Marine Biology at Home 7: Zooplankton

00:59:33
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dpP9UaUNco

Résumé

TLDRNy leziona "Marine Biology at Home" avy amin'i Emma Tovar, mpiasa mpikaroka ao amin'ny Scripps Institution of Oceanography, dia mifantoka amin'ny fandalinana ny zooplankton, zavamaniry manan-danja amin'ny rojo sakafo an-dranomasina. Ao amin'ity leziona ity, dia niresaka momba ny fanasokajiana sy ny taxonomy izy, anisan'izany ny fomba hiovan'ny zooplankton amin'ny alalan'ny fitomboana (holoplankton sy meroplankton), ny fizarana marindrano, ary ny sakafon'izy ireny izay mety ho karazana zavamaniry, zava-dehibe hafa na zavatra maty (detritus). Nisongadina ihany koa ny fanelanelanana momba ny fepetra misy ao anatiny sy ny asa atao mba handalinana kokoa ny dynamics an'ny zooplankton, toy ny fampiasana fitaovana teknolojia sy fomba hafa toy ny sarin'ireo vondrona ho fandalinana ny fifandraisana mpihinana sy mitohana. Raha fintinina, ity fampianarana ity dia manolotra fahatakarana lalina sy miavaka momba ny anjara asan'ny zooplankton eo amin'ny tontolo an-dranomasina, indrindra amin'ny fanajariana sy fandanjalanjana ny ekosistiana an-dranomasina.

A retenir

  • 🌊 Ny zooplankton dia tena zava-dehibe eo amin'ny rojo sakafo an-dranomasina.
  • 🐠 Ny zooplankton dia afaka misitrika zava-maniry na zava-maniry hafa.
  • 🔬 Nampiasa fitaovana teknolojia ny mpikaroka mba hanarahana sy hisamborana ny zooplankton.
  • 📏 Ny zooplankton dia mizara ho karazana holoplankton sy meroplankton.
  • 🌞 Ny zooplankton dia afaka miseho amin'ny toerana misy ny hazavana ao amin'ny ranomasina.
  • 🧬 Ny fandalinana ny zooplankton dia ahitana teknolojia sy renirano vaovao.
  • 📊 Ny firafitr'ireo zooplankton mivantana dia azo trohina amin'ny alalan'ny sary avo lenta.
  • 🌅 Ny dia vertical migration no fifindran'ireo zooplankton manaraka ny tsingerina andro.
  • 🌽 Ny zooplankton dia mety ho karazana vorona sarotra satria manararaotra sakafo marobe.
  • 🌈 Ny tülnar dia azo sakanana amin'ny alalan'ny biby teny.

Chronologie

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Emma Tovar dia nanolotra ny tenany ho mpiasa fikarohana ao amin'ny Scripps Institution of Oceanography izay nitokana ho amin'ny fandinihana ny zooplankton. Ny asany dia ny mandrindra ny santionany avy amin'ny dia an-dranomasina ary ny fizarana dia momba ny fampidirana ny zooplankton sy ny fomba fanadihadiana azy ireo.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Ny zooplankton dia karazana biby planktonic izay afaka mipetraka amin'ny halaliny rehetra amin'ny ranomasina ary manana fiteny sinhala izay midika hoe biby mandeha. Ny sakafon'izy ireo dia miainga amin'ny phytoplankton hatramin'ny biby hafa ary misy koa ny mixotrophs izay afaka mampifandray ny photosynthesis sy ny fanjifana biolojika.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Zooplankton dia azo zaraina ho holoplankton izay mijanona ho plankton mandritra ny androm-piainany sy maroplankton izay plankton fotsiny amin'ireo dingana voalohany amin'ny fivoarana. Ny holoplankton lehibe, toy ny siponophores, dia sakafo fototra ho an'ny trondro sy balaenoptera.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Ny zooplankton koa dia azo zaraina araka ny habeny avy amin'ny nanoplankton mankany amin'ny microphytoplankton sy macro zooplankton. Ny macro zooplankton dia azo jerena amin'ny mason-tsivana toy ny pteropods sy ny jellyfish.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Zooplankton dia mipetraka amin'ny faritra marina samihafa arakaraka ny sakafony, ny oksizena ary ny hazavana misy. Maro amin'izy ireo no mipetraka ao amin'ny faritra euphotika satria misy hazavana ampy mba hitomboana ny photosynthesis.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    Zooplankton dia anarany rehefa tafiditra amin'ny sokajy biolojika isan-karazany, ao anatin'izany ny crustaceans sy ny cnidarians. Ireo vondrona ireo dia manan-danja amin'ny fitomboan'ny fihinanana sy ny lafiny fandavana.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    Zooplankton dia anisan'ny sokajin'ny crustaceans toa ny copepods sy ny krill, izay manana anjara toerana lehibe amin’ny indostria ara-tsakafo an-dranomasina.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    Ny deal vertical migration dia manasongadina ny hetsika synchronisée amin'ny zooplankton araka ny maizina sy ny hazavana amin'ny fotoana iray, izay manampy azy ireo hisoroka ny fahavononana ary mitazona ny angovo.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    Ny mpianatra maro ao Scripps dia mijery ny zooplankton sy ny fitondran-tenany amin'ny fomba avionika anaty rano sy mankany amin'ny famantarana ADN amin'ny fandinihana ny fahasamihafana sy ny fifanakalozana.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:50:00

    Ny famoronana sary amin'ny alalan'ny zo scan sy zo cam dia mampiseho an-tapitrisa ny antsipirihany amin'ny zooplankton sarobidy amin'ny fandinihana ny diversite sy ny alan'ny fisiana.

  • 00:50:00 - 00:59:33

    Emma Tovar dia mamintina ny kaonty ho famporisihana ny olona hanohy ny fianarana an-dranomasina sy hizarana ny fahalalana, manentana ny mpijery hanohy hijery ny lohahevitra manan-danja toy ny zooplankton sy ny andraikitr'izy ireo amin'ny ekosistemam-dràno.

Afficher plus

Carte mentale

Vidéo Q&R

  • Inona avy no voarakitra ato amin'ity fampianarana ity?

    Ity fampianarana ity dia mifantoka amin'ny zooplankton, ahitana ny habitat-ny, ny sakafo, ny habe, ny taxonomy ary ny fizarana malaky.

  • Iza moa no miteny ao amin'ity fampianarana ity?

    Emma Tovar, mpiara-miasa mpikaroka ao amin'ny Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

  • Inona no andraikitry ny zooplankton ao amin'ny ekosistiana an-dranomasina?

    Ny zooplankton dia tena zava-dehibe amin'ny rojo sakafo an-dranomasina satria izy ireo no fihinanan'ny zavamaniry lehibe kokoa.

  • Aiza no misy ny zooplankton?

    Ny zooplankton dia miaina amin'ny faritra lalina rehetra ao anaty ranomasina, na dia misy karazany amin'ny rano mangina aza.

  • Ahoana ny fitondran'ny zooplankton ny sakafo?

    Ny zooplankton dia mety ho herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous, na mixotrophic, miankina amin'ny karazany.

  • Inona avy ireo sokajy tsotra ao amin'ny zooplankton?

    Ny zooplankton dia mizara ho holoplankton, izay mijanona ho plankton mandritra ny androm-piainana, sy ny meroplankton, izay manova endrika rehefa lehibe.

  • Inona ny anjara asan'ny zooplankton amin'ny biolojika mpanova?

    Izy ireo dia mandray anjara amin'ny famahana ny CO2 sy ny tsingerin'ny calcium carbonate amin'ny alalan'ny fotosintesis sy ny famoronana fako organika.

  • Ahoana sy inona no ampiasain'ny mpikaroka hianarana momba ny zooplankton?

    Ny mpikaroka dia mampiasa fitaovana toy ny mach ness sy ny zoo glider mba hanarahanao zooplankton sy ny firafiny.

  • Inona no atao hoe dia vertical migration amin'ny zooplankton?

    Izy io dia fifindrana zooplankton mankany ambony sy ambany amin'ny antambahin'ny rano mifanaraka amin'ny tsingerina andavanandro.

  • Nahoana ny fanatoboka oha-panjonoana zooplankton izy io zava-dehibe?

    Izy io dia ahafahan'ny mpikaroka mahafantatra ny toerana anjakan'ny karazana zooplankton sy ny antony amam-pahafantarana ny habaka mety misy azy ireo.

