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[Music]
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[Music]
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welcome again
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ah if you recall in the last class we
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had
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defined all the e v subsystems and we
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had said
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the primary part that we really need to
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work worry about
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is one is this drive train and another
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is
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the battery of course there is a dc-dc
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converter and auxiliary in control units
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and i had defined each one of this
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having defined that and said that the
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most important thing
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is the drive train and the battery and
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we are going to get into details of the
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drive train and battery
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dc-dc converters are important simply
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because
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we may actually be working at 350 volt
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and finally
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we may require lights at 12 volt so
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it is it may be required but something
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more standard
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and various auxiliary and control unit
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are there
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we have talked about it we will talk a
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little bit more about it
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ah control units lights headlights
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power brakes power steering air
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conditioners and heaters
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but we are not going to get into details
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of this
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so the most important thing is motors
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and controllers and battery
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the very important component that we
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pointed out was the gears because
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while the motor can give you the speed
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and a torque the speed and torque that
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the vehicle
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may want is different from the speed and
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the torque
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that motor can give and we basically
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pointed out
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that you can multiply
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the torque of the motor you can multiply
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it
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for the vehicle by through gears by a
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certain amount
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through the gears and which is the
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torque that is required for climbing up
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and for acceleration
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whenever you multiply the torque by a
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ratio
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to the same extent the
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speed will come down by the same extent
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so we covered this we did this in the
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last class
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i am just pointing out that we
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that both torque and speed
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we can play with by using a gear i also
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talked about that
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while multi-stage gears are used in ic
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engine
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the trend is to try to use a single
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stage gear
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in electric vehicles we also did various
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conversion
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speed for example the as a user we will
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talk about kilometer per hour
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um the speed that motor people are used
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to
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is rpm and then there is a
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meter per second that will come and we
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had done
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all this conversion and everything and
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we had even
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talked about the power is torque into
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rpm divided by
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the 9.55 that is important ratio
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that we will talk about it
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so this is what where we did the gears
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the gears multiply
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the torque ah and
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at the expense of the rpm
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this is what we talked about and we saw
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said while multi stage gear can be used
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if we train to use fixed gear
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what we will start today
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that from the vehicle drive requirements
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we come with the motor specification we
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of course have to choose a gear
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but once a gear has been chosen gear
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ratios are geared
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then from the motor requirement we
