38:20what entropy really was and why it must
- 00:38:23always
- 00:38:26increase
- 00:38:28[Music]
- 00:38:31boltzman understood that all objects
- 00:38:33these walls you me the air in this room
- 00:38:36are made up of much tinier
- 00:38:39constituents basically everything we see
- 00:38:42is an assembly of trillions and
- 00:38:44trillions of atoms and
- 00:38:46molecules and this was the key to his
- 00:38:49insight about entropy in the second
- 00:38:56law boltzman saw what clausius could not
- 00:39:01the real reason why a hot object left
- 00:39:03alone will always cool
- 00:39:06down imagine a lump of hot
- 00:39:09metal the atoms inside it are jostling
- 00:39:14around but as they jostle the atoms at
- 00:39:17the edge of the object transfer some of
- 00:39:20their energy to the atoms in the surface
- 00:39:22of the
- 00:39:26table these atoms then bump into their
- 00:39:29neighbors and in this way the heat
- 00:39:31energy slowly and very naturally spreads
- 00:39:34out and
- 00:39:38disperses the whole system has gone from
- 00:39:40being in a very special ordered state
- 00:39:43with all the energy concentrated in one
- 00:39:46place to a disordered state where the
- 00:39:49same amount of energy is now distributed
- 00:39:52among many more
- 00:39:54atoms boltzman's brilliant mind saw this
- 00:39:57whole process could be described
- 00:40:02mathematically busman's great
- 00:40:04contribution was that although we can
- 00:40:06talk in rather sort of casual terms
- 00:40:10about things getting worse and disorder
- 00:40:14increases the the great contribution of
- 00:40:16boltzman is that he could put numbers to
- 00:40:18it and so he was able to derive a
- 00:40:21formula which enabled you to calculate
- 00:40:24the disorder of a system
- 00:40:34this is boltzman's famous equation it
- 00:40:37will be his enduring contribution to
- 00:40:40science so much so it was engraved on
- 00:40:43his tombstone in
- 00:40:45Vienna what this equation means in
- 00:40:48essence is that there are many more ways
- 00:40:50for things to be messy and disordered
- 00:40:53than there are for them to be tidy and
- 00:40:56ordered
- 00:40:58[Music]
- 00:41:00that's why left to itself the universe
- 00:41:03will always get
- 00:41:11Messier things will move from
- 00:41:15order to
- 00:41:21[Music]
- 00:41:26disorder
- 00:41:30it's a law that applies to everything
- 00:41:33from a drop jug to a burning
- 00:41:37star a hot cup of
- 00:41:40tea to the products that we consume
- 00:41:43every
- 00:41:44[Music]
- 00:41:49day all of this is an expression of the
- 00:41:53universe's tendency to move from order
- 00:41:58to
- 00:42:00[Music]
- 00:42:04disorder disorder is the fate of
- 00:42:10[Music]
- 00:42:16everything clausius had shown that
- 00:42:19something he called entropy was getting
- 00:42:22bigger all the
- 00:42:24time now boltzman had revealed what this
- 00:42:28really meant entropy was in fact a
- 00:42:32measure of the disorder of
- 00:42:34[Music]
- 00:42:38things energy is crumbling away it's
- 00:42:41crumbling away now as we
- 00:42:44speak so the second law is all about um
- 00:42:48entropy increasing which is just a a
- 00:42:51technical way of saying that things get
- 00:42:54[Music]
- 00:42:56worse
- 00:43:21boltzman's passionate and romantic
- 00:43:24sensibility and his belief in the power
- 00:43:26of mathem ma matics had led him to one
- 00:43:28of the most important discoveries in the
- 00:43:30history of science but those very same
- 00:43:34intense emotions had a dark and
- 00:43:37ultimately self-destructive
- 00:43:45side throughout his life boltzman had
- 00:43:48been prone to severe bouns of
- 00:43:50depression sometimes these were induced
- 00:43:52by the criticisms of his theories and
- 00:43:55sometimes they just happened
- 00:43:58in 1906 he was forced to take a break
- 00:44:01from his studies in Vienna during a
- 00:44:03particularly bad
- 00:44:04[Music]
- 00:44:15episode in September 1906 boltzman and
- 00:44:18his family were on holiday in duino near
- 00:44:21triest in Italy while his wife and
- 00:44:24family were out at the beach boltzman
- 00:44:27hanged himself bringing his short time
- 00:44:29in our universe to an abrupt end but
- 00:44:33perhaps the saddest aspect of boltzman's
- 00:44:35story is that within just a few years of
- 00:44:37his death his ideas that had been
- 00:44:40attacked and ridiculed during his
- 00:44:42lifetime were finally accepted what's
- 00:44:45more they became the new scientific
- 00:44:56Orthodoxy
- 00:44:58in the end there is no escaping entropy
- 00:45:01it's the ultimate move from order to
- 00:45:05Decay and disorder that rules us
- 00:45:10all boltzman's equation contains within
- 00:45:14it the mortality of everything from a
- 00:45:17China jug to a human life to the