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  • 00:00:00
    hi and welcome to another lecture with
  • 00:00:02
    marine biology at home
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    before we get started don't forget to
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    stay up to date on when new lectures
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    drop
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    so who is talking right now hi everyone
  • 00:00:30
    my name is emma tovar
  • 00:00:32
    and i work as a staff research associate
  • 00:00:35
    at scripps institution of oceanography
  • 00:00:38
    out here in
  • 00:00:39
    sunny san diego california and the lab
  • 00:00:42
    that i work in focuses on
  • 00:00:44
    zooplankton research and my job mostly
  • 00:00:47
    surrounds
  • 00:00:48
    cataloging samples that we've collected
  • 00:00:51
    from various research cruises
  • 00:00:53
    and i've been here for about
  • 00:00:56
    just a little over four years now and i
  • 00:00:59
    have to say i have definitely
  • 00:01:01
    learned a lot from the various grad
  • 00:01:04
    students who have come and gone
  • 00:01:06
    throughout scripps and in our lab
  • 00:01:08
    and it's just been a good experience
  • 00:01:10
    overall
  • 00:01:11
    now if you have any questions about this
  • 00:01:13
    lecture or would like to learn more
  • 00:01:15
    about scripts
  • 00:01:16
    in general please don't hesitate to send
  • 00:01:19
    me an email
  • 00:01:20
    and i have it down here below and i look
  • 00:01:22
    forward to hearing from you
  • 00:01:26
    as i said before our lab focuses on
  • 00:01:29
    zooplankton
  • 00:01:30
    so naturally today's lecture is going to
  • 00:01:33
    be focusing
  • 00:01:34
    on these awesome marine organisms um
  • 00:01:37
    this
  • 00:01:38
    lecture will be a brief introduction
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    into zooplankton
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    and the many ways that people have been
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    studying
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    these tiny little organisms i'll be
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    going through habitat
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    diet size classification basic taxonomy
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    and migration patterns to help give
  • 00:01:57
    everyone a better picture of why
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    zooplankton are an important part of
  • 00:02:02
    the marine food web and to round out our
  • 00:02:05
    lecture today i actually also want to
  • 00:02:08
    spotlight some of the cool research that
  • 00:02:11
    has been done
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    to help everyone better understand
  • 00:02:14
    zooplankton
  • 00:02:15
    and their role within the oceans
  • 00:02:20
    all right so by this point i think i
  • 00:02:22
    have said so plankton enough times right
  • 00:02:24
    so i'm going to say it a couple more
  • 00:02:26
    unfortunately so bear with me
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    um today we're going to focus
  • 00:02:31
    specifically on
  • 00:02:32
    marine zooplankton there are freshwater
  • 00:02:35
    zooplankton
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    and there are very lots of similarities
  • 00:02:38
    between the two but for today
  • 00:02:40
    we're going to just focus on the marine
  • 00:02:43
    guys
  • 00:02:44
    and so zooplankton are planktonic
  • 00:02:46
    animals that can live
  • 00:02:48
    at all depths of the ocean the word
  • 00:02:51
    zooplankton actually is derived from
  • 00:02:53
    the greek word zune meaning animal
  • 00:02:56
    and planktoes meaning to wander or drift
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    so when you combine the two what you get
  • 00:03:02
    are
  • 00:03:03
    wandering or drifting animals which
  • 00:03:05
    pretty much sums up
  • 00:03:06
    zooplankton this is one of those random
  • 00:03:09
    tidbits that you might want to remember
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    because you never know when it might be
  • 00:03:13
    handy for one of your
  • 00:03:14
    zoom trivia nights
  • 00:03:18
    many might assume that zooplankton
  • 00:03:21
    might consist of a diet of just eating
  • 00:03:24
    others or types of zooplankton
  • 00:03:26
    and while this is definitely one
  • 00:03:29
    way to gather nutrients zooplankton have
  • 00:03:33
    evolved many different strategies in
  • 00:03:35
    order to eat and to survive
  • 00:03:38
    and so and one of those is to actually
  • 00:03:41
    be
  • 00:03:41
    herbivores or obiferous and feed
  • 00:03:44
    primarily excuse me on
  • 00:03:46
    phytoplankton um another one what you're
  • 00:03:48
    familiar with
  • 00:03:49
    is carnivores or to be carnivorous
  • 00:03:53
    and carnivorous so plankton feed
  • 00:03:56
    on other types of zooplankton so other
  • 00:03:58
    animals
  • 00:04:00
    and then we have zooplankton that are
  • 00:04:03
    detritivores or they eat primarily
  • 00:04:05
    detritus
  • 00:04:06
    which is the dead organic matter
  • 00:04:08
    [Music]
  • 00:04:10
    that we can it usually will fall
  • 00:04:11
    throughout the water column
  • 00:04:14
    and then we have zooplankton that will
  • 00:04:17
    also
  • 00:04:18
    be omnivorous and so they feed
  • 00:04:21
    on a mixed diet of plants
  • 00:04:24
    and animals and detritus so probably one
  • 00:04:28
    of the least picky eaters out there so
  • 00:04:30
    kudos to them i suppose
  • 00:04:32
    and then lastly we have our mix of
  • 00:04:34
    troughs and so
  • 00:04:36
    these are very interesting organisms
  • 00:04:39
    that they can eat other zooplankton
  • 00:04:43
    and also photosynthesize
  • 00:04:46
    and so examples of mixotrops might
  • 00:04:48
    include ciliates or rhizaria
  • 00:04:51
    and they're mixotrophic owing to their
  • 00:04:55
    ability to retain
  • 00:04:57
    functional algal organelles or
  • 00:05:00
    maintenance of their alkyl endosymbionts
  • 00:05:03
    and so
  • 00:05:05
    there's just when you think about how
  • 00:05:08
    zooplankton are able to eat and survive
  • 00:05:09
    there's just a lot of different ways
  • 00:05:11
    that they're able to do that
  • 00:05:15
    all right so all of zooplankton can fall
  • 00:05:19
    into one of two categories either
  • 00:05:22
    they are holoplankton or they are marrow
  • 00:05:25
    plankton
  • 00:05:26
    and so holoplankton go on here
  • 00:05:30
    there we go holoplankton are types of
  • 00:05:33
    plankton that will stay in the
  • 00:05:34
    planktonic state their whole lives and
  • 00:05:36
    they will drift and drift and drift
  • 00:05:38
    throughout that
  • 00:05:39
    epi-mesopelagic pelagic zones and
  • 00:05:43
    i will expand a little bit more on that
  • 00:05:45
    later
  • 00:05:46
    and so haloplankton as you can see here
  • 00:05:49
    in this image there's many different
  • 00:05:51
    types there's lots of different types of
  • 00:05:53
    holoplankton
  • 00:05:54
    and they can range in size from a few
  • 00:05:57
    micrometers
  • 00:05:59
    to very very large we're talking maybe
  • 00:06:04
    cnidarians like jellies or siphonophores
  • 00:06:07
    and so holoplankton are very important
  • 00:06:10
    because they serve
  • 00:06:11
    as a vital food source for large
  • 00:06:14
    organisms like
  • 00:06:15
    fish or baleen whales when you think of
  • 00:06:18
    whales might think of like
  • 00:06:20
    um a humpback whale or something and
  • 00:06:24
    an example i want to show you some i
  • 00:06:27
    just want to highlight some of the
  • 00:06:28
    different types
  • 00:06:29
    of plankton that i have seen in the
  • 00:06:31
    samples that i work with so
  • 00:06:33
    it can vary between let me get my pen
  • 00:06:37
    it can vary between copepods
  • 00:06:40
    or between i've seen doliolids in our
  • 00:06:43
    samples definitely senior faucets
  • 00:06:47
    i've definitely seen salps some years
  • 00:06:49
    we've had lots and lots of subs in our
  • 00:06:52
    samples
  • 00:06:53
    um we've seen siphonophores pretty often
  • 00:06:55
    the same goes for appendicularians
  • 00:06:58
    and again you can see just from this
  • 00:07:00
    image that there are many different
  • 00:07:01
    types
  • 00:07:02
    of zooplankton that are holoplankton and
  • 00:07:05
    they will stay
  • 00:07:07
    very small their whole lives
  • 00:07:10
    and so let me go ahead and erase
  • 00:07:14
    my doodles here okay
  • 00:07:17
    so go ahead and move on to the next one
  • 00:07:20
    so the
  • 00:07:21
    second category that we were talking
  • 00:07:22
    about are marrow plankton
  • 00:07:25
    and so maroplankton are types of
  • 00:07:28
    plankton
  • 00:07:28
    that will only stay plankton
  • 00:07:32
    in for a part of their lives
  • 00:07:35
    and so typically that would mean the
  • 00:07:36
    early stages of development for
  • 00:07:39
    these different organisms and so they
  • 00:07:41
    start off in the planktonic state
  • 00:07:43
    as nopalei but then as they mature
  • 00:07:46
    and become larger they will settle in
  • 00:07:48
    different parts of the ocean
