BBC Order And Disorder Episode 1 Energy

00:59:15
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_zrKyLemfg

Résumé

TLDRDer Dokumentarfilm zeigt, wie Menschen Energie verstanden und genutzt haben, um die moderne Welt zu formen. Beginnend mit den ersten Maschinen, die große Energiemengen verarbeiteten, deckt er ab, wie Denker wie Gotfried Leibniz zur Entwicklung des Energiebegriffs beitrugen. Der Film beschreibt die Entstehung der Thermodynamik, hauptsächlich durch Pionierarbeiten der Wissenschaftler Carno und Boltzmann. Die Hauptgesetze der Thermodynamik, insbesondere der zweite Hauptsatz, werden erklärt, die besagen, dass Energie von einem geordneten zu einem ungeordneten Zustand zerfällt. Diese Prinzipien sind universell und gelten für grundlegende Prozesse im Universum. Der Film endet mit aktuellen Bemühungen, wie der Gewinnung von Energie aus Fusion, die das Potenzial hat, erneuerbare Energie für die Zukunft bereitzustellen.

A retenir

  • 🌍 Menschen haben Energie genutzt, um die Welt zu transformieren.
  • 💡 Energie ist entscheidend für Bau, Transport und Leben.
  • 📜 Die Thermodynamik erklärt die Umwandlung und Erhaltung von Energie.
  • 🔄 Der zweite Hauptsatz beschreibt den Übergang von Ordnung zu Unordnung.
  • 🧠 Leibniz erkannte früh die Bedeutung der Energie.
  • ⚙️ Dampfmaschinen revolutionierten das Verständnis und die Nutzung von Energie.
  • 🔬 Boltzmann etablierte die Verbindung zwischen Atomen und Energie.
  • 🌌 Das Universum arbeitet nach Prinzipien der Entropie.
  • 🔥 Fusion könnte die Zukunft der Energie sein.
  • 📈 Entropie nimmt stetig zu und stellt eine universelle Wahrheit dar.

Chronologie

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Die Menschheit hat im Laufe der Geschichte zahlreiche Methoden entwickelt, um Energie zu nutzen. Von der Nahrung über Holz bis hin zur Dampfkraft. Vor etwa 300 Jahren begannen Maschinen große Energiemengen freizusetzen, was durch Wissenschaftler wie Gottfried Leibniz unterstützt wurde, der die Prinzipien der Energie zu verstehen versuchte.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Leibniz und seine Zeitgenossen beschäftigten sich mit Kollisionen von Objekten und postulierten, dass eine Art ‚lebende Kraft‘ zwischen ihnen übertragen wird. Dies führte zu dem Verständnis, dass Energie in verschiedenen Formen vorkommt und möglicherweise genutzt werden kann, wie z.B. in Schießpulver und Dampf.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Im 19. Jahrhundert wurden Dampfmaschinen zu einem Symbol der industriellen Revolution und zeigten die Kapazitäten der dampfbetriebenen Mechanik. Die dafür benötigten immensen Energiemengen gaben erste Einblicke in die kosmischen Prinzipien, auf der die moderne Physik basiert.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot untersuchte die Erhöhung der Effizienz von Wärmekraftmaschinen und legte damit das Fundament für thermodynamische Studien. Er erkannte, dass die Effizienz durch das Temperaturgefälle zwischen Wärmequelle und Umfeld steigt.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Die Wissenschaft erkannte allmählich, dass Energie in der Tat nie erschaffen oder vernichtet wird, sondern lediglich die Form ändert. Das führte zur Begründung des Ersten Gesetzes der Thermodynamik, das die Erhaltung der Energie beschreibt.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    Rudolph Clausius' Beitrag zur Thermodynamik, das Zweite Gesetz, postulierend, dass Wärme von selbst nur von warm nach kalt und nie umgekehrt fließt, führte zur Erkenntnis, dass der Grad der Entropie im Universum stetig zunimmt.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    Clausius prägte das Verständnis der Entropie als Maß für die irreversible Verteilung von Energie. Die Entropie beschreibt, warum Wärme von heiß nach kalt fließt und warum dieser Prozess unvermeidbar ist, was das fundamentale Verhalten der Energie im Universum zeigt.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    Ludwig Boltzmann erweiterte die Entropie-Theorie um das mikroskopische Verständnis der Atome und Moleküle. Er beschrieb die Entropie als Ergebnis der Atombewegungen und wandelte sie in messbare mathematische Begriffe um.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    Mit der Verwendung der Atomtheorie vermittelte Boltzmann die Grundlagen, dass alle materiellen Objekte aus Atomen bestehen und so auch die Entropie erklärt werden kann, wodurch eine allgemeine Akzeptanz seiner Ideen gefördert wurde.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:50:00

    Die Entropie bestimmt, dass Systeme zum Chaos tendieren. Diese Erkenntnis, durch Boltzmann's mathematische Beschreibung unterlegt, führte zu einer neuen Sichtweise auf Energie und die Organisation der Universums.

  • 00:50:00 - 00:59:15

    Im 21. Jahrhundert bemühen sich Wissenschaftler, die Fusion als Energiequelle zu nutzen. Trotz ihrer Tendenz zur Entropie erlaubt die Natur den Aufbau von Komplexität, wie durch Evolution und Technologie, während sie gleichzeitig auf den Wärmetod zusteuert.

Afficher plus

Carte mentale

Mind Map

Questions fréquemment posées

  • Warum ist Energie wichtig für das menschliche Leben?

    Energie ist wichtig für den Bau von Strukturen, den Transport, die Beleuchtung und das Leben selbst, da wir Energie aus Nahrung beziehen.

  • Wer war Gotfried Leibniz?

    Er war ein Diplomat, Wissenschaftler, Philosoph und gilt als einer der ersten, der das Konzept der Energie zu verstehen versuchte.

  • Worum geht es im Film hauptsächlich?

    Um die Entdeckung und Nutzung von Energie durch die Menschheit und die zugrunde liegenden wissenschaftlichen Gesetze.

  • Wie beeinflusst die zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik unser Universum?

    Er erklärt, dass Energie von einem höheren zu einem niedrigeren Niveau zerfällt, was die natürliche Ordnung zu Unordnung führt.

  • Was ist der erste Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik?

    Er besagt, dass Energie nie neu geschaffen oder zerstört wird, sondern nur ihre Form verändert.

