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hello and welcome mothers we're going to
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talk about the Egyptian civilization
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which in the words of Herodotus was
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literally the gift of the Nile
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rottenness was a Greek historian who
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visited Egypt now Egypt is divided into
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Upper and Lower Egypt we might think of
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it as northern and southern Egypt it's
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some three thousand years old the
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Egyptian civilization centralized state
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under a pharaoh which is its main ruler
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there was a ruler a pharaoh if you will
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for both lower and upper egypt
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eventually the two kingdoms upper and
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lower egypt were joined together when
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the one ruler defeated the other upper
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egypt defeated lower egypt and they were
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absorbed under one crown thebes and
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memphis are the capitals of egypt
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thieves of course being the capital of
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Upper Egypt and Memphis being the
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capital of Lower Egypt but they were
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both remain capitals the population
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ranged from eight hundred thousand to
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five million depending on what time
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period you're talking about
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now if Herodotus will you know provides
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us the at least the Greek point of view
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where the Egyptians were concerned
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Greeks of course had a very distinctly
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biased opinion of other civilizations
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naturally thinking their own being
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superior he was particularly intrigued
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with the Egyptians because they seemed
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to defy all logic at least in his mind
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for example men sit to urinate women
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stand to urinate they recline in their
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homes but they eat outside all these
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things just to pull opposite for the
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Greeks Greeks typically would eat inside
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their homes and recline governance of
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course the Pharaoh who is the Living God
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on earth Pharoah view is viewed as
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divine the offspring of almond or almond
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raw son of the son if you will the
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duties of the Pharaoh included defending
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the realm from invaders concerning with
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the gods sort of an intermediary between
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the people and the gods he is also the
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supreme judge
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so if you the ultimate end of your legal
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case came to Pharaoh religion
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you can see the Pharaoh there in his
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mummified form with Horus
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the gods are typically made of gold when
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they're in Statue form
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when the Pharaoh dies he is transformed
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into divine the divine eventually as the
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Egyptian civilization progressed that
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access to afterlife is broadened Amon
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rah Osiris Anubis
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Anubis of course is that jackal like
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creature right behind the Pharaoh and
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Horus it or is this like a hawk like
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creature as a hawk like head 20% of the
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population were involved in the
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religious life connected with it so 80%
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of the population were not priests and
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so on 33 percent of the land was owned
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by the gods art
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obviously very exquisite art by the way
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you might notice if you look closely at
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that Tutankhamun's death mask there
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there are actually two symbols on his
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crown and one is of upper and one is of
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lower egypt the art is conservative in
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nature
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typically wall art is what remains there
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may have been other art forms were not
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aware of realistic yet two-dimensional
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it's very flat but interestingly enough
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if the Egyptians are picturing a table
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they will show you what's on top of the
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table as if it was balanced on the side
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on top of the table so they want you to
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see the detail of what's on top of the
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table but if they actually drew it in
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proper perspective you'd see its side on
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rather than looking at it top down
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well they like it top down science of
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Medicine as you can see in this picture
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on the right many of the tools
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physicians use today are very similar to
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the ones that the Egyptians used
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doctors existed around 2500 BCE or BC
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their job was to take care of the
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workers and of course to take care of
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the elite as well but one of the
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principal tasks was to take care of the
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workers there was actually diagnosis and
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treatment for injuries and yeah they
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used medical instrument and yes autopsy
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was actually did done on the dead to
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determine death they believed however
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very differently than we do that
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diseases are caused by gods and demons