  • 00:07:50
    and a lot of these you probably have
  • 00:07:52
    seen before
  • 00:07:54
    whether it's at the beach or whether it
  • 00:07:56
    was at an aquarium
  • 00:07:59
    all of these organisms you see here they
  • 00:08:01
    all had to start off pretty small
  • 00:08:03
    and so a common example you might see
  • 00:08:07
    pen would be the
  • 00:08:10
    common sea star although right here it
  • 00:08:12
    says starfish that's not what we're
  • 00:08:14
    supposed to say
  • 00:08:15
    another one we might see a lot at the
  • 00:08:17
    beach
  • 00:08:18
    would be crabs here we have the green
  • 00:08:21
    crab
  • 00:08:22
    if you have been to an aquarium recently
  • 00:08:25
    you may have had the chance to see an
  • 00:08:27
    octopus
  • 00:08:28
    and so all of these organisms had to
  • 00:08:31
    start off
  • 00:08:32
    as napli in the planktonic state and
  • 00:08:35
    then over time
  • 00:08:36
    they grew and matured into the organisms
  • 00:08:40
    you see below
  • 00:08:41
    and so these different categories
  • 00:08:43
    holoplankton
  • 00:08:44
    and marrow plankton and it helps us to
  • 00:08:46
    be able to better understand
  • 00:08:48
    the size different size classifications
  • 00:08:50
    for the different types of zooplankton
  • 00:08:53
    and why some stay in the planktonic
  • 00:08:56
    state and why
  • 00:08:57
    others mature and grow and become larger
  • 00:09:03
    all right so zooplankton can also be
  • 00:09:05
    categorized
  • 00:09:06
    based by size and so what we have at
  • 00:09:10
    this table
  • 00:09:11
    are four different size classes before
  • 00:09:13
    we jump into this table i want to also
  • 00:09:15
    talk about
  • 00:09:16
    a smaller and even smaller size class
  • 00:09:18
    called nanoplank zooplankton
  • 00:09:21
    and they're unicellular animals that
  • 00:09:24
    feed on phytoplankton
  • 00:09:26
    and are then eaten by other types of
  • 00:09:28
    zooplankton
  • 00:09:29
    and their size range can vary from 2 to
  • 00:09:32
    20 micrometers
  • 00:09:34
    and we see an example of that here and
  • 00:09:36
    with these images
  • 00:09:37
    in order to be taken they probably had
  • 00:09:39
    to use a microscope because
  • 00:09:41
    my nano zooplankton are so small
  • 00:09:44
    and so now jumping back to the table we
  • 00:09:47
    start with
  • 00:09:48
    microsoft plankton and their size ranges
  • 00:09:51
    from
  • 00:09:51
    20 to 200 micrometers and different
  • 00:09:54
    types of organisms that can be
  • 00:09:55
    represented here would be
  • 00:09:57
    different stages of copepod and
  • 00:10:00
    if we take a look at the bottom of this
  • 00:10:04
    picture the bottom row g and h
  • 00:10:07
    are good examples of two different types
  • 00:10:10
    of copepod
  • 00:10:11
    in the nopolyi stage and then if we take
  • 00:10:15
    a look at i
  • 00:10:16
    here in the bottom right corner this
  • 00:10:17
    looks like some type of
  • 00:10:20
    bivalve not blue eye in its early stages
  • 00:10:22
    of development
  • 00:10:23
    and so these are pretty good examples to
  • 00:10:25
    look towards
  • 00:10:26
    when um thinking about the size and what
  • 00:10:30
    what zooplankton might look like
  • 00:10:34
    and then let's go ahead and delete our
  • 00:10:36
    doodles
  • 00:10:38
    and moving on okay so mesozoplankton
  • 00:10:42
    they range from 0.2 to 20 millimeters so
  • 00:10:45
    we're going up
  • 00:10:46
    in size a little bit and different types
  • 00:10:48
    of organisms within this category it
  • 00:10:49
    could be amphipods appendicularians
  • 00:10:52
    ketegnats
  • 00:10:53
    and copepods or doleolids and sulps
  • 00:10:56
    and with
  • 00:11:00
    these with organisms in this size class
  • 00:11:02
    you can see that
  • 00:11:03
    the the body type can change
  • 00:11:07
    dramatically
  • 00:11:08
    and so again we have different types of
  • 00:11:10
    copepod here
  • 00:11:11
    we have what looks like some sort of
  • 00:11:14
    marine worm
  • 00:11:17
    we have a ketignath here a euphemism
  • 00:11:20
    here
  • 00:11:20
    so many different shapes sizes
  • 00:11:23
    all included in the
  • 00:11:27
    in the mesoplankton category
  • 00:11:31
    and then go ahead erase erase
  • 00:11:34
    okay and moving on
  • 00:11:38
    so the next one we have are
  • 00:11:40
    macroplankton
  • 00:11:41
    and macrozooplankton their stage
  • 00:11:44
    or their size can range from 20 to 200
  • 00:11:47
    millimeters so they're getting much
  • 00:11:49
    bigger
  • 00:11:50
    and organisms in this category could
  • 00:11:53
    include euphausids
  • 00:11:54
    heteropods jellyfish larval fish
  • 00:11:57
    mycids pteropods and solitary selps
  • 00:12:01
    and so what we have an image here on the
  • 00:12:04
    right
  • 00:12:05
    is an example of a pteropod called
  • 00:12:09
    limousina helicena and you can tell
  • 00:12:12
    here that part of its shell actually has
  • 00:12:15
    been
  • 00:12:16
    damaged and this probably occurred when
  • 00:12:18
    it was being collected through the net
  • 00:12:20
    or something and so
  • 00:12:21
    because these shells are very delicate
  • 00:12:24
    and they're not used to
  • 00:12:26
    being handled roughly or being tossed
  • 00:12:28
    around by current
  • 00:12:29
    a strong current because they live at a
  • 00:12:31
    lower depth in the water column
  • 00:12:33
    and but you can see that the shell
  • 00:12:35
    should have extended a little bit
  • 00:12:36
    further down here
  • 00:12:38
    but this is a nice example of what a
  • 00:12:40
    macro zooplankton
  • 00:12:41
    might look like and so then lastly
  • 00:12:44
    we'll go to our mega zooplankton
  • 00:12:48
    they are pretty much organisms that are
  • 00:12:51
    greater than
  • 00:12:52
    200 millimeters and that can include
  • 00:12:54
    jellyfish and colonial salps
  • 00:12:57
    and in this image here we have a good
  • 00:13:00
    example which is called the portuguese
  • 00:13:01
    manowar
  • 00:13:03
    which is probably a very popular image
  • 00:13:07
    or
  • 00:13:07
    organisms that we have probably seen in
  • 00:13:09
    textbooks or on tv and such
  • 00:13:12
    and then another example that we have
  • 00:13:15
    are
  • 00:13:16
    the wind um i'm sorry by
  • 00:13:20
    the wind sailor or vilella velola
  • 00:13:23
    and these i have seen wash up ashore
  • 00:13:26
    in san diego and um
  • 00:13:30
    and they've washed up by the tens of
  • 00:13:33
    thousands and when they dry up they just
  • 00:13:35
    look like little
  • 00:13:35
    pieces of blue plastic wrap
  • 00:13:39
    and they just kind of fly away with the
  • 00:13:41
    breeze when they dry
  • 00:13:42
    up and so but they wash ashore because
  • 00:13:46
    they
  • 00:13:47
    use this part of their
  • 00:13:52
    body like a sail and are propelled along
  • 00:13:55
    the top of the ocean
  • 00:13:57
    or the surface ocean from the wind or by
  • 00:14:00
    the wind and so
  • 00:14:01
    when they wash up ashore they can't help
  • 00:14:04
    it and
  • 00:14:04
    they just eventually dry up but these
  • 00:14:07
    are also good examples of types of
  • 00:14:09
    megazooplankton
  • 00:14:14
    right so there are many species of
  • 00:14:17
    zooplankton
  • 00:14:18
    that live in the euphodic or
  • 00:14:22
    on this diagram we have the photic zone
  • 00:14:25
    of the ocean
  • 00:14:26
    and so what that means is that they live
  • 00:14:28
    at depths at which
  • 00:14:30
    sunlight can penetrate and feeding on
  • 00:14:33
    phytoplankton and phytoplankton are
  • 00:14:35
    restricted to a specific part of the
  • 00:14:38
    ocean
  • 00:14:39
    because they photosynthesize and in
  • 00:14:41
    order to photosynthesize they need
  • 00:14:43
    sunlight
  • 00:14:44
    and so in the photic zone
  • 00:14:47
    we see that that zone
  • 00:14:51
    is not very deep we're looking at
  • 00:14:54
    just right here excuse me
  • 00:14:58
    and in the marine ecosystem um the
  • 00:15:02
    photic zone can range in
  • 00:15:05
    um in depth between maybe roughly 30
  • 00:15:08
    meters
  • 00:15:09
    when you're looking more coastal or
  • 00:15:11
    inland
  • 00:15:12
    or when you are further out in the ocean
  • 00:15:15
    the photic zone can extend
  • 00:15:17
    between 100 and 200 meters out
  • 00:15:20
    in depth and so
  • 00:15:22
    [Music]
  • 00:15:24
    many different types of zooplankton will
  • 00:15:27
    live and thrive within the photic zone
  • 00:15:30
    however zooplankton do live and exist
  • 00:15:34
    in different parts of the water column
  • 00:15:37
    and not specifically just
  • 00:15:38
    photic zone and what we'll actually
  • 00:15:40
    learn a little bit later
  • 00:15:43
    one of our grad students in the lab that
  • 00:15:45
    i work in are studying
  • 00:15:47
    zooplankton that live and thrive
  • 00:15:50
    in the use my pen again
  • 00:15:53
    and the mesopelagic zone
  • 00:15:57
    and so there are zero painting that live
  • 00:15:58
    down there and so
  • 00:16:01
    when you look at the vertical
  • 00:16:02
    distribution of the zooplankton and
  • 00:16:05
    where they live
  • 00:16:06
    many variables go into play on
  • 00:16:10
    to why they exist at different depths in