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    how did humans acquire the power to
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    transform the planet like
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    this looking at the Earth at night
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    reveals to us just how successful we've
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    been in harnessing and manipulating
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    energy and how important it is to our
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    [Music]
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    existence
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    energy is vital to us all we use it to
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    build the structures that surround and
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    protect us we use it to power our
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    transport and light our homes and even
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    more crucially energy is essential for
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    life itself without the energy we get
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    from the food we eat we' die but what
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    exactly is energy and what makes it so
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    useful to
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    [Music]
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    us
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    in attempting to answer these questions
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    scientists would come up with a strange
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    set of laws that would link together
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    everything from engines to humans to
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    Stars it turns out that energy so
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    crucial to our daily lives also helps us
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    make sense of the entire
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    universe this film is the Intriguing
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    story of how we discovered the rules
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    that drive the
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    [Music]
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    universe it's the story of how we
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    realized that all forms of energy are
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    destined to degrade and fall
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    [Music]
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    apart to move from order to
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    disorder it's the story of how this
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    amazing process has been harnessed by
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    the universe to create everything that
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    we see around
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    [Music]
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    [Music]
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    [Applause]
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    us
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    over the course of human history we've
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    come up with all sorts of different ways
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    of extracting energy from our
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    environment everything from picking
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    fruit to burning wood to sailing boats
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    to water wheels
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    but around 300 years ago something
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    incredible happened humans developed
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    machines that were capable of processing
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    extraordinary amounts of energy to carry
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    out previously unimaginable tasks now
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    this happened thanks to many people and
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    for many different reasons but I'd like
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    to begin this story with one of the most
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    intriguing characters in The History of
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    Science one of the first to attempt to
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    understand
  • 00:03:28
    energy
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    gotfried liit was a diplomat scientist
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    philosopher and genius he was forever
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    trying to understand the mechanisms that
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    made the universe
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    work liit like several of his great
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    contemporaries was absolutely convinced
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    that the world we see around us is a
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    vast machine designed by a powerful and
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    wise
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    person and if you could understand how
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    machines worked you could therefore
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    understand how the universe and the
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    principles that had been used to make
  • 00:04:19
    the universe worked as well and so there
  • 00:04:23
    was an extremely close relationship for
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    livets between um theology and
  • 00:04:30
    philosophy on the one hand and
  • 00:04:31
    engineering and mechanics on the
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    [Music]
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    other it was this relationship between
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    philosophy and Engineering that in
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    1676 would lead him to investigate what
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    at First Sight seemed to be a very
  • 00:04:47
    simple
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    [Music]
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    question what happens when objects
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    Collide this is what VI knits and many
  • 00:05:00
    of his contemporaries were grappling
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    with so when these two balls bump into
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    each
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    other the movement of one gets
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    transferred to the
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    other it's as though something's being
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    passed between them and this is what
