00:00:11
in the proper use of simple hand
00:00:14
tools but to more fully appreciate these
00:00:16
tools and their part in our world today
00:00:19
let's turn back to pages of
00:00:21
History 60 or 70,000 years ago long
00:00:24
before the beginning of civilization our
00:00:27
primitive ancestors lived in caves and
00:00:30
we today might also be living in caves
00:00:32
except for a certain event that took
00:00:34
place within the gloomy depths of this
00:00:36
long forgotten
00:00:49
Cavern here a certain Stone AG Craftsman
00:00:52
by the name of primitive Pete stumbled
00:00:55
upon a very good
00:00:58
idea he saw suddenly realize that by
00:01:01
fastening a stick to a
00:01:05
rock like this he could extend the
00:01:08
length of his arm like this and thereby
00:01:11
greatly increase the force of his blow
00:01:14
like
00:01:18
this thus was born the world's first
00:01:21
practical hand
00:01:24
tool did we say practical well anyway it
00:01:28
was a good idea in fact it eventually
00:01:30
led to the development of all the
00:01:32
numerous sledges and hammers we have
00:01:34
today but more than that out of Pete
00:01:37
Stone Age Hammer came other tools tools
00:01:41
for every
00:01:45
purpose this ballpen Hammer For example
00:01:48
is just a practical version of primitive
00:01:50
Pete's first crude
00:01:56
invention but like all tools there's a
00:01:59
right and wrong way to use it there are
00:02:02
still primitive peps among us today who
00:02:05
would abuse this fine
00:02:10
tool and this would be the horrible
00:02:14
result obviously this Hammer was never
00:02:16
intended for crushing
00:02:18
rocks the ball pen Hammer was designed
00:02:21
for many
00:02:22
purposes the pen end can be used for
00:02:25
riveting
00:02:31
it's also used for shaping soft
00:02:41
metal when using the face you can avoid
00:02:44
damage when hitting a hard object simply
00:02:46
by striking with a full
00:02:51
face never Strike the object with the
00:02:56
edge of course there are many other
00:02:58
types of hammers all based on the
00:03:00
original stone age model there's the
00:03:03
brass or
00:03:05
copper the Raw Hide
00:03:07
face plastic
00:03:09
tip and the claw
00:03:11
hammer which is the most commonly
00:03:14
used or we should say most commonly
00:03:19
misused to use the claw hammer correctly
00:03:22
rest the head squarely on the nail give
00:03:25
the nail a slight starting
00:03:28
tap then drive it in with steady
00:03:31
blows a long nail can be pulled part way
00:03:35
with a natural leverage of the
00:03:37
claw then a block of wood placed under
00:03:40
the head will increase the leverage
00:03:42
making a stubborn nail easier to
00:03:45
pull with less strain on the
00:03:49
handle a hammer with a loose head can be
00:03:52
plenty
00:03:53
dangerous here's how primitive Pete
00:03:56
would tighten the head on his hammer but
00:03:58
that only damages the head at both
00:04:02
ends have you a little beauty like this
00:04:04
in your
00:04:09
home a steel wedge is the right
00:04:13
answer driven into the wood the wedge
00:04:16
spreads the handle to the tapered sides
00:04:18
of the eye and holds it tight in both
00:04:23
directions gripping the handle too close
00:04:25
to the Head reduces the the blow and
00:04:28
sometimes makes it difficult to drive a
00:04:30
alil in
00:04:35
straight always grip the handle close to
00:04:38
the end to increase the length of the
00:04:40
lever arm and make each blow more
00:04:43
accurate and
00:04:47
effective never use a handle for a
00:04:50
crowbar that's going all the way back to
00:04:52
primitive
00:04:56
peep another familiar tool that takes an
00:04:59
awful lot of abuse is the ordinary
00:05:04
screwdriver our modernday primitive Pete
00:05:07
often uses a screwdriver to pry open a