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straight away
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come to the from the vehicle requirement
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we come straight away to the
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motor specification and
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torque speed curve
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torque and speed different speed what is
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a torque
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becomes a very important parameter for
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the motor motor has to deliver
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a specific torque at a certain speed
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there is a one more term that will keep
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on coming
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up sometime we talk about nominal torque
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or nominal speed and then we talk about
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peak torque and peak speed
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as i discussed that in the class ah
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this nominal and peak we also say the
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same thing about power
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a motor has 5 kilowatt nominal but p
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can go to 8 kilowatt now what does this
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nominal and peak actually imply
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the key thing is
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that the motor is designed to actually
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give everything peak it should give you
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peak torque
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it should give you peak speed it should
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give you
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that peak power if it is not designed
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for this peak
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you will you will never get it so it is
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always designed
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but at when
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any of these things are at peak
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particularly when the power is at the
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peak
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the heat dissipation may be much much
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larger
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than when it is at nominal nominal so
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the difference between nominal values
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and the peak values
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is the heat dissipation generally the
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motor is not designed
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to do heat dissipation at peak values
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more motor and controller is designed
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to dissipate heat at nominal values
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what does it mean that if you
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use the motor any of the whether the
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torque use
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at peak or you use power at peak for
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few seconds 10 15 20 seconds
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the temperature will shoot up
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but since we will stop using
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peak values that temperature will start
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eventually falling down
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what do you have to do if you have to
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continuously use peak value any of this
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peak value
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well you have to do make sure that the
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heat dissipation
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is sufficient such that the temperature
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does not go above a certain
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certain value why because
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every component that we used in the
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motor
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controller will have a specification for
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peak temperature beyond which
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the likelihood of that component failing
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is high
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for example if you are talking about
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controller which is electronics
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you may design it to have a peak value
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of 75 degree centigrade
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or 90 degree centigrade but
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if it is exceeded
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then the component can fail
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similarly in the motor particularly they
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are permanent magnets
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they are designed to handle a certain
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maximum temperature
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if you go above that temperature it
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tends to demagnetize
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so essentially you cannot let the motor
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or controller
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temperature exceed a certain threshold
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at nominal power nominal torque
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you actually operate at lower
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thermal dissipation and that time
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therefore you say well
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at let's say 55 degrees or 60 degree
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centigrade
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everything settles down temperature or
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motor and control is not going above 60
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degrees
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that's fine peak will take it higher
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but before peak impacts you