  • 00:05:14
    liet called The Living Force he thought
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    of it as as stuff as a real physical
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    substance that gets exchanged during
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    collisions
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    lits argue that the world is a living
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    machine and that inside the machine
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    there is a quantity of living Force put
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    there by God at the creation that will
  • 00:05:46
    stay the same forever so the amount of
  • 00:05:49
    living force in the world will be
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    conserved the puzzle was to define
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    it libbets would soon find a simple
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    mathematical way to describe the living
  • 00:06:05
    Force but he would also see something
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    else he realized that in gunpowder fire
  • 00:06:14
    and steam his living force was being
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    released in violent and Powerful
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    [Music]
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    ways
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    [Music]
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    if this could be harnessed it could give
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    humankind unimaginable
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    power liet would soon become fascinated
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    with ways of capturing the living
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    Force
  • 00:07:01
    a prolific letter writer libnet struck
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    up correspondence with a young French
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    scientist called Denny
  • 00:07:13
    Papa as they corresponded liet and papa
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    realized the living Force released in
  • 00:07:19
    certain situations could indeed be
  • 00:07:23
    harnessed heat could be converted into
  • 00:07:26
    some form of useful action
  • 00:07:35
    but how far could this idea be
  • 00:07:37
    taken Papa was in no doubt this is an
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    extract from his letter to
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    [Music]
  • 00:07:45
    liet I can assure you that the more I go
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    forward the more I find reason to think
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    highly of this invention which in Theory
  • 00:07:54
    May augment the powers of man to
  • 00:07:56
    Infinity but in practice I believe I can
  • 00:07:59
    say without exaggeration that one man by
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    this means will be able to do as much as
  • 00:08:04
    a hundred others can do without
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    it now you might expect me at this point
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    to tell you that livits and papan
  • 00:08:14
    changed the world forever well they
  • 00:08:17
    hadn't their ideas had been profound and
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    far-reaching yes but they hadn't really
  • 00:08:22
    moved things forward for that you need
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    something much more tangible you need
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    Innovation IND industry you need
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    countless skilled workers and craftsmen
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    who are going to apply these ideas to
  • 00:08:35
    experiment with them in in novel and new
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    ways well in the century that followed
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    liveit and papan this would take place
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    in the most dramatic way
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    [Music]
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    imaginable 150 years after livits and
  • 00:08:58
    papan discussions the living Force had
  • 00:09:01
    been harnessed in spectacular
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    ways the machines they dreamed of had
  • 00:09:06
    become a reality steam engines were Now
  • 00:09:10
    The Cutting Edge of 19th century
  • 00:09:21
    technology if you look at steps in
  • 00:09:24
    Civilization then one great step was the
  • 00:09:27
    steam engine because it Chast muscle
  • 00:09:30
    animal muscle including our muscle by
  • 00:09:33
    steam power and the steam power was
  • 00:09:35
    effectively Limitless and hugely
  • 00:09:38
    important to doing almost unimaginable
  • 00:09:48
    things but steam technology would do
  • 00:09:51
    more than just transform Human Society
  • 00:09:55
    it would uncover the truth about what
  • 00:09:57
    liet had called The Living Force
  • 00:10:00
    and reveal new insights about the
  • 00:10:02
    workings of our
  • 00:10:04
    [Music]
  • 00:10:09
    universe this is cross Ness in southeast
  • 00:10:12
    London it's an incredible industrial
  • 00:10:16
    Cathedral and home to some of the most
  • 00:10:18
    impressive Victorian steam engines ever
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    [Music]
  • 00:10:28
    built
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    constructed in
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    1854 cross Ness houses four huge engines
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    that once required 5,000 tons of coal
  • 00:10:41
    each year to drive their 47 ton
  • 00:10:58
    beams
  • 00:11:00
    everything about this place seems to
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    have been built to impress from the
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    lavish Iron Work the grand pillars like
  • 00:11:09
    something out of a a Greek or Roman
  • 00:11:11
    Temple it's a sort of effort you'd think
  • 00:11:13
    would have been uh lavished on a luxury
  • 00:11:16
    ocean liner for the Rich and Famous and
  • 00:11:19
    yet this place was built to process
  • 00:11:22
    sewage although only a few workers and
  • 00:11:25
    Engineers would have seen the insides of
  • 00:11:26
    this place steam had become such a vital
  • 00:11:30
    part of British power and economic
  • 00:11:33
    Prosperity that it was afforded almost
  • 00:11:36
    religious
  • 00:11:51
    respect but for all the great success
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    and immense power that engines were
  • 00:11:56
    bestowing on their creators there was
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    still a great deal of confusion and
  • 00:12:01
    mystery surrounding exactly how and why
  • 00:12:04
    they worked in particular questions like
  • 00:12:07
    how efficient could they be made were
  • 00:12:09
    there limits to their
  • 00:12:11
    power ultimately people wanted to know
  • 00:12:14
    just what might it be possible to
  • 00:12:16
    achieve with
  • 00:12:19
    [Music]
  • 00:12:27
    steam the reason these questions
  • 00:12:30
    persisted was simple almost no one had
  • 00:12:33
