Lecture 18 - EV Subsystem: Design of EV Drive Train - Part 2

00:46:16
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VC3WLZlzCA8

Ringkasan

TLDRCe cours aborde en profondeur les systèmes des véhicules électriques (EV), mettant l'accent principalement sur le train de traction et la batterie, essentiels pour la performance globale d'un EV. D'autres composants comme les convertisseurs DC-DC et les unités de contrôle auxiliaires sont également discutés. L'importance des moteurs, contrôleurs, et la gestion thermique est abordée, soulignant les défis de dissipation thermique associés à l'utilisation maximale des moteurs, particulièrement lors de conditions de couple de crête. Le cours explore aussi la capacité et la durée de vie des batteries, y compris la gestion efficace de l'énergie pour maximiser l'autonomie. Des tâches d'assignations sont fournies pour une compréhension pratique. L'objectif est d'équiper les étudiants d'une solide compréhension technique pour l'optimisation de la performance des EV à travers une gestion efficace des ressources énergétiques, en tenant compte des pertes d'énergie et de l'efficacité.

Takeaways

  • 🔋 L'accent est mis sur l'importance des trains de traction et des batteries dans les véhicules électriques.
  • ⚙️ Les engrenages permettent d'ajuster le couple et la vitesse pour maximiser la performance.
  • 🌡️ La gestion thermique est cruciale pour éviter la surchauffe des moteurs et des contrôleurs.
  • 🔄 La capacité de la batterie est essentielle pour déterminer l'autonomie des véhicules électriques.
  • 🔧 L'inefficacité augmente la production de chaleur, nécessitant une gestion thermique accrue.
  • ⚡ Les limitations de puissance de crête sont importantes pour prévenir l'usure prématurée des composants.
  • 📏 L'efficacité des moteurs peut varier avec la vitesse de fonctionnement, affectant la consommation d'énergie.
  • 🔥 Les composants électroniques ont des seuils de température qui ne doivent pas être dépassés.
  • 🔍 Les tâches d'assignation permettent l'application des concepts enseignés pour renforcer l'apprentissage.
  • 💡 Les auxiliaires comme l'air conditionné peuvent consommer jusqu'à 30% de l'énergie d'un EV.

Garis waktu

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Dans la dernière leçon, nous avons discuté des sous-systèmes EV, mettant l'accent sur la transmission et la batterie comme éléments essentiels. Nous avons mentionné l'importance des convertisseurs DC-DC, des unités auxiliaires et de contrôle, mais avons décidé de ne pas rentrer dans les détails. La priorité est donnée aux moteurs, contrôleurs et batteries, avec une attention particulière aux engrenages qui ajustent le couple et la vitesse des moteurs pour répondre aux besoins du véhicule.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Le concept de couple nominal et de couple de pointe a été introduit, soulignant leur importance dans la conception des moteurs. Il a été expliqué que la dissipation thermique est cruciale, car les moteurs ne sont pas conçus pour dissiper la chaleur en continu à des valeurs maximales. Une attention particulière doit être accordée à la gestion thermique, car une surchauffe peut causer des défaillances. Nous avons aussi parlé de l'importance des rendements du moteur et du contrôleur.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Nous avons discuté de l'énergie totale consommée par le moteur à partir de la batterie et de l'importance du taux de charge (C-rate) sur la durée de vie de la batterie. Une décharge rapide peut impacter la batterie négativement, surtout lors des montées. L'efficacité du moteur et du contrôleur a été abordée, indiquant qu'à des vitesses plus élevées, l'efficacité est meilleure mais peut chuter à des vitesses plus basses, affectant ainsi la consommation énergétique par kilomètre.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    L'accent a été mis sur l'impact du rendement des moteurs à faibles vitesses et comment cela pourrait augmenter la consommation énergétique par kilomètre, en particulier dans des environnements à vitesse réduite comme les campus. Les moteurs synchrones à aimants permanents sont recommandés pour leur efficacité stable sur une large gamme de vitesses. Cette section traite aussi de l'énergie auxiliaire, comme la climatisation, qui n'est pas prise en compte dans les calculs standard d'autonomie mais qui peut consommer jusqu'à 20% de l'énergie des batteries.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    La capacité des batteries ne doit jamais être utilisée complètement pour éviter de réduire le nombre de cycles de vie. Les batteries sont conçues pour une utilisation entre des seuils spécifiques pour prolonger leur durée de vie. Ce principe d'utilisation partielle, désigné par Depth of Discharge (DOD), assure une durée de vie maximale avec une capacité utilisable souvent diminuée d'environ 15-20% de la capacité totale. C'est un compromis nécessaire pour la longévité des batteries.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    Au fur et à mesure de l'usage, la capacité des batteries diminue. Le concept de capacité utilisable sur la vie d'une batterie a été expliqué, montrant comment la capacité initiale se réduit à une valeur donnée à la fin de sa durée de vie. Un calcul pour la capacité moyenne utilisable a été introduit pour rendre compte de cette dégradation progressive. Plusieurs types de cellules et leur impact sur la capacité et la longévité ont été mentionnés.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    L'importance de la gestion thermique dans les véhicules électriques a été soulignée, avec Dr. Kaushal Jha mentionné comme expert de cette composante des véhicules électriques. Le rôle crucial d'une gestion thermique efficace a été exposé comme nécessaire pour assurer la durabilité des véhicules électriques, en complément des moteurs et contrôleurs. Un mauvais contrôle thermique peut entraîner une baisse significative de l'efficacité énergétique globale.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    Nous avons examiné les unités auxiliaires dont la gestion est primordiale pour le contrôle global du véhicule, y compris les systèmes de freinage d'urgence. Les vérifications de la consommation d'énergie, les communications avec le contrôleur du moteur et l'unité de contrôle veillent à optimiser les performances du véhicule. Les équipes de développement doivent naviguer entre ces exigences pour minimiser les pertes et optimiser la gamme de véhicules.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:46:16

    La dernière section a brièvement abordé les challenges liés aux systèmes de climatisation et de chauffage dans les véhicules électriques. Ceux-ci peuvent consommer jusqu'à 30% de l'énergie totale disponible des batteries, réduisant ainsi l'autonomie. Il est essentiel d'améliorer leur efficacité pour réduire la consommation d'énergie et garantir une meilleure performance du véhicule électrique.

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Peta Pikiran

Video Tanya Jawab

  • Pourquoi le train de traction et la batterie sont-ils considérés comme les composants les plus importants des EV?

    Les trains de traction et les batteries sont essentiels car ils déterminent le principal fonctionnement énergétique et mécanique des véhicules électriques.

  • Quel est le rôle principal des convertisseurs DC-DC dans les véhicules électriques?