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the peak will go and it will tend to
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dissipate heat
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and will bring you back to the nominal
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temperature
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that is the only difference between peak
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and nominal yes
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well of course the question that is
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asked is the efficiency same at peak
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and nominal of course it is different at
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peak the efficiency is not good
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and you are not bothered why because
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peak is for 10 15 seconds
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whenever you worry about efficiency you
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have to worry about
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that in the normal drive condition how
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will it work
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that's where the efficiency becomes
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important okay
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so the thermal becomes very important
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component
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of both motor and controller not just
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motor
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but even the controller heat dissipation
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becomes very important
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for battery you will similarly see
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it is a heat dissipation that makes a
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huge difference
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so in fact a very important component
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of any of this design is to really
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understand thermal
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what we are planning to do that when we
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do battery in detail
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we are going to look at thermal how do
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you do heat dissipation
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some extent we will touch upon it during
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motor design also but remember
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that this is not a course on heat
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dissipation so
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you will only get a top level idea but
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tomorrow if you want to
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work in any of this vehicle design and
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you want to
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work in thermal aspects a person who is
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an expert
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at thermal makes a huge difference
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and that's the reason in this course we
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have brought in dr kaushal jha
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dr kaushal jajha has did his phd on
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thermal
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aspects of things and he has been
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working in this
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so he will be able to give us a good
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understanding of that
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so remember that thermal is always
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important consideration
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and very often most of us are not used
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to
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paying sufficient attention to thermal
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okay
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so this is the peak
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and the the gear ratio torque
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speed and rpm we have been talking about
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it
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and this is how the motor and
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controllers are done
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warmer batteries
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will get into batteries in great detail
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soon in
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in fact next chapter is chapter four is
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on batteries
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but let us look at it
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electric power will be continuously used
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by a motor
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so what is the total energy
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that is taken out from the battery what
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is the total energy used
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it is energy is always
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power integrated over time or
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power integrated over distance if you
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are
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figuring out power versus distance
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it is power integrated over distance or
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you can say power versus time
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in which case you integrate over time
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and this will tell you the total energy
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that is consumed
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now this is a very important parameter
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because battery
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energy is limited
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of course if you have regeneration
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maybe some part of the energy will go
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back to the battery
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that helps so you may talk about net
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energy consumed
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so the battery energy consumed becomes
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important parameter