    understood the fundamental nature of the
  • 00:12:35
    steam engine very few were aware of the
  • 00:12:38
    cosmic principle which underpinned
  • 00:12:44
    it these great lumbering machines that
  • 00:12:47
    we think of as the early steam engines
  • 00:12:50
    actually were the seed of understanding
  • 00:12:53
    of everything that goes on in the
  • 00:12:58
    universe
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    as unlikely as it sounds steam engines
  • 00:13:04
    held within them the secrets of the
  • 00:13:28
    cosmos
  • 00:13:31
    this is the chatau dean in Paris events
  • 00:13:35
    here would motivate one man's journey to
  • 00:13:38
    uncover the cosmic truth about the steam
  • 00:13:40
    engine and help to create a new science
  • 00:13:44
    the science of heat and motion
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    [Music]
  • 00:13:58
    thermodynamics
  • 00:14:03
    in March 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars
  • 00:14:07
    when Napoleon and his armies were
  • 00:14:08
    fighting elsewhere Paris itself came
  • 00:14:11
    under sustained attack from the combined
  • 00:14:14
    forces of Russia Prussia and Austria and
  • 00:14:17
    citizens of the city were deployed
  • 00:14:19
    around key locations to protect them now
  • 00:14:22
    this Shadow was being defended by a
  • 00:14:25
    group of inexperienced young students
  • 00:14:27
    who were forced to treat under sustained
  • 00:14:30
    artillery fire one of them was a
  • 00:14:33
    brilliant young scientist and Soldier
  • 00:14:36
    his name was Nicola Leona Sadi Caro and
  • 00:14:40
    the humiliation he felt personally would
  • 00:14:43
    drive him and motivate him to uncover a
  • 00:14:46
    profound insight into how all engines
  • 00:14:53
    work Caro came from a highly respected
  • 00:14:56
    military family after the the French
  • 00:14:59
    defeat here and elsewhere around Europe
  • 00:15:02
    he became determined to reclaim French
  • 00:15:06
    [Music]
  • 00:15:10
    Pride what really bothered Carno was the
  • 00:15:13
    technological superiority that France's
  • 00:15:16
    enemies seem to possess and Britain in
  • 00:15:19
    particular had this huge Advantage both
  • 00:15:23
    militarily and economically because of
  • 00:15:26
    its Mastery of steam power so Carno
  • 00:15:30
    vowed to really try and understand how
  • 00:15:33
    steam engines work and use that
  • 00:15:35
    knowledge for the benefit of
  • 00:15:39
    France he says absolutely explicitly
  • 00:15:42
    that if you could take away steam
  • 00:15:45
    engines from Britain then the British
  • 00:15:47
    Empire would
  • 00:15:49
    collapse and he's writing in the wake of
  • 00:15:52
    French military defeat and he proposes
  • 00:15:55
    to analyze literally the source of of
  • 00:15:59
    British power by analyzing the way in
  • 00:16:02
    which fire and heat engines
  • 00:16:08
    work living on half pay with his brother
  • 00:16:11
    eoit in a small apartment in Paris in
  • 00:16:14
    1824 Carno wrote the now legendary
  • 00:16:18
    Reflections on the Motive Power of fire
  • 00:16:21
    in just under 60 Pages he developed and
  • 00:16:24
    abstracted the fundamental way in which
  • 00:16:27
    all heat engin work
  • 00:16:29
    Carno saw that all heat engines
  • 00:16:32
    comprised of a hot Source in cooler
  • 00:16:36
    surroundings now Caro believed that heat
  • 00:16:39
    was some kind of substance that would
  • 00:16:41
    flow like water from the hot to the
  • 00:16:44
    cool and just like water falling from a
  • 00:16:47
    height the flow of heat could be tapped
  • 00:16:50
    to do useful
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    [Music]
  • 00:16:56
    work Caro's crucial insight
  • 00:16:59
    was to show that to make any heat engine
  • 00:17:01
    more efficient all you had to do was to
  • 00:17:04
    increase the difference in temperature
  • 00:17:06
    between the Heat source and the cooler
  • 00:17:12
    surroundings this idea has guided
  • 00:17:15
    Engineers for 200
  • 00:17:20
    years ultimately a car engine is more
  • 00:17:23
    efficient than a steam engine because it
  • 00:17:25
    runs at a much hotter
  • 00:17:27
    temperature jet engine
  • 00:17:29
    are more efficient still thanks to the
  • 00:17:31
    incredible temperatures they can run
  • 00:17:34
    [Music]
  • 00:17:36
    at Carno had revealed that heat engines
  • 00:17:39
    weren't just a clever invention they
  • 00:17:43
    were tapping into a deeper property of
  • 00:17:47
    nature they were exploiting the flow of
  • 00:17:50
    energy between hot and
  • 00:17:55
    [Music]
  • 00:17:57
    cold
  • 00:18:00
    Carno had glimpsed the true nature of
  • 00:18:02
    heat engin and in the process began a
  • 00:18:05
    new branch of science but he would never
  • 00:18:09
    see the impact his idea would have on
  • 00:18:11
    the
  • 00:18:13
    World In 1832 a chera epidemic spread
  • 00:18:17
    through Paris it was so severe it would
  • 00:18:20
    kill almost 19,000 people now back then
  • 00:18:24
    there was no real scientific
  • 00:18:26
    understanding of how the disease spread
  • 00:18:27
    so it must have been terrifed in Carno
  • 00:18:31
    undaunted by the risks decided to study
  • 00:18:34
    and document the spread of the disease
  • 00:18:37
    but unfortunately he contracted it
  • 00:18:39
    himself and was dead a day later he was
  • 00:18:43
    just 36 years old a lot of his precious
  • 00:18:46
    scientific papers were burnt to stop the
  • 00:18:48
    spread of contagion and his ideas fell
  • 00:18:51
    into temporary obscurity it seems the
  • 00:18:55
    world wasn't quite ready for Carno
  • 00:19:03
    Carno had made the first great
  • 00:19:05
    contribution to the science of
  • 00:19:08
    thermodynamics but as the 19th century
  • 00:19:10
    progressed the study of heat motion and
  • 00:19:14
    energy began to grip The Wider
  • 00:19:16
    scientific
  • 00:19:17
    Community soon it was realized that
  • 00:19:20
    these ideas could do much more than
  • 00:19:22
    simply explain how heat engines worked
  • 00:19:26
    just as livess had suspected with his
  • 00:19:28
    notion of of living Force these ideas
  • 00:19:31
    were applicable on a much grander
  • 00:19:34
    [Music]
  • 00:19:40
    [Music]
  • 00:19:46
    scale by the mid 19th century scientists
  • 00:19:50
    and Engineers had worked out very
  • 00:19:52
    precisely how different forms of energy
  • 00:19:55
    relate to each other they measured how
  • 00:19:58
    much of a particular kind of energy is
  • 00:20:00
    needed to make a certain amount of a
  • 00:20:03
    different kind let me give you an
  • 00:20:06
    example the amount of energy needed to
  • 00:20:09
    heat 30 mlit of Water by 1° centigrade
  • 00:20:14
    is the same as the amount of energy
  • 00:20:16
    needed to lift this 12 1/2 kg weight by
  • 00:20:21
    1
  • 00:20:24
    meter the deeper Point here that people
  • 00:20:26
    realized was that although mechanical
  • 00:20:29
    work and heat may seem very different
  • 00:20:33
    they are in fact both facets of the same
  • 00:20:35
    thing
  • 00:20:40
    energy this idea would come to be known
  • 00:20:44
    as the first law of
  • 00:20:46
    thermodynamics the first law reveals
  • 00:20:49
    that energy is never created or
  • 00:20:51
    destroyed it just changes from one form
  • 00:20:55
    to
  • 00:20:56
    another 19th century scientists realized
  • 00:21:00
    this meant the total energy of the
  • 00:21:02
    entire universe is actually fixed
  • 00:21:06
    amazingly there's a set amount of energy
  • 00:21:09
