AUGUST 13, 2024 DAY 2

01:13:21
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Nf4S5SDMHA

Résumé

TLDRDas Video thematisiert die Strategien zur Umsetzung von Planungszielen im urbanen Kontext. Fokus liegt auf der Verbesserung von Effizienz durch technologische Innovationen wie smart grids und grüne Bauweisen, sowie auf der Effektivität durch konsequente Durchsetzung von politischen Maßnahmen. Der ökologische Aspekt betont die Balance zwischen Entwicklung und Naturschutz, während die Gleichheit betont, dass alle Gesellschaftsgruppen in Planungsprozessen berücksichtigt werden. Ein Wandel zeigt sich auch in der Planungsphilosophie, weg von produktorientierten zu prozessorientierten Ansätzen, und hin zu mehr Inklusion und Community-basierten Entscheidungen. Schlussendlich wird das Zusammenspiel von Wissenschaft und Kunst, und das iterative, partizipative Naturell von Stadtplanung hervorgehoben. Unterschiede zwischen urbanen Plätzen und Städten werden ebenfalls behandelt, wobei Städte rechtliche Kriterien erfüllen müssen.

A retenir

  • 🔧 Effizienz durch technologische Innovation fördern.
  • 🌱 Ökologie in städtische Entwicklung integrieren.
  • 👥 Gesellschaftsgruppen in Planung einbinden.
  • 📏 Rechtliche Unterschiede zwischen Stadt und urbanem Platz beachten.
  • 📊 Von produkt- zu prozessorientierter Planung übergehen.
  • 🏛️ Konsistente Durchsetzung von Richtlinien sicherstellen.
  • 🌍 Grenzüberschreitende Planung für regionale Herausforderungen.
  • 📢 Partizipative Prozesse stärken.
  • 🌀 Planungsprozesse sind zyklisch und iterativ.
  • 🔍 Detaillierte Analyse für zielgerichtete Maßnahmen.

Chronologie

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    In diesem Abschnitt wird ein Überblick über Strategien zur Erreichung von Planungszielen gegeben. Planung wird näher betrachtet, insbesondere die Effizienz durch den Einsatz neuer Technologien und Innovationen zur Verbesserung urbaner Systeme wie automatisierte Verkehrssteuerung und grüne Bauttechniken. Es wird auch die Bedeutung von Effektivität, Verwaltung von Richtlinien und die Erhaltung der ökologischen Balance innerhalb urbaner Umgebungen herausgestellt.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Der Fokus liegt auf modernen Planungsschiften, die von produktorientiert zu prozessorientiert, allumfassend zu strategisch und von kompartimentiert zu integriert reichen. Planungsschiften beinhalten die Anpassung an eine stärker strategische Methodik, Priorisierung von Schlüsselbereichen und integrierte Planung, um überregionale Herausforderungen kohärent anzugehen. Der Beitrag der Metropolitanorganisationen in der grenzüberschreitenden Planung wird ebenfalls diskutiert.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Hervorgehoben wird die Bewegung von agentur-geführter zu gemeinschaftsbasierter Planung und Entscheidungsfindung, wobei ein verstärkter Fokus auf der Einbindung der Gemeinschaft liegt. Wichtige Planungsprozesse beinhalten den Übergang von Top-Down- zu Bottom-Up-Ansätzen sowie den strukturierten Fokus auf Stakeholder-Beteiligung zur effizienteren Ansprache spezifischer Gruppen und deren Bedürfnisse.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Der Planungsprozess wird als sowohl wissenschaftlich als auch künstlerisch beschrieben, ausgewogen zwischen analytischen und kreativen Ansätzen. Er ist multidisziplinär und umfasst Bereiche wie Ökonomie, Soziologie, Umweltwissenschaften und Architektur. Beispiele für umfassende Planung praxisnah erläutert, wie in der Planung neuer Distrikte oder Städte, die vielfältige Bereiche wie Landnutzung und Transport abdecken.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Im Fokus stehen adaptives und kontinuierliches Planen mit innovativen Technologien und smarteren Ansätzen wie AI und IoT. Partizipativer Prozess durch Einbeziehung verschiedener Interessengruppen, kontinuierliche Überarbeitung und Anpassung der langfristigen Pläne an demografische und wirtschaftliche Änderungen sowie die Berücksichtigung eines kontinuierlichen spiralförmigen Musters der Planung werden thematisiert.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    Abdeckung der Planungsebenen und deren Reichweite mit Betonung auf den Schwerpunkten von schmal bis breit. Unterschiede zwischen kurzen, mittleren und langen Zeiträumen in der Planungsdauer verdeutlicht. Planung in verschiedenen Sektoren wie Wirtschaft, sozialen Bereichen, physische und umweltbezogene Planungsebenen wird umfassend in den Kontext der Lokal- und Regionalentwicklung gesetzt.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    Detaillierte Betrachtung physischer und umweltbezogener Planungsebenen, einschließlich Infrastruktur, Transport und Ressourcenmanagement. Die Notwendigkeit effektiver Strategien hervorgehoben, die auf spezifische ökologische Merkmale eingehen, unter Berücksichtigung der regionalen und nationalen Planungsperspektiven.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    Bedeutung sektorübergreifender Planungen und der hierarchischen Beziehung zwischen Sektor, Programm und Projekt. Unterschiedliche Funktionen und Ziele von Konzeptplänen im Vergleich zu Entwicklungsplänen und das Einbeziehen von Stakeholder-Rückmeldungen zur Feinabstimmung von Planungsdokumenten.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    Anwendung von Werten, Prinzipien und Normen in der Planung, deren Einbeziehung kritische Dimension der Planungstheorie darstellt. Die Definition und Rolle dieser Elemente zur Untermauerung von Planungsmethoden und Entscheidungsprozessen werden dargestellt. Standards, Ziele und Maßnahmen zur Sicherstellung klarer Outputs und Erfolgskriterien in Planungsprozessen.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:50:00

    Erklärung der Urbanisierung und Unterschiede zu urbaner Entwicklung, mit Schwerpunkt auf den Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten, die durch den Anstieg der städtischen Bevölkerung entstehen. Urbanisierung bedeutet Bevölkerungszuverlässigkeit in städtische Räume und kann durch mehrere Faktoren wie Wirtschaft, Bildung oder Gesundheit beeinflusst werden.

  • 00:50:00 - 00:55:00

    Erläuterung der divergierenden internationalen Kriterien von urbanen Räumen, wobei spezifische Beispiele verschiedener Länder für Urbanisierungsdefinitionen angeführt werden, inklusive ihrer Bevölkerungsdichtekriterien. Betrachtung, wie politische und wirtschaftliche Faktoren diese Definitionen beeinflussen.

  • 00:55:00 - 01:00:00

    Unterschiede zwischen urbanen Orten und Städten mit Verbindung zu rechtlichen Anerkennungen und Governance-Strukturen. Betrachtung formeller Kriterien im Vergleich zu funktionalen Eigenschaften und die Implikationen solcher Unterscheidungen für die Stadtplanung.

  • 01:00:00 - 01:05:00

    Unterscheidung zwischen Planung auf Ebene des urbanen Raums und der legalen Anerkennung als Stadt. Städte sind formal definierte Einheiten, wohingegen urbane Räume funktionale Aktivitäten mit Wirtschaft und Kulturelementen umfassen. Bedeutung dieser Unterscheidung für lokale Entwicklungsstrategien wird hervorgehoben.

  • 01:05:00 - 01:13:21

    Vertiefte Analyse urbaner Charakteristiken wie Bevölkerungsdichte und kulturelle Diversität, die für urbane Planungsstrategien und Governance-Konzeptionen entscheidend sind. Bush in die Diskussion zukünftiger Themen wie der Region als geplanter Einheit für die Folgevorlesung.

Afficher plus

Carte mentale

Mind Map

Questions fréquemment posées

  • Welche Ziele werden in der Stadtplanung verfolgt?

    Ziele sind Effizienz (maximale Ressourcennutzung), Effektivität (Ziele erreichen), Ökologie (Umwelt schützen) und Gleichberechtigung (faire Ressourcenzugänglichkeit).

  • Wie verbessert technologische Innovation die Effizienz?

    Durch Technologien wie automatisiertes Verkehrsmanagement und grünes Bauen können Ressourcen optimal genutzt werden.

  • Was bedeutet strategische Planung in der Stadtplanung?

    Fokussierung auf spezifische Ziele und Ergebnisse statt auf umfassende Pläne.

  • Wie wird Nachhaltigkeit in der Stadtplanung integriert?

    Durch grüne Dächer, durchlässige Pflaster und andere Umwelttechniken wird nachhaltiges Wachstum gefördert.

  • Was ist der Unterschied zwischen urbanen Plätzen und Städten?

    Urbane Plätze sind durch Funktionalität definiert, während Städte rechtlich anerkannt sind und spezifische Verwaltungskriterien erfüllen müssen.

  • Wie wird Bürgerbeteiligung in der Stadtplanung gefördert?

    Durch Community-Workshops und Bildungsprogramme, die Stakeholder in Entscheidungen einbinden.