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battery power is also very important
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because if you tend to draw more power
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there may be energy
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but if you tend to draw more power from
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a battery
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as we will talk about later on you are
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using it
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what is called higher c rate higher
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charge
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rate or higher discharge rate higher c
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rate of a battery impacts the battery
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life
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negatively
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so pretty much a battery is designed
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to charge and discharge at a certain
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rate
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it tolerates for a short time higher c
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rate
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higher charge rate or higher discharge
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rate but on a continuous
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basis you cannot use higher charge rate
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and discharge rate
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it is not just the temperature is more
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than the temperature we will get into
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that later on
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for example gradients will always tend
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to use high power
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and therefore also high energy if it is
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a small gradient for a short time you
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are going on gradient
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it is fine for example if you are
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climbing up a ramp in a city
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it doesn't it doesn't it is for a short
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period of time and you don't have to
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worry about it
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but if you are on a mountainous road
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you are climbing up the mountains then
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you have to worry about the
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power required on torque required
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in that range in fact some of the cities
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are very
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up and down for example in india
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i i used to i drive in through andrum
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and i find
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that it has lots of ups and downs now
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there you have to worry about
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the ah toe power as you are climbing up
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more or less can happen on a continuous
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basis not continuous but for very
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periodic basis
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so you have to worry about it because
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these things will impact things
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what we also have not so far looked at
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but
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becomes a very important what is the
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efficiency of motor and controller
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what does it mean for a motor i put in a
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certain amount of energy electrical
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energy
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i get a certain amount of mechanical
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energy
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am i all the electrical energy that i
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put
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in is it getting into a mechanical
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energy
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no only a certain percentage is being
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converted
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what happens to the rest of the energy
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the rest of the energy is
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is consumed in thermal
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that's heats up thermal energy
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dissipation
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which basically means that i have to
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given more energy
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to give that get the same drive now this
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does not happen for motor it happens
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also for a controller
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controller is electronic circuit but
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remember these are high voltage circuits
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with
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lot of switching devices
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and as a result it consumes energy it
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it converts it into heat it has also got
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efficiency
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there is input power and there is output
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power and there is efficiency
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what is the kind of efficiency that we
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can expect
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if i get up for motor and controller
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together a 90 percent efficiency is very
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good
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for motor i may try to get 95 percent or
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controller i may individually
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try to get 95 percent but if i get 90 91
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92 it is very good
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net efficiency if i get below 85 percent
