Scottish independence: could Britain break up?

00:13:47
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBHZiXUDV6A

Ringkasan

TLDRRegatul Unit, format din Anglia, Scoția, Țara Galilor și Irlanda de Nord, este mai vulnerabil decât oricând în istoria recentă, în timp ce tensiunile din Irlanda de Nord cresc și mișcările pentru independența Scoției sunt în plină desfășurare. Brexitul a amplificat dorințele de independență ale Scoției, deoarece cei mai mulți scoțieni au votat să rămână în UE, dar au fost scoși împotriva voinței lor. Scoția, cu o istorie mândră de autonomie, a avut relații complicate cu Anglia, iar descoperirea petrolului în Marea Nordului a alimentat naționalismul scoțian. Deși Scoția depinde economic de Regatul Unit, mulți cred că independența le-ar permite să reintre în UE și să-și gestioneze mai bine resursele. Cu toate acestea, orice referendum de independență necesită aprobarea Prim-ministrului britanic, ceea ce Boris Johnson a refuzat. Scoția ar putea cataliza o posibilă dezintegrare a Regatului Unit, având implicații majore pentru viitorul european și global.

Takeaways

  • 🏴 Scoția caută independența față de Regatul Unit.
  • 🇬🇧 Tensiuni crescânde în Irlanda de Nord împotriva controlului britanic.
  • 🛢️ Descoperirea petrolului a întărit naționalismul scoțian.
  • 📉 Brexitul a amplificat cererile pentru autodeterminare în Scoția.
  • 🗳️ Referendumul pentru independența Scoției necesită acordul Prim-ministrului britanic.
  • 📊 Comerțul cu Regatul Unit este vital pentru economia Scoției.
  • 🇪🇺 Scoția ar putea încerca să reintre în UE ca națiune independentă.
  • 🤝 Dezintegrarea Regatului Unit ar putea influența ordinea mondială.
  • 📜 Uniunea Angliei și Scoției are peste 300 de ani de istorie.
  • 💡 Deciziile economice actuale sunt gestionate împreună cu Westminster.

Garis waktu

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Acum 200 de ani, Marea Britanie a dominat mările și o mare parte a lumii. Cu toate acestea, Imperiul Britanic s-a micșorat semnificativ de-a lungul timpului, iar Regatul Unit, compus din Anglia, Scoția, Țara Galilor și Irlanda de Nord, este mai slab ca niciodată. Tensiuni au izbucnit în Irlanda de Nord, iar în Scoția se desfășoară o bătălie politică pentru independență. SNP (Partidul Național Scoțian) dorește un referendum pentru independență dacă câștigă alegerile. Uniunea dintre Anglia și Scoția datează de peste 300 de ani, dar este sub presiune considerabilă, potențial deschizând calea pentru Irlanda de Nord și Țara Galilor să urmeze exemplul. Scoția are relații comerciale puternice cu restul Regatului Unit, dar unii susținători ai independenței cred că Scoția ar putea prospera pe cont propriu. Descoperirea petrolului în anii 1970 și industrializarea au amplificat apelurile pentru independență, iar referendumul din 2014 a arătat dorința de a rămâne în Regatul Unit, dar Brexitul a reaprins dorințele separatistelor. Mulți scoțieni se simt trădați de rezultatul Brexitului, întărind ideea că Regatul Unit nu poate acomoda dorințele distincte ale națiunilor sale constitutive.”

  • 00:05:00 - 00:13:47

    După ce Bretania a votat pentru ieșirea din UE în 2016, situația s-a complicat pentru Scoția, unde majoritatea a votat pentru a rămâne în Uniunea Europeană. Brexitul a cauzat noi provocări pentru afacerile scoțiene, crescând costurile și birocrația, accentuând sprijinul pentru independență. SNP speră la un al doilea referendum de independență în ciuda refuzului Londrei; Boris Johnson a afirmat clar că nu va permite un alt referendum. Chiar dacă SNP obține o majoritate solidă, organizarea unui nou referendum ar putea fi ilegal fără permisiunea Westminsterului. Posibilitatea de a continua neautorizat ar putea duce la situații similare cu Catalonia, provocând impasuri legale. În timp ce tensiunile cresc în Irlanda de Nord privind reunificarea și Țara Galilor solicită mai multă devoluție, despărțirile pașnice ale statelor sunt rare, Westminster confruntându-se cu provocări mari în gestionarea dorințelor de independență, mai ales dacă Scoția devine un lider al acestei mișcări.