    Les convertisseurs DC-DC adaptent le courant des batteries (généralement haute tension) aux niveaux de tension nécessaires pour d'autres composants du véhicule, comme les lumières ou les systèmes de contrôle, souvent à plus basse tension.

  • Comment les engrenages influencent-ils le couple et la vitesse dans les véhicules électriques?

    Un engrenage multiplie le couple fourni par le moteur afin de répondre aux besoins de vitesse et de couple du véhicule, essentiel pour l'accélération et la montée.

  • Pourquoi ne peut-on pas utiliser la puissance de crête d'un moteur en continu?

    Les moteurs sont conçus pour fournir un couple et une puissance de crête pour des périodes courtes afin d'éviter une surchauffe excessive. Utiliser le moteur à plein régime de manière prolongée peut entraîner une défaillance par surchauffe.

  • Quelles sont les implications des inefficacités des moteurs et des contrôleurs sur la gestion thermique?

    L'inefficacité entraîne une perte d'énergie qui se traduit par une production de chaleur, exigeant ainsi une gestion thermique plus robuste et impliquant une consommation d'énergie supplémentaire pour le refroidissement.

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Gulir Otomatis:
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    [Music]
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    [Music]
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    welcome again
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    ah if you recall in the last class we
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    had
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    defined all the e v subsystems and we
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    had said
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    the primary part that we really need to
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    work worry about
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    is one is this drive train and another
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    is
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    the battery of course there is a dc-dc
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    converter and auxiliary in control units
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    and i had defined each one of this
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    having defined that and said that the
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    most important thing
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    is the drive train and the battery and
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    we are going to get into details of the
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    drive train and battery
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    dc-dc converters are important simply
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    because
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    we may actually be working at 350 volt
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    and finally
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    we may require lights at 12 volt so
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    it is it may be required but something
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    more standard
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    and various auxiliary and control unit
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    are there
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    we have talked about it we will talk a
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    little bit more about it
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    ah control units lights headlights
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    power brakes power steering air
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    conditioners and heaters
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    but we are not going to get into details
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    of this
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    so the most important thing is motors
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    and controllers and battery
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    the very important component that we
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    pointed out was the gears because
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    while the motor can give you the speed
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    and a torque the speed and torque that
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    the vehicle
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    may want is different from the speed and
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    the torque
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    that motor can give and we basically
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    pointed out
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    that you can multiply
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    the torque of the motor you can multiply
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    it
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    for the vehicle by through gears by a
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    certain amount
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    through the gears and which is the
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    torque that is required for climbing up
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    and for acceleration
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    whenever you multiply the torque by a
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    ratio
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    to the same extent the
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    speed will come down by the same extent
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    so we covered this we did this in the
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    last class
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    i am just pointing out that we
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    that both torque and speed
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    we can play with by using a gear i also
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    talked about that
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    while multi-stage gears are used in ic
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    engine
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    the trend is to try to use a single
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    stage gear
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    in electric vehicles we also did various
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    conversion
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    speed for example the as a user we will
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    talk about kilometer per hour
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    um the speed that motor people are used
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    to
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    is rpm and then there is a
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    meter per second that will come and we
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    had done
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    all this conversion and everything and
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    we had even
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    talked about the power is torque into
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    rpm divided by
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    the 9.55 that is important ratio
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    that we will talk about it
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    so this is what where we did the gears
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    the gears multiply
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    the torque ah and
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    at the expense of the rpm
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    this is what we talked about and we saw
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    said while multi stage gear can be used
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    if we train to use fixed gear
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    what we will start today
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    that from the vehicle drive requirements
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    we come with the motor specification we