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and for that reason they had some very
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interesting cures including the use of
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cow dung and others such obnoxious
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things as treatments Egyptian trade an
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Egyptian were Egyptians were a seafaring
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race they traded for various objects
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they one of the big trading goods was
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papyrus which would allow people to
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write on
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instead of clay tablets you could write
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on papyrus it seemed to be more
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practical and clay tablets
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they were the first also to make glass
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objects as you can see in the upper left
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here and these are very desirable by
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other civilizations both the papyrus and
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the glass objects Egypt also exported
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gold she had large gold mines in her
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country and of course I mentioned
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papyrus they traded in the Indian Ocean
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as well as the Mediterranean
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Egyptian writing
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they use papyrus
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hieroglyphics which you can see in the
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bottom left
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now upper left eye is a form of
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hieroglyphics called hieratic this is
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like hieroglyphics in short form if you
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will but sort of an abbreviated style of
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writing you will not find that in grace
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but you will find that in other
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documents and from the bottom left the
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hieroglyphics those you'll find in it's
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a very official style of language so you
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could say that the difference between
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the two is one is more the official
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language hieroglyphs and erratic is more
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of the everyday you know Reader's Digest
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condensed version if you will one of the
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best jobs in the Egyptian world was to
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be a scribe or some government official
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certainly promotion through government
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service was helpful but it is also
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believed by historians that writing was
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promoted through the government service
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through actual
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government and then of course education
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and the scribes the scribes were middle
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class they were reasonably well off they
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did well for themselves and they were
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the ones who jotted down all the
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information that was needed in Egyptian
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civilization
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and they knew how to read it too
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in the satire of the traits a father
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this is a tale in Gyptian tale and this
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I tire of the trades the father is
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exhorting his son not to take up a trade
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but rather to become a scribe because
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that's so much better
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mummification of course is what the
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Egyptians are truly famous for their
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beautiful mummies and how nicely
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decorated they are as you can see there
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are different coffins an inner coffin
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and outer coffin but of course the mummy
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is right in the side the inner coffin
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they would mummify other things cows for
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example and within the Egyptian concept
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is the car the soul
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both humans and animals have it they
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even mummified a cat
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what about marriage
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you would live with an extended family
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so you'd literally live with your
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in-laws if you're a woman marriage
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typically a man would be 20 and a grow
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would be 12 to 14 there's a strange
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aspect of marriage it doesn't seem to be
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an official ritual for it a man and a
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woman would decide to get married there
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would be a little ceremony apparently of
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the two families acknowledging the
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marriage but no priest officiating or
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anything like that we do have love
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poetry from men and women sending each
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other poems so they just live together
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apparently but there may very well have
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been a ritual that was lost over time
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the public was some kind of little
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ceremony between the two families
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celebrating the joining of the young
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couple there definitely was transfer of
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property
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what about life and death
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living in dead
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there's a relationship between the
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living and the dead
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average age of life expectancy was 30
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which is very short when you think about
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it but certainly shorter than now we
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live two to three times that age
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typically what about children there is
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no gender preference with children in
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Egyptian history
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you could have upwards of six or seven
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children in a family there was maternity