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it is very bad
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i have to worry about efficiency it was
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that much
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multiple things happen first that much
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energy is wasted
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so you require that much bigger size
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battery
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number two that much energy is converted
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to heat and dissipated as a heat
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so you have to do some cooling which
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will require more energy
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so you have to design things keeping
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this
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inefficiencies in mind
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for a ballpark calculation if you do not
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know you assume 20 percent
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in efficiency but in reality anything
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designed for 20 percent inefficiency is
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bad
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i'll say depends on things 85 percent
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will just about be okay but
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ideally you like to get 90 percent above
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and which is a very large
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vehicle consuming lots of energy you try
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to go higher 93 94 percent because the
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amount of energy lost will become very
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large
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so the efficiencies you have to worry
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about we will
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talk a little bit about efficiencies in
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each case
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but both for my batteries as
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well as ah motors and controllers we
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have to worry about
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inefficiencies we want to minimize this
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inefficiencies
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one concern that you find
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i have a for example drive electric
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vehicle
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if i drive at 55 kilometer per hour
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i find that actually i am consuming very
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little energy per kilometer
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per kilometer i mean compared to
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but if i drive at 30 kilometer per hour
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or 25 kilometer hour per kilometer
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energy consumed is much
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higher i am talking per kilometer i am
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not talking per time
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of course at higher speed i will consume
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more energy at
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a higher speed you are supposed to
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have higher power and higher energy i am
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not talking about that
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the problem comes the motor that i have
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in my electric vehicle
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has high efficiency close to 90 percent
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at motor and controller at
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ah 55 kilometer per hour but once it
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comes to
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20 kilometer per hour
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almost 30 to 40 for 35 percent loss 40
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loss 30 percent loss
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so 70 percent of the energy only is
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utilized or even less
00:19:02
now what will happen
00:19:05
it depends on how you are driving if you
00:19:07
are driving mostly on highways
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it will give you very good what is
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called mileage water per kilometer
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if you drive in iit campus where the
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speed limit itself is
00:19:18
35 and there are lot of bumps so you
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generally do not drive more than 20 25
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you get a lot more energy consumed per
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kilometer
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why motorcycle controllers have not been
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designed to have
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flat efficiency across rpm
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now that is a characteristics of
00:19:44
something like a induction motor
00:19:46
induction motor generally tend to have a
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decent efficiency at say high speed at
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certain speed
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at lower speeds you tend to have very
00:19:57
poor efficiencies
00:20:00
you of course can do things to the
00:20:01
controller to try to improve it but
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still
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it does not work that well the permanent
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magnet
00:20:08
synchronous motor which is very common
00:20:10
in electric vehicle and for which we
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will do
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do go into details the efficiencies can
00:20:16
be
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roughly flat and that is what
00:20:21
is needed so efficiency will play
00:20:23
important role
00:20:24
and we have to worry about it there is
00:20:27
one more thing that you have to worry
00:20:29
about particularly when you try talk
00:20:30
about battery energy
00:20:32
and the range that it will provide me
00:20:34
battery power battery energy
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and the range that i will provide it
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there is also auxiliary power used