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Défilement automatique:
  • 00:00:13
    okay okay so let's
  • 00:00:16
    see all
  • 00:00:20
    right so that's the strategies in
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    achieving goals of planning so we're
  • 00:00:26
    still defining and we're still trying to
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    be more
  • 00:00:30
    familiar with all the uh perspectives in
  • 00:00:34
    planning and and so you're seeing that
  • 00:00:37
    on your slide uh the strategies in
  • 00:00:39
    achieving goals of
  • 00:00:42
    planningin
  • 00:00:43
    background so it says effici efficient
  • 00:00:47
    uh
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    efficiency so the goal is to improve the
  • 00:00:51
    use of resources to maximize output at
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    minimize waste um so one of those
  • 00:00:59
    strategies to achieve uh the goal um to
  • 00:01:04
    demonstrate efficiency is through
  • 00:01:07
    engineering and entrepreneurial
  • 00:01:11
    Innovation and it's this is about
  • 00:01:13
    implementing new technologies and also
  • 00:01:17
    innovative solutions that can enhance
  • 00:01:19
    the efficiency of urban systems like
  • 00:01:23
    automated uh traffic management uh or
  • 00:01:26
    green building techniques so we already
  • 00:01:28
    have um a number of software especially
  • 00:01:31
    in transport planning so that makes our
  • 00:01:33
    work more efficient so for example uh
  • 00:01:37
    yeah there are some smart grid
  • 00:01:40
    technology or Smart City techniques or
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    and and some strategies
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    available uh for our urban areas so that
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    um this technology in urban areas can M
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    um optimize electricity distribution for
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    example or reduce w wastage uh
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    contributing to Greater efficiency in
  • 00:02:02
    energy consumption a lot a lot of
  • 00:02:05
    examples we can um provide um when we
  • 00:02:09
    speak about efficiency how about
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    Effectiveness um the goal is to ensure
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    that planning initiatives meet their
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    intended objectives and outcomes so
  • 00:02:22
    strategy would be enforcement of
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    policies um meaning uh robust
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    enforcement mechanisms ensure that the
  • 00:02:31
    policies and plans set forth by urban
  • 00:02:33
    planners are implemented correctly and
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    achieve the desired impact so um ex one
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    of those examples I can provide in
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    practice is the strect enforcement of
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    zoning lows um help maintain the
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    intended uh character and utility of
  • 00:02:52
    different areas within a city preventing
  • 00:02:55
    um misuse and ensuring effective use of
  • 00:02:58
    space
  • 00:03:00
    and you can also um see ecology uh which
  • 00:03:04
    is to support and enhance the natural
  • 00:03:07
    environment within Urban
  • 00:03:10
    settings um the strategy is to maintain
  • 00:03:14
    a balance between development in natural
  • 00:03:17
    preservation ensuring that Urban growth
  • 00:03:20
    does not come at the expense of the
  • 00:03:23
    environment so for example integrating
  • 00:03:26
    green roofs and permeable Pavements in
  • 00:03:29
    Urban designs to manage storm water
  • 00:03:32
    effectively and reduce the urban heat
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    island
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    effect um so just just one of those
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    examples that I can provide there and
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    then Equity okay so what is this
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    strategy on Equity
  • 00:03:49
    um yeah well the goal is to promote
  • 00:03:53
    fairness and
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    inclusivity in access to Urban resources
  • 00:03:58
    and opportunities so strategy uh would
  • 00:04:03
    be you know ensuring that planning
  • 00:04:05
    decisions consider the needs of all
  • 00:04:08
    community members including marginalized
  • 00:04:11
    and under represented groups so when
  • 00:04:16
    designing public transportation
  • 00:04:19
    systems uh that are access accessible to
  • 00:04:22
    individuals with disabilities ensuring
  • 00:04:25
    Equitable access to Mobility so this is
  • 00:04:28
    one of
  • 00:04:30
    of those examples um within this context
  • 00:04:34
    of equity empowerment of people um yeah
  • 00:04:38
    these are these are self-explanatory but
  • 00:04:40
    still we we need to um contextualize it
  • 00:04:44
    in urban planning so we engage and
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    Empower local communities in the
  • 00:04:50
    planning process so this is uh through
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    education and engagement of many
  • 00:04:56
    sectors by facilitating Community
  • 00:04:58
    workshops and educational programs to
  • 00:05:01
    involve various stakeholders in planning
  • 00:05:05
    decisions
  • 00:05:06
    um so this framework illustrates how
  • 00:05:10
    specific strategies can be aligned with
  • 00:05:13
    planning goals to create sustainable
  • 00:05:16
    effective and inclusive Urban
  • 00:05:18
    environments so maybe we can go to the
  • 00:05:21
    next
  • 00:05:22
    slide again so this is um yeah although
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    um
  • 00:05:30
    we already have we can produce more
  • 00:05:32
    shifts in our in modern planning uh
  • 00:05:36
    beyond beyond this framework but we need
  • 00:05:39
    to go over one by one first uh on this
  • 00:05:43
    particular shifts that you're seeing on
  • 00:05:47
    screen
  • 00:05:48
    um from product oriented to process
  • 00:05:52
    oriented means that uh planning before
  • 00:05:57
    uh planning uh was focused primar L on
  • 00:06:00
    the end product such as buildings or
  • 00:06:02
    infrastructure but after emphasis is now
  • 00:06:06
    on the planning process itself ensuring
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    that it is inclusive adaptive and
  • 00:06:15
    continuous uh Urban Redevelopment
  • 00:06:18
    projects for example now focus on
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    iterative iterative design and
  • 00:06:24
    stakeholder feedback throughout the
  • 00:06:27
    project rather than just delivering a
  • 00:06:29
    final product and then from all
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    inclusive to strategic means that before
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    um attempts um attempts to address all
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    uh possible aspects and needs within a
  • 00:06:46
    plan but the after that framework uh
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    pointing to the after which we're
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    talking about the shift is that planning
  • 00:06:56
    has become more strategic this time
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    around
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    uh specific targeting specific goals and
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    outcomes to maximize impact so instead
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    for example uh instead of creating
  • 00:07:10
    sprawling plans that try to cover every
  • 00:07:14
    possible
  • 00:07:15
    issue um planners now prioritize key
  • 00:07:19
    areas such as uh sustainable transport
  • 00:07:22
    or housing affordability Etc and then
  • 00:07:26
    another shift that you can see there is
  • 00:07:29
    from from compartmental to integrated uh
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    which means the transborder framework
  • 00:07:35
    that plans were before Plant were often
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    confined by administrative
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    boundaries that we have like uh those
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    regions isn't it the the the
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    administrative boundaries that we have
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    um now after that um
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    we uh we shifted not totally shifted but
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    um it has we stepped up our
  • 00:08:03
    strategies uh because there's a trend
  • 00:08:06
    towards integrated planning across
  • 00:08:09
    borders to address Regional challenges
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    cohesively so uh especially after the
  • 00:08:18
    pandemic and so uh it became like
  • 00:08:21
    borderless type of you know Planning and
  • 00:08:25
    Development um
  • 00:08:28
    efforts Metropolitan organizations now
  • 00:08:32
    often uh span multiple cities
  • 00:08:35
    or um to address issues like Transit
  • 00:08:39
    networks and economic development
  • 00:08:41
    regionally
  • 00:08:43