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and paternity leave where the mother and
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father were allowed to stray from work
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while they took care of the children
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there was a very high child mortality
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rate something like forty five percent
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what kind of dangers did people and
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children for that matter face well
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there's one of the dangers and it's very
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nasty they actually had a wooden
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headrest that would keep the head
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approximately 12 inches off the ground 6
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to 12 inches and I suspect it's because
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of scorpions because by keeping the head
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up at least the scorpion wouldn't strike
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where you know strike an eye or nose or
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mouth or whatever they're very venomous
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nasty creatures but in Egypt when you're
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sleeping on the floor Wow some of those
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little monsters might sneak in while
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you're sleeping and sting you snakes
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also are problem
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as well
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alligators crocodiles that's another
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issue altogether what about women women
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ruled the house this is their domain
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they were involved in cloth manufacture
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and interesting enough crocodile dung is
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used as a contraceptive that's exciting
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I'm not sure if it's the smell or
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whether it did actually have some effect
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but certainly would discourage that
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activity if you if a woman is found to
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be not loyal to her husband and is
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consorting with other men the woman
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could be burned alive quite a severe
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punishment women do not receive a formal
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education well men don't exactly either
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unless they're become a scribe there is
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some economic mobility for women what
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about men
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it's legal for men to have more than one
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wife but typically it was the nobility
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that did this circumcision was practiced
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just like among the Hebrew population
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the Egyptians practiced the same thing
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circumcision was considered an important
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step to manhood from boy to men and yes
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priests gotta to
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they received a formal education mended
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especially in the higher echelons of
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Egyptian society from the middle class
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on up there might be some rudimentary
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education for the workers it depends on
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the workers if they're true craftsmen
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they would get more of an education if
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you're just a peasant farmer minimal
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education but scribes of course received
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incredible amount of education compared
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to their fellows what about slaves and
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domestics and here you see a slave
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receiving some punishment
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safes could be beaten but overall from
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the historical record they were not
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badly treated and just to clarify one of
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the myths slaves did not build the
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pyramids instead it was the entire free
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population the joined in the building of
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the pyramids so let's take a look at the
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historical overview we have the pro to
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dine astok period before 3100 BCE and at
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this time we have both the upper and
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lower egypt being separate kingdoms then
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we have the archaic where the upper and
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lower egypt now become one kingdom from
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3100 to 260 660 BCE and we have the old
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kingdom
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then we have civil war and famine then
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we have the Middle Kingdom it's the
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whole Kingdom that gives us the pyramids
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Middle Kingdom gets away from the
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pyramids and goes into the Valley of the
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Kings then we are the Hyksos invasions
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they're the New Kingdom where access to
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the afterlife is shall we say more
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universally allowed in other words
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people other than royalty can get access
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to the afterlife conquered by Assyria
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then Persia
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and there you got it after that the
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Greeks by the way now Kings circuit is
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or otherwise known as the Scorpion King
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uh yeah there was a movie on that I know
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keen but notice the Scorpion in the
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background that usually somehow
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connected with the king so you see
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different Pharaohs will have different
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symbols so that's why King secret is
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referred to as the Scorpion King this is
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the prototype period before 3100 BCE
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during this time apparently was
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development of writing communication
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purposes of writing why they needed it
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was for a communication yes but also to
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track wealth around the kingdom
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we also see monumental architecture
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being developed at this time