  • 00:16:12
    the water column
  • 00:16:13
    and food availability is a key factor
  • 00:16:17
    along with oxygen saturation
  • 00:16:21
    there's another one the amount of light
  • 00:16:24
    sunlight available is another one
  • 00:16:26
    and so in turbulence and nutrients
  • 00:16:30
    the amount of nutrients available or
  • 00:16:32
    others and so there's many different
  • 00:16:34
    reasons why zooplankton will exist at
  • 00:16:37
    various depths
  • 00:16:38
    within the water column and and this is
  • 00:16:41
    a and could be a
  • 00:16:42
    really great lecture to expand on later
  • 00:16:45
    if someone wanted to
  • 00:16:49
    okay so let's talk about taxonomy and
  • 00:16:52
    the different phylums and subphylums of
  • 00:16:54
    zooplankton
  • 00:16:55
    and the next couple of slides i'll talk
  • 00:16:57
    about these different groups and show
  • 00:17:00
    a few examples of what they would look
  • 00:17:02
    like and
  • 00:17:03
    examples of the size that they can reach
  • 00:17:05
    and so the different
  • 00:17:07
    groups that we'll be talking about today
  • 00:17:08
    include
  • 00:17:10
    crustaceans nadarians
  • 00:17:13
    tinoforce aka comb jellies
  • 00:17:16
    urochordates salps and larvaceae
  • 00:17:19
    worms could be arrowworms or polycheats
  • 00:17:22
    pteropods which are planktonic snails
  • 00:17:25
    and protists
  • 00:17:29
    all right so first up our crustaceans
  • 00:17:32
    and crustaceans they have an external
  • 00:17:36
    chitin skeleton
  • 00:17:37
    and uh the word chitin might be familiar
  • 00:17:39
    for some of you who are
  • 00:17:41
    bug enthusiasts because insects
  • 00:17:44
    use chitin to create the exoskeleton
  • 00:17:46
    that they need in order to protect
  • 00:17:49
    the insides um and then crustaceans also
  • 00:17:52
    have segmentation that runs along their
  • 00:17:54
    body
  • 00:17:55
    the image here on the right you can see
  • 00:17:57
    uh really nicely the segmentation along
  • 00:17:59
    the
  • 00:18:00
    the tail and the segmentation allows for
  • 00:18:03
    the copepods and krill
  • 00:18:05
    [Music]
  • 00:18:07
    amphipods people to bend and move around
  • 00:18:09
    in the water
  • 00:18:11
    they also consist of paired jointed
  • 00:18:13
    appendages so the legs and then 10a
  • 00:18:16
    and along with the antennae are
  • 00:18:18
    mandibles and maxillae that
  • 00:18:20
    are part of the head appendages so the
  • 00:18:23
    maxillae they serve
  • 00:18:24
    to transport food to the mandible
  • 00:18:28
    but also assist in the filtration
  • 00:18:32
    water filtration and sometimes also play
  • 00:18:35
    a role in cleaning and grooming
  • 00:18:38
    and so crustaceans have a simple naplear
  • 00:18:42
    in some cases compound
  • 00:18:43
    eyes and these eyes help with deter
  • 00:18:47
    sensing where the direction of where the
  • 00:18:50
    sunlight is coming from
  • 00:18:51
    and crustaceans include copepods
  • 00:18:54
    krill and amphipods which are crabs and
  • 00:18:57
    lobsters
  • 00:19:00
    next so one group
  • 00:19:03
    of crustaceans we'll look at are
  • 00:19:05
    copepods and
  • 00:19:07
    they are the largest group of
  • 00:19:08
    crustaceans in the zooplankton world
  • 00:19:11
    and their range of size is around less
  • 00:19:14
    than a millimeter to around a few
  • 00:19:16
    millimeters long and so
  • 00:19:18
    planktonic forms belong to the order of
  • 00:19:21
    callanoida which i
  • 00:19:22
    see very often in the samples that i
  • 00:19:24
    scan they have a long pair
  • 00:19:26
    of antennae which you can see on the
  • 00:19:28
    image here and they're very beautiful
  • 00:19:30
    they swim mainly with the aid of five
  • 00:19:32
    pairs of thoracic appendages
  • 00:19:35
    and they lack compound eyes and so they
  • 00:19:38
    actually have medial noplear eyes and so
  • 00:19:40
    what this means if you look here
  • 00:19:43
    this is a good example and the medial
  • 00:19:47
    nocular eyes
  • 00:19:49
    are a simple type of eye that consists
  • 00:19:53
    of three photoreceptor units and
  • 00:19:56
    these units help the copepod be able to
  • 00:19:59
    tell the direction of where the light is
  • 00:20:00
    coming from so again
  • 00:20:01
    sunlight and they feed on phytoplankton
  • 00:20:06
    or smaller zooplankton depending on the
  • 00:20:08
    species but
  • 00:20:09
    from what we knew about their diet
  • 00:20:10
    earlier they could be omnivorous
  • 00:20:12
    herbivorous or carnivorous
  • 00:20:18
    and then next group are krill
  • 00:20:21
    and so krill are shrimp like we probably
  • 00:20:23
    have seen these
  • 00:20:24
    a lot and if you've seen any nature
  • 00:20:26
    documentaries or like planet earth and
  • 00:20:28
    stuff you've probably seen those
  • 00:20:30
    giant swarms of krill in the ocean and
  • 00:20:34
    the
  • 00:20:34
    majestic baleen whale jumping through
  • 00:20:37
    swimming through the ocean to gobble up
  • 00:20:39
    all of the krill right so
  • 00:20:41
    krill are very important food source for
  • 00:20:44
    many animals in the ocean
  • 00:20:46
    and they are abundant in antarctic and
  • 00:20:48
    an upwelling region so this is
  • 00:20:50
    also a main reason why many large
  • 00:20:53
    marine animals will migrate to the
  • 00:20:56
    antarctic
  • 00:20:58
    or or to colder regions because they're
  • 00:21:00
    looking for this krill to eat
  • 00:21:02
    and so again they're the main food of
  • 00:21:04
    baleen wheels and the antarctic
  • 00:21:06
    krill feed on phytoplankton and other
  • 00:21:09
    types of zooplankton
  • 00:21:10
    and they feed by means of a group of
  • 00:21:13
    appendages
  • 00:21:14
    that form a basket and so these
  • 00:21:17
    appendages
  • 00:21:18
    will help them move and filter water
  • 00:21:22
    towards their mandibles so that
  • 00:21:24
    they can quickly feed in a small
  • 00:21:28
    small space around them versus having to
  • 00:21:31
    venture out far swim further to find
  • 00:21:33
    their prey they just
  • 00:21:34
    kind of swoop in and draw the water in
  • 00:21:37
    and filter
  • 00:21:38
    and draw the water into their mandibles
  • 00:21:41
    to feed
  • 00:21:45
    okay so what i wanted to show you
  • 00:21:47
    quickly was a video
  • 00:21:48
    of a particular type of copepod it's
  • 00:21:51
    called metridia
  • 00:21:52
    longa and in this video what's happening
  • 00:21:55
    is that and it's a slow-mo which is good
  • 00:21:58
    because you really get to see
  • 00:21:59
    it in action it detects the
  • 00:22:02
    phytoplankton
  • 00:22:03
    and you should see it coming up just
  • 00:22:05
    right here so what happens after it
  • 00:22:07
    detects the phytoplankton is that it
  • 00:22:09
    triggers what's called
  • 00:22:10
    a an attack response and so
  • 00:22:13
    the copepod what it's going to do is it
  • 00:22:16
    creates a
  • 00:22:17
    section to draw in you can see it's
  • 00:22:19
    using
  • 00:22:20
    all of its appendages to draw in water
  • 00:22:22
    and phytoplankton
  • 00:22:24
    um in its mouth to feed and so a single
  • 00:22:27
    copepod can consume up to three
  • 00:22:30
    373 000 phytoplanktons per day
  • 00:22:34
    and they generally have to clear the
  • 00:22:36
    equivalent to about
  • 00:22:37
    a million times their own body volume of
  • 00:22:40
    water every day
  • 00:22:41
    to cover just their nutritional needs
  • 00:22:45
    and when you think about how much time
  • 00:22:46
    that takes and
  • 00:22:48
    what that process would look like it is
  • 00:22:51
    pretty
  • 00:22:52
    pretty crazy um just imagining how
  • 00:22:55
    humans would have to sustain themselves
  • 00:22:56
    we had to do that would be a lot of food
  • 00:22:59
    and so copepod spent a lot of their time
  • 00:23:02
    feeding and trying to find food and so
  • 00:23:05
    they
  • 00:23:06
    um because they are drifters and they
  • 00:23:10
    are not able to
  • 00:23:12
    move around say like a fish one or to
  • 00:23:14
    find its food it has to really utilize
  • 00:23:17
    um immediately what's surrounding them
  • 00:23:20
    and so
  • 00:23:21
    any advantage to be able to detect
  • 00:23:25
    phytoplankton or other types of
  • 00:23:26
    zooplankton
  • 00:23:27
    and quickly grab and eat them it would
  • 00:23:30
    be advantageous to their survival
  • 00:23:35
    all right nigerian so cnidarians
  • 00:23:39
    are there are more than 9000 living
  • 00:23:42
    species
  • 00:23:43
    in this group and they inhabit all
  • 00:23:47
    marine
  • 00:23:47
    in some freshwater environments and
  • 00:23:51
    these organisms are most abundant though
  • 00:23:53
    and diverse you'll see a lot of
  • 00:23:55
    diversity in tropical waters
  • 00:23:58
    and uh cnidarians are
  • 00:24:01
    radially symmetrical so similar parts
  • 00:24:04
    are arranged
  • 00:24:05
    symmetrically around a central disk
  • 00:24:09
    and they lack cephalization or like a
  • 00:24:13
    concentration of
  • 00:24:14
    sensory organs in the head
  • 00:24:17
    we would say maybe like the bell of like
  • 00:24:19
    a jellyfish for example
  • 00:24:21
    and with cnidarians their bodies have
  • 00:24:24
    two cell layers rather than three