    that just changes into many different
  • 00:21:13
    forms so in a steam engine energy isn't
  • 00:21:17
    created it's just changed from heat into
  • 00:21:21
    mechanical
  • 00:21:23
    [Music]
  • 00:21:27
    work
  • 00:21:29
    but impressive though the first law is
  • 00:21:32
    it begged an enormous question what
  • 00:21:35
    exactly is going on when one form of
  • 00:21:38
    energy changes into another in fact why
  • 00:21:41
    does it do it at
  • 00:21:44
    [Music]
  • 00:21:49
    all the answer would in part be found by
  • 00:21:53
    German scientist Rudolph clausius and it
  • 00:21:57
    would form the basis of what would
  • 00:21:58
    become known as the second law of
  • 00:22:06
    Thermodynamics Rudolph clausius was a
  • 00:22:10
    brilliant German physics student from
  • 00:22:13
    Pomerania who studied in Berlin and at a
  • 00:22:18
    ridiculously young age became a very
  • 00:22:20
    brilliant professor in Berlin and then
  • 00:22:23
    in Zurich at the new technology
  • 00:22:26
    University set up there in Switzerland
  • 00:22:29
    and in the 1850s and 60s clausius
  • 00:22:33
    offered what is really the first
  • 00:22:36
    coherent full-blown mathematical
  • 00:22:39
    analysis of how thermodynamics
  • 00:22:45
    Works clausius realized that Not only
  • 00:22:48
    was there a fixed amount of energy in
  • 00:22:50
    the universe but that the energy seemed
  • 00:22:53
    to be following a very strict rule put
  • 00:22:57
    simply energy in the form of heat always
  • 00:23:01
    moved in one particular
  • 00:23:07
    direction this Insight of his is in fact
  • 00:23:10
    one of the most important ideas in the
  • 00:23:12
    whole of science as Claus has put it
  • 00:23:15
    heat cannot of itself pass from a colder
  • 00:23:19
    to a hotter body this is a very
  • 00:23:21
    intuitive idea if left alone this hot
  • 00:23:25
    mug of tea will always cool down what
  • 00:23:28
    this means is that heat will pass from
  • 00:23:30
    the hot mug say to my hand and then
  • 00:23:33
    again from my hand to my
  • 00:23:44
    chest this might seem completely obvious
  • 00:23:48
    but it was a crucial
  • 00:23:51
    Insight the flow of heat was a oneway
  • 00:23:55
    process that seemed to be built very
  • 00:23:57
    fundamentally into the workings of the
  • 00:24:00
    entire
  • 00:24:04
    universe of course objects can get
  • 00:24:07
    hotter but you always need to do
  • 00:24:10
    something to them to make this
  • 00:24:15
    happen left alone energy seems to always
  • 00:24:18
    go from being concentrated to being
  • 00:24:27
    dispersed
  • 00:24:30
    [Music]
  • 00:24:33
    one of my favorite statements in science
  • 00:24:35
    was made by the biochemist Albert and
  • 00:24:38
    George who said that science is all
  • 00:24:41
    about seeing what everyone else has seen
  • 00:24:44
    but thinking what no one else has
  • 00:24:46
    thought and he Rudolph
  • 00:24:49
    Claus um looked at the everyday world
  • 00:24:53
    and saw what everyone else had seen that
  • 00:24:56
    heat does not flow spontaneously from a
  • 00:25:00
    cold body to a hot body it always goes
  • 00:25:02
    the other way but he didn't just say ah
  • 00:25:06
    I see that he actually sat down and
  • 00:25:08
    thought about
  • 00:25:16
    it clausius brought together all these
  • 00:25:20
    ideas about how energy is transferred
  • 00:25:23
    and put them into mathematical context
  • 00:25:25
    it can be summarized by this equation
  • 00:25:36
    [Music]
  • 00:25:46
    now what clausius did was introduce a
  • 00:25:48
    new quantity he called entropy this
  • 00:25:51
    letter s basically what it's saying in
  • 00:25:54
    the context of this equation is that as
  • 00:25:56
    heat is transferred from hotter to
  • 00:25:59
    colder bodies entropy always
  • 00:26:05
    [Music]
  • 00:26:09
    increases entropy seem to be a measure
  • 00:26:12
    of how heat dissipates or spreads out as
  • 00:26:16
    hot things cool their entropy
  • 00:26:20
    increases it appear to clausus that in
  • 00:26:23
    any isolated system this process would
  • 00:26:26
    be irreversible
  • 00:26:38
    clausius was so confident about his
  • 00:26:40
    mathematics that he figured out that
  • 00:26:42
    this irreversible process was going on
  • 00:26:45
    out there in the wider Cosmos he
  • 00:26:48
    speculated that the entropy of the
  • 00:26:50
    entire universe had to be increasing
  • 00:26:53
    towards a maximum and that there was
  • 00:26:55
    nothing we could do to avoid this this
  • 00:26:58
    this idea became known as the second law
  • 00:27:01
    of Thermodynamics and it turned out to
  • 00:27:03
    be stranger and More Beautiful more
  • 00:27:07
    Universal than anything clausius could
  • 00:27:09
    have
  • 00:27:11
    [Music]
  • 00:27:19
    imagined the second law of
  • 00:27:21
    Thermodynamics seemed to say that all
  • 00:27:24
    things that gave off heat were in some
  • 00:27:27
    way connected
  • 00:27:28
    [Music]
  • 00:27:30
    together all things that gave off heat
  • 00:27:33
    were part of an irreversible process
  • 00:27:36
    that was happening
  • 00:27:39
    everywhere a process of spreading out
  • 00:27:42
    and
  • 00:27:43
    dispersing a process of increasing
  • 00:27:50
    entropy it seemed that somehow the
  • 00:27:53
    universe shared the same fate as a cup
  • 00:27:56
    of tea
  • 00:27:58
    [Music]
  • 00:28:00
    the wonderful thing about the the
  • 00:28:01
    Victorian scientists is that they could
  • 00:28:05
    make these great leaps and that they
  • 00:28:07
    could see that their study of
  • 00:28:10
    thermometer in a beer actually could be
  • 00:28:13
    trans could be extrapolated could be
  • 00:28:15
    enlarged to Encompass the whole
  • 00:28:27
    universe
  • 00:28:38
    despite the successes of thermodynamics
  • 00:28:40
    in the middle of the 19th century there
  • 00:28:42
    was great debate and confusion about the
  • 00:28:45
    subject what exactly was this strange
  • 00:28:48
    thing called entropy and why was it
  • 00:28:51
    always
  • 00:28:52
    increasing answering this question would
  • 00:28:54
    take an incredible intellectual leap but
  • 00:28:57
    it would end up revealing the truth
  • 00:29:00
    about energy and the many forms of order
  • 00:29:03
    and disorder we see in the universe
  • 00:29:06
    around
  • 00:29:10
    us many scientists would tackle the
  • 00:29:13
    mysterious concept of entropy but one
  • 00:29:16
    more than any other would shed light on
  • 00:29:19
    the truth he'd show what entropy really
  • 00:29:21
    was and why over time it always must
  • 00:29:25
    increase his name was ludvik boltzman
  • 00:29:29
    and he was one of science's true
  • 00:29:43
    revolutionaries boltzman had been born
  • 00:29:45
    in Vienna in
  • 00:29:46
    1844 it was a world of scientific and
  • 00:29:49
    cultural certainty but boltzman took
  • 00:29:52
    little notice of the entrenched beliefs
  • 00:29:54
    of his contemporaries to him the
  • 00:29:57
    physical world was was something best
  • 00:29:59
    explored with an open
  • 00:30:03
    mind boltzman wasn't your stereotypical
  • 00:30:07
    scientist in fact he had the kind of
  • 00:30:09
    temperament that most people might
  • 00:30:11
    associate with great
  • 00:30:13
    artists he was ruthlessly logical and
  • 00:30:16
    analytical yes but while working he'd go
  • 00:30:19
    through periods of intense emotion and
  • 00:30:22
    these would be followed by terrible
  • 00:30:24
    depressions which would leave him
  • 00:30:26
    completely unable to think