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    of course have to choose a gear
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    but once a gear has been chosen gear
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    ratios are geared
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    then from the motor requirement we
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    straight away
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    come to the from the vehicle requirement
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    we come straight away to the
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    motor specification and
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    torque speed curve
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    torque and speed different speed what is
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    a torque
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    becomes a very important parameter for
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    the motor motor has to deliver
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    a specific torque at a certain speed
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    there is a one more term that will keep
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    on coming
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    up sometime we talk about nominal torque
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    or nominal speed and then we talk about
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    peak torque and peak speed
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    as i discussed that in the class ah
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    this nominal and peak we also say the
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    same thing about power
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    a motor has 5 kilowatt nominal but p
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    can go to 8 kilowatt now what does this
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    nominal and peak actually imply
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    the key thing is
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    that the motor is designed to actually
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    give everything peak it should give you
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    peak torque
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    it should give you peak speed it should
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    give you
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    that peak power if it is not designed
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    for this peak
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    you will you will never get it so it is
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    always designed
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    but at when
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    any of these things are at peak
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    particularly when the power is at the
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    peak
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    the heat dissipation may be much much
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    larger
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    than when it is at nominal nominal so
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    the difference between nominal values
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    and the peak values
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    is the heat dissipation generally the
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    motor is not designed
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    to do heat dissipation at peak values
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    more motor and controller is designed
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    to dissipate heat at nominal values
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    what does it mean that if you
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    use the motor any of the whether the
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    torque use
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    at peak or you use power at peak for
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    few seconds 10 15 20 seconds
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    the temperature will shoot up
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    but since we will stop using
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    peak values that temperature will start
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    eventually falling down
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    what do you have to do if you have to
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    continuously use peak value any of this
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    peak value
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    well you have to do make sure that the
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    heat dissipation
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    is sufficient such that the temperature
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    does not go above a certain
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    certain value why because
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    every component that we used in the
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    motor
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    controller will have a specification for
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    peak temperature beyond which
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    the likelihood of that component failing
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    is high
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    for example if you are talking about
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    controller which is electronics
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    you may design it to have a peak value
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    of 75 degree centigrade
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    or 90 degree centigrade but
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    if it is exceeded
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    then the component can fail
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    similarly in the motor particularly they
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    are permanent magnets
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    they are designed to handle a certain
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    maximum temperature
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    if you go above that temperature it
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    tends to demagnetize
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    so essentially you cannot let the motor
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    or controller
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    temperature exceed a certain threshold
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    at nominal power nominal torque
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    you actually operate at lower
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    thermal dissipation and that time
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    therefore you say well
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    at let's say 55 degrees or 60 degree
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    centigrade
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    everything settles down temperature or
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    motor and control is not going above 60
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    degrees
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    that's fine peak will take it higher
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    but before peak impacts you
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    the peak will go and it will tend to
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    dissipate heat
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    and will bring you back to the nominal
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    temperature
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    that is the only difference between peak
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    and nominal yes
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    well of course the question that is