    so uh yeah we have mmda we have the
  • 00:08:48
    Regional Offices of NADA whereby um
  • 00:08:52
    planning is not just limited to you know
  • 00:08:54
    a particular City but um leveraging on
  • 00:08:59
    the RPF or the regional strategies that
  • 00:09:03
    um yeah we we have at the moment if you
  • 00:09:06
    can read the diff different rpfs uh on
  • 00:09:10
    on their website and you would be able
  • 00:09:13
    to uh see specific examples there
  • 00:09:16
    especially the corridor type of of
  • 00:09:19
    development and many more from agency
  • 00:09:23
    Leed to community base means that uh
  • 00:09:26
    planning initiatives were typically led
  • 00:09:29
    by government government agencies
  • 00:09:31
    before and now uh there's a shift
  • 00:09:34
    towards Community Based planning
  • 00:09:36
    remember theg had been very active about
  • 00:09:39
    uh doing Grassroots planning or the
  • 00:09:41
    bottom up approach and other agencies as
  • 00:09:45
    well um and stakeholder participation or
  • 00:09:50
    uh stakeholders um involvement in in
  • 00:09:55
    decision making processes just a okay um
  • 00:09:59
    have been very strong these days even
  • 00:10:03
    before the pre pandemic um yeah
  • 00:10:07
    stakeholders in the in the decision
  • 00:10:09
    making processes have been yeah we most
  • 00:10:13
    lgus leverage on this uh now especially
  • 00:10:17
    especially now that uh digital processes
  • 00:10:21
    also are are being leveraged even during
  • 00:10:25
    stakeholder
  • 00:10:26
    consultation so um community-led Urban
  • 00:10:30
    Design
  • 00:10:32
    projects uh if you notice um yeah we are
  • 00:10:38
    especially Philippines you know we are
  • 00:10:40
    we're very concerned about com
  • 00:10:42
    community-led
  • 00:10:44
    um Urban Design or urban planning
  • 00:10:47
    projects where local residents actively
  • 00:10:50
    participate in shaping their their
  • 00:10:53
    neighborhoods then from top down to
  • 00:10:56
    bottom up uh before this decisions were
  • 00:10:59
    made at higher
  • 00:11:01
    levels just try to Define um about the
  • 00:11:06
    different types of shifts there so
  • 00:11:09
    decisions were made at higher levels of
  • 00:11:11
    government or management and imposed on
  • 00:11:13
    lower
  • 00:11:14
    levels but the a
  • 00:11:18
    after that you can see there it says uh
  • 00:11:21
    bottom up as I mentioned earlier about
  • 00:11:24
    the ilg Frameworks so planning processes
  • 00:11:27
    are increasingly botom up with
  • 00:11:30
    Grassroots initiatives and local input
  • 00:11:32
    shaping
  • 00:11:33
    outcomes um especially with our local
  • 00:11:37
    development plans we have two mother two
  • 00:11:39
    um major or mandatory plans which is a
  • 00:11:43
    clup we have CDP and many other
  • 00:11:46
    supplants uh at the lgu level um of
  • 00:11:51
    course we always start with Community
  • 00:11:53
    workshops or um the sectoral
  • 00:11:58
    consultation that we have to GA input
  • 00:12:01
    before drafting any document then from
  • 00:12:05
    open participation to focus
  • 00:12:07
    participation before there means that
  • 00:12:10
    planning processes often involve broad
  • 00:12:14
    open-ended participation without
  • 00:12:16
    specific
  • 00:12:17
    targets after here means that
  • 00:12:21
    participation is now more focused and
  • 00:12:24
    structured um aiming to engage relevant
  • 00:12:28
    stakeholders effectively so targeted
  • 00:12:31
    stakeholder
  • 00:12:32
    meetings um is being leveraged in this
  • 00:12:36
    particular shift that focus on engaging
  • 00:12:40
    specific groups such as uh the senior
  • 00:12:44
    citizen our business owners the women's
  • 00:12:47
    sector to address their unique needs and
  • 00:12:51
    perspectives so this shifts and planning
  • 00:12:54
    paradigms uh illustrate a broader
  • 00:12:57
    evolution in the fi towards more Dynamic
  • 00:13:01
    more responsive and inclusive
  • 00:13:04
    approaches so we can go to the next
  • 00:13:07
    slide okay um this is easy or U we
  • 00:13:12
    always discuss here
  • 00:13:15
    among um our colleagues you know and in
  • 00:13:19
    your workplace in the in in universities
  • 00:13:23
    so what do we uh are you still confused
  • 00:13:27
    about is it as science or is it an art
  • 00:13:30
    or so how do you um how do you consider
  • 00:13:34
    planning process how do you C categorize
  • 00:13:37
    categorize it um but it's the most
  • 00:13:42
    universal process actually because as a
  • 00:13:45
    science and art plan is both analytical
  • 00:13:48
    and creative combining scientific
  • 00:13:51
    methods for problem solving with
  • 00:13:55
    um uh artist with artistic Vision to
  • 00:13:58
    create functional and aesthetically
  • 00:14:00
    pleasing spaces so using datadriven
  • 00:14:06
    models to predict traffic flow for
  • 00:14:08
    example and creatively designing Road
  • 00:14:11
    layouts to enhance both functionality
  • 00:14:14
    and visual
  • 00:14:16
    appeal um multi-disciplinary means that
  • 00:14:20
    it involves various Fields such as
  • 00:14:23
    economics
  • 00:14:25
    sociology environmental science
  • 00:14:28
    architecture and more reflecting its
  • 00:14:32
    complex nature so let's take um an
  • 00:14:37
    example uh on this being
  • 00:14:40
    multi-disciplinary um for example a
  • 00:14:43
    Redevelopment project might require
  • 00:14:46
    input from Urban designers Traffic
  • 00:14:49
    Engineers uh sociologists and
  • 00:14:52
    environmental planners to ensure a
  • 00:14:54
    holistic approach then it's also a plan
  • 00:14:58
    the planning process processes planning
  • 00:15:00
    process is also
  • 00:15:02
    comprehensive uh because planning seeks
  • 00:15:05
    to address multiple phet of urban life
  • 00:15:08
    from infrastructure to social Equity
  • 00:15:11
    ensuring that all factors are considered
  • 00:15:14
    so comprehensive planning for a new
  • 00:15:17
    District or for a city or for a
  • 00:15:20
    municipality would consider land use
  • 00:15:23
    housing Transportation utilities and
  • 00:15:25
    green spaces making it a comprehensive
  • 00:15:28
    prod process then it is also dynamic
  • 00:15:31
    because the planning process is flexible
  • 00:15:34
    adapting to new information Technologies
  • 00:15:38
    and changing Community needs so um
  • 00:15:42
    adjusting a city's long-term Mobility
  • 00:15:45
    plan for example to incorporate emerging
  • 00:15:48
    Technologies like autonomous uh like um
  • 00:15:52
    electric vehicles or any other um you
  • 00:15:56
    know technology
  • 00:16:00
    driven um yeah some tools there also uh
  • 00:16:06
    and those plant being we we leverage um
  • 00:16:11
    software and all the systems that are
  • 00:16:15
    new and that are especially those
  • 00:16:17
    emerging
  • 00:16:20
    Technologies like the especially when we
  • 00:16:23
    are doing some reports we can leverage
  • 00:16:26
    on uh AI big data and all this uh
  • 00:16:31
    Internet of Things uh to to complete our
  • 00:16:35
    report and uh you know when we implement
  • 00:16:38
    or we when we um become
  • 00:16:42
    more um micro in our approach to
  • 00:16:46
    planning and so we can leverage all this
  • 00:16:48
    technology incorporating them in our
  • 00:16:51
    plans in our strategies in our policies
  • 00:16:54
    so another one it's continuous and it
  • 00:16:59
    cative planning is an ongoing process
  • 00:17:02
    that evolves through cycles of
  • 00:17:05
    development assessment and revision so
  • 00:17:09
    um we update
  • 00:17:12
    um our sale up our CDP or even a city's
  • 00:17:17
    master plan every few years to reflect
  • 00:17:21
    changes in demographics and economic
  • 00:17:24
    conditions and that's why it's a
  • 00:17:27
    continuous we we don't need to wait for
  • 00:17:31
    a year or two years as long as there's a
  • 00:17:35
    change in circumstances or uh probably
  • 00:17:38
    if there are some new development that
  • 00:17:41
    came up uh so we can always update our
  • 00:17:46
    um our plans especially at the lgu level
  • 00:17:51
    it's participatory it because it
  • 00:17:53
    involves stakeholders including uh our
  • 00:17:57
    elderly or the seniors citizens the our
  • 00:18:00
    businesses and other entities in the
  • 00:18:03
    planning process to ensure that it meets
  • 00:18:06
    it meets the needs of those it affects
  • 00:18:10
    so we have Community workshops we have
  • 00:18:13
    um yeah public consultations to gather
  • 00:18:17
    feedback on proposed changes to local
  • 00:18:20
    zoning laws among others it's cyclic
  • 00:18:24
    it's spiral because it follows us uh
  • 00:18:29
    cyclical pattern where each phase builds
  • 00:18:32
    upon the previous one often revisiting
  • 00:18:36
    earlier steps as needed so we use
  • 00:18:39
    feedback probably from a completed urban
  • 00:18:42
    renewal project to inform the next phase
  • 00:18:45
    of development it's time bound while
  • 00:18:49
    continuous specific projects within the
  • 00:18:51
    planning process have set timelines to
  • 00:18:54
    ensure a timely completion and resource
  • 00:18:59
    allocation so for example uh setting a a
  • 00:19:03
    twoyear timeline for the construction of
  • 00:19:06
    a new Public Library with defined
  • 00:19:08
    milestones for funding design and
  • 00:19:11
    construction phases so these attributes
  • 00:19:14
    illustrate the complexity and depth of
  • 00:19:18
    the planning process they underscore the
  • 00:19:21
    need for a thorough understanding of
  • 00:19:24
    various factors that influence Urban
  • 00:19:27
    environments and the import importance
  • 00:19:29