  • 00:30:35
    clearly he had terrible sort of mental
  • 00:30:39
    crises and breakdowns in which he really
  • 00:30:42
    thought that the world was coming apart
  • 00:30:44
    at the
  • 00:30:45
    seams and yet these were also
  • 00:30:48
    accompanied by some of the most profound
  • 00:30:50
    insights into the nature of our
  • 00:30:54
    world outside of mathematics boltzman
  • 00:30:57
    was passionate about music and was
  • 00:30:59
    captivated by the Grand and dramatic
  • 00:31:02
    operas of Vagner and the raw emotion of
  • 00:31:08
    Beethoven he was a brilliant pianist and
  • 00:31:11
    could lose himself for hours in the
  • 00:31:13
    works of his favorite composers just as
  • 00:31:15
    he could lose himself in deep
  • 00:31:17
    mathematical
  • 00:31:26
    theories boltzman was a scientist Guided
  • 00:31:30
    by his emotions and Instinct and also by
  • 00:31:33
    his belief in the ability of mathematics
  • 00:31:35
    to unlock the secrets of nature it was
  • 00:31:38
    these traits that would lead him to
  • 00:31:40
    become one of the champions of a
  • 00:31:42
    shocking and controversial new Theory
  • 00:31:45
    one that would describe reality at the
  • 00:31:47
    very smallest scales far smaller than
  • 00:31:50
    anything we could see with the naked
  • 00:31:54
    eye during the second half of the 19th
  • 00:31:57
    century
  • 00:31:58
    a small group of scientists began
  • 00:32:00
    speculating that at the smallest scales
  • 00:32:03
    the universe might operate very
  • 00:32:06
    differently to our everyday
  • 00:32:09
    [Music]
  • 00:32:13
    experiences if you could look close
  • 00:32:15
    enough it seemed possible that the
  • 00:32:17
    Universe might be made of tiny hard
  • 00:32:21
    particles in constant
  • 00:32:26
    motion
  • 00:32:33
    [Music]
  • 00:32:36
    viewed in terms of atoms heat would
  • 00:32:39
    suddenly become a much less mysterious
  • 00:32:42
    concept boltzman and others saw that if
  • 00:32:45
    an object was hot it simply meant that
  • 00:32:47
    its atoms were moving about more
  • 00:32:53
    rapidly viewing the world as atoms seem
  • 00:32:56
    to be an immensely power powerful
  • 00:33:00
    idea but this picture of the universe
  • 00:33:04
    had one seemingly insurmountable
  • 00:33:09
    problem how could trillions and
  • 00:33:11
    trillions of atoms even in a tiny volume
  • 00:33:14
    of gas ever be studied how could we come
  • 00:33:17
    up with mathematical equations to
  • 00:33:19
    describe all of this after all atoms are
  • 00:33:22
    constantly bumping into each other
  • 00:33:24
    changing direction changing speed and
  • 00:33:27
    there are just many of them it seemed
  • 00:33:30
    almost an impossible problem but then
  • 00:33:33
    boltzman saw there was a
  • 00:33:43
    way boltzman saw more clearly than
  • 00:33:45
    anyone that for physics to explain this
  • 00:33:48
    new strata of reality it had to abandon
  • 00:33:56
    certainty
  • 00:33:59
    [Music]
  • 00:34:03
    instead of trying to understand and
  • 00:34:05
    measure the exact movements of each
  • 00:34:07
    individual atom boltzman saw you could
  • 00:34:10
    build working theories simply by using
  • 00:34:13
    the probability that atoms will be
  • 00:34:15
    traveling at certain speeds and in
  • 00:34:18
    certain
  • 00:34:23
    [Music]
  • 00:34:26
    directions boltzman had transported
  • 00:34:29
    himself inside
  • 00:34:33
    matter he'd imagined a world beneath our
  • 00:34:36
    everyday reality and found a mathematics
  • 00:34:39
    to describe
  • 00:34:41
    it it would be here at this scale that
  • 00:34:45
    boltzman would one day manage to unlock
  • 00:34:48
    Energy's deepest
  • 00:34:50
    secret despite the widespread hostility
  • 00:34:53
    to his
  • 00:34:56
    theories
  • 00:35:00
    boltzman's ideas were highly highly
  • 00:35:03
    controversial and you have to remember
  • 00:35:06
    that you know today we take Adams for
  • 00:35:08
    granted but the reason we take Adams for
  • 00:35:11
    granted is precisely because boltzman's
  • 00:35:14
    mathematics married up so beautifully
  • 00:35:17
    with
  • 00:35:26
    experiments
  • 00:35:28
    [Music]
  • 00:35:46
    one of the most surprising aspects of
  • 00:35:48
    this story is that many of boltzman's
  • 00:35:51
    contemporaries viewed his ideas about
  • 00:35:53
    atoms with intense
  • 00:35:56
    hostility
  • 00:36:00
    today the existence of atoms the idea
  • 00:36:02
    that all matter is composed of tiny
  • 00:36:05
    particles is something we accept without
  • 00:36:07
    question but back in boltzman's time
  • 00:36:10
    there were notable eminent physicists
  • 00:36:12
    who just didn't buy it why would they no
  • 00:36:15
    one had ever seen an atom and probably
  • 00:36:18
    no one ever would how could these
  • 00:36:20
    particles be considered as
  • 00:36:26
    real
  • 00:36:30
    [Music]
  • 00:36:33
    after one of boltzman's lectures of
  • 00:36:35
    atomic theory in Vienna the great
  • 00:36:37
    Austrian physicist Ernst Mar stood up
  • 00:36:40
    and said simply I don't believe the
  • 00:36:43
    atoms exist it was both cutting and
  • 00:36:47
    dismissive and for such a comment to
  • 00:36:49
    come from a highly regarded scientist
  • 00:36:51
    like Ern M it would have been doubly
  • 00:36:56
    hurtful
  • 00:36:57
    [Music]
  • 00:37:03
    they argued that no atoms don't exist
  • 00:37:06
    their names labels convenient fictions
  • 00:37:10
    calculating devices they don't really
  • 00:37:12
    exist we can't observe them no one's
  • 00:37:15
    ever seen one and for that reason so
  • 00:37:18
    boltzman's critics said he was a
  • 00:37:22
    [Music]
  • 00:37:24
    fantasist but boltzman was right
  • 00:37:28
    he peered deeper into reality than
  • 00:37:30
    anyone else had dared and seen that the
  • 00:37:32
    Universe could be built from the atomic
  • 00:37:35
    hypothesis and understood through the
  • 00:37:37
    mathematics of
  • 00:37:38
    probability the foundations and
  • 00:37:41
    certainty of 19th century science were
  • 00:37:44
    beginning to
  • 00:37:46
    [Music]
  • 00:37:52
    crumble as boltzman stared into his
  • 00:37:55
    Brave New World of atoms
  • 00:37:58
    he began to realize his new vision of
  • 00:38:00
    the universe contained within it an
  • 00:38:03
    explanation to one of the biggest
  • 00:38:05
    mysteries in
  • 00:38:07
    science boltzman saw that atoms could
  • 00:38:10
    reveal why the second law of
  • 00:38:12
    Thermodynamics was true why nature was
  • 00:38:15
    engaged in an irreversible
  • 00:38:17
    process atoms had the power to reveal
  • 00:38:20
    what entropy really was and why it must
  • 00:38:23
    always
  • 00:38:26
    increase
  • 00:38:28
    [Music]
  • 00:38:31
    boltzman understood that all objects
  • 00:38:33
    these walls you me the air in this room
  • 00:38:36
    are made up of much tinier
  • 00:38:39
    constituents basically everything we see
  • 00:38:42
    is an assembly of trillions and
  • 00:38:44
    trillions of atoms and
  • 00:38:46
    molecules and this was the key to his
  • 00:38:49
    insight about entropy in the second
  • 00:38:56
    law boltzman saw what clausius could not
  • 00:39:01
    the real reason why a hot object left
  • 00:39:03
    alone will always cool
  • 00:39:06
    down imagine a lump of hot
  • 00:39:09
    metal the atoms inside it are jostling
  • 00:39:14
    around but as they jostle the atoms at
  • 00:39:17
    the edge of the object transfer some of
  • 00:39:20
    their energy to the atoms in the surface
  • 00:39:22