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    asked is the efficiency same at peak
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    and nominal of course it is different at
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    peak the efficiency is not good
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    and you are not bothered why because
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    peak is for 10 15 seconds
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    whenever you worry about efficiency you
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    have to worry about
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    that in the normal drive condition how
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    will it work
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    that's where the efficiency becomes
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    important okay
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    so the thermal becomes very important
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    component
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    of both motor and controller not just
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    motor
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    but even the controller heat dissipation
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    becomes very important
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    for battery you will similarly see
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    it is a heat dissipation that makes a
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    huge difference
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    so in fact a very important component
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    of any of this design is to really
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    understand thermal
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    what we are planning to do that when we
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    do battery in detail
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    we are going to look at thermal how do
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    you do heat dissipation
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    some extent we will touch upon it during
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    motor design also but remember
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    that this is not a course on heat
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    dissipation so
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    you will only get a top level idea but
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    tomorrow if you want to
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    work in any of this vehicle design and
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    you want to
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    work in thermal aspects a person who is
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    an expert
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    at thermal makes a huge difference
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    and that's the reason in this course we
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    have brought in dr kaushal jha
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    dr kaushal jajha has did his phd on
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    thermal
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    aspects of things and he has been
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    working in this
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    so he will be able to give us a good
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    understanding of that
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    so remember that thermal is always
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    important consideration
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    and very often most of us are not used
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    to
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    paying sufficient attention to thermal
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    okay
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    so this is the peak
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    and the the gear ratio torque
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    speed and rpm we have been talking about
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    it
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    and this is how the motor and
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    controllers are done
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    warmer batteries
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    will get into batteries in great detail
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    soon in
  • 00:11:06
    in fact next chapter is chapter four is
  • 00:11:09
    on batteries
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    but let us look at it
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    electric power will be continuously used
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    by a motor
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    so what is the total energy
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    that is taken out from the battery what
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    is the total energy used
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    it is energy is always
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    power integrated over time or
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    power integrated over distance if you
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    are
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    figuring out power versus distance
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    it is power integrated over distance or
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    you can say power versus time
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    in which case you integrate over time
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    and this will tell you the total energy
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    that is consumed
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    now this is a very important parameter
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    because battery
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    energy is limited
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    of course if you have regeneration
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    maybe some part of the energy will go
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    back to the battery
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    that helps so you may talk about net
  • 00:12:15
    energy consumed
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    so the battery energy consumed becomes
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    important parameter
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    battery power is also very important
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    because if you tend to draw more power
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    there may be energy
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    but if you tend to draw more power from
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    a battery
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    as we will talk about later on you are
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    using it
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    what is called higher c rate higher
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    charge
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    rate or higher discharge rate higher c
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    rate of a battery impacts the battery
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    life
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    negatively
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    so pretty much a battery is designed
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    to charge and discharge at a certain
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    rate
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    it tolerates for a short time higher c
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    rate
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    higher charge rate or higher discharge
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    rate but on a continuous