Peta Pikiran

Video Tanya Jawab

  • Care este starea actuală a tensiunilor din Irlanda de Nord?

    S-au intensificat, manifestându-se prin ciocniri serioase cu poliția.

  • De ce dorește Scoția independența față de Regatul Unit?

    Pentru a avea control asupra propriilor politici economice și a reintra în Uniunea Europeană.

  • Cum a influențat Brexitul dorința de independență a Scoției?

    A amplificat-o deoarece scoțienii s-au simțit trădați fiind scoși din UE împotriva voinței lor.

  • Cât de important este comerțul cu Regatul Unit pentru Scoția?

    Foarte important, 60% din exporturile Scoției merg către restul Regatului Unit.

  • Ce importanță istorică are uniunea dintre Anglia și Scoția?

    Uniunea datează de peste 300 de ani, stabilită oficial în 1707.

  • Care au fost efectele descoperirii petrolului în apropierea Scoției?

    A alimentat dorințele naționale de independență oferind un impuls economic.

  • De ce ar fi complicat un al doilea referendum pentru independența Scoției?

    Prim-ministrul britanic trebuie să-și dea acordul, iar Boris Johnson s-a opus acestei idei.

  • Cum a afectat Margaret Thatcher popularitatea mișcării de independență în Scoția?

    Dezindustrializarea sub conducerea sa a crescut nemulțumirile și dorința de independență.

  • Ce rolează Westminster în deciziile economice ale Scoției?

    Scoția depinde de un grant bloc și suport financiar din partea Westminster.

  • Ce impact a avut deindustrializarea asupra Scoției?

    A contribuit la creșterea naționalismului și a sprijinului pentru independență.