00:05:09
stubborn
00:05:11
window well maybe he'll
00:05:14
succeed in ruining the
00:05:18
tool this never would have happened if
00:05:20
Pete had known more about the
00:05:22
screwdriver it's made up of three
00:05:24
principal
00:05:26
parts handle shank and
00:05:30
blade some screwdrivers have a
00:05:32
fulllength shank extending through the
00:05:37
handle but many household screwdrivers
00:05:40
have a shorter
00:05:42
shank pinned to the handle in this
00:05:49
fashion this type will not stand the
00:05:51
Primitive Pete treatment
00:06:01
the best rule is never hammer on any
00:06:06
screwdriver many of us try to use one
00:06:08
screwdriver for every size of screw
00:06:14
head always choose a screwdriver with a
00:06:17
blade equal in width to the length of
00:06:19
the
00:06:24
slot another thing never attempt to turn
00:06:27
a tight screw if there is too much play
00:06:29
between the blade and the
00:06:38
slot a bad fit can cause serious trouble
00:06:42
it can ruin the screw slot or the
00:06:46
blade H this looks like the work of
00:06:49
primitive Pete well so it is fortunately
00:06:53
if the blade is not too badly chipped it
00:06:56
can be reground into serviceable shape
00:06:58
first grind the tip straight and square
00:07:01
with a
00:07:03
shank then grind each face a little at a
00:07:07
time but never allow the blade to become
00:07:10
hot excessive heat will draw the temper
00:07:13
and the blade will become
00:07:16
soft here are the front and side views
00:07:19
of a properly ground
00:07:23
screwdriver here's a little
00:07:26
trick if the faces of the blade are
00:07:29
tapered in slightly a short distance
00:07:31
back of the tip the screwdriver will
00:07:34
stay down in the screw slot even when a
00:07:36
severe twisting force is
00:07:39
exerted here is a special type
00:07:41
screwdriver designed for heavy
00:07:44
duty the extra large square shank will
00:07:47
stand a wrench if added Leverage is
00:07:53
needed Don't Be A Primitive Pete and
00:07:55
resort to the use of pliers
00:08:03
they're apt to chew up the
00:08:09
shack Pliers are made for other
00:08:13
purposes here are some familiar
00:08:16
types
00:08:18
combination diagonal
00:08:21
cutting long round
00:08:23
nose and side
00:08:27
cutting these side cutting pliers are
00:08:29
used chiefly for electrical
00:08:32
work to make an electrical connection
00:08:35
first cut the insulated wire to the
00:08:37
required
00:08:39
length then use the parts back of the
00:08:41
joint to flatten the insulation like
00:08:47
this then grip the insulation with the
00:08:50
cutting edges without biting into the
00:08:52
solid wire and strip off the
00:08:57
insulation now right here is where long
00:08:59
round nose pliers come in
00:09:03
handy to make a neat Loop to fit a
00:09:05
terminal first use the tip of your
00:09:08
pliers to make a right angle
00:09:11
Bend then grip the wire farther up and
00:09:15
turn the end into a
00:09:22
loop these diagonal pliers have their
00:09:25
cutting Jaws at an angle
00:09:29
they're very useful for removing and
00:09:31
installing cotter
00:09:35
pins a drop of oil every now and then is
00:09:38
good insurance against
00:09:40
rust like all tools pliers should be
00:09:43
kept in good working
00:09:45
order these combination pliers equipped
00:09:48
with a slip joint are very commonly
00:09:54
used they usually have a small Shear
00:09:57
between the teeth and the joint for
00:09:59
cutting wire or
00:10:02
Nails think of these pliers as a set of
00:10:06
extra stronger fingers valuable for all
00:10:09
sorts of
00:10:11
jobs they should not be used to tighten
00:10:13
or loosen nuts the Jaws might slip
00:10:17
chewing off the corners of the
00:10:21
nut a better tool for this job would be
00:10:25
an open-end