  • 00:24:27
    and all cnidarians have what's called
  • 00:24:30
    pneumaticists
  • 00:24:31
    which are long thin coiled stingers
  • 00:24:34
    almost like barbs
  • 00:24:35
    and they can these barbs inject
  • 00:24:39
    uh their prey or some susp
  • 00:24:43
    you know helpless swimmer surfer with uh
  • 00:24:46
    with venom
  • 00:24:47
    and so these tiny darts are propelled
  • 00:24:50
    out of a
  • 00:24:51
    special cell and they're used to attack
  • 00:24:54
    or defend itself from animals other than
  • 00:24:56
    itself or
  • 00:24:57
    to catch its next dinner and so
  • 00:25:00
    nidarians can be broken down into
  • 00:25:02
    four major groups um anthrozoa which
  • 00:25:06
    includes
  • 00:25:06
    true corals anemones and sea pens
  • 00:25:10
    you have cubizoa the amazing box
  • 00:25:12
    jellyfish r1
  • 00:25:14
    or box jellies excuse me and
  • 00:25:18
    next you have hydrozoa they're the most
  • 00:25:20
    diverse group
  • 00:25:21
    within siphonophores hydroids
  • 00:25:24
    fire corals and many different types of
  • 00:25:27
    medusae
  • 00:25:28
    and then you have the cyphozoas or the
  • 00:25:30
    true
  • 00:25:31
    jellyfish and many nadarians
  • 00:25:35
    are mostly carnivorous and again they
  • 00:25:38
    use somaticists
  • 00:25:39
    or stinging cells to catch and grab
  • 00:25:41
    their prey
  • 00:25:42
    and these are probably some of the most
  • 00:25:47
    familiar for a lot of people when they
  • 00:25:49
    think of
  • 00:25:50
    the ocean or visiting the aquarium
  • 00:25:52
    they'll think oh i want to see the
  • 00:25:53
    jellyfish i want to see the jellyfish
  • 00:25:55
    and so
  • 00:25:56
    a lot of us have experience at least
  • 00:25:59
    visiting and seeing these in aquariums
  • 00:26:00
    and maybe some of us have experienced
  • 00:26:02
    being stung by a couple of these guys
  • 00:26:07
    so tina fours um
  • 00:26:10
    they are boop micro carnivores they like
  • 00:26:14
    to feed on smaller zooplankton and
  • 00:26:16
    platonic eggs
  • 00:26:18
    and invertebrate larvae they have eight
  • 00:26:20
    rows of
  • 00:26:22
    meridianal plates and some have two long
  • 00:26:25
    tentacles
  • 00:26:26
    and so these comb rows are few cilia
  • 00:26:29
    they're arranged along the sides
  • 00:26:31
    again of the tin of four and they're
  • 00:26:32
    clearly visible like we can see in the
  • 00:26:34
    image
  • 00:26:35
    on the right and the cilia they beat
  • 00:26:38
    together
  • 00:26:39
    and in unison and propel it helps propel
  • 00:26:42
    the tenoform in the water and
  • 00:26:45
    some species of tina four will actually
  • 00:26:48
    move with a flapping motion um
  • 00:26:51
    or like undulations of the body and
  • 00:26:55
    um yes many times many tina fours can
  • 00:26:58
    have
  • 00:26:58
    two long tentacles um on their body but
  • 00:27:02
    some also just lack tentacles completely
  • 00:27:05
    and unlike nedarians which have
  • 00:27:10
    stinging cells or neuromaticists
  • 00:27:13
    the tinophores do not instead they
  • 00:27:16
    possess sticky cells called coloblasts
  • 00:27:20
    to catch
  • 00:27:20
    and to hold on to their prey
  • 00:27:23
    and one of the most interesting
  • 00:27:28
    things about tinofors is that they have
  • 00:27:31
    they're able to um produce the slice
  • 00:27:35
    light scattering effect by beating the
  • 00:27:38
    eight rows of cilia
  • 00:27:39
    on their body and this when used when
  • 00:27:42
    they when you see the cilia moving it
  • 00:27:44
    appears like it almost like um a rainbow
  • 00:27:47
    a transition of color and it's really
  • 00:27:49
    beautiful and i
  • 00:27:50
    um i'll show you in the next slide a
  • 00:27:52
    video of this
  • 00:27:54
    and um and most people
  • 00:27:57
    assume that with ptenophores that um
  • 00:28:00
    bioluminescence is also the same rainbow
  • 00:28:03
    effect
  • 00:28:04
    that you might see but actually the
  • 00:28:06
    colors that you will
  • 00:28:07
    typically see with bioluminescence um
  • 00:28:10
    would be
  • 00:28:11
    green and blue and so
  • 00:28:14
    not all latinophores can
  • 00:28:17
    produce bioluminescence but
  • 00:28:21
    when you do see bioluminescence
  • 00:28:23
    occurring antenna force
  • 00:28:24
    it can only occur in
  • 00:28:28
    pitch black or in darkness and so
  • 00:28:32
    let's see here in the next video i just
  • 00:28:34
    want to show
  • 00:28:36
    a good example of what the tinoforms
  • 00:28:39
    look like
  • 00:28:39
    when they are beating the cilia and you
  • 00:28:42
    can see this rainbow
  • 00:28:44
    color effect happening here um
  • 00:28:47
    yes you can see it running all along
  • 00:28:49
    down here on this one
  • 00:28:51
    i'm gonna see if i can ah yes there we
  • 00:28:54
    go and you get a much better up close
  • 00:28:55
    look on what that process looks like
  • 00:28:58
    and when you see these up close
  • 00:29:03
    they are moving so quickly and they look
  • 00:29:06
    very beautiful
  • 00:29:08
    in their environment and in most
  • 00:29:11
    aquariums when they're trying to display
  • 00:29:13
    tina forest they
  • 00:29:15
    will try to display them in a darker
  • 00:29:18
    tank or
  • 00:29:18
    tank that has less light so that you
  • 00:29:20
    really can see the different colors
  • 00:29:22
    that are on the tinoforce so this is a
  • 00:29:26
    nice video to showcase and highlight
  • 00:29:38
    that
  • 00:31:19
    all right so up next we have
  • 00:31:20
    urochordates which will include
  • 00:31:22
    salps and la rossier
  • 00:31:27
    click and so
  • 00:31:30
    salps they're typically barrel-like in
  • 00:31:33
    form and they are filter-filled feeders
  • 00:31:36
    excuse me and they move
  • 00:31:38
    by contracting or pumping water through
  • 00:31:41
    their body
  • 00:31:42
    so in order to propel them through the
  • 00:31:44
    water
  • 00:31:45
    and they can be seen typically at the
  • 00:31:47
    surface
  • 00:31:48
    as a single self or you can see them in
  • 00:31:50
    these
  • 00:31:51
    massive massive colonies and so their
  • 00:31:55
    most abundant concentrations can of
  • 00:31:58
    are typically found within the southern
  • 00:32:00
    ocean near antarctica
  • 00:32:02
    and we've seen a lot of these salps of
  • 00:32:05
    salps
  • 00:32:06
    in our samples within the last couple of
  • 00:32:08
    years and
  • 00:32:10
    this is noteworthy because typically we
  • 00:32:12
    don't see
  • 00:32:13
    salps this far north especially along
  • 00:32:17
    in san diego or near san diego and so
  • 00:32:21
    there's been a lot of interest recently
  • 00:32:23
    on
  • 00:32:24
    why this is and how this will affect
  • 00:32:28
    local zooplankton populations
  • 00:32:32
    in the future and so next
  • 00:32:35
    we have larvacier and so they are
  • 00:32:38
    from the group chordata and they live in
  • 00:32:41
    gelatinous balloons
  • 00:32:43
    or what we call houses and um
  • 00:32:47
    the larvae can also be called
  • 00:32:49
    appendicularians and
  • 00:32:51
    they will periodically leave or abandon
  • 00:32:55
    their house in order to feed
  • 00:32:57
    and so they are mostly transparent
  • 00:33:02
    and they are filter feeders and they do
  • 00:33:05
    eat
  • 00:33:06
    other types of plankton or zooplankton
  • 00:33:09
    and
  • 00:33:10
    so the house portion of where
  • 00:33:14
    of the appendicular like appendicular
  • 00:33:17
    excuse me or larcier
  • 00:33:19
    is characterized by two openings and
  • 00:33:21
    they're located on
  • 00:33:23
    opposite ends of the structure of the
  • 00:33:26
    house
  • 00:33:26
    and they enclose the trunk and the body
  • 00:33:29
    and so
  • 00:33:30
    with the lavarcian they can propel the
  • 00:33:33
    house
  • 00:33:34
    forward through the water by beating its
  • 00:33:38
    tail and by beating its tail it produces
  • 00:33:42
    a current that pretty much pulls the
  • 00:33:45
    water through
  • 00:33:46
    and then forward or through the opening
  • 00:33:49
    excuse me of the house
  • 00:33:50
    and then it pushes the water back out
  • 00:33:53
    through
  • 00:33:54
    the back end of the house and so what
  • 00:33:57
    this does it
  • 00:33:57
    allows for the microscopic food
  • 00:34:01
    particles
  • 00:34:03
    to pass through and become captured
  • 00:34:06
    and then it allows for the levarcian to
  • 00:34:10
    eat and then move on and basically what
  • 00:34:14
    happens is that
  • 00:34:15
    these organisms will consistently
  • 00:34:19
    create and abandon houses several times
  • 00:34:22
    each day
  • 00:34:22
    and this is important because these
  • 00:34:25
    empty houses
  • 00:34:27
    provide valuable carbon source for
  • 00:34:29
    oceans and to help
  • 00:34:31
    produce marine snow that other types of
  • 00:34:34
    zooplankton
  • 00:34:35
    at lower depths in the um
  • 00:34:38
    in the water column feed on for their
  • 00:34:41
    source
  • 00:34:41
    of food and nutrition so these lavarcies
  • 00:34:46
    are
  • 00:34:46
    pretty cool and not much footage
  • 00:34:50
    is recorded on their feeding behavior so
  • 00:34:52
    it's always really neat
  • 00:34:53
    when we do have that footage to observe