Lihat lebih banyak ringkasan video

Dapatkan akses instan ke ringkasan video YouTube gratis yang didukung oleh AI!
Teks
en
Gulir Otomatis:
  • 00:00:00
    [Music]
  • 00:00:01
    200 years ago britain proudly ruled the
  • 00:00:04
    waves
  • 00:00:05
    and about a quarter of the world
  • 00:00:08
    but the british empire has shrunk again
  • 00:00:12
    and again now the united kingdom itself
  • 00:00:16
    england scotland wales and northern
  • 00:00:19
    ireland
  • 00:00:19
    is weaker than at any point in living
  • 00:00:22
    memory
  • 00:00:23
    tensions have flared in northern ireland
  • 00:00:25
    in the most serious clashes with police
  • 00:00:27
    for years
  • 00:00:29
    and in scotland a fierce political
  • 00:00:31
    battle for independence
  • 00:00:33
    is in full swing scotland's future
  • 00:00:36
    must be in scotland's hands
  • 00:00:39
    the union between england and scotland
  • 00:00:41
    goes back over 300 years
  • 00:00:46
    but it's under increasing strain
  • 00:00:49
    and if scotland were to go could it pave
  • 00:00:51
    the way for northern ireland and even
  • 00:00:53
    wales
  • 00:00:54
    to do the same
  • 00:01:01
    at this organic farm outside edinburgh
  • 00:01:04
    almost all of the produce is proudly
  • 00:01:06
    grown
  • 00:01:07
    in scotland and the farm's founder mike
  • 00:01:10
    thinks scotland would be better off as
  • 00:01:12
    an independent country
  • 00:01:14
    it's a hot topic right now as the
  • 00:01:16
    scottish national party
  • 00:01:18
    have promised to ask westminster for an
  • 00:01:20
    independence referendum
  • 00:01:21
    should they win a majority at the
  • 00:01:23
    forthcoming election in may
  • 00:01:26
    my partner's family are from yorkshire
  • 00:01:28
    and they think of scotland as just
  • 00:01:29
    another part of england
  • 00:01:31
    rather than its own its own country and
  • 00:01:34
    also you see politicians do that as well
  • 00:01:37
    they'd be wrong though scotland has a
  • 00:01:39
    long and proud history
  • 00:01:41
    as an independent nation the romans
  • 00:01:44
    never managed to conquer it
  • 00:01:46
    and for much of its history it was
  • 00:01:47
    fighting its english neighbors
  • 00:01:49
    south of the border england had joined
  • 00:01:52
    with wales in 1536
  • 00:01:55
    a union with scotland came about after
  • 00:01:58
    the queen of england
  • 00:01:59
    elizabeth the first died in 1603
  • 00:02:03
    her cousin james who was king of
  • 00:02:05
    scotland
  • 00:02:06
    took over the english throne the two
  • 00:02:09
    countries now shared a king
  • 00:02:10
    and an army but had separate parliaments
  • 00:02:13
    and laws
  • 00:02:15
    a few decades later scotland tried to
  • 00:02:18
    set up a colony
  • 00:02:19
    new caledonia in what is now panama
  • 00:02:22
    it was a disaster and scotland was left
  • 00:02:25
    in serious debt
  • 00:02:27
    so when a union with england was
  • 00:02:28
    proposed it looked to some like a
  • 00:02:30
    sensible financial decision
  • 00:02:32
    and the acts of union were passed by
  • 00:02:34
    1707.
  • 00:02:37
    some scots looked south of the border
  • 00:02:39
    and thought that it would be
  • 00:02:41
    good to have a relationship with this
  • 00:02:42
    much more powerful richer
  • 00:02:44
    nation with its bigger market
  • 00:02:48
    the scots could trade with the english
  • 00:02:51
    colonies in the caribbean
  • 00:02:53
    scotland then was able to trade and
  • 00:02:56
    tobacco
  • 00:02:57
    and that was the basis of glasgow's rise
  • 00:02:59
    in the 18th century
  • 00:03:01
    ireland was later strong-armed into the
  • 00:03:04
    union in 1801
  • 00:03:05
    but this was short-lived as in 1922 the
  • 00:03:08
    country was split in two
  • 00:03:10
    with the irish free state becoming
  • 00:03:12
    independent and northern ireland
  • 00:03:14
    remaining part of the uk while the
  • 00:03:18
    opportunities of empire may no longer
  • 00:03:20
    exist
  • 00:03:21
    for members of the union being part of
  • 00:03:23
    the uk still has its advantages
  • 00:03:26
    for a start the uk is still scotland's