00:10:28
wrench they usually come in
00:10:31
set with openings ranging in size from
00:10:34
5/16 of an inch to 1
00:10:40
in wrench measurements refer to the
00:10:42
distance between the Jaws use a wrench
00:10:45
that always fits the nut
00:10:51
exactly pushing on a wrench when the nut
00:10:53
is tight is bad
00:10:55
practice better not Pete we're warning
00:10:58
you
00:11:01
oh well some people have to learn the
00:11:04
hard
00:11:05
way on open end wrenches the head is set
00:11:08
at an angle to the handle usually
00:11:12
15° this permits efficient use in close
00:11:17
quarters for example this nut has very
00:11:20
little swing space around it to start
00:11:23
the nut the wrench will fit one set of
00:11:25
flats in this
00:11:27
position and we can give the nut a
00:11:29
partial turn before the handle jams
00:11:31
against the
00:11:33
block but if we try to repeat the action
00:11:36
we find the nut is in a new position and
00:11:38
the wrench won't fit so we flop the
00:11:41
wrench over and get a new fit on the
00:11:44
nut again we pull the handle as far as
00:11:47
it'll
00:11:48
go we keep repeating the procedure until
00:11:51
the job is
00:11:57
finished an ingenious developer M of the
00:11:59
open end wrench is this
00:12:02
type its adjustable jaw makes it handy
00:12:05
for many sizes of nuts and bolt
00:12:08
heads but the jaw should always be set
00:12:11
for a snug fit on the sides of the nut
00:12:13
before exerting any great
00:12:17
force to use the wrench correctly the
00:12:20
pulling Force should be applied to the
00:12:22
stationary
00:12:23
jaw like this
00:12:32
great force applied to this weaker
00:12:34
adjustable jaw might ruin the
00:12:41
tool this type of wrench is not intended
00:12:44
for hard service so don't over strain
00:12:48
it and remember to keep the moving Parts
00:12:51
well
00:12:57
oiled there are many uses for a
00:12:59
mediumsized monkey wrench this tool also
00:13:03
is often abused the Jaws should always
00:13:06
be adjusted to a tight
00:13:09
fit and remember to exert the pull on
00:13:12
the right side opposite the
00:13:17
opening if the wrench is used the wrong
00:13:20
way it might slip off the nut and do a
00:13:22
lot of
00:13:26
damage see what we mean
00:13:32
trying to force a stubborn nut by
00:13:34
hammering on the handle of the wrench is
00:13:37
a sure sign that you're a primitive Pete
00:13:40
if you really want to ruin a good Tool
00:13:43
uh try this on your monkey wrench you
00:13:46
can ruin yourself
00:13:54
too what Pete needed was a bigger wrench
00:13:58
and we should remember that there is a
00:14:00
proper tool for every job if we'll only
00:14:02
take the trouble to use
00:14:05
it pipe wrenches are used for turning
00:14:08
pipe pipe fittings and other round
00:14:11
objects the teeth of the pipe wrench
00:14:13
will not grip the fitting unless the
00:14:15
tool is worked in the correct
00:14:18
position for best results the bite
00:14:20
should be taken at the center of the
00:14:26
Jaws remember the teeth will always
00:14:28
leave their mark on the
00:14:32
work however if you must use a pipe
00:14:34
wrench on plated
00:14:36
fixtures you can first wrap the pipe
00:14:38
with a leather
00:14:40
strap this will protect the
00:14:46
finish a popular wrench with mechanics
00:14:48
is the Box wrench designed for use in
00:14:51
close
00:14:53
quarters the 12 notches in the head of
00:14:56
this tool make it possible to get a good
00:14:58
fit over the nut in almost any
00:15:02
position notice the nut is gripped at
00:15:05
all six
00:15:08
corners to ensure a working clearance
00:15:11
the head of this wrench is offset from
00:15:13
the handle at a 15°
00:15:16
angle some mechanics call this tool a
00:15:19
knuckle
00:15:21
saver here's a combination of a box and