    of the
  • 00:39:26
    table these atoms then bump into their
  • 00:39:29
    neighbors and in this way the heat
  • 00:39:31
    energy slowly and very naturally spreads
  • 00:39:34
    out and
  • 00:39:38
    disperses the whole system has gone from
  • 00:39:40
    being in a very special ordered state
  • 00:39:43
    with all the energy concentrated in one
  • 00:39:46
    place to a disordered state where the
  • 00:39:49
    same amount of energy is now distributed
  • 00:39:52
    among many more
  • 00:39:54
    atoms boltzman's brilliant mind saw this
  • 00:39:57
    whole process could be described
  • 00:40:02
    mathematically busman's great
  • 00:40:04
    contribution was that although we can
  • 00:40:06
    talk in rather sort of casual terms
  • 00:40:10
    about things getting worse and disorder
  • 00:40:14
    increases the the great contribution of
  • 00:40:16
    boltzman is that he could put numbers to
  • 00:40:18
    it and so he was able to derive a
  • 00:40:21
    formula which enabled you to calculate
  • 00:40:24
    the disorder of a system
  • 00:40:34
    this is boltzman's famous equation it
  • 00:40:37
    will be his enduring contribution to
  • 00:40:40
    science so much so it was engraved on
  • 00:40:43
    his tombstone in
  • 00:40:45
    Vienna what this equation means in
  • 00:40:48
    essence is that there are many more ways
  • 00:40:50
    for things to be messy and disordered
  • 00:40:53
    than there are for them to be tidy and
  • 00:40:56
    ordered
  • 00:40:58
    [Music]
  • 00:41:00
    that's why left to itself the universe
  • 00:41:03
    will always get
  • 00:41:11
    Messier things will move from
  • 00:41:15
    order to
  • 00:41:21
    [Music]
  • 00:41:26
    disorder
  • 00:41:30
    it's a law that applies to everything
  • 00:41:33
    from a drop jug to a burning
  • 00:41:37
    star a hot cup of
  • 00:41:40
    tea to the products that we consume
  • 00:41:43
    every
  • 00:41:44
    [Music]
  • 00:41:49
    day all of this is an expression of the
  • 00:41:53
    universe's tendency to move from order
  • 00:41:58
    to
  • 00:42:00
    [Music]
  • 00:42:04
    disorder disorder is the fate of
  • 00:42:10
    [Music]
  • 00:42:16
    everything clausius had shown that
  • 00:42:19
    something he called entropy was getting
  • 00:42:22
    bigger all the
  • 00:42:24
    time now boltzman had revealed what this
  • 00:42:28
    really meant entropy was in fact a
  • 00:42:32
    measure of the disorder of
  • 00:42:34
    [Music]
  • 00:42:38
    things energy is crumbling away it's
  • 00:42:41
    crumbling away now as we
  • 00:42:44
    speak so the second law is all about um
  • 00:42:48
    entropy increasing which is just a a
  • 00:42:51
    technical way of saying that things get
  • 00:42:54
    [Music]
  • 00:42:56
    worse
  • 00:43:21
    boltzman's passionate and romantic
  • 00:43:24
    sensibility and his belief in the power
  • 00:43:26
    of mathem ma matics had led him to one
  • 00:43:28
    of the most important discoveries in the
  • 00:43:30
    history of science but those very same
  • 00:43:34
    intense emotions had a dark and
  • 00:43:37
    ultimately self-destructive
  • 00:43:45
    side throughout his life boltzman had
  • 00:43:48
    been prone to severe bouns of
  • 00:43:50
    depression sometimes these were induced
  • 00:43:52
    by the criticisms of his theories and
  • 00:43:55
    sometimes they just happened
  • 00:43:58
    in 1906 he was forced to take a break
  • 00:44:01
    from his studies in Vienna during a
  • 00:44:03
    particularly bad
  • 00:44:04
    [Music]
  • 00:44:15
    episode in September 1906 boltzman and
  • 00:44:18
    his family were on holiday in duino near
  • 00:44:21
    triest in Italy while his wife and
  • 00:44:24
    family were out at the beach boltzman
  • 00:44:27
    hanged himself bringing his short time
  • 00:44:29
    in our universe to an abrupt end but
  • 00:44:33
    perhaps the saddest aspect of boltzman's
  • 00:44:35
    story is that within just a few years of
  • 00:44:37
    his death his ideas that had been
  • 00:44:40
    attacked and ridiculed during his
  • 00:44:42
    lifetime were finally accepted what's
  • 00:44:45
    more they became the new scientific
  • 00:44:56
    Orthodoxy
  • 00:44:58
    in the end there is no escaping entropy
  • 00:45:01
    it's the ultimate move from order to
  • 00:45:05
    Decay and disorder that rules us
  • 00:45:10
    all boltzman's equation contains within
  • 00:45:14
    it the mortality of everything from a
  • 00:45:17
    China jug to a human life to the
  • 00:45:21
    universe
  • 00:45:22
    [Music]
  • 00:45:25
    itself
  • 00:45:32
    the process of change and degradation is
  • 00:45:36
    unavoidable the second law says the
  • 00:45:38
    universe itself must one day reach a
  • 00:45:41
    point of Maximum entropy maximum
  • 00:45:47
    disorder the universe itself must one
  • 00:45:50
    day
  • 00:45:53
    [Music]
  • 00:45:55
    die
  • 00:46:17
    [Music]
  • 00:46:26
    if every everything degrades if
  • 00:46:28
    everything becomes disordered you might
  • 00:46:31
    be wondering how it is that we
  • 00:46:35
    exist how exactly did the universe
  • 00:46:38
    manage to create the Exquisite
  • 00:46:40
    complexity and structure of life on
  • 00:46:44
    Earth contrary to what you might think
  • 00:46:47
    it's precisely because of the second law
  • 00:46:50
    that all this
  • 00:46:52
    exists the great disordering of the
  • 00:46:54
    cosmos gives rise to to its
  • 00:46:58
    [Music]
  • 00:47:02
    complexity it's possible to harness this
  • 00:47:05
    natural flow from order to disorder to
  • 00:47:08
    tap into the process and generate
  • 00:47:11
    something new to create new order new
  • 00:47:14
    structure it's what the early steam
  • 00:47:17
    Pioneers had unwittingly Hit Upon with
  • 00:47:19
    their engines and it's what makes
  • 00:47:21
    everything we deem special in our world
  • 00:47:24
    from this car to buildings to to works
  • 00:47:27
    of art even to life
  • 00:47:30
    [Music]
  • 00:47:46
    itself the engine of my car like all
  • 00:47:49
    engines is designed to exploit the
  • 00:47:51
    second law it starts out with something
  • 00:47:54
    nice and ordered like this petrol
  • 00:47:56
    stuffed full of energy but when it's
  • 00:47:58
    ignited in the engine it turns this
  • 00:48:01
    compact liquid into a mixture of gases
  • 00:48:04
    2,000 times greater in volume not to
  • 00:48:06
    mention dumping heat and sound into the
  • 00:48:10
    environment it's turning order into
  • 00:48:16
    [Music]
  • 00:48:21
    disorder what's so spectacularly clever
  • 00:48:24
    about my car is that it can harness that
  • 00:48:27
    dissipating energy it can siphon off a
  • 00:48:30
    small bit of it and use it for a more
  • 00:48:32
    ordered process like driving the Pistons
  • 00:48:35
    which turn the wheels that's what
  • 00:48:37
    engines do they tap into that flow from
  • 00:48:40
    order to disorder and do something
  • 00:48:44
    [Music]
  • 00:48:48
    useful but it's not just cars Evolution
  • 00:48:52
    has designed our bodies to work thanks
  • 00:48:54
    to the very same principle if I eat this
  • 00:48:57
    chocolate bar packed full of nice
  • 00:48:59
    ordered energy my body processes it and
  • 00:49:03
    turns it into more disordered energy but
  • 00:49:06
    powers itself off the
  • 00:49:14
    proceeds both cars and humans power
  • 00:49:17
    themselves by tapping into the great
  • 00:49:20
    Cosmic flow from order to
  • 00:49:25
    disorder although so overall the world
  • 00:49:29
    is falling apart in disorder it's doing
  • 00:49:33
    it in a seriously interesting
  • 00:49:36