  • 00:03:28
    main trading partner
  • 00:03:30
    60 of all scottish exports go to the
  • 00:03:33
    rest of britain
  • 00:03:34
    that's almost triple what it exports to
  • 00:03:37
    the rest of the world
  • 00:03:38
    excluding europe andy co-runs a brewery
  • 00:03:42
    outside edinburgh
  • 00:03:43
    and for him trade with the uk is a
  • 00:03:46
    compelling reason to stay
  • 00:03:47
    in the union for us the market in
  • 00:03:50
    in england has grown in importance
  • 00:03:55
    it's very easy to sell across the uk no
  • 00:03:57
    limitations in terms of us
  • 00:03:59
    traveling into england with independence
  • 00:04:02
    you will have a land border between
  • 00:04:03
    england
  • 00:04:04
    and and scotland and i could see a much
  • 00:04:07
    more difficult scenario but some
  • 00:04:11
    have always thought scotland would be
  • 00:04:13
    better off standing on its own two feet
  • 00:04:16
    and by the 1960s a nationalist voice in
  • 00:04:19
    scottish politics
  • 00:04:20
    was gaining ground the scottish national
  • 00:04:23
    party or the snp
  • 00:04:24
    who won their first seat in westminster
  • 00:04:27
    in 1967
  • 00:04:31
    in the years that followed the
  • 00:04:32
    nationalist cause received an unexpected
  • 00:04:35
    boost the discovery of oil off the coast
  • 00:04:38
    of scotland
  • 00:04:39
    liquid gold britain now has oil
  • 00:04:42
    billions and billions of barrels of it
  • 00:04:44
    and has been quietly laughing at the
  • 00:04:46
    doorstep
  • 00:04:46
    all the time in the 1980s oil revenue
  • 00:04:51
    exploded
  • 00:04:52
    and many thought scotland should see
  • 00:04:54
    more of this money which added around
  • 00:04:56
    193
  • 00:04:57
    billion pounds to the uk economy between
  • 00:05:00
    1975
  • 00:05:01
    and 2020 this was coupled with
  • 00:05:04
    de-industrialization
  • 00:05:06
    in the 1980s under british prime
  • 00:05:08
    minister margaret thatcher
  • 00:05:10
    she was deeply disliked in scotland and
  • 00:05:12
    this boosted calls for independence
  • 00:05:16
    in 1997 scotland voted in favor of a
  • 00:05:20
    devolved parliament
  • 00:05:21
    which was then created by tony blair
  • 00:05:23
    britain's prime minister
  • 00:05:25
    it's every single aerial stop we're all
  • 00:05:27
    moving forward
  • 00:05:28
    and we're moving forward together this
  • 00:05:31
    meant scotland had its own parliament
  • 00:05:33
    for the first time in nearly
  • 00:05:34
    300 years and devolution gave scotland
  • 00:05:38
    the power to make decisions on areas
  • 00:05:40
    like agriculture
  • 00:05:41
    education and health known as devolved
  • 00:05:44
    matters
  • 00:05:45
    while uk-wide concerns such as
  • 00:05:47
    immigration foreign policy and offence
  • 00:05:50
    were managed by westminster and were
  • 00:05:52
    known as reserved matters
  • 00:05:55
    the uk government still provided
  • 00:05:57
    financial support to scotland
  • 00:06:00
    this was in the form of a block grant
  • 00:06:04
    and together with income tax national
  • 00:06:06
    insurance payments
  • 00:06:07
    and other rates from within scotland
  • 00:06:09
    helped fund the work of the scottish
  • 00:06:11
    parliament
  • 00:06:13
    some unionists say scotland couldn't
  • 00:06:15
    survive without this financial support
  • 00:06:18
    from westminster
  • 00:06:19
    because scotland raises less tax and
  • 00:06:21
    spends more per person
  • 00:06:23
    than the rest of the uk in 2019
  • 00:06:26
    scotland spent 8.6 more than it earned
  • 00:06:29
    compared with 2.6 for the uk overall
  • 00:06:34
    but nationalists say if scotland could
  • 00:06:35
    control its own economic policies
  • 00:06:38
    it could stimulate growth and help close
  • 00:06:40
    this gap
  • 00:06:42
    and some have been fighting hard to
  • 00:06:44
    prove it
  • 00:06:45
    the establishment of the holyrood
  • 00:06:47
    parliament in edinburgh
  • 00:06:48
    it was believed would see the end of
  • 00:06:51
    nationalism and that would be
  • 00:06:53
    enough because scotland would be
  • 00:06:55
    legislating
  • 00:06:56