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    basis you cannot use higher charge rate
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    and discharge rate
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    it is not just the temperature is more
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    than the temperature we will get into
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    that later on
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    for example gradients will always tend
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    to use high power
  • 00:13:21
    and therefore also high energy if it is
  • 00:13:24
    a small gradient for a short time you
  • 00:13:26
    are going on gradient
  • 00:13:27
    it is fine for example if you are
  • 00:13:29
    climbing up a ramp in a city
  • 00:13:33
    it doesn't it doesn't it is for a short
  • 00:13:35
    period of time and you don't have to
  • 00:13:37
    worry about it
  • 00:13:38
    but if you are on a mountainous road
  • 00:13:42
    you are climbing up the mountains then
  • 00:13:45
    you have to worry about the
  • 00:13:46
    power required on torque required
  • 00:13:50
    in that range in fact some of the cities
  • 00:13:53
    are very
  • 00:13:54
    up and down for example in india
  • 00:13:57
    i i used to i drive in through andrum
  • 00:14:00
    and i find
  • 00:14:01
    that it has lots of ups and downs now
  • 00:14:04
    there you have to worry about
  • 00:14:06
    the ah toe power as you are climbing up
  • 00:14:11
    more or less can happen on a continuous
  • 00:14:12
    basis not continuous but for very
  • 00:14:15
    periodic basis
  • 00:14:16
    so you have to worry about it because
  • 00:14:17
    these things will impact things
  • 00:14:20
    what we also have not so far looked at
  • 00:14:23
    but
  • 00:14:24
    becomes a very important what is the
  • 00:14:28
    efficiency of motor and controller
  • 00:14:32
    what does it mean for a motor i put in a
  • 00:14:35
    certain amount of energy electrical
  • 00:14:37
    energy
  • 00:14:38
    i get a certain amount of mechanical
  • 00:14:39
    energy
  • 00:14:42
    am i all the electrical energy that i
  • 00:14:44
    put
  • 00:14:45
    in is it getting into a mechanical
  • 00:14:48
    energy
  • 00:14:50
    no only a certain percentage is being
  • 00:14:53
    converted
  • 00:14:54
    what happens to the rest of the energy
  • 00:14:56
    the rest of the energy is
  • 00:15:00
    is consumed in thermal
  • 00:15:03
    that's heats up thermal energy
  • 00:15:06
    dissipation
  • 00:15:09
    which basically means that i have to
  • 00:15:10
    given more energy
  • 00:15:12
    to give that get the same drive now this
  • 00:15:16
    does not happen for motor it happens
  • 00:15:17
    also for a controller
  • 00:15:19
    controller is electronic circuit but
  • 00:15:21
    remember these are high voltage circuits
  • 00:15:23
    with
  • 00:15:24
    lot of switching devices
  • 00:15:28
    and as a result it consumes energy it
  • 00:15:31
    it converts it into heat it has also got
  • 00:15:34
    efficiency
  • 00:15:35
    there is input power and there is output
  • 00:15:37
    power and there is efficiency
  • 00:15:40
    what is the kind of efficiency that we
  • 00:15:42
    can expect
  • 00:15:44
    if i get up for motor and controller
  • 00:15:46
    together a 90 percent efficiency is very
  • 00:15:48
    good
  • 00:15:52
    for motor i may try to get 95 percent or
  • 00:15:54
    controller i may individually
  • 00:15:56
    try to get 95 percent but if i get 90 91
  • 00:16:00
    92 it is very good
  • 00:16:02
    net efficiency if i get below 85 percent
  • 00:16:06
    it is very bad
  • 00:16:09
    i have to worry about efficiency it was
  • 00:16:11
    that much
  • 00:16:13
    multiple things happen first that much
  • 00:16:15
    energy is wasted
  • 00:16:17
    so you require that much bigger size
  • 00:16:19
    battery
  • 00:16:21
    number two that much energy is converted
  • 00:16:24
    to heat and dissipated as a heat
  • 00:16:26
    so you have to do some cooling which
  • 00:16:28
    will require more energy
  • 00:16:32
    so you have to design things keeping
  • 00:16:34
    this
  • 00:16:35
    inefficiencies in mind
  • 00:16:39
    for a ballpark calculation if you do not
  • 00:16:41
    know you assume 20 percent
  • 00:16:43
    in efficiency but in reality anything
  • 00:16:46
    designed for 20 percent inefficiency is
  • 00:16:48
    bad
  • 00:16:50
    i'll say depends on things 85 percent
  • 00:16:53
    will just about be okay but
  • 00:16:54
    ideally you like to get 90 percent above
  • 00:16:57
    and which is a very large
  • 00:16:59
    vehicle consuming lots of energy you try
  • 00:17:01
    to go higher 93 94 percent because the
  • 00:17:04
    amount of energy lost will become very
  • 00:17:06
    large
  • 00:17:09
    so the efficiencies you have to worry
  • 00:17:11
    about we will
  • 00:17:12
    talk a little bit about efficiencies in
  • 00:17:14
    each case
  • 00:17:17
    but both for my batteries as
  • 00:17:20
    well as ah motors and controllers we
  • 00:17:23
    have to worry about
  • 00:17:25
    inefficiencies we want to minimize this
  • 00:17:30
    inefficiencies
  • 00:17:33
    one concern that you find
  • 00:17:39
    i have a for example drive electric
  • 00:17:41
    vehicle
  • 00:17:43
    if i drive at 55 kilometer per hour
  • 00:17:50
    i find that actually i am consuming very
  • 00:17:52
    little energy per kilometer
  • 00:17:55
    per kilometer i mean compared to
  • 00:17:59
    but if i drive at 30 kilometer per hour
  • 00:18:02
    or 25 kilometer hour per kilometer
  • 00:18:05
    energy consumed is much
  • 00:18:07
    higher i am talking per kilometer i am
  • 00:18:10
    not talking per time
  • 00:18:12
    of course at higher speed i will consume
  • 00:18:13
    more energy at
  • 00:18:15
    a higher speed you are supposed to
  • 00:18:18
    have higher power and higher energy i am
  • 00:18:20
    not talking about that
  • 00:18:22
    the problem comes the motor that i have
  • 00:18:25
    in my electric vehicle
  • 00:18:27
    has high efficiency close to 90 percent
  • 00:18:30
    at motor and controller at
  • 00:18:34
    ah 55 kilometer per hour but once it
  • 00:18:37
    comes to
  • 00:18:40
    20 kilometer per hour
  • 00:18:45
    almost 30 to 40 for 35 percent loss 40
  • 00:18:49
    loss 30 percent loss
  • 00:18:54
    so 70 percent of the energy only is
  • 00:18:56
    utilized or even less
  • 00:19:02
    now what will happen
  • 00:19:05
    it depends on how you are driving if you
  • 00:19:07
    are driving mostly on highways
  • 00:19:09
    it will give you very good what is
  • 00:19:11
    called mileage water per kilometer
  • 00:19:14
    if you drive in iit campus where the
  • 00:19:16
    speed limit itself is
  • 00:19:18
    35 and there are lot of bumps so you
  • 00:19:20
    generally do not drive more than 20 25
  • 00:19:24
    you get a lot more energy consumed per
  • 00:19:27
    kilometer
  • 00:19:32
    why motorcycle controllers have not been
  • 00:19:34
    designed to have
  • 00:19:36
    flat efficiency across rpm
  • 00:19:42
    now that is a characteristics of
  • 00:19:44
    something like a induction motor
  • 00:19:46
    induction motor generally tend to have a
  • 00:19:49
    decent efficiency at say high speed at
  • 00:19:53
    certain speed
  • 00:19:54
    at lower speeds you tend to have very
  • 00:19:57
    poor efficiencies
  • 00:20:00
    you of course can do things to the
  • 00:20:01
    controller to try to improve it but
  • 00:20:03
    still
  • 00:20:04
    it does not work that well the permanent
  • 00:20:07
    magnet
  • 00:20:08
    synchronous motor which is very common
  • 00:20:10
    in electric vehicle and for which we
  • 00:20:12
    will do
  • 00:20:13
    do go into details the efficiencies can
  • 00:20:16
    be
  • 00:20:17
    roughly flat and that is what
  • 00:20:21
    is needed so efficiency will play
  • 00:20:23
    important role
  • 00:20:24
    and we have to worry about it there is
  • 00:20:27
    one more thing that you have to worry
  • 00:20:29
    about particularly when you try talk
  • 00:20:30
    about battery energy
  • 00:20:32
    and the range that it will provide me
  • 00:20:34
    battery power battery energy
  • 00:20:36
    and the range that i will provide it
  • 00:20:38
    there is also auxiliary power used
  • 00:20:40
    lights are turned on turned off
  • 00:20:44
    some electronics may be turned um on
  • 00:20:48
    are whole air conditioners can be turned
  • 00:20:51
    on thats a major
  • 00:20:52
    auxiliary power now generally
  • 00:20:55
    in all the measurements that we do
  • 00:20:57
    auxiliary power is not taken into
  • 00:20:59
    account
  • 00:21:00
    but the auxiliary power may consume
  • 00:21:02
    maybe 20 percent of the