    way it's like a um a waterfall that is
  • 00:49:40
    rushing
  • 00:49:41
    down um but the waterfall throws up a
  • 00:49:44
    spray of structure and those that spray
  • 00:49:48
    of structure might be you or me or
  • 00:49:51
    daffodil or whatever so you can see that
  • 00:49:56
    the unwinding of the universe this
  • 00:49:58
    collapse into disorder can in fact be
  • 00:50:07
    constructive steam
  • 00:50:10
    engines power
  • 00:50:12
    stations life on Earth all of these
  • 00:50:16
    things harness the cosmic flow from
  • 00:50:19
    order to
  • 00:50:25
    disorder
  • 00:50:26
    [Music]
  • 00:50:30
    the reason the earth now looks the way
  • 00:50:32
    it does is because we've learn to
  • 00:50:35
    harness the disintegrating energy of the
  • 00:50:38
    universe to maintain and improve our
  • 00:50:41
    small pocket of
  • 00:50:43
    [Music]
  • 00:50:46
    order but as humankind has evolved we've
  • 00:50:49
    had to find New pieces of concentrated
  • 00:50:52
    energy we can break down to drive the
  • 00:50:55
    ever more demanding construction of our
  • 00:50:58
    Technologies our cities and our
  • 00:51:00
    [Music]
  • 00:51:02
    society from food to Wood to fossil
  • 00:51:06
    fuels over human history we've
  • 00:51:09
    discovered ever more concentrated forms
  • 00:51:11
    of energy to unlock in order to
  • 00:51:15
    [Music]
  • 00:51:25
    flourish now now in the 21st century
  • 00:51:28
    we're on the cusp of harnessing the
  • 00:51:31
    ultimate form of concentrated energy the
  • 00:51:34
    stuff that powers the
  • 00:51:37
    sun
  • 00:51:52
    hydrogen this is the colum Center for
  • 00:51:55
    Fusion Energy in Oxford and at this
  • 00:51:58
    facility they're attempting to recreate
  • 00:52:00
    a star here on
  • 00:52:03
    Earth but as you might imagine creating
  • 00:52:06
    and containing a small star is not an
  • 00:52:09
    easy
  • 00:52:15
    process it requires many hundreds of
  • 00:52:18
    people and some extremely ingenious
  • 00:52:22
    technology this machine is called a toac
  • 00:52:26
    and it's designed to extract an ancient
  • 00:52:28
    type of highly concentrated
  • 00:52:31
    energy the ordered energy of hydrogen
  • 00:52:37
    atoms these tiny packets of energy were
  • 00:52:40
    forged in the early Universe just 3
  • 00:52:43
    minutes after the moment of creation
  • 00:52:50
    itself Now using the toac we can extract
  • 00:52:54
    the concentrated energy contained in
  • 00:52:57
    these atoms by fusing them
  • 00:53:04
    together inside the toac machine two
  • 00:53:07
    types of hydrogen gas dyum and tritium
  • 00:53:11
    are mixed together into a super hot
  • 00:53:14
    State called a plasma now when running
  • 00:53:17
    this plasma can reach the incredible
  • 00:53:19
    temperature of 150 million de large
  • 00:53:24
    magnets in the wall of the toac can
  • 00:53:26
    retain the plasma and stop it from
  • 00:53:28
    touching the sides where it can cool
  • 00:53:29
    down now when it gets hot enough the two
  • 00:53:33
    types of hydrogen atoms fuse together to
  • 00:53:36
    form helium and spit out a neutron now
  • 00:53:39
    these neutrons fly out of the plasma and
  • 00:53:42
    hit the walls of the toac but they carry
  • 00:53:44
    energy and the hope is that this energy
  • 00:53:47
    can one day be used to heat up water
  • 00:53:50
    turn it into steam to drive a turbine
  • 00:53:52
    and generate
  • 00:53:54
    electricity essentially for a brief
  • 00:53:56
    moment inside the toac a small donut
  • 00:54:00
    shaped star is
  • 00:54:11
    [Music]
  • 00:54:14
    created the problem is it's extremely
  • 00:54:17
    difficult to sustain the fusion reaction
  • 00:54:19
    for long enough to harvest the energy
  • 00:54:21
    from it and that's what the scientists
  • 00:54:24
    at colum are working to perfect
  • 00:54:27
    it's a it's a sort of boundary between
  • 00:54:29
    physics and Engineering how do we hold
  • 00:54:31
    on to this very very hot thing which is
  • 00:54:34
    the plasma and and and and how do we
  • 00:54:37
    optimize the way the performance of this
  • 00:54:40
    plasma so what we really want is that
  • 00:54:42
    the particles stay in there for as long
  • 00:54:43
    as all possible to maximize their CH
  • 00:54:46
    chance of hitting each other we are
  • 00:54:48
    trying to push
  • 00:54:50
    this this to the Limit with what we have
  • 00:54:53
    available in this machine and whatever
  • 00:54:56
    we can learn to understand this plasma
  • 00:54:58
    better will also allow us to design a
  • 00:55:00
    better machine in the future you see
  • 00:55:02
    although it happens several times a day
  • 00:55:04
    oh here we go the the scientists here
  • 00:55:07
    all all gather around the screens ah
  • 00:55:10
    okay it's about to come
  • 00:55:21
    [Music]
  • 00:55:25
    on
  • 00:55:28
    [Music]
  • 00:55:46
    what the toac is doing is mining the
  • 00:55:49
    fertile ashes of the Big Bang extracting
  • 00:55:53
    concentrated energy captured at the big
  • 00:55:56
    beginning of
  • 00:55:58
    time as hydrogen is the most abundant
  • 00:56:00
    element in the universe if future
  • 00:56:03
    machines can sustain Fusion reactions
  • 00:56:06
    they offer us the possibility of almost
  • 00:56:09
    unlimited
  • 00:56:10
    [Music]
  • 00:56:20
    energy from a science that began as the
  • 00:56:23
    byproducts of questions about steam
  • 00:56:25
    engines
  • 00:56:26
    thermodynamics has had a staggering
  • 00:56:29
    impact on all our
  • 00:56:31
    lives it has shown us why we must
  • 00:56:34
    consume concentrated energy to stay
  • 00:56:37
    alive and has revealed to us how the
  • 00:56:40
    universe itself is likely to
  • 00:56:45
    end looking at the Earth at night
  • 00:56:48
    reveals how one seemingly simple idea
  • 00:56:52
    transformed the
  • 00:56:55
    planet
  • 00:56:56
    [Music]
  • 00:57:12
    over the past 300 years we've developed
  • 00:57:16
    ever more ingenious ways to harness the
  • 00:57:19
    concentrated energy from the world
  • 00:57:20
    around us but all our efforts and
  • 00:57:23
    achievements are quite insignificant
  • 00:57:26
    when viewed from the perspective of The
  • 00:57:27
    Wider universe as far as it's concerned
  • 00:57:30
    all we're doing is trying to preserve
  • 00:57:33
    this tiny pocket of order in a cosmos
  • 00:57:36
    that's falling
  • 00:57:37
    [Music]
  • 00:57:47
    apart although we can never Escape our
  • 00:57:50
    ultimate fate the laws of physics have
  • 00:57:53
    allowed us this brief beautiful
  • 00:57:56
    creative moments in the great Cosmic
  • 00:57:59
    unwinding my hope is that by
  • 00:58:03
    understanding the universe in ever
  • 00:58:04
    greater detail we can stretch this
  • 00:58:07
    moment for many millions maybe even
  • 00:58:10
    billions of years to
  • 00:58:25
    come the the concept of information is a
  • 00:58:28
    very strange one it's actually a very
  • 00:58:31
    difficult idea to get your head round
  • 00:58:33
    but in the journey to try and understand
  • 00:58:36
    it scientists would discover that
  • 00:58:38
    information is actually a fundamental
  • 00:58:40
    part of our
  • 00:58:46
    [Music]
  • 00:58:53
    universe and there's more big science
  • 00:58:55
    here on BBC at 7:00 tomorrow with the
  • 00:58:58
    science of chance in Tales you
  • 00:59:01
    [Music]
  • 00:59:13
    win
Tags
  • Energie
  • Thermodynamik
  • Leibniz
  • Boltzmann
  • Entropie
  • Dampfmaschinen
  • Wissenschaft
  • Zweiter Hauptsatz
  • Fusion
  • Universum