    on scottish issues however
  • 00:06:59
    that didn't happen because what
  • 00:07:02
    devolution did was encourage um
  • 00:07:05
    the nationalists and allowed them to ask
  • 00:07:09
    for more
  • 00:07:10
    devolution
  • 00:07:13
    in 2011 the snp won a majority at
  • 00:07:16
    hollyrood
  • 00:07:17
    which gave them a platform to ask for
  • 00:07:19
    scottish independence
  • 00:07:23
    but the referendum that followed was a
  • 00:07:25
    disappointment for them
  • 00:07:26
    in 2014 scotland voted to remain in the
  • 00:07:29
    uk
  • 00:07:30
    by 55 to 45 percent
  • 00:07:33
    and that seemed to be the end of that
  • 00:07:37
    until two years later and brexit
  • 00:07:42
    the celebration started in the early
  • 00:07:44
    hours of this morning
  • 00:07:46
    the uk had voted to get out of the eu
  • 00:07:50
    in 2016 the uk voted to leave the eu
  • 00:07:53
    by 52 to 48
  • 00:07:57
    but this did not reflect the scottish
  • 00:07:59
    portion of the vote where 62
  • 00:08:01
    voted to remain many scots felt betrayed
  • 00:08:05
    they were being pulled out of the
  • 00:08:06
    european union against their will
  • 00:08:09
    i think the brexit referendum was a
  • 00:08:11
    turning point
  • 00:08:12
    in lots of ways because that
  • 00:08:16
    massive decision was taken and without
  • 00:08:19
    the consent of people in scotland
  • 00:08:21
    that reinforced this idea that maybe
  • 00:08:25
    the uk couldn't accommodate scotland's
  • 00:08:28
    distinctive wishes
  • 00:08:29
    as a nation within the united kingdom
  • 00:08:34
    back in edinburgh this is certainly how
  • 00:08:36
    mike feels
  • 00:08:37
    as something he never voted for has now
  • 00:08:39
    brought his small business new paperwork
  • 00:08:41
    and increased costs brexit at the moment
  • 00:08:44
    is just a disaster
  • 00:08:46
    i mean i've got about five different
  • 00:08:48
    customs agents who had to sign up with
  • 00:08:51
    a lot of the jargon we don't understand
  • 00:08:54
    i really cannot see any advantage of
  • 00:08:57
    brexit and
  • 00:08:58
    whoever i've spoken to has never given
  • 00:08:59
    me an answer either so
  • 00:09:02
    this has helped cement his decision to
  • 00:09:03
    vote for a party favoring independence
  • 00:09:06
    at the next election
  • 00:09:07
    in the hope that there will be a second
  • 00:09:09
    scottish independence referendum
  • 00:09:11
    i've got no faith i mean westminster's
  • 00:09:13
    just proven to be corrupt as far as i'm
  • 00:09:15
    concerned
  • 00:09:16
    and i just think it's it's better
  • 00:09:19
    to be independent and away from that
  • 00:09:23
    mike's not alone support for
  • 00:09:25
    independence has been rising since 2012
  • 00:09:28
    but after the brexit vote it overtook
  • 00:09:31
    support for devolution
  • 00:09:32
    or remaining partly governed by
  • 00:09:34
    westminster
  • 00:09:36
    for nationalists part of the renewed
  • 00:09:38
    appeal of leaving the uk
  • 00:09:39
    is that scotland could rejoin the eu as
  • 00:09:42
    an independent nation
  • 00:09:44
    but would that mean scotland would be
  • 00:09:46
    better off possibly not
  • 00:09:48
    that's because the border between
  • 00:09:50
    england and scotland would become a
  • 00:09:52
    border between what's left of britain
  • 00:09:54
    and the eu and this could potentially
  • 00:09:56
    disrupt trade
  • 00:09:57
    with scotland's main trading partner
  • 00:10:01
    some business people like andy are
  • 00:10:03
    worried about what independence might
  • 00:10:05
    mean for trade with the rest of the uk
  • 00:10:09
    brexit has already complicated things
  • 00:10:11
    and he worries that scottish
  • 00:10:12
    independence
  • 00:10:14
    could make things even harder i think
  • 00:10:16
    the only real
  • 00:10:17
    issue we had recently is just trying to
  • 00:10:19
    send a box of beer
  • 00:10:21
    for our online shop to northern ireland
  • 00:10:23
    which was a right headache
  • 00:10:25
    there's obviously now much more
  • 00:10:26
    constrains on the movement back and
  • 00:10:28
    forth over the irish sea
  • 00:10:30