  • 00:21:04
    energy particularly in a heat
  • 00:21:08
    in high temperatures like in chennai
  • 00:21:11
    when temperature is 40 to 43 degree
  • 00:21:14
    centigrade
  • 00:21:15
    it is actually lot of cooling is
  • 00:21:17
    required and if i parked it in a sun and
  • 00:21:19
    left
  • 00:21:19
    it there for some time so much cooling
  • 00:21:22
    is required
  • 00:21:23
    so much of auxiliary
  • 00:21:26
    power usages will be done that i
  • 00:21:29
    actually will be able to have much
  • 00:21:30
    smaller range
  • 00:21:32
    so you have to worry about this
  • 00:21:35
    generally the range that is defined
  • 00:21:39
    by the manufacturer of the vehicle
  • 00:21:44
    is assuming that you are using a drive
  • 00:21:47
    cycle as defined by
  • 00:21:49
    standards no auxiliary consumption
  • 00:21:55
    and that is how it is defined so now you
  • 00:21:58
    have to
  • 00:21:59
    worry about what happens and figure out
  • 00:22:02
    how much will you be able to use
  • 00:22:06
    so power used is power for the motor
  • 00:22:09
    and controller
  • 00:22:14
    plus motor inefficiency
  • 00:22:19
    that much power is also used the
  • 00:22:21
    inefficiency of the
  • 00:22:22
    due to the controller plus the auxiliary
  • 00:22:25
    power
  • 00:22:26
    so you will take all these three are
  • 00:22:28
    losses
  • 00:22:30
    not loss auxiliary power is not losses
  • 00:22:31
    but thats a
  • 00:22:33
    power used will include the auxiliary
  • 00:22:36
    power
  • 00:22:36
    that is what you have to do to compute
  • 00:22:39
    the range
  • 00:22:40
    that a battery will give you battery to
  • 00:22:42
    design to provide
  • 00:22:44
    energy over range as well as peak power
  • 00:22:47
    so you take the total power used to give
  • 00:22:49
    you what the real range you will get
  • 00:22:53
    we will get into much more details on
  • 00:22:55
    the battery later on
  • 00:22:56
    but let me just quickly introduce what
  • 00:22:59
    how do you
  • 00:23:00
    really define this battery the first
  • 00:23:02
    important thing is
  • 00:23:03
    the batteries will be made using
  • 00:23:07
    cells and the battery
  • 00:23:12
    will have a certain capacity in kilowatt
  • 00:23:16
    hour
  • 00:23:17
    the battery capacity in kilowatt hour of
  • 00:23:20
    course
  • 00:23:22
    is voltage what is the voltage that it
  • 00:23:25
    will operate at
  • 00:23:27
    what is the at ampere hour
  • 00:23:31
    ampere hour is what how much ampere
  • 00:23:34
    for how much time you have to multiply
  • 00:23:37
    that the energy
  • 00:23:38
    is therefore voltage into ampere hour
  • 00:23:42
    that will be watt hour now if you want
  • 00:23:44
    in kilowatt hour divided by thousand
  • 00:23:47
    so this is important ah v into h
  • 00:23:50
    into thousand typically you will use
  • 00:23:53
    cells with a certain ah
  • 00:23:55
    for example you may use cells with 50 h
  • 00:24:00
    so that's ampere hour that you will
  • 00:24:04
    define but you may actually
  • 00:24:06
    take different amount of ampere at
  • 00:24:09
    different time you take that into
  • 00:24:10
    account
  • 00:24:11
    so that's the capacity of the battery is
  • 00:24:13
    defined in terms of v
  • 00:24:15
    into h by thousand
  • 00:24:18
    multiplied voltage multiplied by current
  • 00:24:21
    into hours
  • 00:24:22
    that is a h rating the cells are very
  • 00:24:24
    often defined by what is called
  • 00:24:26
    ampere hour or ah ratings
  • 00:24:30
    for long life of rechargeable battery
  • 00:24:33
    the other important thing is the battery
  • 00:24:35
    is never emptied i had mentioned that
  • 00:24:37
    right in the
  • 00:24:38
    beginning in the first chapter it is
  • 00:24:39
    never emptied completely
  • 00:24:42
    and never charged fully if you
  • 00:24:45
    tend to charge fully
  • 00:24:50
    hundred percent and if you tend to make
  • 00:24:53
    it a zero percent
  • 00:24:55
    it impacts the life of the battery
  • 00:24:57
    number of cycles it can support can
  • 00:25:00
    are significantly less
  • 00:25:03
    so what do you do first of all you will
  • 00:25:05
    never discharge it to zero percent
  • 00:25:07
    you leave some percentage below it
  • 00:25:12
    maybe five percent depends on it five
  • 00:25:15
    percent
  • 00:25:16
    seven percent you'll try to
  • 00:25:20
    leave that you'll never go below that
  • 00:25:22
    because you want don't want
  • 00:25:24
    the cells or the battery to be
  • 00:25:26
    completely discharged
  • 00:25:28
    ever so
  • 00:25:33
    in fact when you use a laptop
  • 00:25:37
    it sometimes gives you indication that
  • 00:25:40
    the battery will only last for so many
  • 00:25:43
    minutes
  • 00:25:44
    now what does it do it actually computes
  • 00:25:47
    the rate at which you have been using
  • 00:25:49
    the energy in from the battery and it
  • 00:25:52
    therefore says this is the current
  • 00:25:54
    capacity left
  • 00:25:56
    and it will last for so many minutes
  • 00:25:59
    it actually when it gives you that
  • 00:26:01
    number
  • 00:26:04
    it assumes that whatever is below that
  • 00:26:07
    threshold which
  • 00:26:08
    at which you will shut down you will
  • 00:26:09
    never use so that energy
  • 00:26:11
    it is not that if you say five percent
  • 00:26:14
    uh
  • 00:26:15
    energy is left it doesn't mean really
  • 00:26:18
    five percent five percent but the
  • 00:26:20
    plus the lower threshold for which which
  • 00:26:23
    below which you never go similarly on
  • 00:26:26
    the upper side
  • 00:26:28
    you don't tend to you tend to charge and
  • 00:26:31
    then stop
  • 00:26:31
    charging typically for example
  • 00:26:35
    you know nmc cells it can go up to four
  • 00:26:38
    point
  • 00:26:40
    two four point two five volts but you
  • 00:26:43
    will probably stop at four point one
  • 00:26:45
    five volt
  • 00:26:46
    why because you do not want to charge it
  • 00:26:48
    fully it that
  • 00:26:50
    charging it fully again impacts the life
  • 00:26:53
    of the battery
  • 00:26:55
    so very typical depending depends on the
  • 00:26:57
    size kind of battery
  • 00:26:59
    a very typical use of the low end
  • 00:27:02
    battery is
  • 00:27:02
    85 percent leave ten percent of the top
  • 00:27:07
    five percent at the bottom
  • 00:27:12
    or could even be eighty percent leave
  • 00:27:14
    fifteen percent the top
  • 00:27:16
    five percent of the bottom that is very
  • 00:27:18
    good for the battery but that means
  • 00:27:21
    your twenty percent of capacity is never
  • 00:27:23
    utilized
  • 00:27:25
    if it is eighty five percent fifteen
  • 00:27:26
    percent of capacity is never utilized
  • 00:27:32
    so if you want actual usage of one
  • 00:27:35
    kilowatt hour
  • 00:27:36
    you have to you to take a battery which
  • 00:27:38
    is one kilowatt hour
  • 00:27:40
    divided by point eight five it will come
  • 00:27:42
    to some one point one
  • 00:27:44
    something one point one one close to one
  • 00:27:46
    point two
  • 00:27:47
    kilowatt hour but
  • 00:27:51
    leaving that in every cycle not charging
  • 00:27:54
    discharging fully
  • 00:27:55
    gives you immense amount of benefit in
  • 00:27:57
    terms of number of cycles
  • 00:27:59
    the battery can support so usable energy
  • 00:28:03
    a term that is used is a battery may
  • 00:28:05
    have a capacity of one kilowatt hour
  • 00:28:07
    usable energy is x percent may be 85
  • 00:28:11
    percent of the total capacity
  • 00:28:13
    ah this usable energy
  • 00:28:17
    is also referred to as depth of
  • 00:28:19
    discharge
  • 00:28:20
    we'll come to that it's a depth of
  • 00:28:22
    discharge
  • 00:28:24
    depth of discharge since you are doing
  • 00:28:25
    both on both sides
  • 00:28:27
    is actually combined say depth of
  • 00:28:29
    discharge is
  • 00:28:31
    a battery is used to dod of 85 percent
  • 00:28:34
    means 85 percent of capacity can be used
  • 00:28:37
    in every cycle no more
  • 00:28:40
    no more than that the other thing that
  • 00:28:43
    happens
  • 00:28:44
    you start with a new battery let us say
  • 00:28:46
    it has a capacity c
  • 00:28:49
    as you use the battery number of cycles
  • 00:28:52
    go
  • 00:28:53
    that c will tend to fall
  • 00:28:57
    i talked about it and finally you get to
  • 00:29:01
    a value
  • 00:29:04
    let us say 80 percent at which you sort
  • 00:29:07
    of say
  • 00:29:08
    i will no longer use it in vehicle why
  • 00:29:12
    because now your range will go down
  • 00:29:16
    to 80 percent of what you initially and
  • 00:29:18
    we searched
  • 00:29:23