  • 00:34:55
    how they
  • 00:34:57
    react in their natural environment for
  • 00:35:02
    this next slide we're going to be
  • 00:35:03
    talking about worms which will include
  • 00:35:05
    ketignaths and
  • 00:35:06
    polykeats and so with ketignatz
  • 00:35:10
    um this image by the way is so cool um
  • 00:35:13
    they are also known as arrow worms
  • 00:35:16
    and they can be found in open waters of
  • 00:35:20
    pretty much every ocean
  • 00:35:21
    and they range from around 0.2 to 12
  • 00:35:24
    centimeters in length
  • 00:35:26
    and they have a slender transparent body
  • 00:35:28
    with one or two pairs of fins
  • 00:35:32
    and so their head is rounded as you can
  • 00:35:34
    see in this picture
  • 00:35:35
    and armed with on each side a group of
  • 00:35:38
    grasping spines
  • 00:35:40
    and they use these spines to hunt
  • 00:35:43
    primarily on
  • 00:35:44
    copepods and so they rely on
  • 00:35:47
    the tufts of these tiny hairs and you
  • 00:35:49
    can kind of see it in this picture here
  • 00:35:51
    on their head to recognize the
  • 00:35:53
    vibrations produced by
  • 00:35:55
    by their prey and so what the ketignaths
  • 00:35:58
    will do
  • 00:36:00
    is they'll use this the hairs and
  • 00:36:03
    and actually snatch up the prey and they
  • 00:36:07
    like i said primarily feed on copepods
  • 00:36:09
    but they will also eat amphipods and
  • 00:36:12
    ostracods and other or types of worms
  • 00:36:15
    like polyketes
  • 00:36:16
    and other types of planktonic tunicates
  • 00:36:18
    as well and sometimes too
  • 00:36:20
    fish larvae and what's really cool about
  • 00:36:23
    this image is that you can see their
  • 00:36:24
    teeth and they use
  • 00:36:27
    their teeth to also capture their prey
  • 00:36:30
    and what's really interesting about
  • 00:36:35
    keating gnats excuse me is that
  • 00:36:39
    even when i i have seen these um in my
  • 00:36:42
    samples you can
  • 00:36:44
    so easily see their the head
  • 00:36:48
    and the spines and the and the jaw
  • 00:36:50
    pretty much of these keating nets and
  • 00:36:53
    they truly look like carnivorous
  • 00:36:56
    zooplankton
  • 00:36:57
    and they're ready to eat other types of
  • 00:36:58
    zooplankton
  • 00:37:01
    and then the next types of worm again
  • 00:37:03
    are polychaetes
  • 00:37:05
    and these guys are segmented worms and
  • 00:37:07
    they're among the most common marine
  • 00:37:09
    organisms that we can find out there
  • 00:37:12
    and they can be found living in depths
  • 00:37:14
    of the ocean
  • 00:37:15
    or you can find them near the surface
  • 00:37:17
    and a lot of the time
  • 00:37:18
    if you went tide pooling or out on the
  • 00:37:21
    mud flats you
  • 00:37:22
    would see them burying their bodies into
  • 00:37:25
    the sand or mud
  • 00:37:26
    at the beach and they usually have a
  • 00:37:28
    well-developed head
  • 00:37:30
    and often have are complete with
  • 00:37:32
    well-developed eyes
  • 00:37:33
    antennae and sensory palps because a lot
  • 00:37:36
    of the times
  • 00:37:38
    these polykeds can be out of the water
  • 00:37:40
    as well so they need to have
  • 00:37:42
    more developed organs and sensor or
  • 00:37:46
    sensory organs to
  • 00:37:47
    be able to detect light and oxygen
  • 00:37:50
    when they're out of the water
  • 00:37:55
    alright so pteropods or planktonic
  • 00:37:59
    snails
  • 00:38:00
    they are specialized free-swimming
  • 00:38:02
    pelagic sea snails
  • 00:38:04
    and slugs and they are characterized by
  • 00:38:08
    a foot that has been modified to form
  • 00:38:11
    a pair of wing-like flaps
  • 00:38:15
    or parapodia that allow them to actually
  • 00:38:18
    swim
  • 00:38:19
    within the water column and they can
  • 00:38:21
    actually be quite graceful when we find
  • 00:38:23
    them out
  • 00:38:25
    in the ocean and most live in the top 10
  • 00:38:28
    meters of the ocean
  • 00:38:30
    and they're pretty small so they're less
  • 00:38:32
    than about a centimeter in length
  • 00:38:34
    and pteropods include two different
  • 00:38:37
    groups
  • 00:38:38
    uh thico samada or the sea butterflies
  • 00:38:41
    or
  • 00:38:42
    not sure if i'm pronouncing this right
  • 00:38:44
    uh gymnosomata the sea angels
  • 00:38:47
    and um dico samada
  • 00:38:51
    they are the sea butterflies they
  • 00:38:53
    produce a
  • 00:38:54
    net of sticky mucus to passively collect
  • 00:38:58
    and eat marine snow
  • 00:39:00
    and so this is a great method to
  • 00:39:03
    maximize the amount of energy that
  • 00:39:05
    you're using
  • 00:39:06
    by creating just like a big
  • 00:39:10
    net to do the work for you versus trying
  • 00:39:12
    to actively go out and hunt
  • 00:39:14
    whereas with gymnosomata they do the
  • 00:39:17
    opposite and they
  • 00:39:18
    are active predators and they will go
  • 00:39:21
    out
  • 00:39:21
    and snatch up prey um
  • 00:39:25
    using these appendages that
  • 00:39:28
    look like almost like a jaw
  • 00:39:31
    of some sort and they will pull the
  • 00:39:35
    pry into their mouth to feed and so two
  • 00:39:37
    different types
  • 00:39:38
    of pteropods but
  • 00:39:42
    two very different methods for finding
  • 00:39:44
    their food
  • 00:39:47
    all right so last of the taxonomic
  • 00:39:50
    groups that we're going to cover today
  • 00:39:51
    are protists and with protists they
  • 00:39:57
    are not easily categorized and so
  • 00:40:01
    they're single-celled
  • 00:40:02
    or multicellular eukaryotic organisms
  • 00:40:05
    and
  • 00:40:06
    again like i said they can't be
  • 00:40:07
    classified strictly as
  • 00:40:09
    either a plant or an animal or a fungi
  • 00:40:12
    so
  • 00:40:13
    they don't easily fall into a single
  • 00:40:15
    taxonomic group for that reason
  • 00:40:17
    and they can be found anywhere
  • 00:40:19
    containing liquid water so
  • 00:40:21
    oceans or or some freshwater bodies as
  • 00:40:24
    well
  • 00:40:25
    um and in the oceans they exist as uh
  • 00:40:28
    types of plankton and so what we're
  • 00:40:30
    going to cover with protists today
  • 00:40:32
    is talk about three phylums in
  • 00:40:34
    particular
  • 00:40:36
    um within protista that are animal-like
  • 00:40:40
    and then that they're heterotrophic and
  • 00:40:42
    get their food
  • 00:40:43
    by consuming other types of organisms
  • 00:40:48
    and so the first one is forams or
  • 00:40:50
    foraminifera
  • 00:40:52
    and so they secrete a skeleton of
  • 00:40:54
    calcium carbonate
  • 00:40:56
    and their designs can be quite beautiful
  • 00:40:59
    and symmetrical
  • 00:41:00
    and they're common in
  • 00:41:03
    attack a common type of plankton excuse
  • 00:41:06
    me
  • 00:41:06
    and a relative of the amoeba and they
  • 00:41:08
    can range
  • 00:41:10
    from 30 micrometers to a few millimeters
  • 00:41:13
    in size so you could you can see some of
  • 00:41:15
    them with the naked eye
  • 00:41:17
    and they have pseudopodia
  • 00:41:21
    that stream from their body wall and
  • 00:41:23
    that helps them to trap food particles
  • 00:41:26
    and so they're usually bacteriopores
  • 00:41:29
    or sometimes they could be
  • 00:41:31
    photosymbiotic and so
  • 00:41:34
    this is just another way that they're
  • 00:41:36
    able to
  • 00:41:38
    sustain themselves and then they are
  • 00:41:40
    able to
  • 00:41:41
    form deep into the sediment
  • 00:41:44
    typically along the sea floor
  • 00:41:49
    and then next we have radiolaria and
  • 00:41:52
    these two
  • 00:41:53
    also secrete a skeleton but this one
  • 00:41:55
    made out of silica
  • 00:41:56
    and sometimes the designs can be quite
  • 00:41:59
    ornate as you can see in this image here
  • 00:42:02
    and they occur either singularly
  • 00:42:05
    or in colonies depending on the type of
  • 00:42:07
    species
  • 00:42:08
    and these are also a common type of
  • 00:42:10
    plankton that can range in size from 50
  • 00:42:13
    micrometers to a few millimeters
  • 00:42:17
    and some of the radiolarians that i've
  • 00:42:19
    seen in samples i could definitely see
  • 00:42:21
    just with the naked eye and they have a
  • 00:42:24
    membrane of pseudocytin that separates
  • 00:42:26
    the interior cell
  • 00:42:28
    from the exterior cytoplasm and they
  • 00:42:31
    also form sediment deep within
  • 00:42:35
    or form sediment deep and deep sea from
  • 00:42:38
    skeletons
  • 00:42:42
    and then lastly we have ciliates and so
  • 00:42:44
    ciliates are common types of plankton
  • 00:42:46
    that feed on bacteria
  • 00:42:48
    and other types of smaller phytoplankton
  • 00:42:52
    and so this sometimes makes them
  • 00:42:53
    mixotropic and
  • 00:42:55
    they can they have more of an alarm like
  • 00:42:58
    a long
  • 00:42:59
    get body structure and they range in
  • 00:43:02
    size from about 50 micrometers
  • 00:43:04
    to over a millimeter in length
  • 00:43:07
    and they can be covered in rows of cilia
  • 00:43:11
    like you can see in this image here and
  • 00:43:14
    so protists again
  • 00:43:15
    are very unique in that they're not
  • 00:43:18
    easily
  • 00:43:19
    confined to a particular category and so
  • 00:43:22
    we're learning
  • 00:43:23