00:15:24
openend wrench sometimes called a half
00:15:27
and half
00:15:30
the Box end is ideal for breaking loose
00:15:32
a tight
00:15:33
nut then if there's no clearance for a
00:15:36
full
00:15:37
spin the open end may be used to turn
00:15:40
the nut off more quickly than the Box
00:15:44
end every Workshop should have a set of
00:15:47
socket wrenches with at least one handle
00:15:50
to fit the different
00:15:51
sockets however a good mechanic needs a
00:15:53
larger
00:15:55
set like this one with a dozen sockets
00:15:58
and several handles for different types
00:16:00
of
00:16:02
jobs these special handles provide
00:16:04
leverage in almost any
00:16:07
position for example this hinged offset
00:16:10
handle can be worked at various
00:16:23
angles this te handle with a universal
00:16:26
joint allows use in very confined areas
00:16:29
where it would be difficult to work with
00:16:31
ordinary
00:16:37
handles a further Improvement is a
00:16:39
ratchet handle with this tool the
00:16:43
ratchet lever can be set so that the
00:16:45
wrench pulls in either one direction or
00:16:47
the other and ratchets in the opposite
00:16:49
direction
00:17:01
when primitive Pete attached a simple
00:17:03
handle to a piece of rock he became the
00:17:06
inventor of the firstand tool known to
00:17:09
man and from this beginning through
00:17:11
centuries of trial and error came the
00:17:13
vast array of fine tools we have
00:17:21
today well if it isn't our old friend
00:17:24
primitive Pete you can always depend on
00:17:26
him the misused tools
00:17:29
what do you up to now Pete uh-oh just as
00:17:32
we
00:17:33
thought a cold chisel is a sturdy tool
00:17:36
but don't try to cut harden steel with
00:17:39
it here's a tip if steel resists filing
00:17:43
it is much too hard for your cold
00:17:49
chisel but used properly a cold chisel
00:17:52
has no equal for many
00:17:56
jobs for instance cutting off this rivet
00:18:04
head or for splitting Rusty nuts which
00:18:08
can't otherwise be
00:18:11
removed it's handy too for making a
00:18:14
rough cut on sheet
00:18:18
metal of course there are many other
00:18:20
kinds of chisels used for working
00:18:23
metal for example the cape
00:18:26
chisel the round noosed and the diamond
00:18:30
pointed all three are shaped for certain
00:18:34
jobs to get the best results from any
00:18:37
chisel be sure the Chisel is big enough
00:18:39
for the
00:18:40
job and always use a hammer big enough
00:18:43
for the
00:18:44
Chisel above all be careful of flying
00:18:50
chips and never use a dull Edge chisel
00:18:54
for cutting keep the tool sharp by
00:18:56
dressing The Cutting Edge on an Emy
00:18:58
wheel
00:19:03
and try to maintain the original
00:19:05
bevel but don't let the tool get hot to
00:19:09
prevent drawing The Temper dip The
00:19:11
Cutting end in cold water at frequent
00:19:16
intervals The Cutting Edge as shown in
00:19:18
this magnified view should be ground to
00:19:22
a slight
00:19:24
radius when the head of the Chisel
00:19:26
starts to look like this it's time to Dr
00:19:28
dress it up on an Emy
00:19:30
wheel to do a neat job grind off the
00:19:33
metal until the sides are evenly tapered
00:19:36
leaving the top comparatively
00:19:39
flat searching for a tool when you need
00:19:42
it takes all the joy out of any
00:19:44
job a handy rack saves your time and
00:19:49
temper for dozens of repair jobs around
00:19:52
the home a wood chisel is
00:19:56
indispensable for certain jobs
00:19:59
hey wait a minute using a chisel to open
00:20:02
a can who let primitive peed
00:20:05
in uhoh our mistake it's Mrs primitive
00:20:11
P she would be the one to stir paint
00:20:14
with a
00:20:15
chisel or to remove
00:20:20
tags or even as a substitute for a
00:20:22
screwdriver
00:20:33