    you may choose y to be 75 is for 80
  • 00:29:26
    but normally a user normally a vehicle
  • 00:29:30
    manufacturer chooses chooses that and
  • 00:29:32
    say
  • 00:29:33
    well y will not be
  • 00:29:39
    y will be either 80 percent or 75
  • 00:29:42
    percent whatever
  • 00:29:45
    so what to that extent you get less
  • 00:29:48
    range
  • 00:29:50
    so what is the actual usable capacity
  • 00:29:55
    usable capacity becomes x
  • 00:29:59
    into y into c
  • 00:30:02
    at the end of its life close to the end
  • 00:30:05
    of life
  • 00:30:06
    in the beginning it is x into c
  • 00:30:10
    at the end of life it is
  • 00:30:14
    so to begin with it is x
  • 00:30:25
    control p control
  • 00:30:29
    p control p
  • 00:30:33
    so in the beginning it
  • 00:30:36
    is x into c
  • 00:30:41
    over time it is x
  • 00:30:45
    into y into c this is the end of life
  • 00:30:49
    this is beginning of life start of life
  • 00:30:51
    end of life this is at eol
  • 00:30:57
    so what do you do well you have to keep
  • 00:31:01
    track of
  • 00:31:01
    it or you can even say that
  • 00:31:04
    you will use average between x into c
  • 00:31:08
    and x into y plus c
  • 00:31:14
    so very often you say
  • 00:31:18
    average usage capacity is x
  • 00:31:22
    into 1 plus y
  • 00:31:26
    by 2
  • 00:31:30
    into c one plus y by two so if y is
  • 00:31:35
    point eight
  • 00:31:36
    eight you are using ninety percent
  • 00:31:40
    so this is how the usable capacity is
  • 00:31:44
    defined ok
  • 00:31:46
    in the beginning you will get slightly
  • 00:31:48
    higher later on you will get it slightly
  • 00:31:50
    lower
  • 00:31:53
    whatever battery power as i mentioned
  • 00:31:55
    when batteries have sufficient energy
  • 00:31:57
    let us say energy is not
  • 00:31:59
    not a problem rate at which power can be
  • 00:32:03
    put into the battery or taken out of the
  • 00:32:06
    battery both
  • 00:32:07
    in and out of the battery is limited
  • 00:32:10
    ah it is limited by what is called c
  • 00:32:13
    rate
  • 00:32:14
    the term uses c rate i am repeatedly
  • 00:32:16
    pointing out will get into details of it
  • 00:32:24
    higher c rate impacts the life cycle of
  • 00:32:26
    the battery
  • 00:32:28
    either for charging or discharging so
  • 00:32:31
    you limit
  • 00:32:32
    what c rate can you use if you want
  • 00:32:36
    life to be predictable
  • 00:32:40
    higher rate charging and discharging
  • 00:32:43
    also heats up the battery
  • 00:32:46
    we later on see that these batteries
  • 00:32:49
    have an
  • 00:32:49
    internal resistance and whatever current
  • 00:32:53
    you are putting in
  • 00:32:54
    i square r i
  • 00:32:57
    where r is the internal resistance will
  • 00:33:00
    be dissipated as heat
  • 00:33:02
    either during charging as well as during
  • 00:33:04
    discharging
  • 00:33:07
    so generally therefore battery is
  • 00:33:09
    designed
  • 00:33:11
    for a certain pc rate charge rate or
  • 00:33:14
    discharge rate
  • 00:33:15
    or peak power capability
  • 00:33:20
    so generally if the vehicle requires
  • 00:33:21
    some peak power the battery should be
  • 00:33:23
    able to deliver that
  • 00:33:24
    power not all the time
  • 00:33:28
    but remember that time there will be a
  • 00:33:32
    heating and either if it requires more
  • 00:33:35
    or less close to the peak power all the
  • 00:33:36
    time
  • 00:33:37
    you have to take away that heat heat
  • 00:33:39
    dissipation will have to be done
  • 00:33:44
    so the actual
  • 00:33:47
    rate that is used is
  • 00:33:50
    dependent not just on the size of the
  • 00:33:52
    battery
  • 00:33:54
    but what is called nature of the cells
  • 00:33:58
    what kind of cells are using there are
  • 00:34:01
    cells which will allow you
  • 00:34:02
    to charge discharge at 2c
  • 00:34:06
    we will define what is a c rate this
  • 00:34:09
    and it does not impact the battery life
  • 00:34:11
    tremendously there are cells
  • 00:34:14
    where if you charge higher than
  • 00:34:17
    even 1c it will impact the life of the
  • 00:34:19
    battery
  • 00:34:20
    so low cost cells generally tend to
  • 00:34:24
    be something where your charge rate is
  • 00:34:26
    0.2
  • 00:34:27
    0.3 c will get into detail
  • 00:34:30
    in the battery design center so the
  • 00:34:32
    chapter
  • 00:34:34
    so this is an assignment 3.2 that i am
  • 00:34:37
    giving you
  • 00:34:40
    huh and these are assignment which will
  • 00:34:41
    give you some good understanding
  • 00:34:43
    the first assignment is the vehicle
  • 00:34:45
    needs to run continuously at 60
  • 00:34:47
    kilometer power
  • 00:34:48
    per hour and have a peak torque
  • 00:34:50
    requirement of 150 newton meter
  • 00:34:53
    a motor gives a peak torque of 25 newton
  • 00:34:57
    meter at 3000 rpm
  • 00:35:01
    what should be the gear ratio and
  • 00:35:04
    minimum tire radius
  • 00:35:06
    for the motor to be used at the vehicle
  • 00:35:08
    so i have told you
  • 00:35:09
    that it has to be continuously used for
  • 00:35:12
    60 kilometer per hour
  • 00:35:14
    i have given you the tire radius you
  • 00:35:16
    have to convert rpm
  • 00:35:17
    and all those things motor will run at
  • 00:35:20
    3000 rpm at 25 newton meter
  • 00:35:22
    you require a torque of 160 newton meter
  • 00:35:25
    what should be the gear ratio
  • 00:35:29
    in the second question i have given you
  • 00:35:31
    a battery
  • 00:35:32
    with a capacity of 15 kilowatt hour but
  • 00:35:35
    i am assuming that
  • 00:35:36
    0.9 deory depth of charge and 75 percent
  • 00:35:39
    end of life
  • 00:35:42
    ah assuming that it a vehicle consumes
  • 00:35:44
    80 watts per kilometer what is the
  • 00:35:47
    range that the vehicle can support on
  • 00:35:49
    the average
  • 00:35:50
    when the battery is new when the battery
  • 00:35:53
    is near the end of the life
  • 00:35:55
    and therefore on this average
  • 00:35:58
    now i also assume that there is an
  • 00:36:00
    auxiliary power of 500 watt
  • 00:36:02
    continuously used air conditioner you
  • 00:36:04
    see
  • 00:36:05
    speed is 40 kilometer per hour
  • 00:36:08
    and the efficiency of the motor and
  • 00:36:11
    controller is 85 percent
  • 00:36:16
    compute this it will be interesting
  • 00:36:19
    all that many things that you have
  • 00:36:21
    learnt so far
  • 00:36:23
    will actually come into the picture
  • 00:36:26
    i come towards the end of this chapter
  • 00:36:28
    by looking at auxiliary
  • 00:36:31
    unit what is auxiliary power consumption
  • 00:36:34
    what is auxiliaries
  • 00:36:36
    vehicle control unit what is the role of
  • 00:36:38
    a vehicle controlling actually vehicle
  • 00:36:40
    control unit is a misnomer
  • 00:36:42
    it does not control too many things
  • 00:36:44
    because motor has its own controller
  • 00:36:46
    battery has its own bms
  • 00:36:50
    at what speed is driven vehicle is
  • 00:36:52
    driven depends on your
  • 00:36:56
    accelerator and brake
  • 00:36:59
    not by the vehicle control unit
  • 00:37:03
    and that directly controls the motor
  • 00:37:07
    it doesn't control the vehicle control
  • 00:37:09
    unit which in turn controls the motor
  • 00:37:11
    no the brake and acceleration the
  • 00:37:15
    acceleration particularly directly
  • 00:37:16
    controls the motor
  • 00:37:18
    brake of course will be a con
  • 00:37:21
    is will actually slow down the tire of
  • 00:37:23
    course in ev it will tend to
  • 00:37:25
    again control the motor
  • 00:37:31
    so what is the role of vehicle control
  • 00:37:32
    unit vehicle control unit is more
  • 00:37:34
    to coordinate everything communicate
  • 00:37:36
    with the world
  • 00:37:37
    occasionally download parameters and
  • 00:37:40
    things like that
  • 00:37:41
    not to say it is not playing the role of
  • 00:37:44
    a driver driver is a human driver
  • 00:37:48
    then of course there are all kinds of
  • 00:37:49
    lights headlights tail lights flashlight
  • 00:37:52
    vehicle interior lights all of these are
  • 00:37:55
    auxiliary and will consume energy
  • 00:38:00
    motors for wipers windows
  • 00:38:03
    the whole lot of motors in the vehicle
  • 00:38:05
    nowadays
  • 00:38:08
    even to lock it or unlock it
  • 00:38:11
    they are actuators not motors and they
  • 00:38:14
    have to be
  • 00:38:15
    electrically driven then of course there
  • 00:38:17
    is entertainment
  • 00:38:18
    there is a guidance tells you gives you
  • 00:38:20
    the map of the wave
  • 00:38:22
    route and things like that there are
  • 00:38:25
    other electronics communications