- 00:45:21universe
- 00:45:22[Music]
- 00:45:25itself
- 00:45:32the process of change and degradation is
- 00:45:36unavoidable the second law says the
- 00:45:38universe itself must one day reach a
- 00:45:41point of Maximum entropy maximum
- 00:45:47disorder the universe itself must one
- 00:45:50day
- 00:45:53[Music]
- 00:45:55die
- 00:46:17[Music]
- 00:46:26if every everything degrades if
- 00:46:28everything becomes disordered you might
- 00:46:31be wondering how it is that we
- 00:46:35exist how exactly did the universe
- 00:46:38manage to create the Exquisite
- 00:46:40complexity and structure of life on
- 00:46:44Earth contrary to what you might think
- 00:46:47it's precisely because of the second law
- 00:46:50that all this
- 00:46:52exists the great disordering of the
- 00:46:54cosmos gives rise to to its
- 00:46:58[Music]
- 00:47:02complexity it's possible to harness this
- 00:47:05natural flow from order to disorder to
- 00:47:08tap into the process and generate
- 00:47:11something new to create new order new
- 00:47:14structure it's what the early steam
- 00:47:17Pioneers had unwittingly Hit Upon with
- 00:47:19their engines and it's what makes
- 00:47:21everything we deem special in our world
- 00:47:24from this car to buildings to to works
- 00:47:27of art even to life
- 00:47:30[Music]
- 00:47:46itself the engine of my car like all
- 00:47:49engines is designed to exploit the
- 00:47:51second law it starts out with something
- 00:47:54nice and ordered like this petrol
- 00:47:56stuffed full of energy but when it's
- 00:47:58ignited in the engine it turns this
- 00:48:01compact liquid into a mixture of gases
- 00:48:042,000 times greater in volume not to
- 00:48:06mention dumping heat and sound into the
- 00:48:10environment it's turning order into
- 00:48:16[Music]
- 00:48:21disorder what's so spectacularly clever
- 00:48:24about my car is that it can harness that
- 00:48:27dissipating energy it can siphon off a
- 00:48:30small bit of it and use it for a more
- 00:48:32ordered process like driving the Pistons
- 00:48:35which turn the wheels that's what
- 00:48:37engines do they tap into that flow from
- 00:48:40order to disorder and do something
- 00:48:44[Music]
- 00:48:48useful but it's not just cars Evolution
- 00:48:52has designed our bodies to work thanks
- 00:48:54to the very same principle if I eat this
- 00:48:57chocolate bar packed full of nice
- 00:48:59ordered energy my body processes it and
- 00:49:03turns it into more disordered energy but
- 00:49:06powers itself off the
- 00:49:14proceeds both cars and humans power
- 00:49:17themselves by tapping into the great
- 00:49:20Cosmic flow from order to
- 00:49:25disorder although so overall the world
- 00:49:29is falling apart in disorder it's doing
- 00:49:33it in a seriously interesting
- 00:49:36way it's like a um a waterfall that is
- 00:49:40rushing
- 00:49:41down um but the waterfall throws up a
- 00:49:44spray of structure and those that spray
- 00:49:48of structure might be you or me or
- 00:49:51daffodil or whatever so you can see that
- 00:49:56the unwinding of the universe this
- 00:49:58collapse into disorder can in fact be
- 00:50:07constructive steam
- 00:50:10engines power
- 00:50:12stations life on Earth all of these
- 00:50:16things harness the cosmic flow from
- 00:50:19order to
- 00:50:25disorder
- 00:50:26[Music]
- 00:50:30the reason the earth now looks the way
- 00:50:32it does is because we've learn to
- 00:50:35harness the disintegrating energy of the
- 00:50:38universe to maintain and improve our
- 00:50:41small pocket of
- 00:50:43[Music]
- 00:50:46order but as humankind has evolved we've
- 00:50:49had to find New pieces of concentrated
- 00:50:52energy we can break down to drive the
- 00:50:55ever more demanding construction of our
- 00:50:58Technologies our cities and our
- 00:51:00[Music]
- 00:51:02society from food to Wood to fossil
- 00:51:06fuels over human history we've
- 00:51:09discovered ever more concentrated forms
- 00:51:11of energy to unlock in order to
- 00:51:15[Music]
- 00:51:25flourish now now in the 21st century
- 00:51:28we're on the cusp of harnessing the
- 00:51:31ultimate form of concentrated energy the
- 00:51:34stuff that powers the
- 00:51:37sun
- 00:51:52hydrogen this is the colum Center for
- 00:51:55Fusion Energy in Oxford and at this
- 00:51:58facility they're attempting to recreate
- 00:52:00a star here on
- 00:52:03Earth but as you might imagine creating
- 00:52:06and containing a small star is not an
- 00:52:09easy
- 00:52:15process it requires many hundreds of
- 00:52:18people and some extremely ingenious
- 00:52:22technology this machine is called a toac
- 00:52:26and it's designed to extract an ancient
- 00:52:28type of highly concentrated
- 00:52:31energy the ordered energy of hydrogen