    constantly learning new things about
  • 00:43:24
    protists and so our information
  • 00:43:28
    can quickly change from year to year
  • 00:43:30
    depending on what
  • 00:43:32
    new discoveries are found about about
  • 00:43:34
    protists
  • 00:43:38
    so i want to briefly talk about deal
  • 00:43:40
    vertical
  • 00:43:41
    migration and its importance in why
  • 00:43:44
    zooplankton do this and how it affects
  • 00:43:49
    community or coastal communities and
  • 00:43:51
    also
  • 00:43:52
    communities at lower depths in the water
  • 00:43:54
    column and so
  • 00:43:56
    deal vertical migration to define it is
  • 00:43:58
    synchronized movement of zooplankton
  • 00:44:00
    that move
  • 00:44:01
    up and down the water column over a
  • 00:44:03
    daily cycle
  • 00:44:04
    and a lot of people think that this may
  • 00:44:07
    be the largest
  • 00:44:08
    natural daily movement of biomass on our
  • 00:44:11
    planet
  • 00:44:12
    and to show what this looks like
  • 00:44:15
    here i have an image of
  • 00:44:19
    a ecosounder images that were collected
  • 00:44:24
    using a zooplankton acoustic profiler
  • 00:44:27
    and this is a type of active sonar
  • 00:44:29
    system that
  • 00:44:30
    both transmits and receives acoustic or
  • 00:44:33
    sound signals
  • 00:44:34
    underwater and by doing this we can
  • 00:44:37
    actually kind of visualize
  • 00:44:40
    aggregations of of whatever actually
  • 00:44:43
    really is
  • 00:44:46
    is sitting in the water at depth and so
  • 00:44:49
    what we
  • 00:44:50
    see here if we look at the surface
  • 00:44:55
    everything is nice and labeled so we
  • 00:44:56
    have surface and then
  • 00:44:58
    down below over and between 70 and 90
  • 00:45:01
    meters
  • 00:45:02
    we have an aggregation of zooplankton at
  • 00:45:05
    what looks like
  • 00:45:06
    probably around
  • 00:45:09
    12 a.m or so and as we get towards
  • 00:45:14
    near dawn we see that the aggregations
  • 00:45:16
    of zooplankton start
  • 00:45:18
    to move up in the water column so the
  • 00:45:20
    trigger
  • 00:45:21
    as to why this is occurring
  • 00:45:25
    can be a change in light intensity which
  • 00:45:28
    is probably the most likely trigger for
  • 00:45:30
    deal vertical migration and and then
  • 00:45:33
    also changes in depth are associated
  • 00:45:36
    with
  • 00:45:37
    could be associated with cloud cover or
  • 00:45:39
    eclipses phases of the moon
  • 00:45:42
    all these fluctuations in light
  • 00:45:44
    basically intensity so
  • 00:45:46
    like light plays a significant role in
  • 00:45:50
    how zooplankton travel up and down the
  • 00:45:52
    water column
  • 00:45:53
    and as you can see over a period of
  • 00:45:55
    about 12 hours
  • 00:45:56
    the zooplankton are near surface
  • 00:46:00
    most likely feeding on phytoplankton and
  • 00:46:02
    then
  • 00:46:03
    as the sunlight dissipates over the
  • 00:46:06
    evening
  • 00:46:07
    or the afternoon the aggregation of
  • 00:46:09
    zooplankton
  • 00:46:10
    go back down to depth and reside there
  • 00:46:13
    throughout the night
  • 00:46:14
    and then starting the cycle over the
  • 00:46:16
    next day
  • 00:46:19
    so there's different types of deal
  • 00:46:21
    vertical migrations
  • 00:46:23
    there's nocturnal one period of maximum
  • 00:46:25
    biomass and surface waters at night
  • 00:46:28
    there are twilight were two periods of
  • 00:46:31
    maximum biomass in surface waters
  • 00:46:34
    at dawn and at dusk and then there's
  • 00:46:37
    reverse
  • 00:46:38
    dvm which is one period of maximum
  • 00:46:40
    biomass and surface waters
  • 00:46:43
    during the daylight
  • 00:46:46
    and so with deal vertical migration
  • 00:46:51
    the range of what this occurs at could
  • 00:46:53
    be between a few centimeters or more
  • 00:46:55
    than 25 meters and what we could see in
  • 00:46:57
    the previous image is that it definitely
  • 00:46:59
    was
  • 00:47:00
    in a much larger range and some of the
  • 00:47:04
    reasons why zooplankton might
  • 00:47:08
    crack or perform deal vertical migration
  • 00:47:10
    is to
  • 00:47:11
    perhaps reduce predation by fish and
  • 00:47:13
    other predators that require
  • 00:47:14
    sight or i'm sorry require light so
  • 00:47:17
    there's sight feeders so
  • 00:47:18
    the zooplankton will stay at depth
  • 00:47:20
    during during the day to avoid predation
  • 00:47:23
    other reasons could include maximizing
  • 00:47:25
    growth efficiency
  • 00:47:27
    reducing inter-specific and
  • 00:47:29
    intra-specific competition and grazing
  • 00:47:32
    and dvm plays a large role in the active
  • 00:47:35
    transport
  • 00:47:36
    of dissolved organic matter to depth so
  • 00:47:39
    we're talking about the biological pump
  • 00:47:42
    and what that is is that it's the
  • 00:47:43
    conversion of co2
  • 00:47:45
    and inorganic nutrients by phytoplankton
  • 00:47:48
    during photosynthesis
  • 00:47:49
    as well as a cycling of calcium
  • 00:47:51
    carbonate so when zooplankton
  • 00:47:54
    are going up and down the water column
  • 00:47:56
    they are
  • 00:47:57
    eating the phytoplankton so thus
  • 00:48:00
    ingesting the co2 that has been
  • 00:48:04
    um that has been converted by the
  • 00:48:06
    phytoplankton
  • 00:48:08
    as well as creating fecal
  • 00:48:11
    pellets that drop in the water column
  • 00:48:13
    and all this
  • 00:48:15
    falls down into different depths of the
  • 00:48:18
    water column
  • 00:48:19
    which provide nutrients that other
  • 00:48:21
    marine organisms need in order to
  • 00:48:22
    survive
  • 00:48:23
    and so dvm is pretty important process
  • 00:48:26
    and
  • 00:48:28
    hopefully maybe someone in the future
  • 00:48:30
    would be interested in
  • 00:48:31
    diving deeper no pun intended into
  • 00:48:34
    expanding on why this is
  • 00:48:36
    an important role in our
  • 00:48:40
    ecosystem and why zooplankton are
  • 00:48:43
    encouraged or have adapted to perform
  • 00:48:46
    this
  • 00:48:47
    okay so now that we have covered some
  • 00:48:49
    ground
  • 00:48:50
    on what zooplankton are and getting a
  • 00:48:53
    basic introduction
  • 00:48:56
    now we can start asking some questions
  • 00:48:59
    about
  • 00:48:59
    how can we study zooplankton and for as
  • 00:49:02
    long as
  • 00:49:04
    people have been curious about the
  • 00:49:06
    natural world
  • 00:49:07
    scientists have been trying to answer
  • 00:49:09
    this question
  • 00:49:11
    and different themes that we can start
  • 00:49:13
    to think about
  • 00:49:15
    in terms of how to study zooplankton
  • 00:49:17
    might include
  • 00:49:18
    diversity abundance distribution
  • 00:49:22
    or behaviors and the next couple of
  • 00:49:25
    slides
  • 00:49:26
    we're going to go ahead and dive into
  • 00:49:28
    different examples
  • 00:49:30
    of what current grad students
  • 00:49:34
    and past grad students have worked on to
  • 00:49:38
    better answer how can we study
  • 00:49:42
    zooplankton first up we have
  • 00:49:45
    ben whitmore and he studied zooplankton
  • 00:49:48
    predator prey
  • 00:49:49
    interactions and typically um
  • 00:49:52
    sample collection is done by using
  • 00:49:56
    a large net whether it's a bongo net and
  • 00:49:59
    in this case for
  • 00:50:00
    a lot of samples that ben had looked at
  • 00:50:02
    it was collected by
  • 00:50:03
    using the mach ness and the mach ness
  • 00:50:07
    is a multiple opening closing net an
  • 00:50:09
    environmental sensing system that's
  • 00:50:11
    acronym for muchness
  • 00:50:13
    and it collects zooplankton
  • 00:50:16
    at different depths in the water column
  • 00:50:18
    and then these samples are brought back
  • 00:50:19
    to surface and are preserved
  • 00:50:21
    and so while this is a good way to
  • 00:50:25
    look at the different types of
  • 00:50:27
    zooplankton
  • 00:50:28
    that are at different depths it's not
  • 00:50:31
    the best way to
  • 00:50:33
    observe how far apart organisms are
  • 00:50:36
    and it makes it almost impossible to
  • 00:50:39
    study zooplankton predator prey
  • 00:50:40
    interactions so instead what ben had
  • 00:50:43
    done
  • 00:50:44
    instead of using a net he helped come up
  • 00:50:47
    with the idea of using
  • 00:50:48
    a high resolution camera called the
  • 00:50:50
    zocam
  • 00:50:51
    and that is attached to an unmanned
  • 00:50:54
    submersible that glides
  • 00:50:56
    through the water very slowly about four
  • 00:50:58
    inches per second so this
  • 00:51:00
    is called the zoo glider
  • 00:51:03
    and here we have two different images of
  • 00:51:04
    the zoo glider in action and as you can
  • 00:51:07
    see
  • 00:51:07
    the zocam is attached at the bottom
  • 00:51:11
    here or at the end of the zo the zo
  • 00:51:14
    glider
  • 00:51:15
    and the submersible
  • 00:51:18
    um can stay
  • 00:51:22
    goes on deployments between 14 and 30
  • 00:51:24
    days
  • 00:51:25
    and the types of metadata that are
  • 00:51:26
    collected from the zoe glider
  • 00:51:29
    would include depth and time so that
  • 00:51:31
    allows
  • 00:51:32
    ben to get a better picture or tell more
  • 00:51:35
    accurate
  • 00:51:36