here's how to use a wood chisel
00:20:36
correctly to make a horizontal cut
00:20:39
always try to work with the grain of the
00:20:48
wood ordinarily to make a roughing cut
00:20:52
the bevel is held down and the Chisel is
00:20:54
forced into a deep cut with a mallet or
00:20:56
hammer
00:20:59
for most work a thin pairing cut is
00:21:01
easier to get when the bevel side is
00:21:05
up for fine work the Chisel should be
00:21:08
held at a low angle to the wood slightly
00:21:11
turned to one side and then pushed with
00:21:14
firm even Strokes from the
00:21:21
worker your chisels deserve the best of
00:21:24
care keep them sharp polished and ready
00:21:27
for use
00:21:35
wood ples were developed from
00:21:38
chisels every Workshop needs at least
00:21:40
two types the block plane for small
00:21:43
light work or for planing
00:21:47
engrain and the Jack plane for work on
00:21:49
larger
00:21:54
surfaces for smooth operation the plane
00:21:56
must be carefully adjusted
00:22:01
if The Cutting Edge is uneven sight
00:22:04
along the bottom of the
00:22:08
plane then move the lateral adjusting
00:22:11
lever either right or left to even up
00:22:14
The Cutting
00:22:17
Edge it'll look like this when seen from
00:22:20
the front
00:22:23
end to adjust the plane for a thin
00:22:25
shaving turn the adjusting nut onto
00:22:28
until The Cutting Edge projects about
00:22:30
the thickness of a
00:22:34
hair before you start to plane be sure
00:22:37
the wood is clean and that all nail
00:22:39
heads are set well below the
00:22:46
surface always plain with the grain
00:22:58
press down on the knob at the beginning
00:23:00
of the stroke then on the handle at the
00:23:03
end of The
00:23:16
Stroke when storing for future use a
00:23:19
narrow cleat on the Shelf will prevent
00:23:21
damage to the
00:23:25
blade every tool kit should have at
00:23:28
least three punches a starting Punch a
00:23:31
pin punch and a center
00:23:35
punch the starting Punch comes in handy
00:23:38
for loosening rivets pins or
00:23:42
bolts then use the pin punch to finish
00:23:44
the
00:23:49
job the center punch is a mighty handy
00:23:52
tool for punching the location of a hole
00:23:54
in metal before
00:23:56
drilling if we don't make a punch punch
00:23:58
Mark the drill will wander
00:24:06
about but if we first punch a small hole
00:24:08
in the
00:24:11
metal the drill takes hold
00:24:17
immediately every Workshop needs a good
00:24:19
brace and a set of bits for boring holes
00:24:22
in
00:24:26
wood hey feed wait a minute you're
00:24:29
forcing
00:24:32
it well you almost made a hole in one
00:24:35
and what a
00:24:37
hole now let's do it over and try to
00:24:40
make a clean straight
00:24:42
hole first we use a try Square to line
00:24:45
up the bit with the
00:24:48
plank then hold the brace firmly and use
00:24:52
only enough pressure to allow the screw
00:24:54
point to draw the bit into the wood
00:24:59
now stop boring when the screw Point
00:25:01
starts to come
00:25:03
through then turn the plank over and
00:25:07
finish the hole from that
00:25:10
side now there's a hole you can be proud
00:25:15
of it's very important to protect the
00:25:18
screw
00:25:19
point the sharp
00:25:22
Spurs and the lip from damage during use
00:25:25
or when stored away for further use
00:25:33
one of the most useful tools is the
00:25:35
ordinary file Precision cut and made of
00:25:39
very hard
00:25:40
steel each part has a name this is the
00:25:44
face this is the
00:25:46
Tang the length of a file is the
00:25:49
distance from the
00:25:50
heel to the
00:25:55
tip a file with a single row parallel
00:25:58
teeth is called a single cut
00:26:03
file files with crisscross rows of teeth
00:26:06
are called double cut
00:26:11
files files come in many different
00:26:14