    of a well-rounded adaptive approach so
  • 00:19:32
    we can go to the next slide so I think
  • 00:19:36
    that's uh I
  • 00:19:39
    already but anyway
  • 00:19:42
    um the attributes earlier we're talking
  • 00:19:46
    about the still the attribute right so
  • 00:19:48
    we can go to the next
  • 00:19:51
    page continuous again let's go to the
  • 00:19:55
    next one
  • 00:19:57
    continuous all right
  • 00:19:59
    um okay the levels of
  • 00:20:02
    planning um yeah
  • 00:20:05
    although there were already some changes
  • 00:20:09
    or but but of course uh you're seeing uh
  • 00:20:13
    some information on that slide because
  • 00:20:17
    uh this came out at one point um in the
  • 00:20:21
    EMP lure
  • 00:20:24
    examination so um they will also be
  • 00:20:28
    asking some update or more a more
  • 00:20:32
    updated you know information on planning
  • 00:20:35
    so let's like try to look at this um how
  • 00:20:39
    it was
  • 00:20:42
    defined here like scope or coverage of
  • 00:20:46
    planning um narrow narrow means that it
  • 00:20:50
    focuses on specific
  • 00:20:53
    perspectives uh Concepts or Frameworks
  • 00:20:55
    so these plans uh often address singular
  • 00:20:59
    issues or areas within a broader plan
  • 00:21:02
    and that's why it's um
  • 00:21:05
    yeah it's categorized as a Naros scope
  • 00:21:09
    or coverage of planning and then you
  • 00:21:13
    call it moderate when it involves
  • 00:21:16
    framework uh structures or developmental
  • 00:21:20
    plans that guide specific sectors or
  • 00:21:23
    regions then it's broad when it
  • 00:21:27
    encompasses in integrated and
  • 00:21:29
    comprehensive plans that detail multiple
  • 00:21:32
    aspects and sectors of urban or Regional
  • 00:21:36
    development so Naro plan might Focus
  • 00:21:39
    solely on the development of public
  • 00:21:42
    transportation options within a
  • 00:21:44
    neighborhood whereas a broad plan would
  • 00:21:47
    integrate Transportation with housing
  • 00:21:49
    commercial development and public spaces
  • 00:21:52
    across a city so as to the time frame um
  • 00:21:56
    we normally uh deem it as a short term
  • 00:21:59
    when plans when the plan span spans um
  • 00:22:05
    one to three years as such as annual
  • 00:22:09
    expenditure plans or specific action
  • 00:22:11
    plans for immediate issues then we um we
  • 00:22:18
    consider it or we categorize it as a
  • 00:22:20
    medium-term plan when it covers five to
  • 00:22:24
    seven years um it's not really um yeah
  • 00:22:29
    very strict about 5 to seven years but
  • 00:22:33
    if you find it in the options when you
  • 00:22:36
    encounter it in the board exams then uh
  • 00:22:40
    it would be safe to say that it is a
  • 00:22:42
    medium term when um it considers you
  • 00:22:46
    know beyond three years okay so typical
  • 00:22:50
    for most development developmental plans
  • 00:22:53
    that involve um infrastructure projects
  • 00:22:56
    or urban renewal initiative
  • 00:22:59
    then longterm um yeah in in our hlb
  • 00:23:04
    manual so it says nine years right so
  • 00:23:07
    but it's just a minimum requirement you
  • 00:23:09
    know for
  • 00:23:11
    hlb or the Su um beyond beyond it it's
  • 00:23:16
    it's still a long-term
  • 00:23:18
    plan so um if it's especially if we are
  • 00:23:23
    talking about master plan it goes beyond
  • 00:23:26
    10 years so and uh in some cases 50
  • 00:23:30
    years um but of course um yeah more
  • 00:23:35
    mostly maaba 30 years but of course they
  • 00:23:39
    are all lumped into this category called
  • 00:23:43
    the long-term plan so um our clup is
  • 00:23:47
    considered a long-term
  • 00:23:48
    plan uh because uh we we set the vision
  • 00:23:52
    for extensive periods ensuring long-term
  • 00:23:55
    growth and
  • 00:23:57
    sustainability so so okay we we can go
  • 00:24:00
    to the next
  • 00:24:02
    slide uh what do we have here um still
  • 00:24:06
    levels of planning but um we are seeing
  • 00:24:12
    the different sectors right so we're
  • 00:24:14
    talking about the sectors there like um
  • 00:24:17
    because economic sector um you have sub
  • 00:24:21
    sectors within uh um um
  • 00:24:25
    major uh sector which we call the econ
  • 00:24:28
    iomic sector and among those in the
  • 00:24:32
    looking at the slide among those sub
  • 00:24:36
    sectors number one we have tourism of
  • 00:24:39
    course it involves planning for you know
  • 00:24:42
    travel infrastructure accommodations
  • 00:24:45
    attractions and tourist Services we also
  • 00:24:47
    have a guideline provided by the
  • 00:24:50
    Department of
  • 00:24:52
    Tourism um and then agriculture
  • 00:24:55
    livestock
  • 00:24:56
    Fisheries uh it focuses
  • 00:24:59
    on uh land use for
  • 00:25:04
    agriculture um livestock management
  • 00:25:06
    Fisheries including the associated
  • 00:25:08
    environmental impacts and sustainability
  • 00:25:10
    so industry there of course industry
  • 00:25:14
    means that we are planning for
  • 00:25:15
    industrial areas so along along the way
  • 00:25:18
    we will be dealing with this specific
  • 00:25:21
    you know uh industrial planning tourism
  • 00:25:24
    planning Etc agricultural luse planning
  • 00:25:26
    we will go into that but but at the
  • 00:25:28
    moment because we're still on lecture
  • 00:25:30
    one and we're still famili familiarizing
  • 00:25:34
    with the you know the the generic
  • 00:25:36
    aspects of um environmental planning
  • 00:25:40
    Commerce and trade here involves um the
  • 00:25:43
    planning of commercial districts uh
  • 00:25:46
    especially when we are trying to
  • 00:25:48
    identify our our uh Central business
  • 00:25:51
    district or you know expanding it or um
  • 00:25:56
    having or designating another CBD like a
  • 00:26:01
    um what do you call this one uh when we
  • 00:26:04
    are we have two CVS and of course
  • 00:26:09
    um yeah we also um when we identify also
  • 00:26:14
    some commercial hubs or trade hubs to
  • 00:26:18
    support local and Regional economies so
  • 00:26:21
    all these sub sectors are planned at the
  • 00:26:23
    local level encompassing City municipal
  • 00:26:27
    provincial and
  • 00:26:29
    yeah and social sector uh this is the
  • 00:26:32
    largest or the
  • 00:26:35
    most um yeah the the largest sector
  • 00:26:39
    because it
  • 00:26:41
    encompasses uh okay housing for example
  • 00:26:45
    then you you plan for housing
  • 00:26:47
    developments to accommodate population
  • 00:26:49
    growth demographic changes and there's
  • 00:26:52
    also education where we try to uh
  • 00:26:57
    develop and we try
  • 00:26:59
    to identify some gaps in the end um
  • 00:27:06
    facilities or educational facilities to
  • 00:27:08
    serve Community needs social welfare uh
  • 00:27:11
    planning for facilities and services
  • 00:27:14
    that support social welfare such as
  • 00:27:16
    child care Elderly Care community
  • 00:27:19
    centers and many more and then we have
  • 00:27:22
    the health Subs sector uh planning for
  • 00:27:25
    Health Care Facilities like hospitals
  • 00:27:27
    clein and specialized medical centers
  • 00:27:30
    then population management um uh demogra
  • 00:27:35
    demographics so we we need to have
  • 00:27:39
    strategies to manage population growth
  • 00:27:41
    and distribution effectively then we
  • 00:27:44
    also have sports and recreation um yeah
  • 00:27:48
    development of sports sports facilities
  • 00:27:50
    public parks and recreational areas Etc
  • 00:27:54
    then um yeah and a lot more like parks
  • 00:27:57
    and natural amenities when we try to um
  • 00:28:01
    look for some ways to preserve and
  • 00:28:03
    create green spaces and natural
  • 00:28:06
    environments within Urban settings so
  • 00:28:08
    those things that we normally do uh
  • 00:28:12
    within sectoral planning and then uh
  • 00:28:15
    protective services this is is also
  • 00:28:17
    important because we are planning for
  • 00:28:20
    facilities that ensure Public Safety uh
  • 00:28:23
    such as um police stations of fire
  • 00:28:26
    stations and emergency
  • 00:28:28
    services so the social sector also
  • 00:28:31
    operates at of course
  • 00:28:35
    um because these
  • 00:28:37
    are um the sub sectors at the local at
  • 00:28:41
    the lgu level uh but it's indeed um yeah
  • 00:28:47
    we as urban planners or as environmental
  • 00:28:50
    planners we we we are key or we are
  • 00:28:54
    integral in influencing and um shap
  • 00:28:58
    keeping the community's daily lives and
  • 00:29:00
    long-term
  • 00:29:01
    sustainability and that's why we need to
  • 00:29:04
    do the board exams to make sure we are
  • 00:29:08
    uh the professional the profession is
  • 00:29:11
    regulated so those are this I just
  • 00:29:15
    mentioned about the breakdown of those
  • 00:29:19
    um Subs sector planning and we can go to
  • 00:29:22
    the next slide uh yeah we are now on
  • 00:29:26
    physical planning
  • 00:29:31
    can you can you move that Jen physical
  • 00:29:32
    na ba Yan uh so physical environmental
  • 00:29:37
    so probably I don't need any more to
  • 00:29:42
    um lengthen my discussion on that
  • 00:29:44
    because physical sector it has
  • 00:29:46
    infrastructure transport
  • 00:29:49
    utilities Communications sewage and
  • 00:29:52
    solid waste so and then of course these
  • 00:29:56
    sub sectors generally require planning
  • 00:29:58
    at broader
  • 00:30:00
    scales isn't it um it's not just about
  • 00:30:05
    the at the lgu level uh we also have you
  • 00:30:10
    know at the national level at the uh sub
  • 00:30:14
    the the regional and then Metropolitan
  • 00:30:16
    levels ensuring infrastructure