    accurately how far apart the zooplankton
  • 00:51:38
    are
  • 00:51:40
    and so with that metadata when he um
  • 00:51:44
    is able to pull these images from the
  • 00:51:47
    zocam
  • 00:51:48
    he he can see where the
  • 00:51:51
    predator and potential prey are and in a
  • 00:51:54
    much better sense than if we were just
  • 00:51:56
    to collect it with
  • 00:51:58
    with a net and so in this image here we
  • 00:52:01
    see that
  • 00:52:02
    marked in blue are what looks like a
  • 00:52:05
    ketignath perhaps
  • 00:52:07
    and surrounding it in the red circles
  • 00:52:09
    are its potential prey items which
  • 00:52:11
    are most likely different types of
  • 00:52:13
    copepod
  • 00:52:15
    and this is giving us a much better
  • 00:52:18
    picture
  • 00:52:19
    and representation of the amount of prey
  • 00:52:22
    available um in in relation to
  • 00:52:26
    the different types of predators that
  • 00:52:28
    are within the water column
  • 00:52:31
    another benefit of using the zocam
  • 00:52:34
    is that it generates these amazing
  • 00:52:36
    images that have a lot of detail
  • 00:52:38
    and the difference between these images
  • 00:52:41
    and the images i'm going to show you
  • 00:52:42
    with this
  • 00:52:42
    with the zoho scan that i use is that
  • 00:52:46
    the zoe glider is able to capture the
  • 00:52:48
    zooplankton
  • 00:52:50
    in their natural posture which is really
  • 00:52:53
    important so it gives us a better
  • 00:52:55
    idea of what the different zooplankton
  • 00:52:58
    look like naturally
  • 00:52:59
    versus when they're preserved in
  • 00:53:01
    formalin
  • 00:53:04
    so next up we have
  • 00:53:07
    stephanie matthews and she studies
  • 00:53:10
    zooplankton in the mesopelagic part of
  • 00:53:13
    the ocean
  • 00:53:14
    and so here we have stephanie here
  • 00:53:17
    looking at something
  • 00:53:18
    at the microscope very classic
  • 00:53:21
    and so um mesoplagic zooplankton which
  • 00:53:25
    live in the deep ocean between 200
  • 00:53:27
    and 1000 meters are fairly small and are
  • 00:53:30
    affected by ocean currents and so
  • 00:53:32
    they're usually eaten by pelagic fish
  • 00:53:34
    such as tuna
  • 00:53:35
    or mahi mahi and again stephanie also
  • 00:53:39
    uses
  • 00:53:39
    the mach ness to collect samples
  • 00:53:43
    and also with the mach nas data such as
  • 00:53:46
    temperature
  • 00:53:46
    salinity oxygen and fluorescence is also
  • 00:53:49
    gathered
  • 00:53:50
    so what stephanie does is that she uses
  • 00:53:52
    dna sequencing to identify organisms
  • 00:53:55
    present at each location
  • 00:53:57
    and this is important because it can
  • 00:53:59
    help her
  • 00:54:00
    identify the different organisms that
  • 00:54:03
    were
  • 00:54:03
    sampled and stephanie does prefer this
  • 00:54:06
    method over microscopy which i
  • 00:54:09
    i totally understand and dna analysis
  • 00:54:12
    allows her to work with other scientists
  • 00:54:15
    that are doing sample collections in
  • 00:54:17
    different parts of the ocean
  • 00:54:19
    and compare and see what the diversity
  • 00:54:22
    looks like
  • 00:54:24
    and so here we have her looking at
  • 00:54:28
    they're getting the mach ness set up for
  • 00:54:29
    deployment
  • 00:54:31
    and her ultimate goal
  • 00:54:35
    is to map the distribution of
  • 00:54:37
    zooplankton
  • 00:54:38
    um map the distribution of zooplankton
  • 00:54:41
    species in the
  • 00:54:43
    mesopelagic ocean so that she can
  • 00:54:45
    understand
  • 00:54:46
    the what aspects of the environment are
  • 00:54:48
    important
  • 00:54:49
    for the zooplankton survival and so if
  • 00:54:52
    she can create a database
  • 00:54:54
    that includes many different species
  • 00:54:56
    with metal bar coding then she can
  • 00:54:59
    help other researchers as well identify
  • 00:55:01
    the different
  • 00:55:02
    the about abundance and diversity of
  • 00:55:04
    zooplankton in the ocean
  • 00:55:08
    okay so now we're at the part where i
  • 00:55:12
    talk about what i do
  • 00:55:14
    and so i use the zo scan to scan and
  • 00:55:17
    catalog
  • 00:55:20
    organisms that were collected at sea
  • 00:55:23
    using different types of nets
  • 00:55:25
    and so in order to actually get those
  • 00:55:27
    samples i have to go visit lindsay
  • 00:55:29
    down and she's the pelagic invertebrate
  • 00:55:32
    collections manager at scripps
  • 00:55:34
    and i gather my samples from her
  • 00:55:37
    and take him back to the lab and
  • 00:55:38
    basically i what i do with each sample
  • 00:55:40
    is i split the sample based off of size
  • 00:55:43
    and then from there i take an aliquot
  • 00:55:47
    of the different size fractions and put
  • 00:55:50
    the aliquot on the skin
  • 00:55:52
    and disperse it so that none of the
  • 00:55:54
    organisms are touching each other
  • 00:55:56
    and that's important because if the
  • 00:55:58
    organisms are touching each other and
  • 00:56:00
    you go to scan it it'll make it very
  • 00:56:02
    hard for me to
  • 00:56:03
    separate and manually sort the images
  • 00:56:05
    later
  • 00:56:06
    and so as you can see here at the bottom
  • 00:56:08
    these images
  • 00:56:10
    are very detail rich
  • 00:56:13
    and if you were to zoom in on a raw
  • 00:56:16
    image you could really see a lot
  • 00:56:19
    of characteristics in the different
  • 00:56:22
    zooplankton
  • 00:56:23
    and making sure that they're not
  • 00:56:25
    touching it helps
  • 00:56:27
    me better see the different
  • 00:56:29
    characteristics and identifying them
  • 00:56:31
    and the images that are produced using
  • 00:56:33
    the zo scan
  • 00:56:35
    are quite beautiful actually and again
  • 00:56:38
    full of detail
  • 00:56:39
    and they kind of give us a better
  • 00:56:42
    image or a better idea of what some of
  • 00:56:46
    these smaller zooplankton look like
  • 00:56:48
    and sometimes what we might do is we
  • 00:56:50
    compare those skin images with
  • 00:56:52
    images captured from the zoo scan or
  • 00:56:54
    zocam as well
  • 00:56:57
    and so what i want to show you quickly
  • 00:56:58
    is a video uh
  • 00:57:00
    like a very simple time lapse of what i
  • 00:57:02
    do in the lab
  • 00:57:03
    so here's my glamorous face just kidding
  • 00:57:06
    so what we see here
  • 00:57:07
    is just me walking around right using
  • 00:57:09
    the zo
  • 00:57:11
    scan and so i have to use a step stool
  • 00:57:15
    to get up there
  • 00:57:16
    because i am on the shorter side and
  • 00:57:19
    though this is not may not be glamorous
  • 00:57:22
    work
  • 00:57:23
    it is definitely necessary work and so
  • 00:57:26
    by
  • 00:57:27
    scanning images from these different
  • 00:57:30
    samples collected out see we're able to
  • 00:57:31
    get a snapshot
  • 00:57:32
    of the abundance of and diversity of
  • 00:57:36
    different types of
  • 00:57:37
    of zooplankton that are collected
  • 00:57:40
    from different parts along the santa
  • 00:57:42
    barbara basin
  • 00:57:43
    and other parts of the ocean so it's
  • 00:57:47
    it's good work overall
  • 00:57:50
    hey we are near the finish line i'm sure
  • 00:57:54
    you guys are ready to exit out of your
  • 00:57:56
    web browser
  • 00:57:58
    and so before we wrap it up today though
  • 00:58:02
    i just want to encourage everyone to
  • 00:58:04
    please help spread the word about marine
  • 00:58:07
    biology at
  • 00:58:08
    home and if you know someone that would
  • 00:58:11
    like to contribute
  • 00:58:12
    or you know someone that maybe would
  • 00:58:14
    like to expand
  • 00:58:16
    more on a specific topic that they have
  • 00:58:18
    seen
  • 00:58:20
    in our videos here please go ahead
  • 00:58:23
    and send them over to our facebook group
  • 00:58:26
    marine bio at home to get more info
  • 00:58:29
    and to figure out how to contribute like
  • 00:58:32
    that and so
  • 00:58:33
    thank you everyone for your support for
  • 00:58:36
    continuing to stay interested for asking
  • 00:58:39
    questions and being present
  • 00:58:41
    sometimes it can't be easy because given
  • 00:58:44
    the current situation
  • 00:58:45
    a lot of us are stuck at home so let's
  • 00:58:48
    try our best to try
  • 00:58:50
    to stay engaged with one another to
  • 00:58:52
    check in with one another
  • 00:58:53
    and to continue awesome research in the
  • 00:58:57
    sciences
  • 00:58:57
    and to report back and and tell other
  • 00:59:00
    people about what we've learned
  • 00:59:04
    and again thank you to everyone for
  • 00:59:07
    watching this video today
  • 00:59:09
    i hope that it was informative
  • 00:59:12
    enough to generate some interest for
  • 00:59:14
    yourself
  • 00:59:15
    and learn more about zooplankton and the
  • 00:59:18
    oceans
  • 00:59:19
    in general thank you to everyone that
  • 00:59:22
    contributed information for this lecture
  • 00:59:26
    and i hope that everyone has a great and
  • 00:59:29
    fantastic day
  • 00:59:31
    see you later
Tags
  • zooplankton
  • Emma Tovar
  • oceanography
  • marine biology
  • ecological roles
  • taxonomy
  • dietary patterns
  • migration
  • marine ecosystem
  • research methods