shapes too such as flat half round
00:26:19
triangular and rat
00:26:24
tail before attempting to use any file
00:26:27
be sure to set it in a tight fitting
00:26:30
handle first insert the
00:26:33
Tang then give the handle Several Hard
00:26:38
wraps remember file teeth are made to
00:26:41
cut only on the forward stroke lifting
00:26:44
the file from the work on the backstroke
00:26:47
will prevent undue wear on the
00:26:56
file for draw file
00:26:58
to produce an even flat surface the file
00:27:01
is held in this position and drawn back
00:27:04
and forth lengthwise with the
00:27:14
work a slight wrap on the handle will
00:27:17
usually remove metal
00:27:19
particles but if your file becomes
00:27:21
loaded with metal it should be cleaned
00:27:23
with a file card like this or a stiff
00:27:27
wire brush
00:27:31
guess what's wrong in this
00:27:33
picture well in the first place Pete is
00:27:36
using a rip saw instead of a Crosscut
00:27:42
saw the rip saw is used for cutting with
00:27:45
the
00:27:46
grain it has coarse
00:27:49
teeth usually five or six to the
00:27:55
inch on the other hand the cross cut has
00:27:58
smaller
00:27:59
teeth usually 8 or 10 to the
00:28:04
inch now Pete do you think you've
00:28:07
learned which saw to use to do the job
00:28:17
right Ah that's
00:28:20
better you see how nice and clean that
00:28:23
cut off
00:28:24
is when using the cross cut saw pull the
00:28:28
saw at a 45° angle to the board and
00:28:32
always start the cut with a
00:28:35
backstroke holding the index finger
00:28:37
along the handle helps to saw straight
00:28:40
along the
00:28:46
line for sawing with the grain use the
00:28:49
rip saw hold it at an angle of 60° to
00:28:53
the
00:28:54
wood use long steady Strokes and don't
00:28:58
force the saw into the
00:29:01
wood after every use rub a little oil on
00:29:04
the blade to guard against
00:29:07
rust but don't ever do this to your
00:29:18
saw most of us are familiar with these
00:29:20
other special purpose
00:29:22
saws the back
00:29:25
saw the compass saw
00:29:29
coping
00:29:30
saw and this adjustable frame hack saw
00:29:34
which is used principally for sawing
00:29:37
metal always place the blade on the pins
00:29:40
with the teeth pointing
00:29:44
forward in starting a cut make use of as
00:29:48
many teeth as possible for example to
00:29:51
cut this angle iron this starting
00:29:53
position would be
00:29:56
right this position of the blade would
00:29:58
be
00:29:59
wrong not enough teeth on the
00:30:02
work The Cutting action is similar to a
00:30:05
file so remember to relieve the pressure
00:30:08
on the backstroke to avoid dulling the
00:30:13
teeth certain jobs require a certain
00:30:15
number of teeth per
00:30:17
inch 32 teeth per inch would be too fine
00:30:20
for this
00:30:23
job 18 teeth per inch would get the job
00:30:26
done with less work
00:30:35
but for condid or any thin metal section
00:30:38
18 teeth per inch is too
00:30:40
coarse the teeth would straddle the work
00:30:43
stripping the teeth and ruining the
00:30:50
blade in this case 32 teeth would be
00:30:54
correct since it allows two or more
00:30:56
teeth on the work at all all
00:31:03
times when not in use the hacka should
00:31:06
be hung up to protect the blade
00:31:09
teeth Common Sense care applies to all
00:31:12
our tools a place for everything
00:31:15
everything in its place that's a mighty
00:31:18
good
00:31:19
slogan down Through the Ages since the
00:31:22
first stone age Hammer the proper use of
00:31:24
tools has been the rest today all the
00:31:27
Miracles of modern production have their
00:31:28
origin and their inspiration use of
00:31:30
tools so let's have a new pride in our
00:31:33
use and care of hand tools let's prous
00:31:36
importance to the onward March of PR