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tombs palaces temples they're not going
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to be as grand as later on in Egyptian
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history
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for example the tombs typically are
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small mustapha's they are not these
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grand pyramids at all they're just
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smaller gym like structure
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and there's a whole glorification of
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gods with art government and religion is
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also developed at this time
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Pharaoh king and God and of course the
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whole idea of balance which is Mothe
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religion
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afterlife and mummification also so this
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is a very foundational period this
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protodynastic period before 3100 also
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historical reporting the writing and
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everything there is some historical
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reporting that archaeologists and
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historians have used to reconstruct
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Egyptian history men is our Narmer in
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3100 BCE this is the archaic period it
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is mayonnaise who unifies upper and
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lower egypt the old kingdom
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the pyramids builders of the pyramids of
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giza their major wars with Nubia also
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known as the kingdom of cush and this is
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in the southern part of Egypt going into
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modern-day Sudan
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the Middle Kingdom of course Valley of
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the Kings no more big huge elaborate
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pyramids very expensive much easier to
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bury people in Valley the kings and
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valley of the queens we also have a
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liberalization of religion to the upper
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classes eventually that will make its
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way down to the lower classes we also
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have eternal life which is available to
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all
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so it's democratization of a religion
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takes place at this time
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the New Kingdom with its beautiful
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temples this is one of the most
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beautiful temples in Egypt our major
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Wars with Nubia kingdom of cush
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at this time we have huts upset the
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temple by the way was actually built for
00:23:12
her that we saw earlier she is the only
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woman Pharaoh now there are Queens and
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Egyptian history like for example
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Cleopatra but she was not Pharaoh she
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was queen my chipset actually dressed as
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a man was portrayed as a man and Co
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ruled with her relation taught Moses the
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third she ruled at home while he
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conquered abroad so it seems to be
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almost a happy agreement between them he
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didn't want to stay and handle the
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domestic affairs of Egypt he wanted to
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go and play soldier literally I guess or
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at least general so she took care of
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matters at home while he went off and
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played with the army but she is notable
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she's the only female ruler in Egyptian
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history of that nature where she dressed
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actually as a pharaoh the temple at
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Dozier this is her temple the Holy of
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Holies is beautifully laid out temple as
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you can see very symmetrical lovingly
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made and there's a reason why I'm saying
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lovingly made hush if said well Tut
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Moses thirds out wandering around
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killing people and conquering she
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initiates a massive building program and
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one at dear el-bahri
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that's where this temple is
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and she had a friend who might very well
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have been her lover Sinemet who was the
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architect and indeed what we've been
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able to gather there was a poem that he
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wrote and even though it's not
00:25:24
specifically dedicated to her it's
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obviously to her because it's in her
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temple so there may very well have been
00:25:35
something there a sentiment by the way
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died before she did and even though
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there are rumors that tutmes is the
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third had her poisoned or whatever she
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died of natural causes so Pharaoh
00:25:49
touched Moses the third of the New
00:25:52
Kingdom finally comes home after that
00:25:57
subset is dead ruler the Daniell kingdom
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his victory at Megiddo against Canaan
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rolled Egypt until 1425 and created an
00:26:17
actual Empire outside of the kingdom of
00:26:20
Egypt now Amenhotep the 4th he's an
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interesting characters he's during this
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time
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Amenhotep is also known by another name
00:26:35
Akhenaten he encouraged very very
00:26:41
realistic art so realistic by the way
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the ruler is not shall we say betrayed
00:26:48
in a very complimentary way kind of
00:26:52
elongated face and not exactly a thing
00:26:56
of beauty but I guess beauty is and the
00:26:59
by the beholder isn't it so very very
00:27:02
realistic art at this time more so than
00:27:04
any other time in Egyptian history now
00:27:09
he decides to strike at the priests and
00:27:13
of course the priests they are primarily
00:27:16
focused on almond raw that's the
00:27:18
traditional big God
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but he decided to try to undermine their
00:27:25
power by making Aten the God the
00:27:28
principle of God and suborning almond
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rotten well this did not go over well
00:27:35
there was also wrote warfare on the
00:27:38
frontier at the time and the Egyptian
00:27:41
Empire shall we say that Tut Moses the
00:27:45