  • 00:30:19
    development supports both current needs
  • 00:30:21
    and future growth and environmental
  • 00:30:25
    sector there we have land use not
  • 00:30:28
    resources natural hazards but of course
  • 00:30:32
    um this is generic but in the context
  • 00:30:36
    of the um
  • 00:30:40
    hlb manual when we are following that
  • 00:30:44
    manual in our clup then uh we already
  • 00:30:48
    have the Sidra that should be
  • 00:30:50
    incorporated in our analysis so uh but
  • 00:30:55
    in the meantime uh because that is just
  • 00:30:58
    is um the enumeration of the different
  • 00:31:02
    sub sectors so it comprises you can see
  • 00:31:05
    their land use natural resources natural
  • 00:31:08
    hazards air and water quality pollution
  • 00:31:12
    so environmental planning often takes
  • 00:31:14
    place um not only at the municipal or
  • 00:31:19
    city level but it could ALS it's also
  • 00:31:22
    done at the uh Regional uh level
  • 00:31:26
    especially we have the r pfp and then at
  • 00:31:29
    the national level so allowing for
  • 00:31:32
    focused strategies that address specific
  • 00:31:35
    ecological and geographical
  • 00:31:37
    characteristics
  • 00:31:39
    also um so understanding the levels and
  • 00:31:43
    scales at which physical and
  • 00:31:45
    environmental planning operations allows
  • 00:31:47
    planners to devise more effective
  • 00:31:50
    strategies um we can go to the next
  • 00:31:53
    slide which is the
  • 00:31:54
    institutional
  • 00:31:56
    um yeah within the institutional sector
  • 00:32:00
    in that particular
  • 00:32:02
    context
  • 00:32:04
    uh there are Subs sectors namely fiscal
  • 00:32:08
    management where it concerns the
  • 00:32:10
    strategies and structures for managing
  • 00:32:13
    the financial resources of a locality
  • 00:32:15
    including budgeting taxation Financial
  • 00:32:18
    oversight then governance also uh
  • 00:32:21
    involves the Frameworks and processes
  • 00:32:24
    through which decisions are made and
  • 00:32:26
    implemented
  • 00:32:28
    uh encompassing both governmental and
  • 00:32:31
    administrative structures and that's why
  • 00:32:33
    in the board exam we have the area three
  • 00:32:36
    which is the um plan
  • 00:32:38
    implementation law and
  • 00:32:41
    administration
  • 00:32:43
    so um
  • 00:32:46
    because uh it's not our concern is not
  • 00:32:50
    just um planning but all those three
  • 00:32:55
    areas and you and so we need to Exel and
  • 00:32:59
    we need to
  • 00:33:00
    um yeah we need to
  • 00:33:03
    pass so in in in scoring or in the in
  • 00:33:07
    the board exam you cannot have a score
  • 00:33:13
    of lower than
  • 00:33:16
    50 okay and you have you should have an
  • 00:33:19
    average of
  • 00:33:21
    70 so if you aim to tap then you need to
  • 00:33:25
    have a grade of 80
  • 00:33:28
    so that's what uh I'm not sure if it it
  • 00:33:31
    has changed but yeah that's the normal
  • 00:33:34
    one and so I'm
  • 00:33:36
    rooting uh for for all of you to be to
  • 00:33:41
    have a spot at the
  • 00:33:44
    top okay um
  • 00:33:46
    so we also have
  • 00:33:49
    csos um
  • 00:33:52
    ngos and um because in in planning we
  • 00:33:56
    need to engage
  • 00:33:58
    uh not only the public sector but the
  • 00:34:01
    the Civil Society the private
  • 00:34:04
    organizations um to ensure diverse
  • 00:34:07
    Community representation and
  • 00:34:10
    input okay so Manpower human resource
  • 00:34:14
    development there focuses on the
  • 00:34:16
    planning of Workforce um capabilities
  • 00:34:20
    and um capacities essential for
  • 00:34:22
    implementing and sustaining
  • 00:34:24
    institutional strategies actually um
  • 00:34:28
    along the way we would be um yeah we
  • 00:34:33
    will you will also have to be familiar
  • 00:34:36
    with all those
  • 00:34:38
    theories uh involving all this sectoral
  • 00:34:41
    planning there's always there are
  • 00:34:43
    theories surrounding this so it will be
  • 00:34:46
    uh I hope uh it will interest you
  • 00:34:49
    because of course you need to you need
  • 00:34:52
    to have all this at your fingertips you
  • 00:34:55
    know like we have um you need you need
  • 00:34:58
    have Theory and
  • 00:35:01
    history and then uh the the pro planning
  • 00:35:04
    processes and then plan implementation
  • 00:35:07
    to pass right so you need to stitch all
  • 00:35:11
    of this as a in a so your your knowledge
  • 00:35:17
    should be holistic and um and we need to
  • 00:35:22
    bridge some gaps in terms of um your
  • 00:35:26
    your knowledge and in terms of your
  • 00:35:28
    preparation for your board
  • 00:35:30
    exam okay so these sub sectors now I
  • 00:35:34
    would like to go back to this one uh
  • 00:35:37
    which is
  • 00:35:38
    institutional uh institutional planning
  • 00:35:41
    integrates various phases of
  • 00:35:43
    administration and governance ensuring
  • 00:35:46
    that the Machinery of government and
  • 00:35:49
    Civic bodies work in harmony to achieve
  • 00:35:52
    the desired societal outcomes so um I
  • 00:35:56
    mention all all
  • 00:35:59
    the the those sub sectors earlier so we
  • 00:36:02
    can go to the next slide okay I know
  • 00:36:07
    that you know I know that you're
  • 00:36:10
    familiar what is a sector program you
  • 00:36:12
    need you all you already know about this
  • 00:36:15
    one but we need to
  • 00:36:17
    contextualize um sector is an element
  • 00:36:22
    okay um or subsystem of a larger system
  • 00:36:27
    that has coherent functions and is
  • 00:36:30
    governed by Common theic planning
  • 00:36:33
    principles
  • 00:36:36
    um yeah for example what's which
  • 00:36:41
    sectors I just mentioned about sectors
  • 00:36:44
    and sub sectors earlier so
  • 00:36:46
    transportation for example is a sector
  • 00:36:48
    and health education but the they are
  • 00:36:52
    also called um sub sectors
  • 00:36:58
    so they have each have distinct
  • 00:37:01
    functions and are planned according to
  • 00:37:05
    specific thematic needs so that's why
  • 00:37:07
    it's called
  • 00:37:08
    thematic okay because it is on point
  • 00:37:11
    it's it's um it's Focus it's
  • 00:37:14
    targeted okay so program on the other
  • 00:37:18
    hand uh is a collection of complementary
  • 00:37:21
    projects or
  • 00:37:24
    activities designed to achieve the
  • 00:37:26
    objectives of a specific sector programs
  • 00:37:30
    outline the necessary resources and the
  • 00:37:33
    detailed strategies to be
  • 00:37:36
    employed an urban development program
  • 00:37:39
    for example might include projects for
  • 00:37:42
    housing Urban infrastructure and
  • 00:37:46
    Community facilities to meet the
  • 00:37:48
    comprehensive needs of urban expansion
  • 00:37:51
    so it's
  • 00:37:53
    large and so how do you distinguish
  • 00:37:56
    program from a project because a project
  • 00:37:59
    is a
  • 00:37:59
    self-contained unit of investment
  • 00:38:02
    focused on developing specific resources
  • 00:38:06
    of or facilities within a defined area
  • 00:38:09
    and time frame projects are the building
  • 00:38:12
    blocks of a program targeting specific
  • 00:38:15
    outcomes that contribute to the broader
  • 00:38:18
    goals of the
  • 00:38:19
    sector so constructing a new subway line
  • 00:38:24
    within a city um or a to improve its
  • 00:38:28
    public transportation system so that's
  • 00:38:31
    an example of a project so and this
  • 00:38:35
    framework sectors Define the broad areas
  • 00:38:38
    of focus programs link this to specific
  • 00:38:42
    objectives through a series of
  • 00:38:44
    coordinated activities and projects
  • 00:38:47
    implement this strategies in tangible
  • 00:38:49
    ways sometimes we
  • 00:38:51
    interchange um you know we interchange
  • 00:38:55
    them uh so we need to just be very
  • 00:38:59
    conscious for purposes of take uh taking
  • 00:39:02
    the
  • 00:39:03
    exam um that this one uh we need to
  • 00:39:09
    be aware about the hierarchical
  • 00:39:14
    relationship of of um sector program and
  • 00:39:19
    project okay because uh this
  • 00:39:22
    hierarchical relationship ensures that
  • 00:39:25
    planning is systematic and aligns with
  • 00:39:28
    both immediate and long-term goals so we
  • 00:39:32
    can go to the next
  • 00:39:35
    um slide
  • 00:39:37
    okay
  • 00:39:39
    um yeah we also tend to Interchange or
  • 00:39:45
    assume uh
  • 00:39:47
    that you know development plan is
  • 00:39:50
    concept plan and how do we
  • 00:39:53
    differentiate uh how do how do we
  • 00:39:55
    provide Distinction on this
  • 00:39:58
    different types of uh
  • 00:40:01
    planning so we we're not living this you
  • 00:40:06
    know lecture one because it's all about
  • 00:40:08
    definition of terms because this
  • 00:40:09
    provides for uh this provides foundation
  • 00:40:13
    for for you to be able to grasp you know
  • 00:40:16
    to to um be
  • 00:40:20
    more uh knowledgeable on a more complex
  • 00:40:24
    Concept in succeeding lectures so so a
  • 00:40:27
    concept plan represents the initial
  • 00:40:31
    output of the planning stages it
  • 00:40:35
    outlines the overall growth pattern
  • 00:40:39
    strategy and sectoral policies and
  • 00:40:41
    includes population targets and
  • 00:40:44
    forecasts so a concept plan for a new
  • 00:40:47
    residential area might detail where
  • 00:40:51
    homes will be built the expected
  • 00:40:54
    population growth and how it aligns with
  • 00:40:58
    transportation and Commercial
  • 00:41:00
    developments how about development plan
  • 00:41:03
    a development plan is a comprehensive