    i think that might put people off to go
  • 00:10:32
    down the route of yes vote on scottish
  • 00:10:34
    independence
  • 00:10:35
    but even andy is on the fence about
  • 00:10:37
    independence
  • 00:10:38
    and the finer points of trade and
  • 00:10:40
    economics may not matter in a debate
  • 00:10:42
    about national identity
  • 00:10:45
    because as brexit showed the idea of
  • 00:10:47
    taking back control
  • 00:10:49
    is very powerful it is one of the
  • 00:10:52
    architects of brexit
  • 00:10:53
    uk prime minister boris johnson who
  • 00:10:55
    seems to hold a lot of the cards when it
  • 00:10:57
    comes to independence
  • 00:11:00
    if the snp were to win a convincing
  • 00:11:03
    majority at the next scottish election
  • 00:11:05
    then they could ask for another
  • 00:11:06
    referendum
  • 00:11:08
    but they might not be able to hold it
  • 00:11:11
    that's because as the uk government sees
  • 00:11:13
    it
  • 00:11:14
    the law is clear and the british prime
  • 00:11:16
    minister has to grant permission
  • 00:11:18
    for a referendum but mr johnson has made
  • 00:11:20
    it clear he has no intention of doing
  • 00:11:22
    this
  • 00:11:24
    whether the scottish parliament has the
  • 00:11:26
    legal right to organise a referendum
  • 00:11:28
    without westminster's permission
  • 00:11:30
    is a question that has never been tested
  • 00:11:32
    in court
  • 00:11:33
    one option may be to just go ahead
  • 00:11:36
    anyway to try to
  • 00:11:38
    hold a referendum and so then what
  • 00:11:41
    then you may be into a situation that
  • 00:11:43
    catalonia found itself in where it
  • 00:11:45
    pushed ahead with
  • 00:11:47
    a referendum that was not seen to be
  • 00:11:49
    within the legal order
  • 00:11:51
    of the spanish constitution so you have
  • 00:11:54
    stalemates
  • 00:11:56
    whatever happens the other devolved
  • 00:11:58
    nations will be watching
  • 00:12:00
    keenly there are calls in wales for more
  • 00:12:03
    devolution
  • 00:12:05
    and northern ireland has the possibility
  • 00:12:07
    for a referendum on reunification with
  • 00:12:09
    ireland
  • 00:12:10
    built into the good friday agreement we
  • 00:12:13
    are seeing
  • 00:12:14
    clear tensions emerging within northern
  • 00:12:17
    ireland
  • 00:12:17
    it's linked to the implementation of the
  • 00:12:20
    northern ireland protocol that was part
  • 00:12:22
    of the uk
  • 00:12:24
    eu withdrawal agreement
  • 00:12:27
    the issue in northern ireland is not
  • 00:12:28
    about independence it's about
  • 00:12:30
    reunification with the island of ireland
  • 00:12:34
    now that may be some way off but that's
  • 00:12:36
    a distinctive issue
  • 00:12:38
    related also to some of the consequences
  • 00:12:42
    of brexit
  • 00:12:46
    everyone in this debate hopes that if
  • 00:12:48
    any of the nations of the united kingdom
  • 00:12:50
    do break away it will be done in a
  • 00:12:52
    peaceful and orderly way
  • 00:12:54
    that minimizes damage to the economy but
  • 00:12:57
    such a neat divorce would have few
  • 00:12:59
    precedents in the 20th century the
  • 00:13:01
    breakup of countries usually followed
  • 00:13:03
    economic chaos
  • 00:13:05
    decolonization or war
  • 00:13:08
    the increasing calls for independence
  • 00:13:10
    could be the most important thing
  • 00:13:12
    westminster has to manage
  • 00:13:14
    over the coming years while a breakup of
  • 00:13:16
    the uk
  • 00:13:17
    seemed highly unlikely until recently
  • 00:13:20
    it's now possible that scotland could
  • 00:13:23
    lead the charge
  • 00:13:26
    i'm matthew hallhouse the britain
  • 00:13:28
    political correspondent
  • 00:13:30
    at the economist for more about the
  • 00:13:32
    united kingdom
  • 00:13:33
    brexit and scotland's future in europe
  • 00:13:36
    you can read the newspaper's briefing
  • 00:13:38
    by clicking the link thank you for
  • 00:13:40
    [Music]
  • 00:13:46
    watching
  • 00:13:49
    you
Tags
  • Regatul Unit
  • Scoția
  • Independența
  • Brexit
  • Irlanda de Nord
  • Naționalism
  • Petrol
  • Comerț
  • Politică
  • UE