Genetic Modification Explained || Insulin-Producing Bacteria

00:04:06
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qausqhqklH0

Ringkasan

TLDRThe video discusses genetic modification, particularly the process of producing human insulin using genetically modified bacteria. It explains how a gene for insulin is inserted into bacterial plasmids, creating recombinant bacteria that can produce insulin. The process involves using restriction enzymes to cut DNA, ligase to join genes, and fermentation tanks to grow the bacteria. This method provides a reliable source of insulin for diabetes treatment, replacing the older method of using animal insulin.

Takeaways

  • 🧬 Genetic modification involves gene transfer between species.
  • 💉 Human insulin is produced using genetically modified bacteria.
  • 🔬 Plasmids are small DNA circles in bacteria used for gene insertion.
  • 🧪 Restriction enzymes cut DNA to create sticky ends for gene insertion.
  • 🔗 Ligase joins the human insulin gene to the plasmid.
  • 🌱 Recombinant bacteria are grown in fermentation tanks to produce insulin.
  • 💊 Insulin is purified and bottled for diabetes treatment.
  • 🐖 Animal insulin is less commonly used now due to genetic engineering advancements.

Garis waktu

  • 00:00:00 - 00:04:06

    The video explains genetic modification, which involves transferring a gene from one species to another, resulting in new characteristics. Examples include creating disease-resistant crops, fluorescent fish, and bacteria that produce human insulin. The focus is on insulin-producing bacteria, highlighting the role of DNA and genes in organisms. Insulin is crucial for regulating blood glucose levels, and diabetes occurs when the body cannot produce or use insulin effectively. Previously, insulin was sourced from animals, but genetic engineering now allows for the production of human insulin by inserting the insulin gene into bacteria. The process involves using plasmids, restriction enzymes, and ligase to create recombinant plasmids, which are then inserted into bacteria. These bacteria are cultivated to produce insulin, which is then purified for human use.

Peta Pikiran

Video Tanya Jawab

  • What is genetic modification?

    Genetic modification involves taking a gene from one species and inserting it into another species to express new characteristics.

  • How is human insulin produced using genetic engineering?

    The gene for human insulin is inserted into bacteria cells, which then produce insulin.

  • What are plasmids?

    Plasmids are small circles of DNA found in bacteria that can be modified to include new genes.

  • What is diabetes?

    Diabetes is a condition where the body cannot produce or properly use insulin, affecting blood glucose levels.

  • Why is animal insulin no longer commonly used?

    Animal insulin was replaced by human insulin produced through genetic engineering for better compatibility and effectiveness.

  • What role does ligase play in genetic modification?

    Ligase helps join the sticky ends of the human gene to the sticky ends of the plasmid.

  • What happens to the recombinant bacteria after they are created?

    They are grown in fermentation tanks to replicate and produce human insulin.

  • How is the insulin collected after production?

    The insulin is collected, purified, and bottled for use by humans.

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Gulir Otomatis:
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    genetic modification involves taking a
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    gene from one species and inserting it
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    into individuals of another species
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    these individuals will now Express a new
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    characteristic as a result of their
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    modified DNA
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    this might be to produce crops that are
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    more resistant to diseases or crops that
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    are richer in certain nutrients it might
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    be to make fish that are fluorescent for
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    some reason
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    or it might be to modify bacteria cells
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    that can make a protein that's useful to
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    us like human insulin
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    it's this insulin producing bacteria
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    example that I'll focus on today
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    [Music]
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    inside all your cells like the cells of
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    all living organisms is DNA this DNA
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    contains the instructions for a whole
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    range of features that make up an
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    organism
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    each segment of DNA that is each
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    individual set of instructions is called
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    a gene
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    there are genes that determine eye color
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    and there's a gene that determines
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    whether you'll have straight or curly
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    hair and there's a gene that gives
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    instructions to specific cells in the
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    pancreas to produce insulin A protein
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    that helps control your blood glucose
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    levels
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    there's a condition known as diabetes
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    where the body can't control its blood
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    glucose levels
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    there are different types of diabetes
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    but basically it's a situation where the
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    body either can't produce or can't
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    correctly use insulin
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    the solution for many people in this
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    situation is to take regular injections
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    of insulin
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    the problem is where do you get spare
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    insulin
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    a while back we used to use animal
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    insulin usually from cows or pigs these
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    days using genetic engineering we can
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    make human insulin we take the gene the
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    genetic instructions for human insulin
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    and insert that Gene into bacteria cells
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    and allow the genetically modified
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    bacteria cells to make the insulin for
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    us
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    here's how it works
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    bacteria cells have little Circles of
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    DNA in them called plasmids
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    we take out these plasmids and then use
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    a restriction enzyme to open them up
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    the plasmids now have what we call
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    sticky ends
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    next we need the gene for the feature
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    that we want in this case the gene for
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    human insulin from a human cell
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    we use the same restriction enzyme that
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    we use with our plasmid to cut out the
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    human insulin Gene
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    it now also has sticky ends
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    the human insulin genes are then mixed
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    with the open plasmids along with an
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    enzyme called ligase
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    ligase helps join the sticky ends of the
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    human gene to the sticky ends of the
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    plasmid
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    here you can see what's known as a
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    recombinant plasmid which is a
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    combination of the original bacteria DNA
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    and the human insulin Gene
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    the recombinant plasmids are then
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    inserted into bacteria cells
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    now we've got recombinant bacteria
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    the final step is to grow the bacteria
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    in ideal conditions in a fermentation
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    tank allowing them to divide and
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    replicate many times all the while
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    producing lots and lots of human insulin
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    based on the genetic instructions they
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    now have
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    this insulin can then be collected
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    purified and bottled ready for use by
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    humans
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Tags
  • genetic modification
  • human insulin
  • bacteria
  • plasmids
  • diabetes
  • genetic engineering
  • recombinant DNA
  • insulin production
  • ligase
  • fermentation