  • 00:41:06
    okay there's the key word there
  • 00:41:07
    comprehensive so I'm I'm sure um yeah
  • 00:41:12
    you will remember them on you you will
  • 00:41:15
    not be confused during the board exam so
  • 00:41:18
    a development plan is a comprehensive
  • 00:41:20
    document um consisting of written
  • 00:41:23
    statements
  • 00:41:25
    maps and illustration s that Express a
  • 00:41:29
    community's aspirations it integrates
  • 00:41:32
    Community goals policies and programs
  • 00:41:35
    into a cohesive plan focusing on land
  • 00:41:38
    use and physical planning
  • 00:41:41
    so um a city's development plan may
  • 00:41:47
    include details for new parks so if you
  • 00:41:50
    notice I mention
  • 00:41:52
    about some gener yeah the plan I State
  • 00:41:57
    the plan in a generic way okay because
  • 00:42:02
    it's it's supposed to be lecture one is
  • 00:42:04
    supposed to be like that without
  • 00:42:06
    mentioning on a specific plan like CDP
  • 00:42:09
    or clup but I can make it as an example
  • 00:42:12
    but of course uh just to make sure that
  • 00:42:15
    generically uh we will not lose sight of
  • 00:42:19
    uh how things should be defined so a
  • 00:42:22
    city's development plan may include
  • 00:42:24
    details for new parks UPG graded
  • 00:42:28
    infrastructure and Zoning uh changes to
  • 00:42:32
    to support future growth enhancing
  • 00:42:35
    livability for residents
  • 00:42:39
    so you already know about concept plan
  • 00:42:42
    development plan and how about
  • 00:42:44
    consultation and planning so
  • 00:42:47
    consultation and planning involves um
  • 00:42:50
    obtaining technical advice or opinions
  • 00:42:54
    um from stakeholders which May influence
  • 00:42:58
    the planning process but are not
  • 00:43:00
    mandatory you know I'm not supposed to
  • 00:43:03
    be uh defining here because I know that
  • 00:43:08
    you know okay however um that's why it's
  • 00:43:12
    called review because we want to go over
  • 00:43:14
    and try we try to contextualize and we
  • 00:43:17
    try to um
  • 00:43:19
    categorize and so uh you will so that
  • 00:43:24
    confusion will be you know uh we get rid
  • 00:43:27
    of about those extra or those
  • 00:43:30
    overthinking regarding definition of
  • 00:43:33
    terms of this of this important terms
  • 00:43:35
    before we jump into a a complex or a
  • 00:43:41
    more complex set of ideas Concepts and
  • 00:43:45
    theories so um yeah before finalizing a
  • 00:43:49
    plan of course a city might consult with
  • 00:43:54
    engineers local businesses or
  • 00:43:58
    uh and residents to gather input on
  • 00:44:01
    proposed changes uh depends on uh which
  • 00:44:04
    uh which component of the plan you're
  • 00:44:07
    you want to consult with peoples
  • 00:44:10
    ensuring that all perspectives are
  • 00:44:13
    considered so we go to the next one uh
  • 00:44:18
    yeah this one you know what um you're
  • 00:44:22
    seeing there like some Concepts that you
  • 00:44:27
    know even from grade one grade two you
  • 00:44:30
    know fifth
  • 00:44:32
    grader uh
  • 00:44:34
    but uh at some point these questions
  • 00:44:38
    were asked these Concepts were asked in
  • 00:44:40
    the board exam you may not believe it
  • 00:44:43
    but uh they ask they ask you to define
  • 00:44:48
    or they ask you to
  • 00:44:51
    um you know
  • 00:44:53
    identify if what what that that question
  • 00:44:59
    uh is pointing pointing to the values to
  • 00:45:03
    the principles or Norms so we need to
  • 00:45:06
    still go over that um values are the
  • 00:45:11
    core beliefs okay so we should really be
  • 00:45:14
    very patient about this one that you may
  • 00:45:17
    wonder why do we still have to study
  • 00:45:21
    values principles Norms they are part of
  • 00:45:24
    your daytoday you know
  • 00:45:27
    um that you're e maybe you're even more
  • 00:45:30
    familiar than myself but of course
  • 00:45:34
    because at one point it was asked in the
  • 00:45:36
    board exam okay so values are the core
  • 00:45:40
    beliefs or ideals that are deeply held
  • 00:45:44
    by individuals or groups so you try to
  • 00:45:47
    take note about the keyword so that um
  • 00:45:52
    you don't need to
  • 00:45:54
    read um word for reward um during the
  • 00:45:58
    board exams but you need to just uh
  • 00:46:01
    Identify some keywords so that you uh
  • 00:46:06
    you can answer them correctly um they
  • 00:46:08
    reflect what's considered important and
  • 00:46:12
    are emotionally significant so you heard
  • 00:46:16
    some keywords there so in urban planning
  • 00:46:19
    in the context of urban planning values
  • 00:46:22
    might include
  • 00:46:24
    sustainability Community welfare
  • 00:46:27
    or Equity so this guide the decisions
  • 00:46:31
    and priorities within planning
  • 00:46:33
    projects how about principles um so how
  • 00:46:37
    do you um differentiate or how do
  • 00:46:41
    you uh categorize things under
  • 00:46:45
    principles and how do you define that
  • 00:46:48
    because principles are foundational
  • 00:46:51
    statements you values they are the core
  • 00:46:54
    beliefs or ideals that are deeply held
  • 00:46:58
    by individuals or groups while
  • 00:47:00
    principles are foundational statements
  • 00:47:04
    that articulate how values are applied
  • 00:47:08
    and interact within a decision making
  • 00:47:12
    framework they help in judging what's
  • 00:47:15
    right or wrong and often serve as a
  • 00:47:19
    guideline for Behavior so a principle in
  • 00:47:22
    environmental planning could be minimize
  • 00:47:26
    har to the environment so that's a
  • 00:47:29
    principle okay which guides how projects
  • 00:47:32
    are evaluated and
  • 00:47:35
    undertaken so I hope you remember them
  • 00:47:39
    while Norms so how do we Define Norms
  • 00:47:43
    they are established standards of
  • 00:47:47
    behavior that are based on the shared
  • 00:47:49
    values of a community they regulate
  • 00:47:52
    actions and can be
  • 00:47:55
    formal they can be formal in terms of
  • 00:47:58
    flows regulations or they can be
  • 00:48:01
    informal means cultural practices
  • 00:48:06
    expectations so in in um town planning
  • 00:48:11
    or city planning a norm might be the
  • 00:48:15
    public
  • 00:48:15
    consultation processes that ensure
  • 00:48:18
    Community involvement in development
  • 00:48:21
    projects so these concepts are these
  • 00:48:25
    Concepts collectively under
  • 00:48:27
    the planning process influencing
  • 00:48:29
    everything from the creation of policies
  • 00:48:32
    to day-to-day operational decision so as
  • 00:48:35
    future planners understanding and
  • 00:48:37
    aligning your actions with these values
  • 00:48:40
    principles and Norms will be key to
  • 00:48:43
    successful and ethical practice so we go
  • 00:48:46
    to the next
  • 00:48:48
    slide now we have standards goals
  • 00:48:52
    objectives and you can see how they were
  • 00:48:55
    defined uh uh standards
  • 00:48:59
    are okay if you could linger a little
  • 00:49:02
    while so I can have my own so I can
  • 00:49:06
    explain a bit of that um standards are
  • 00:49:10
    established benchmarks or criteria
  • 00:49:14
    derived um from
  • 00:49:17
    principles uh and Norms that allow for
  • 00:49:21
    the measurable evaluation of performance
  • 00:49:24
    or quality so they provide a consistent
  • 00:49:27
    basis for assessing the outcomes of
  • 00:49:30
    various actions and
  • 00:49:33
    initiatives example in urban planning
  • 00:49:36
    standards might might include specific
  • 00:49:39
    requirements for building
  • 00:49:41
    Heights uh Green Space for per capita or
  • 00:49:46
    accessibility features in public
  • 00:49:49
    facilities so these are
  • 00:49:51
    standards then we have
  • 00:49:54
    goals they are the are
  • 00:49:57
    broad long-term aims that provide
  • 00:50:03
    Direction and purpose for planning
  • 00:50:06
    efforts they are generally overarching
  • 00:50:09
    and not always Quantified at the outside
  • 00:50:13
    so a goal in a regional planning could
  • 00:50:15
    be to enhance Regional connectivity to
  • 00:50:19
    boost economic growth or to improve air
  • 00:50:22
    quality by 2030 for example so
  • 00:50:29
    objectives objectives uh we know about
  • 00:50:33
    smart right the specific measurable
  • 00:50:35
    attainable Rel and many more so the
  • 00:50:38
    smart as a an acronym so objectives are
  • 00:50:41
    specific targets set to achieve
  • 00:50:45
    goals so they are characterized by being
  • 00:50:48
    smart as I mentioned so objectives break
  • 00:50:51
    down goals into actionable steps and
  • 00:50:56
    objective to support the goal of
  • 00:50:58
    improving air quality for example might
  • 00:51:00
    be to reduce vehicle emissions by 20%
  • 00:51:03
    within 5 years through increased public
  • 00:51:06
    transit options and emission regulation
  • 00:51:09
    so understanding the distinctions and
  • 00:51:12
    connections among standards goals and
  • 00:51:14
    objectives helps planners design more
  • 00:51:17
    effective and actionable plans and this
  • 00:51:20
    elements ensure that planning processes
  • 00:51:22
    have clear targets methods for
  • 00:51:25
    assessment and criteria for Success all
  • 00:51:29
    crucial for achieving the desired
  • 00:51:31
    outcomes in any planning scenario we go
  • 00:51:35
    to the next
  • 00:51:36
    one I think we are now on urbanization
  • 00:51:40
    and um just let me know cap 10:30 so
  • 00:51:43
    that I don't want you to be very very
  • 00:51:45
    tired because we have a we have one year
  • 00:51:48
    to prepare so just want you to know I
  • 00:51:52