00:20:40
lights are turned on turned off
00:20:44
some electronics may be turned um on
00:20:48
are whole air conditioners can be turned
00:20:51
on thats a major
00:20:52
auxiliary power now generally
00:20:55
in all the measurements that we do
00:20:57
auxiliary power is not taken into
00:20:59
account
00:21:00
but the auxiliary power may consume
00:21:02
maybe 20 percent of the
00:21:04
energy particularly in a heat
00:21:08
in high temperatures like in chennai
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when temperature is 40 to 43 degree
00:21:14
centigrade
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it is actually lot of cooling is
00:21:17
required and if i parked it in a sun and
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left
00:21:19
it there for some time so much cooling
00:21:22
is required
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so much of auxiliary
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power usages will be done that i
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actually will be able to have much
00:21:30
smaller range
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so you have to worry about this
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generally the range that is defined
00:21:39
by the manufacturer of the vehicle
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is assuming that you are using a drive
00:21:47
cycle as defined by
00:21:49
standards no auxiliary consumption
00:21:55
and that is how it is defined so now you
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have to
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worry about what happens and figure out
00:22:02
how much will you be able to use
00:22:06
so power used is power for the motor
00:22:09
and controller
00:22:14
plus motor inefficiency
00:22:19
that much power is also used the
00:22:21
inefficiency of the
00:22:22
due to the controller plus the auxiliary
00:22:25
power
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so you will take all these three are
00:22:28
losses
00:22:30
not loss auxiliary power is not losses
00:22:31
but thats a
00:22:33
power used will include the auxiliary
00:22:36
power
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that is what you have to do to compute
00:22:39
the range
00:22:40
that a battery will give you battery to
00:22:42
design to provide
00:22:44
energy over range as well as peak power
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so you take the total power used to give
00:22:49
you what the real range you will get
00:22:53
we will get into much more details on
00:22:55
the battery later on
00:22:56
but let me just quickly introduce what
00:22:59
how do you
00:23:00
really define this battery the first
00:23:02
important thing is
00:23:03
the batteries will be made using
00:23:07
cells and the battery
00:23:12
will have a certain capacity in kilowatt
00:23:16
hour
00:23:17
the battery capacity in kilowatt hour of
00:23:20
course
00:23:22
is voltage what is the voltage that it
00:23:25
will operate at
00:23:27
what is the at ampere hour
00:23:31
ampere hour is what how much ampere
00:23:34
for how much time you have to multiply
00:23:37
that the energy
00:23:38
is therefore voltage into ampere hour
00:23:42
that will be watt hour now if you want
00:23:44
in kilowatt hour divided by thousand
00:23:47
so this is important ah v into h
00:23:50
into thousand typically you will use
00:23:53
cells with a certain ah
00:23:55
for example you may use cells with 50 h
00:24:00
so that's ampere hour that you will
00:24:04
define but you may actually
00:24:06
take different amount of ampere at
00:24:09
different time you take that into
00:24:10
account
00:24:11
so that's the capacity of the battery is
00:24:13
defined in terms of v
00:24:15
into h by thousand
00:24:18
multiplied voltage multiplied by current
00:24:21
into hours
00:24:22
that is a h rating the cells are very
00:24:24
often defined by what is called
00:24:26
ampere hour or ah ratings
00:24:30
for long life of rechargeable battery
00:24:33
the other important thing is the battery
00:24:35
is never emptied i had mentioned that
00:24:37
right in the
00:24:38
beginning in the first chapter it is
00:24:39
never emptied completely
00:24:42
and never charged fully if you
00:24:45
tend to charge fully
00:24:50
hundred percent and if you tend to make
00:24:53
it a zero percent
00:24:55
it impacts the life of the battery
00:24:57
number of cycles it can support can
00:25:00
are significantly less
00:25:03
so what do you do first of all you will
00:25:05
never discharge it to zero percent
00:25:07
you leave some percentage below it
00:25:12
maybe five percent depends on it five
00:25:15
percent
00:25:16
seven percent you'll try to
00:25:20
leave that you'll never go below that
00:25:22
because you want don't want
00:25:24
the cells or the battery to be
00:25:26
completely discharged
00:25:28
ever so
00:25:33
in fact when you use a laptop
00:25:37
it sometimes gives you indication that
00:25:40
the battery will only last for so many
00:25:43
minutes
00:25:44
now what does it do it actually computes
00:25:47
the rate at which you have been using
00:25:49
the energy in from the battery and it
00:25:52
therefore says this is the current
00:25:54
capacity left
00:25:56
and it will last for so many minutes
00:25:59
it actually when it gives you that
00:26:01
number
00:26:04
it assumes that whatever is below that
00:26:07
threshold which
00:26:08
at which you will shut down you will
00:26:09
never use so that energy
00:26:11
it is not that if you say five percent
00:26:14
uh
00:26:15
energy is left it doesn't mean really
00:26:18
five percent five percent but the
00:26:20
plus the lower threshold for which which
00:26:23
below which you never go similarly on
00:26:26
the upper side
00:26:28
you don't tend to you tend to charge and
00:26:31
then stop
00:26:31
charging typically for example
00:26:35
you know nmc cells it can go up to four
00:26:38
point
00:26:40
two four point two five volts but you
00:26:43
will probably stop at four point one
00:26:45
five volt
00:26:46
why because you do not want to charge it
00:26:48
fully it that
00:26:50
charging it fully again impacts the life
00:26:53
of the battery
00:26:55
so very typical depending depends on the
00:26:57
size kind of battery
00:26:59
a very typical use of the low end
00:27:02
battery is
00:27:02
85 percent leave ten percent of the top
00:27:07
five percent at the bottom
00:27:12
or could even be eighty percent leave
00:27:14
fifteen percent the top
00:27:16
five percent of the bottom that is very
00:27:18
good for the battery but that means
00:27:21
your twenty percent of capacity is never
00:27:23
utilized
00:27:25
if it is eighty five percent fifteen
00:27:26
percent of capacity is never utilized
00:27:32
so if you want actual usage of one
00:27:35
kilowatt hour
00:27:36
you have to you to take a battery which
00:27:38
is one kilowatt hour
00:27:40
divided by point eight five it will come
00:27:42
to some one point one
00:27:44
something one point one one close to one
00:27:46
point two
00:27:47
kilowatt hour but
00:27:51
leaving that in every cycle not charging
00:27:54
discharging fully
00:27:55
gives you immense amount of benefit in
00:27:57
terms of number of cycles
00:27:59
the battery can support so usable energy
00:28:03
a term that is used is a battery may
00:28:05
have a capacity of one kilowatt hour
00:28:07
usable energy is x percent may be 85
00:28:11
percent of the total capacity
00:28:13
ah this usable energy
00:28:17
is also referred to as depth of
00:28:19
discharge
00:28:20
we'll come to that it's a depth of
00:28:22
discharge
00:28:24
depth of discharge since you are doing
00:28:25
both on both sides
00:28:27