  • 00:38:28
    sensors rear view projection all those
  • 00:38:31
    things are there
  • 00:38:32
    they all may consume small small energy
  • 00:38:34
    most of it is electron is consumed
  • 00:38:36
    little bit of energy
  • 00:38:38
    always low voltage power
  • 00:38:42
    so it is typically most of the
  • 00:38:44
    electronics actually today work at 3.3
  • 00:38:46
    volts or even lower so you tend to use a
  • 00:38:49
    5 volt
  • 00:38:54
    there are electronics which uses even
  • 00:38:56
    lower than 3.3 volts
  • 00:39:00
    so of course you have to go through the
  • 00:39:02
    dc dc converter get
  • 00:39:04
    the right voltage and from the battery
  • 00:39:06
    to get that
  • 00:39:09
    vehicle control unit as i told you it
  • 00:39:11
    communicates with battery and controller
  • 00:39:13
    typically over a standard call can bus
  • 00:39:16
    can can bus is a more or less adopted
  • 00:39:20
    throughout the world
  • 00:39:21
    as a standard for in vehicle
  • 00:39:23
    communication
  • 00:39:25
    it may have external wireless interface
  • 00:39:27
    may not have but at
  • 00:39:28
    nowadays it increasingly have it
  • 00:39:32
    it may have other interfaces like for
  • 00:39:33
    example it may have a gps positioning
  • 00:39:36
    it may have load sensors how much load
  • 00:39:38
    is already
  • 00:39:39
    there on the vehicle inclination sensors
  • 00:39:42
    all this information may actually be fed
  • 00:39:45
    to a server it manages motor and
  • 00:39:48
    controller and this manages has to be
  • 00:39:51
    carefully thought about it collects the
  • 00:39:54
    data during drive possible to
  • 00:39:57
    download certain parameter to motors and
  • 00:40:00
    controllers
  • 00:40:00
    so motors and batteries motor controller
  • 00:40:03
    will directly control the motor
  • 00:40:05
    but a parameter can be changed through
  • 00:40:07
    the vcu
  • 00:40:08
    maybe from a wireless outside through
  • 00:40:10
    the bcu and now
  • 00:40:13
    the vco will communicate to the
  • 00:40:14
    controller and now the controller will
  • 00:40:16
    communicate
  • 00:40:17
    control the motor similarly
  • 00:40:20
    you can say you can download a parameter
  • 00:40:23
    to battery bms now bms will control the
  • 00:40:26
    battery
  • 00:40:28
    you also use it for things like geo
  • 00:40:30
    fencing do not allow
  • 00:40:31
    that that uses gps where are you
  • 00:40:35
    have you gone out of this place it may
  • 00:40:39
    control limiting temperature if the
  • 00:40:40
    temperature exceeds this shut off the
  • 00:40:42
    battery
  • 00:40:43
    or slow down the battery
  • 00:40:46
    temperatures for operations limiting
  • 00:40:48
    speed
  • 00:40:49
    you can limit the speed do not allow the
  • 00:40:52
    speed to go above a certain speed
  • 00:40:54
    you measure the speed and this it is
  • 00:40:56
    going
  • 00:40:57
    slow down the motor
  • 00:41:02
    so these are things that are done and
  • 00:41:05
    it is mostly the vcu or mcu that does
  • 00:41:07
    that
  • 00:41:08
    so in real sense it doesn't control it
  • 00:41:11
    acts as a data communication platform
  • 00:41:17
    there are three other units i have been
  • 00:41:18
    talking about it power brakes power
  • 00:41:20
    steering and air conditioning
  • 00:41:25
    generally all these three things used to
  • 00:41:28
    use hydraulics
  • 00:41:30
    and mechanical it used to be from fuel
  • 00:41:35
    the engine is driven that will generate
  • 00:41:37
    mechanical engineering
  • 00:41:39
    and using hydraulics it will control
  • 00:41:42
    brakes
  • 00:41:42
    steering and air conditioning today all
  • 00:41:45
    of them
  • 00:41:46
    have to be working for electric power in
  • 00:41:49
    fact most of the current new vehicles
  • 00:41:51
    already have that working on electrical
  • 00:41:54
    but in case there is not our future evs
  • 00:41:58
    will not first create mechanical force
  • 00:42:00
    and use hydraulics to control them so
  • 00:42:02
    this has to be changed
  • 00:42:04
    hydraulics does not give you very good
  • 00:42:06
    efficiency that's part of the reason
  • 00:42:11
    so drive train providing power to
  • 00:42:13
    hydraulic pump through belt and shaft
  • 00:42:15
    will give you 80
  • 00:42:16
    efficiency you do not want that much
  • 00:42:18
    power to be lost
  • 00:42:20
    so you directly start using electric
  • 00:42:23
    motors again motors and controller so
  • 00:42:26
    your motors and controller designed for
  • 00:42:28
    air conditioner
  • 00:42:30
    you have motors and controllers designed
  • 00:42:32
    for power steering
  • 00:42:34
    so there are multiple motors and
  • 00:42:35
    controllers that are required motors and
  • 00:42:37
    controllers that are used for for
  • 00:42:38
    example
  • 00:42:39
    windows up and down
  • 00:42:44
    so air conditioners heaters are dominant
  • 00:42:47
    power consumers
  • 00:42:49
    it may increase the energy requirement
  • 00:42:50
    by 25 to 30 percent
  • 00:42:53
    and therefore decrease the vehicle range
  • 00:42:57
    now same thing happens with petrol
  • 00:42:59
    vehicles also
  • 00:43:01
    instead of 15 kilometer per hour now it
  • 00:43:03
    will give you only
  • 00:43:04
    12 kilometer per hour and therefore the
  • 00:43:07
    total tank
  • 00:43:09
    will limit the range but you know that
  • 00:43:11
    range tank is made large and
  • 00:43:14
    you have 400 kilometer 500 kilometer
  • 00:43:17
    range
  • 00:43:18
    even if it comes down to 25 percent
  • 00:43:20
    still 400 kilometer
  • 00:43:22
    very easy and quick to fill petrol so
  • 00:43:24
    you don't
  • 00:43:25
    worry about it too much except for the
  • 00:43:28
    cost associated
  • 00:43:30
    not so for electric vehicle
  • 00:43:34
    the battery will anyway give you limited
  • 00:43:36
    range and then you take away 25 percent
  • 00:43:38
    to 30 percent of the
  • 00:43:40
    battery energy for using things like
  • 00:43:42
    this
  • 00:43:43
    your range significantly goes down
  • 00:43:47
    so i want to point out the impact of air
  • 00:43:49
    conditioner and heaters
  • 00:43:51
    is felt much more on ev
  • 00:43:55
    energy consumption it impacts range and
  • 00:43:58
    range is very valuable
  • 00:44:01
    till we figure out a way of almost
  • 00:44:03
    instantaneously charging battery
  • 00:44:05
    in a few minutes like the way we fill
  • 00:44:07
    out petrol
  • 00:44:08
    it will have you have to worry about it
  • 00:44:12
    and therefore you will rather spend
  • 00:44:16
    money
  • 00:44:16
    to make a air conditioner more energy
  • 00:44:19
    efficient
  • 00:44:21
    it will help you reduce the battery size
  • 00:44:25
    and save you money there
  • 00:44:29
    to sum up motors with their controllers
  • 00:44:32
    plus battery will determine the
  • 00:44:34
    performance of the vehicle that's
  • 00:44:35
    something
  • 00:44:36
    this is the key thing for the driver
  • 00:44:39
    they have to design very carefully
  • 00:44:42
    and take into account energy losses
  • 00:44:45
    auxiliary energy usage and lifetime
  • 00:44:47
    deterioration of battery
  • 00:44:50
    to really figure out what can be used
  • 00:44:57
    what we need to is now start looking at
  • 00:45:00
    batteries
  • 00:45:01
    and motors and controllers
  • 00:45:04
    and actually we can do it in parallel
  • 00:45:12
    so in the next chapter i am going to
  • 00:45:15
    start with the introduction to the
  • 00:45:16
    batteries
  • 00:45:18
    in detail after that as i pointed out
  • 00:45:22
    dr kaushal will start getting the
  • 00:45:24
    detailed
  • 00:45:26
    design of a battery
  • 00:45:29
    in parlor kernel
  • 00:45:33
    processor kanan will start looking at
  • 00:45:35
    motors and controller
  • 00:45:38
    but i think i will do a little bit of
  • 00:45:41
    batteries in detail which will
  • 00:45:44
    get set for chapter five and six
  • 00:45:48
    five on battery design and section
  • 00:45:51
    motors are controller
  • 00:45:52
    four will actually provide the link four
  • 00:45:55
    does not have to be completed you can
  • 00:45:57
    start while we are doing four towards
  • 00:46:00
    the
  • 00:46:00
    later half of it you can start looking
  • 00:46:02
    at chapter six also
  • 00:46:05
    thank you thank you plan please submit
  • 00:46:08
    your assignments
  • 00:46:09
    and solutions time
  • 00:46:15
    you
Tags
  • véhicules électriques
  • batterie
  • train de traction
  • gestion thermique
  • efficacité énergétique
  • convertisseur DC-DC
  • contrôleurs
  • moteurs
  • rendement
  • autonomie des batteries