    just want you to be really be very
  • 00:51:54
    familiar and take it by heart
  • 00:51:56
    urbanization and Urban Development so um
  • 00:52:01
    well let me Define
  • 00:52:04
    urbanization refers to the process where
  • 00:52:07
    an increasing percentage of a population
  • 00:52:10
    comes to live in urban areas so that's
  • 00:52:14
    clear okay it's primarily driven by
  • 00:52:18
    migration from rural areas to
  • 00:52:23
    cities or towns as people seek better
  • 00:52:28
    economic opportunities that's one or
  • 00:52:31
    better education second or healthare
  • 00:52:35
    among others so urbanization is a key
  • 00:52:38
    component of modern development as it
  • 00:52:41
    often leads to economic growth but it
  • 00:52:46
    also poses challenges such as housing
  • 00:52:49
    shortages increased pollution
  • 00:52:52
    infrastructure
  • 00:52:53
    strain and and many more while Urban
  • 00:52:58
    Development
  • 00:52:59
    as um as distinguished from
  • 00:53:03
    urbanization involves the physical
  • 00:53:06
    growth of urban
  • 00:53:08
    areas and the Improvement of the quality
  • 00:53:11
    of life of urban residents this includes
  • 00:53:14
    the construction of housing roads and
  • 00:53:18
    other infrastructure as well as the
  • 00:53:20
    provision of services like Education
  • 00:53:23
    Health Care and sanitation so Urban
  • 00:53:26
    Development
  • 00:53:27
    aims to manage the challenges of
  • 00:53:31
    urbanization effectively making cities
  • 00:53:34
    more livable and sustainable
  • 00:53:37
    so
  • 00:53:39
    um we also um urban place so that's the
  • 00:53:44
    main um content there urban place means
  • 00:53:50
    that uh
  • 00:53:52
    yeah there's no single International
  • 00:53:56
    standard for what constitute an urban
  • 00:53:59
    area each country has its own definition
  • 00:54:02
    of an urban place so definitions can
  • 00:54:06
    vary significantly between countries
  • 00:54:08
    based on factors such as population size
  • 00:54:12
    density economic function and
  • 00:54:15
    infrastructure development for example
  • 00:54:17
    the criteria for an urban area in China
  • 00:54:20
    might include a certain population
  • 00:54:23
    density and economic activity which may
  • 00:54:26
    differ from those in Brazil or
  • 00:54:28
    France Philippines so countries may also
  • 00:54:33
    uh reclassify land from rural to Urban
  • 00:54:37
    for various reasons which can be driven
  • 00:54:40
    by
  • 00:54:41
    political economic or strategic
  • 00:54:45
    interests for example legislative
  • 00:54:48
    changes might reclassify a rural area as
  • 00:54:52
    Urban to attract Investments or to to
  • 00:54:56
    change the administrative
  • 00:54:58
    structure
  • 00:55:02
    so
  • 00:55:03
    um
  • 00:55:05
    yeah it's um maybe in succeeding slide
  • 00:55:09
    succeeding slides we can see uh how each
  • 00:55:14
    country are categorizing um Urban Spa or
  • 00:55:19
    Urban places let's see uh I think so so
  • 00:55:23
    in in in the next slide if you can move
  • 00:55:26
    that to another to the next slide and um
  • 00:55:30
    this may not be updated but of course
  • 00:55:33
    you you can still have an idea how each
  • 00:55:38
    country um Define a place urban place I
  • 00:55:43
    can see Sweden there can see the
  • 00:55:46
    us but let's see um yeah I try
  • 00:55:50
    to of course they will not uh the board
  • 00:55:54
    exam would still give old questions
  • 00:55:56
    right right but it will depend on the
  • 00:56:00
    the choices if you can already
  • 00:56:04
    distinguish if the what the board but
  • 00:56:07
    what the board question is asking if
  • 00:56:10
    it's old or new due to the options or to
  • 00:56:14
    the
  • 00:56:15
    choices but if it's old then you they
  • 00:56:18
    will you you you still have to answer
  • 00:56:20
    this updated option and you can still
  • 00:56:25
    answer uh uh it it means that the
  • 00:56:27
    computer detected or the computer
  • 00:56:30
    included a question from
  • 00:56:32
    before okay from prior you know board
  • 00:56:36
    exams uh they don't take away they don't
  • 00:56:39
    really remove uh old questions they
  • 00:56:42
    still being M but they add 100 questions
  • 00:56:45
    each
  • 00:56:46
    year so it it it means that uh the old
  • 00:56:50
    questions are still there like
  • 00:56:53
    okay India Switzerland Japan can go can
  • 00:56:57
    move on to the next
  • 00:56:59
    slide um
  • 00:57:03
    so okay here
  • 00:57:07
    um you can see the
  • 00:57:11
    different criteria there
  • 00:57:17
    um but I would like
  • 00:57:20
    to still
  • 00:57:22
    determine uh if we have an update on
  • 00:57:25
    this but let's say there there are still
  • 00:57:27
    no updates here and um when we try to
  • 00:57:31
    read this one uh it says that there yeah
  • 00:57:37
    cons you consider Urban in Philippines
  • 00:57:40
    if they have a population density of at
  • 00:57:42
    least 1,000 persons per square kilometer
  • 00:57:46
    and this Criterion um aims to identify
  • 00:57:49
    areas with significant population
  • 00:57:52
    concentration so that require Urban
  • 00:57:54
    infrastructure and service so that's the
  • 00:57:56
    concept behind uh classifying it as
  • 00:58:00
    Urban okay because of the concentration
  • 00:58:03
    of population that's why it's and then
  • 00:58:06
    uh population or Central populations or
  • 00:58:10
    District uh these are parts of
  • 00:58:13
    municipalities or cities with a
  • 00:58:16
    population density of at least 500
  • 00:58:18
    persons per square kilometer of thees
  • 00:58:22
    are often the commercial and
  • 00:58:24
    administrative parts of Municipal
  • 00:58:26
    polities hosting a dense concentration
  • 00:58:28
    of businesses government institutions
  • 00:58:31
    and housing you know what I think every
  • 00:58:34
    year I'm not sure of 2023 and 2024 if
  • 00:58:38
    this question was asked but every year
  • 00:58:42
    during the prepandemic
  • 00:58:46
    question and so um yeah it it's my Jen
  • 00:58:50
    it's it's your homework to uh maybe um
  • 00:58:54
    look for some update here on the
  • 00:58:56
    criteria so you can just go into the
  • 00:59:00
    website of PSA but so that I can present
  • 00:59:03
    it tomorrow but in the meantime what you
  • 00:59:06
    see there is um the one that were
  • 00:59:11
    asked in in previous board exams so why
  • 00:59:16
    these definitions matter uh because um
  • 00:59:20
    the Philippine I mean the approach you
  • 00:59:23
    know highlights the importance of popul
  • 00:59:26
    ation density in classifying urban areas
  • 00:59:29
    and density is always a critical Factor
  • 00:59:32
    because it affects everything from
  • 00:59:34
    infrastructure needs the provision of
  • 00:59:36
    services like Health Care education
  • 00:59:39
    public transportation and high density
  • 00:59:41
    areas require different planning you
  • 00:59:44
    know and resources compared to more
  • 00:59:47
    sparsely populated areas so um and there
  • 00:59:52
    are other faets whereby we can really
  • 00:59:55
    this discuss like um the impacts on
  • 00:59:59
    services and infra and then uh of course
  • 01:00:03
    um in terms of especially so why
  • 01:00:07
    population density so there are a lot of
  • 01:00:10
    questions um being thrown to you as when
  • 01:00:13
    you become planner and you discuss uh
  • 01:00:17
    that um you know this opens up a
  • 01:00:21
    conversation on the challenges of urban
  • 01:00:24
    planning in densely populated cities so
  • 01:00:28
    um we go to
  • 01:00:31
    the let letter C I think we are on
  • 01:00:35
    letter C then next
  • 01:00:39
    slide um what is there
  • 01:00:43
    so the street pattern also matter
  • 01:00:48
    because the the Philippine definition of
  • 01:00:50
    an urban place extends Beyond mere
  • 01:00:53
    population density considering the
  • 01:00:56
    actual characteristics and functionality
  • 01:00:58
    of an area so this multifaceted approach
  • 01:01:02
    identifies Urban centers by analyzing
  • 01:01:05
    their social and economic infrastructure
  • 01:01:07
    which is critical to or for determining
  • 01:01:10
    the level of urban services and
  • 01:01:12
    governance so Street
  • 01:01:13
    pattern um as one of those Urban
  • 01:01:17
    characteristics such that urban areas
  • 01:01:20
    are often defined by their layout a
  • 01:01:24
    network of streets whether AR range in
  • 01:01:26
    parallel or at right angles suggest a PL
  • 01:01:31
    structure that supports Urban activities
  • 01:01:35
    so this gridlike pattern facilitates
  • 01:01:38
    movement and
  • 01:01:40
    access uh crucial for economic and
  • 01:01:44
    social interactions in urban
  • 01:01:47
    settings um commercial and service
  • 01:01:50
    establishments as another
  • 01:01:53
    as an urban characteristics
  • 01:01:56
    whereby a minimum of six establishments
  • 01:01:59
    okay what are these commercial
  • 01:02:03
    manufacturing recreational or personal
  • 01:02:06
    services indicates a thriving Community
  • 01:02:09
    with economic activities so this
  • 01:02:12
    Criterion helps classify an area as
  • 01:02:15
    Urban by its ability to support
  • 01:02:18
    livelihoods and provide services that
  • 01:02:22
    meet the resident needs another Urban
  • 01:02:25
    characteris IC is Civic
  • 01:02:28
    infrastructure such that the presence of
  • 01:02:31
    key public buildings and spaces is
  • 01:02:35
    essential and this includes a town hall
  • 01:02:40
    or a municipal Hall church or a chapel
  • 01:02:44
    hosting regular religious Services
  • 01:02:47
    reinforcing the cultural and governance