third had built and others had followed
00:27:48
was being well quite frankly it was
00:27:52
deteriorating it was being eaten up by
00:27:55
the Hittites and other civilization
00:28:00
mainly the Hittites were the main threat
00:28:02
often there is a realistic wall carving
00:28:08
showing Otton the Sun beams coming down
00:28:13
and some historians have said that Otten
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really almond raw as the Sun but the Sun
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beams themselves that's often worship of
00:28:24
one God above them all
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so some historians and some theologians
00:28:31
as well as archaeologists thought at
00:28:35
first that he was someone it was a
00:28:37
monotheistic movement towards one God
00:28:42
but in fact it really is one God above
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all the other gods so the old gods of
00:28:52
course have a human animal body head raw
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almond and Horus in one you know
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he also had and oh by the way let me
00:29:10
explain that raw almond and Horace and
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one in a way that was kind of like what
00:29:15
he viewed often was all these elements
00:29:19
in one God he also built a new capital
00:29:23
city called Akhenaten no surprises there
00:29:28
right nothing like naming a city after
00:29:29
yourself
00:29:30
makes sense now needless to say our
00:29:36
Naughton died how he died it might very
00:29:41
well have been poisoning or whatever but
00:29:43
that led to chaos
00:29:44
his son Tutankhamun or son of authen
00:29:52
truth in common went back to the old
00:29:55
ways he reversed Austin ISM he actually
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died of gangrene because of a broken
00:30:03
left leg might very well might very well
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have been due to a chariot accident he
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already had some other deformities as
00:30:13
well difficulty moving his head from
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left to right
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and so on I'm saying that he died of
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gangrene because there were a lot of
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rumors that maybe he was assassinated or
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whatever but when they did the final
00:30:33
examination a few years back and put him
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on an MRI and everything that's when
00:30:39
they discovered the broken left thigh
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all the other supposed injury to the
00:30:46
skull was actually something that
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happened when they took the bot that the
00:30:54
actual mummy out because the mummy was
00:30:57
it literally stuck to the tomb and they
00:31:00
had to pry it out and actually cut it
00:31:02
out and in the process his head was
00:31:06
removed from his body is all rather
00:31:08
gruesome but there you have it probably
00:31:13
died of gangrene seceded by I who was a
00:31:17
priest figure Horemheb then succeeded
00:31:23
and chief of the army then pharaoh and
00:31:27
probably out of a necessity because
00:31:29
egypt was funding itself more and more
00:31:32
being attacked by the Hittites and other
00:31:36
invaders ramses ii from 1279 to 1213 he
00:31:45
was a warrior king latter half of the
00:31:49
new kingdom and he really managed to
00:31:52
stabilize egypt and recreate its empire
00:31:55
in the north through palestine and part
00:31:58
assyrian lebanon
00:32:01
when I use country names by the way I'm
00:32:04
I'm just quite frankly referring to the
00:32:08
modern countries major war with the
00:32:13
Hittites had a major battle at Kadesh
00:32:17
with them it actually ended up being
00:32:20
more of a tie but he felt so good about
00:32:25
it he declared it a victory but what is
00:32:31
interesting about the Treaty of Kadesh
00:32:35
after the Battle of Kadesh is it's our
00:32:39
first actual documented fully documented
00:32:44
diplomatic treaty between two nations
00:32:48
namely the Hittites and the Egyptians
00:32:52
let's take a quick look at the Hittites
00:32:55
who existed from two thousand twelve
00:32:57
hundred BCE it should be noted that that
00:33:00
1200 BCE there's a climatic change
00:33:05
throughout the entire Mediterranean
00:33:07
region with the Sea Peoples and
00:33:10
everything that caused the collapse of
00:33:13
many civilizations the Egyptians held on
00:33:16
but the Hittites didn't we also see
00:33:21
collapse of certain pre Greek
00:33:24
civilizations in the Mediterranean as
00:33:27
well though they tights migrated from
00:33:30
the Ukraine
00:33:32
moved into Asia Minor which is
00:33:36
modern-day Turkey they perfected iron
00:33:40
metallurgy which gave him a little
00:33:42
initial advantage when battling their
00:33:47
neighbors because metal was cheap and
00:33:50
could be used for weapons you can make
00:33:52
more weapons you could also use it for
00:33:54
plowshares and so on and they also had
00:33:57
light horse chariots with spoked wheels
00:34:00
that were much faster than a lot of the
00:34:04
other countries like for example the
00:34:08
Mesopotamians fought with Egypt over
00:34:14
Syria and Israel destroyed by the sea
00:34:18
peoples around 1178 we actually have
00:34:22
historical record it's rather
00:34:24
fascinating some of the last messages
00:34:28
being sent out by they tides remember
00:34:30
they had had peace with Egypt and they
00:34:33
look now at Egypt as an ally you
00:34:35
actually have the hittite rulers sending
00:34:38
out a message desperately in 1178 to the
00:34:42
pharaoh asking for help there's actually
00:34:46
like we see the lights in the distance
00:34:48
they have come you know a very dramatic
00:34:52
communication what about the Egyptian
00:34:57
Empire this is how far it stretched all
00:35:01
the way to the border of modern-day
00:35:03
Turkey
00:35:04
[Music]
00:35:09
this is literally the empire at its very
00:35:12
height
00:35:18
after this of course after ramses ii
00:35:22
egypt begins to decline and of course
00:35:24
soon it is attacked and defeated by the
00:35:28
Assyrians there's a major crisis in 1177
00:35:33
again the Sea Peoples nobody really
00:35:36
knows where the Sea Peoples came from
00:35:38
they could possibly have been perhaps
00:35:43
Mycenaeans or something like that that
00:35:46
went rogue at this time we see a major
00:35:49
collapse of civilizations in the
00:35:51
Mediterranean world so who knows they
00:35:54
could've been refugees from that
00:36:00
what did ramses ii do during his rule
00:36:04
well military success later led to
00:36:07
greater religious emphasis on religious
00:36:10
duties so he fought his war won his war
00:36:14
then came home and attended to other
00:36:16
things and this is Abu Simbel right here
00:36:21
and he built it now in this case of a
00:36:24
symbol was actually moved from the Nile
00:36:28
Valley up to high ground because with
00:36:31
the building of the dam the Aswan High
00:36:39
Dam it actually flooded many of the
00:36:42
ancient Egyptian ruins so there's a lot
00:36:48
of really ancient and this is in
00:36:52
southern Egypt so this is really ancient
00:36:55
the Upper Egypt where a lot of the
00:36:58
civilization began it's now under water
00:37:00
so from archeologists and historians
00:37:03
point of view this is a case where
00:37:05
progress led to a tragedy but there was
00:37:09
an effort to save these monuments of Abu
00:37:14
Simbel
00:37:16
and here you have them here they were
00:37:20
originally mounted into the side of a
00:37:23
cliff
00:37:26
siga quick look at the Persian Empire
00:37:28
here 500 BC and of course you know the
00:37:32
Persians end up conquering the Egyptians
00:37:36
and Alexander the Great end up
00:37:39
conquering the Egyptians do so it's like
00:37:43
one after another first is series then
00:37:46
the Persians and now Alexander the Great
00:37:50
while they finish them and then you know
00:37:55
general Ptolemy founds the dynasty the
00:37:58
Ptolemaic dynasty which exists it from
00:38:02
305 to 30 BC II and satrap in 323 the
00:38:12
the reality is even though it's
00:38:16
considered an Egyptian dynasty they're
00:38:18
really Greeks living in Egypt okay we
00:38:22
will talk about by the way in case
00:38:24
you're wondering we will talk about the
00:38:26
Persian Empire later I just put that
00:38:28
slide in here so you know that the
00:38:32
Persian Empire conquered Egypt and of
00:38:33
course the last hurrah for the Egyptians
00:38:36
if you count the Ptolemies as a Egyptian
00:38:40
dynasty was Cleopatra the seventh was
00:38:46
the last reigning queen of Egypt between
00:38:48
51 and 30 BCE
00:38:52
Cleopatra of course that's an image of
00:38:55
Cleopatra in the center then you have
00:38:58
her first love if you will Julius Caesar
00:39:02
and then her last love was Mark Antony
00:39:07
she apparently was very good at
00:39:09
bewitching men and getting them to do
00:39:11
what she wanted to do hurray for her