is actually combined say depth of
00:28:29
discharge is
00:28:31
a battery is used to dod of 85 percent
00:28:34
means 85 percent of capacity can be used
00:28:37
in every cycle no more
00:28:40
no more than that the other thing that
00:28:43
happens
00:28:44
you start with a new battery let us say
00:28:46
it has a capacity c
00:28:49
as you use the battery number of cycles
00:28:52
go
00:28:53
that c will tend to fall
00:28:57
i talked about it and finally you get to
00:29:01
a value
00:29:04
let us say 80 percent at which you sort
00:29:07
of say
00:29:08
i will no longer use it in vehicle why
00:29:12
because now your range will go down
00:29:16
to 80 percent of what you initially and
00:29:18
we searched
00:29:23
you may choose y to be 75 is for 80
00:29:26
but normally a user normally a vehicle
00:29:30
manufacturer chooses chooses that and
00:29:32
say
00:29:33
well y will not be
00:29:39
y will be either 80 percent or 75
00:29:42
percent whatever
00:29:45
so what to that extent you get less
00:29:48
range
00:29:50
so what is the actual usable capacity
00:29:55
usable capacity becomes x
00:29:59
into y into c
00:30:02
at the end of its life close to the end
00:30:05
of life
00:30:06
in the beginning it is x into c
00:30:10
at the end of life it is
00:30:14
so to begin with it is x
00:30:25
control p control
00:30:29
p control p
00:30:33
so in the beginning it
00:30:36
is x into c
00:30:41
over time it is x
00:30:45
into y into c this is the end of life
00:30:49
this is beginning of life start of life
00:30:51
end of life this is at eol
00:30:57
so what do you do well you have to keep
00:31:01
track of
00:31:01
it or you can even say that
00:31:04
you will use average between x into c
00:31:08
and x into y plus c
00:31:14
so very often you say
00:31:18
average usage capacity is x
00:31:22
into 1 plus y
00:31:26
by 2
00:31:30
into c one plus y by two so if y is
00:31:35
point eight
00:31:36
eight you are using ninety percent
00:31:40
so this is how the usable capacity is
00:31:44
defined ok
00:31:46
in the beginning you will get slightly
00:31:48
higher later on you will get it slightly
00:31:50
lower
00:31:53
whatever battery power as i mentioned
00:31:55
when batteries have sufficient energy
00:31:57
let us say energy is not
00:31:59
not a problem rate at which power can be
00:32:03
put into the battery or taken out of the
00:32:06
battery both
00:32:07
in and out of the battery is limited
00:32:10
ah it is limited by what is called c
00:32:13
rate
00:32:14
the term uses c rate i am repeatedly
00:32:16
pointing out will get into details of it
00:32:24
higher c rate impacts the life cycle of
00:32:26
the battery
00:32:28
either for charging or discharging so
00:32:31
you limit
00:32:32
what c rate can you use if you want
00:32:36
life to be predictable
00:32:40
higher rate charging and discharging
00:32:43
also heats up the battery
00:32:46
we later on see that these batteries
00:32:49
have an
00:32:49
internal resistance and whatever current
00:32:53
you are putting in
00:32:54
i square r i
00:32:57
where r is the internal resistance will
00:33:00
be dissipated as heat
00:33:02
either during charging as well as during
00:33:04
discharging
00:33:07
so generally therefore battery is
00:33:09
designed
00:33:11
for a certain pc rate charge rate or
00:33:14
discharge rate
00:33:15
or peak power capability
00:33:20
so generally if the vehicle requires
00:33:21
some peak power the battery should be
00:33:23
able to deliver that
00:33:24
power not all the time
00:33:28
but remember that time there will be a
00:33:32
heating and either if it requires more
00:33:35
or less close to the peak power all the
00:33:36
time
00:33:37
you have to take away that heat heat
00:33:39
dissipation will have to be done
00:33:44
so the actual
00:33:47
rate that is used is
00:33:50
dependent not just on the size of the
00:33:52
battery
00:33:54
but what is called nature of the cells
00:33:58
what kind of cells are using there are
00:34:01
cells which will allow you
00:34:02
to charge discharge at 2c
00:34:06
we will define what is a c rate this
00:34:09
and it does not impact the battery life
00:34:11
tremendously there are cells
00:34:14
where if you charge higher than
00:34:17
even 1c it will impact the life of the
00:34:19
battery
00:34:20
so low cost cells generally tend to
00:34:24
be something where your charge rate is
00:34:26
0.2
00:34:27
0.3 c will get into detail
00:34:30
in the battery design center so the
00:34:32
chapter
00:34:34
so this is an assignment 3.2 that i am
00:34:37
giving you
00:34:40
huh and these are assignment which will
00:34:41
give you some good understanding
00:34:43
the first assignment is the vehicle
00:34:45
needs to run continuously at 60
00:34:47
kilometer power
00:34:48
per hour and have a peak torque
00:34:50
requirement of 150 newton meter
00:34:53
a motor gives a peak torque of 25 newton
00:34:57
meter at 3000 rpm
00:35:01
what should be the gear ratio and
00:35:04
minimum tire radius
00:35:06
for the motor to be used at the vehicle
00:35:08
so i have told you
00:35:09
that it has to be continuously used for
00:35:12
60 kilometer per hour
00:35:14
i have given you the tire radius you
00:35:16
have to convert rpm
00:35:17
and all those things motor will run at
00:35:20
3000 rpm at 25 newton meter
00:35:22
you require a torque of 160 newton meter
00:35:25
what should be the gear ratio
00:35:29
in the second question i have given you
00:35:31
a battery
00:35:32
with a capacity of 15 kilowatt hour but
00:35:35
i am assuming that
00:35:36
0.9 deory depth of charge and 75 percent
00:35:39
end of life
00:35:42
ah assuming that it a vehicle consumes
00:35:44
80 watts per kilometer what is the
00:35:47
range that the vehicle can support on
00:35:49
the average
00:35:50
when the battery is new when the battery
00:35:53
is near the end of the life
00:35:55
and therefore on this average
00:35:58
now i also assume that there is an
00:36:00
auxiliary power of 500 watt
00:36:02
continuously used air conditioner you
00:36:04
see
00:36:05
speed is 40 kilometer per hour
00:36:08
and the efficiency of the motor and
00:36:11
controller is 85 percent
00:36:16
compute this it will be interesting
00:36:19
all that many things that you have
00:36:21
learnt so far
00:36:23
will actually come into the picture
00:36:26
i come towards the end of this chapter
00:36:28
by looking at auxiliary
00:36:31
unit what is auxiliary power consumption
00:36:34
what is auxiliaries
00:36:36
vehicle control unit what is the role of
00:36:38
a vehicle controlling actually vehicle
00:36:40
control unit is a misnomer
00:36:42
it does not control too many things
00:36:44
because motor has its own controller
00:36:46
battery has its own bms
00:36:50
at what speed is driven vehicle is
00:36:52
driven depends on your
00:36:56
accelerator and brake
00:36:59
not by the vehicle control unit
00:37:03
and that directly controls the motor
00:37:07
it doesn't control the vehicle control
00:37:09
unit which in turn controls the motor
00:37:11
no the brake and acceleration the
00:37:15
acceleration particularly directly
00:37:16
controls the motor
00:37:18
brake of course will be a con
00:37:21
is will actually slow down the tire of
00:37:23
course in ev it will tend to
00:37:25
again control the motor
00:37:31
so what is the role of vehicle control
00:37:32
unit vehicle control unit is more
00:37:34
to coordinate everything communicate
00:37:36
with the world
00:37:37
occasionally download parameters and
00:37:40
things like that
00:37:41
not to say it is not playing the role of
00:37:44
a driver driver is a human driver
00:37:48
then of course there are all kinds of
00:37:49
lights headlights tail lights flashlight
00:37:52
vehicle interior lights all of these are
00:37:55
auxiliary and will consume energy
00:38:00