  • 01:02:51
    aspects of urban life another presence
  • 01:02:54
    of key public bills building and spaces
  • 01:02:58
    yeah like a public Plaza park or
  • 01:03:01
    Cemetery which serves as social and
  • 01:03:04
    recreational spaces vital for Community
  • 01:03:08
    Life a market for example but it has
  • 01:03:13
    another characteristic a market for
  • 01:03:15
    weekly trading
  • 01:03:17
    activities indicating economic
  • 01:03:21
    vibrancy public institutions like
  • 01:03:24
    schools hospitals Li
  • 01:03:26
    they are
  • 01:03:27
    also as crucial for providing essential
  • 01:03:31
    services to the
  • 01:03:33
    community
  • 01:03:35
    so
  • 01:03:37
    um yeah this
  • 01:03:39
    comprehensive perspective on what
  • 01:03:42
    constitutes an urban place helps future
  • 01:03:45
    urban planners understand the complex
  • 01:03:48
    layers of Urban Development emphasizing
  • 01:03:51
    that urban areas are not just population
  • 01:03:54
    centers but hubs of organized functional
  • 01:03:58
    and diverse activities so um yeah you
  • 01:04:03
    need to do some memory work in terms of
  • 01:04:08
    the definition of urban place okay
  • 01:04:14
    um I think
  • 01:04:16
    1024 so this will be the last slide for
  • 01:04:20
    tonight urban place versus City not go
  • 01:04:24
    to the next slide
  • 01:04:28
    okay um
  • 01:04:30
    so okay urban place cities okay an urban
  • 01:04:34
    place there is defined by its physical
  • 01:04:37
    economic demographic and cultural
  • 01:04:41
    characteristics these characteristics
  • 01:04:43
    can include population density the
  • 01:04:45
    presence of infra and services as I
  • 01:04:48
    mentioned earlier and the economic
  • 01:04:51
    activities that dominate the area Urban
  • 01:04:54
    places are usually identified by their
  • 01:04:56
    ability to function as hubs of economic
  • 01:05:00
    social and cultural activity regardless
  • 01:05:03
    of their legal status or governance
  • 01:05:06
    structure so if you um because we're
  • 01:05:10
    talking about urban place and consider
  • 01:05:13
    the scenario and imagine a large town
  • 01:05:16
    with bustling markets schools hospitals
  • 01:05:21
    and a dense network of streets but it
  • 01:05:24
    isn't legally Rec recognized as a city
  • 01:05:28
    it has the vibrancy and
  • 01:05:30
    amenities we associate with urban life
  • 01:05:33
    yet it doesn't have City status due to
  • 01:05:37
    not meeting certain legal or
  • 01:05:39
    administrative criteria but but it's
  • 01:05:42
    called it's an urban
  • 01:05:46
    place however or on the other hand a
  • 01:05:49
    city is formally okay so that's the
  • 01:05:52
    difference is formally designated and re
  • 01:05:55
    recognized by legal statuses it meets
  • 01:05:58
    specific criteria such as minimum
  • 01:06:01
    population thresholds economic
  • 01:06:03
    benchmarks and often requires a charter
  • 01:06:07
    or legal act okay so
  • 01:06:10
    keyword requires a charter or legal act
  • 01:06:13
    cities typically have a defined
  • 01:06:16
    territory and governance structures that
  • 01:06:19
    allow for a higher degree of local
  • 01:06:22
    autonomy and
  • 01:06:24
    self-management so so
  • 01:06:27
    um yeah think about a place that's been
  • 01:06:30
    granted City status because it not only
  • 01:06:34
    meets High population and economic
  • 01:06:36
    thresholds but also has a governance
  • 01:06:39
    Charter allowing it to manage its own
  • 01:06:42
    Affairs independently and this official
  • 01:06:45
    status can attract more Investments and
  • 01:06:48
    provide more services reinforcing its
  • 01:06:51
    Urban characteristics so I already I
  • 01:06:55
    specify those key differences I as to
  • 01:06:59
    criteria and um classification because
  • 01:07:02
    Urban places are identified by
  • 01:07:04
    functional characteristics like density
  • 01:07:07
    infrastructure whereas cities are
  • 01:07:09
    legally defined entities with specific
  • 01:07:13
    Privileges and
  • 01:07:16
    responsibilities another key difference
  • 01:07:18
    is governance and autonomy because
  • 01:07:20
    cities often have more self-governance
  • 01:07:23
    capabilities and formal structures
  • 01:07:25
    compared to other Urban places which
  • 01:07:28
    might still be governed as part of a
  • 01:07:30
    larger administrative units again I'm
  • 01:07:33
    not mentioning about uh component cities
  • 01:07:36
    versus highly urbanized cities or
  • 01:07:39
    independent component cities as yet not
  • 01:07:42
    yet because we're talking uh in general
  • 01:07:45
    terms here okay so another key
  • 01:07:48
    difference is development
  • 01:07:51
    implications um while both Urban places
  • 01:07:54
    and cities are centers of growth the
  • 01:07:57
    formal recognition of a city can often
  • 01:07:59
    lead to a more structured Planning and
  • 01:08:03
    Development due to the available legal
  • 01:08:05
    and administrative framework so those
  • 01:08:07
    are key differences between an urban
  • 01:08:10
    place and a city so okay it's because
  • 01:08:16
    this this this why are you making this
  • 01:08:20
    distinction why do we consider it
  • 01:08:22
    important
  • 01:08:25
    because for urban planning um it's
  • 01:08:29
    important or crucial for urban planning
  • 01:08:32
    and governance as it influences funding
  • 01:08:35
    development policies as well and the
  • 01:08:38
    services an area can provide to its
  • 01:08:41
    inhabitants so understanding these
  • 01:08:43
    differences help in planning and
  • 01:08:45
    managing Urban growth more effectively
  • 01:08:48
    ensuring that both Urban places and
  • 01:08:50
    cities can meet their residents needs so
  • 01:08:54
    um can continue that um of
  • 01:08:58
    course uh let me see there's the next
  • 01:09:03
    page I think
  • 01:09:07
    Jen uh yeah still Urban can can we can
  • 01:09:10
    and then let's see if there there's
  • 01:09:13
    still
  • 01:09:15
    another another page there okay now
  • 01:09:18
    bring it back bring it back to the last
  • 01:09:22
    line uh so I
  • 01:09:25
    ation so both both
  • 01:09:29
    Urban
  • 01:09:30
    [Music]
  • 01:09:32
    um okay urban place still we are in
  • 01:09:35
    urban place versus
  • 01:09:37
    city
  • 01:09:43
    um okay let me let me just read that
  • 01:09:45
    Urban places and cities are not found
  • 01:09:48
    everywhere okay they emerge where
  • 01:09:52
    there's a need for concentrated human AC
  • 01:09:56
    activities urban areas typically develop
  • 01:09:59
    where geographical and economic
  • 01:10:02
    conditions favor industrial commercial
  • 01:10:05
    and residential growth reflecting
  • 01:10:08
    society's development stage
  • 01:10:13
    so both Urban places and cities serve as
  • 01:10:18
    aggregate aggregations of people so this
  • 01:10:21
    is uh aggregations of people and
  • 01:10:23
    functions but they more more than just
  • 01:10:26
    populous centers they are vital hubs
  • 01:10:28
    where cultural economic and social
  • 01:10:31
    functions
  • 01:10:33
    coal to
  • 01:10:35
    facilitate higher living standards and
  • 01:10:39
    efficient economic activities so just
  • 01:10:42
    imagine Urban places and cities are
  • 01:10:44
    bustling
  • 01:10:46
    marketplaces people from various
  • 01:10:48
    backgrounds come together uh bringing
  • 01:10:51
    different skills and needs which creates
  • 01:10:53
    a dynamic environment where new ideas
  • 01:10:56
    and businesses can drive so there are
  • 01:11:01
    some distinguishing characteristics like
  • 01:11:05
    um as to population size and density
  • 01:11:08
    urban areas are generally more populated
  • 01:11:11
    um and denser than rural areas right so
  • 01:11:14
    this density supports various services
  • 01:11:16
    and amenities that might not be viable
  • 01:11:19
    in less populated areas as to cultural
  • 01:11:24
    heterogeneity urban areas tend to be
  • 01:11:26
    more culturally diverse than rural
  • 01:11:30
    areas this diversity can lead to a
  • 01:11:32
    richer social fabric but also requires
  • 01:11:36
    nuanced covenants to cater to various or
  • 01:11:39
    to varied needs and expectations urban
  • 01:11:43
    areas typically perform multiple
  • 01:11:47
    functions industrial administrative Ser
  • 01:11:51
    service oriented and more so this
  • 01:11:54
    multifunctionality supports a complex
  • 01:11:56
    economy and diverse job
  • 01:11:59
    markets as to level of administration
  • 01:12:02
    Urban management often extends across
  • 01:12:04
    multiple jurisdictions so necessitating
  • 01:12:08
    complex governance structures to manage
  • 01:12:11
    resources regulations and services
  • 01:12:14
    effectively
  • 01:12:16
    so um now we
  • 01:12:19
    can go to uh whatsa region but uh we can
  • 01:12:24
    do that so because it's is already a
  • 01:12:26
    different context we try to look
  • 01:12:29
    into what's a region and
  • 01:12:33
    then we might misconstrue region as
  • 01:12:36
    something like just administrative
  • 01:12:39
    boundaries like the regions that you
  • 01:12:41
    know but beyond that there are other
  • 01:12:45
    different types of region in fact in
  • 01:12:48
    20 2023 or 2024
  • 01:12:52
    examination uh it asks about
  • 01:12:56
    one of the questions as about uh virtual
  • 01:13:00
    regions I think so we will come to be to
  • 01:13:04
    to to discuss on on this uh the
  • 01:13:08
    different types of a region uh tomorrow
  • 01:13:11
    so I think we can now uh
  • 01:13:14
    end end this so that we can continue
  • 01:13:18
    tomorrow again thank you very very much
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