- 00:52:37atoms these tiny packets of energy were
- 00:52:40forged in the early Universe just 3
- 00:52:43minutes after the moment of creation
- 00:52:50itself Now using the toac we can extract
- 00:52:54the concentrated energy contained in
- 00:52:57these atoms by fusing them
- 00:53:04together inside the toac machine two
- 00:53:07types of hydrogen gas dyum and tritium
- 00:53:11are mixed together into a super hot
- 00:53:14State called a plasma now when running
- 00:53:17this plasma can reach the incredible
- 00:53:19temperature of 150 million de large
- 00:53:24magnets in the wall of the toac can
- 00:53:26retain the plasma and stop it from
- 00:53:28touching the sides where it can cool
- 00:53:29down now when it gets hot enough the two
- 00:53:33types of hydrogen atoms fuse together to
- 00:53:36form helium and spit out a neutron now
- 00:53:39these neutrons fly out of the plasma and
- 00:53:42hit the walls of the toac but they carry
- 00:53:44energy and the hope is that this energy
- 00:53:47can one day be used to heat up water
- 00:53:50turn it into steam to drive a turbine
- 00:53:52and generate
- 00:53:54electricity essentially for a brief
- 00:53:56moment inside the toac a small donut
- 00:54:00shaped star is
- 00:54:11[Music]
- 00:54:14created the problem is it's extremely
- 00:54:17difficult to sustain the fusion reaction
- 00:54:19for long enough to harvest the energy
- 00:54:21from it and that's what the scientists
- 00:54:24at colum are working to perfect
- 00:54:27it's a it's a sort of boundary between
- 00:54:29physics and Engineering how do we hold
- 00:54:31on to this very very hot thing which is
- 00:54:34the plasma and and and and how do we
- 00:54:37optimize the way the performance of this
- 00:54:40plasma so what we really want is that
- 00:54:42the particles stay in there for as long
- 00:54:43as all possible to maximize their CH
- 00:54:46chance of hitting each other we are
- 00:54:48trying to push
- 00:54:50this this to the Limit with what we have
- 00:54:53available in this machine and whatever
- 00:54:56we can learn to understand this plasma
- 00:54:58better will also allow us to design a
- 00:55:00better machine in the future you see
- 00:55:02although it happens several times a day
- 00:55:04oh here we go the the scientists here
- 00:55:07all all gather around the screens ah
- 00:55:10okay it's about to come
- 00:55:21[Music]
- 00:55:25on
- 00:55:28[Music]
- 00:55:46what the toac is doing is mining the
- 00:55:49fertile ashes of the Big Bang extracting
- 00:55:53concentrated energy captured at the big
- 00:55:56beginning of
- 00:55:58time as hydrogen is the most abundant
- 00:56:00element in the universe if future
- 00:56:03machines can sustain Fusion reactions
- 00:56:06they offer us the possibility of almost
- 00:56:09unlimited
- 00:56:10[Music]
- 00:56:20energy from a science that began as the
- 00:56:23byproducts of questions about steam
- 00:56:25engines
- 00:56:26thermodynamics has had a staggering
- 00:56:29impact on all our
- 00:56:31lives it has shown us why we must
- 00:56:34consume concentrated energy to stay
- 00:56:37alive and has revealed to us how the
- 00:56:40universe itself is likely to
- 00:56:45end looking at the Earth at night
- 00:56:48reveals how one seemingly simple idea
- 00:56:52transformed the
- 00:56:55planet
- 00:56:56[Music]
- 00:57:12over the past 300 years we've developed
- 00:57:16ever more ingenious ways to harness the
- 00:57:19concentrated energy from the world
- 00:57:20around us but all our efforts and
- 00:57:23achievements are quite insignificant
- 00:57:26when viewed from the perspective of The
- 00:57:27Wider universe as far as it's concerned
- 00:57:30all we're doing is trying to preserve
- 00:57:33this tiny pocket of order in a cosmos
- 00:57:36that's falling
- 00:57:37[Music]
- 00:57:47apart although we can never Escape our
- 00:57:50ultimate fate the laws of physics have
- 00:57:53allowed us this brief beautiful
- 00:57:56creative moments in the great Cosmic
- 00:57:59unwinding my hope is that by
- 00:58:03understanding the universe in ever
- 00:58:04greater detail we can stretch this
- 00:58:07moment for many millions maybe even
- 00:58:10billions of years to
- 00:58:25come the the concept of information is a
- 00:58:28very strange one it's actually a very
- 00:58:31difficult idea to get your head round
- 00:58:33but in the journey to try and understand
- 00:58:36it scientists would discover that
- 00:58:38information is actually a fundamental
- 00:58:40part of our
- 00:58:46[Music]
- 00:58:53universe and there's more big science
- 00:58:55here on BBC at 7:00 tomorrow with the
- 00:58:58science of chance in Tales you
- 00:59:01[Music]
- 00:59:13win
- Energie
- Thermodynamik
- Leibniz
- Boltzmann
- Entropie
- Dampfmaschinen
- Wissenschaft
- Zweiter Hauptsatz
- Fusion
- Universum