motors for wipers windows
00:38:03
the whole lot of motors in the vehicle
00:38:05
nowadays
00:38:08
even to lock it or unlock it
00:38:11
they are actuators not motors and they
00:38:14
have to be
00:38:15
electrically driven then of course there
00:38:17
is entertainment
00:38:18
there is a guidance tells you gives you
00:38:20
the map of the wave
00:38:22
route and things like that there are
00:38:25
other electronics communications
00:38:28
sensors rear view projection all those
00:38:31
things are there
00:38:32
they all may consume small small energy
00:38:34
most of it is electron is consumed
00:38:36
little bit of energy
00:38:38
always low voltage power
00:38:42
so it is typically most of the
00:38:44
electronics actually today work at 3.3
00:38:46
volts or even lower so you tend to use a
00:38:49
5 volt
00:38:54
there are electronics which uses even
00:38:56
lower than 3.3 volts
00:39:00
so of course you have to go through the
00:39:02
dc dc converter get
00:39:04
the right voltage and from the battery
00:39:06
to get that
00:39:09
vehicle control unit as i told you it
00:39:11
communicates with battery and controller
00:39:13
typically over a standard call can bus
00:39:16
can can bus is a more or less adopted
00:39:20
throughout the world
00:39:21
as a standard for in vehicle
00:39:23
communication
00:39:25
it may have external wireless interface
00:39:27
may not have but at
00:39:28
nowadays it increasingly have it
00:39:32
it may have other interfaces like for
00:39:33
example it may have a gps positioning
00:39:36
it may have load sensors how much load
00:39:38
is already
00:39:39
there on the vehicle inclination sensors
00:39:42
all this information may actually be fed
00:39:45
to a server it manages motor and
00:39:48
controller and this manages has to be
00:39:51
carefully thought about it collects the
00:39:54
data during drive possible to
00:39:57
download certain parameter to motors and
00:40:00
controllers
00:40:00
so motors and batteries motor controller
00:40:03
will directly control the motor
00:40:05
but a parameter can be changed through
00:40:07
the vcu
00:40:08
maybe from a wireless outside through
00:40:10
the bcu and now
00:40:13
the vco will communicate to the
00:40:14
controller and now the controller will
00:40:16
communicate
00:40:17
control the motor similarly
00:40:20
you can say you can download a parameter
00:40:23
to battery bms now bms will control the
00:40:26
battery
00:40:28
you also use it for things like geo
00:40:30
fencing do not allow
00:40:31
that that uses gps where are you
00:40:35
have you gone out of this place it may
00:40:39
control limiting temperature if the
00:40:40
temperature exceeds this shut off the
00:40:42
battery
00:40:43
or slow down the battery
00:40:46
temperatures for operations limiting
00:40:48
speed
00:40:49
you can limit the speed do not allow the
00:40:52
speed to go above a certain speed
00:40:54
you measure the speed and this it is
00:40:56
going
00:40:57
slow down the motor
00:41:02
so these are things that are done and
00:41:05
it is mostly the vcu or mcu that does
00:41:07
that
00:41:08
so in real sense it doesn't control it
00:41:11
acts as a data communication platform
00:41:17
there are three other units i have been
00:41:18
talking about it power brakes power
00:41:20
steering and air conditioning
00:41:25
generally all these three things used to
00:41:28
use hydraulics
00:41:30
and mechanical it used to be from fuel
00:41:35
the engine is driven that will generate
00:41:37
mechanical engineering
00:41:39
and using hydraulics it will control
00:41:42
brakes
00:41:42
steering and air conditioning today all
00:41:45
of them
00:41:46
have to be working for electric power in
00:41:49
fact most of the current new vehicles
00:41:51
already have that working on electrical
00:41:54
but in case there is not our future evs
00:41:58
will not first create mechanical force
00:42:00
and use hydraulics to control them so
00:42:02
this has to be changed
00:42:04
hydraulics does not give you very good
00:42:06
efficiency that's part of the reason
00:42:11
so drive train providing power to
00:42:13
hydraulic pump through belt and shaft
00:42:15
will give you 80
00:42:16
efficiency you do not want that much
00:42:18
power to be lost
00:42:20
so you directly start using electric
00:42:23
motors again motors and controller so
00:42:26
your motors and controller designed for
00:42:28
air conditioner
00:42:30
you have motors and controllers designed
00:42:32
for power steering
00:42:34
so there are multiple motors and
00:42:35
controllers that are required motors and
00:42:37
controllers that are used for for
00:42:38
example
00:42:39
windows up and down
00:42:44
so air conditioners heaters are dominant
00:42:47
power consumers
00:42:49
it may increase the energy requirement
00:42:50
by 25 to 30 percent
00:42:53
and therefore decrease the vehicle range
00:42:57
now same thing happens with petrol
00:42:59
vehicles also
00:43:01
instead of 15 kilometer per hour now it
00:43:03
will give you only
00:43:04
12 kilometer per hour and therefore the
00:43:07
total tank
00:43:09
will limit the range but you know that
00:43:11
range tank is made large and
00:43:14
you have 400 kilometer 500 kilometer
00:43:17
range
00:43:18
even if it comes down to 25 percent
00:43:20
still 400 kilometer
00:43:22
very easy and quick to fill petrol so
00:43:24
you don't
00:43:25
worry about it too much except for the
00:43:28
cost associated
00:43:30
not so for electric vehicle
00:43:34
the battery will anyway give you limited
00:43:36
range and then you take away 25 percent
00:43:38
to 30 percent of the
00:43:40
battery energy for using things like
00:43:42
this
00:43:43
your range significantly goes down
00:43:47
so i want to point out the impact of air
00:43:49
conditioner and heaters
00:43:51
is felt much more on ev
00:43:55
energy consumption it impacts range and
00:43:58
range is very valuable
00:44:01
till we figure out a way of almost
00:44:03
instantaneously charging battery
00:44:05
in a few minutes like the way we fill
00:44:07
out petrol
00:44:08
it will have you have to worry about it
00:44:12
and therefore you will rather spend
00:44:16
money
00:44:16
to make a air conditioner more energy
00:44:19
efficient
00:44:21
it will help you reduce the battery size
00:44:25
and save you money there
00:44:29
to sum up motors with their controllers
00:44:32
plus battery will determine the
00:44:34
performance of the vehicle that's
00:44:35
something
00:44:36
this is the key thing for the driver
00:44:39
they have to design very carefully
00:44:42
and take into account energy losses
00:44:45
auxiliary energy usage and lifetime
00:44:47
deterioration of battery
00:44:50
to really figure out what can be used
00:44:57
what we need to is now start looking at
00:45:00
batteries
00:45:01
and motors and controllers
00:45:04
and actually we can do it in parallel
00:45:12
so in the next chapter i am going to
00:45:15
start with the introduction to the
00:45:16
batteries
00:45:18
in detail after that as i pointed out
00:45:22
dr kaushal will start getting the
00:45:24
detailed
00:45:26
design of a battery
00:45:29
in parlor kernel
00:45:33
processor kanan will start looking at
00:45:35
motors and controller
00:45:38
but i think i will do a little bit of
00:45:41
batteries in detail which will
00:45:44
get set for chapter five and six
00:45:48
five on battery design and section
00:45:51
motors are controller
00:45:52
four will actually provide the link four
00:45:55
does not have to be completed you can
00:45:57
start while we are doing four towards
00:46:00
the
00:46:00
later half of it you can start looking
00:46:02
at chapter six also
00:46:05
thank you thank you plan please submit
00:46:08
your assignments
00:46:09
and solutions time
00:46:15
you