Solutions Overview and Types

00:12:16
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWAZKD0T91I

概要

TLDRThe video provides an overview of solutions, which are homogeneous mixtures utilized widely in chemistry. Solutions are composed of solutes dissolved in solvents and can exist in various states: liquid, gas, and solid. For instance, dissolving a drink mix in water forms a liquid solution with a uniform distribution. The video contrasts solutions with heterogeneous mixtures, highlighting that components in a solution do not separate over time. It further delves into liquid solutions, mentioning that they can be formed by dissolving solids, gases, or other liquids in a liquid solvent. Notably, most chemical solutions with water as the solvent are termed aqueous solutions. Beyond liquid solutions, examples include gaseous mixtures like air and solid mixtures such as metal alloys. Solutions maintain an even distribution of particles and uniform appearance, a key characteristic explored throughout the video.

収穫

  • 🧪 Solutions are homogeneous mixtures with even distribution.
  • 🔄 Unlike heterogeneous mixtures, solution parts do not separate.
  • 📏 Solutions consist of solutes in solvents.
  • 💧 Water is a common solvent in aqueous solutions.
  • 🌡️ Liquid solutions can dissolve solids, gases, or liquids.
  • 🌬️ Air is an example of a gaseous solution.
  • 🔧 Alloys are solid solutions of metals.
  • 📚 Solutions can exist in liquid, gas, and solid states.
  • 🌊 Aqueous solutions use water as a solvent.
  • 🔍 Solutions appear uniform in composition.

タイムライン

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    This video introduces the concept of solutions in chemistry, which are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances. A solution is characterized by an even distribution of its components. To illustrate, when a drink mix is dissolved in water and stirred, it forms a uniform solution where every part is the same as any other part. The video compares solutions with heterogeneous mixtures, such as oil and water, where the components do not mix evenly. If a heterogeneous mixture is stirred, it forms a temporary suspension, but eventually, the components separate again. In contrast, solutions remain uniformly mixed without the components separating. The key components of a solution are the solute, which dissolves, and the solvent, which is the medium that the solute dissolves in. The solvent is typically present in the greatest amount, but there are exceptions.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:12:16

    The video further explores the diversity of solutions beyond liquid solutions. It discusses how solutes, which can be solids, liquids, or gases, dissolve into solvents that are liquid, resulting in liquid solutions. A notable type of solution discussed is aqueous solutions, where water acts as the solvent. Other examples include antifreeze (propylene glycol in water) and seltzer (carbon dioxide gas in water). Additionally, the video explains that not all solutions are liquid; they can also be gaseous, like air, or solid like alloys. Gases mix to form homogeneous mixtures that do not separate over time, such as air, which is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases. Alloys are made by melting and mixing metals to form a uniform solid solution upon cooling. The underlying principle across all solutions is their homogeneous nature, meaning the components are evenly distributed, which gives them a uniform appearance.

マインドマップ

Mind Map

よくある質問

  • What is a solution in chemistry?

    A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where the parts are evenly distributed.

  • What distinguishes a solution from a heterogeneous mixture?

    In a solution, the parts are evenly mixed and do not separate over time, unlike in a heterogeneous mixture where the parts can separate.

  • What are the components of a solution?

    A solution consists of a solute that is dissolved in a solvent.

  • Can solutions have more than one solute?

    Yes, solutions can have multiple solutes but generally only one solvent.

  • What are aqueous solutions?

    Aqueous solutions are solutions where water is the solvent.

  • Can gases form solutions?

    Yes, gases can mix to form homogeneous solutions, like air.

  • What are common examples of solutions?

    Common examples include saltwater (aqueous solution), rubbing alcohol, antifreeze, and alloys like steel.

  • Is water always the solvent in solutions?

    Water is the most common solvent, especially in aqueous solutions, but not the only one.

  • What are alloys in terms of solutions?

    Alloys are solid solutions made by mixing metals, often when molten, to achieve a uniform composition.

  • How can a liquid solution be made from gases?

    Gas can be dissolved in a liquid, such as carbon dioxide in water to form seltzer.

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  • 00:00:00
    in this video we're going to take a look
  • 00:00:02
    at solutions
  • 00:00:03
    which are type of mixture used a lot in
  • 00:00:05
    chemistry
  • 00:00:07
    we'll look at some different kinds of
  • 00:00:08
    solutions we'll see how they're made
  • 00:00:10
    and we'll look at some general
  • 00:00:12
    characteristics that all
  • 00:00:14
    solutions have so to start off with
  • 00:00:18
    what's a solution well a solution
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    is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
  • 00:00:24
    substances homogeneous is an important
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    word here
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    and it means that the parts are evenly
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    distributed
  • 00:00:32
    that there is a uniform even
  • 00:00:34
    distribution
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    throughout let's take a look at this
  • 00:00:39
    let's say we dissolve a little drink mix
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    in water and
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    we stir it around the parts mix together
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    evenly
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    and we get a homogeneous mixture or a
  • 00:00:49
    solution
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    take a look at this uniform even
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    distribution
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    we can look at it here we can look at it
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    here
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    or we can look at it here and all areas
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    are the same
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    as anywhere else in the solution
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    everything is
  • 00:01:06
    evenly distributed the parts mix evenly
  • 00:01:09
    okay now to better understand this
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    let's do a comparison with something
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    that isn't a solution
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    so we've got our solution or our
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    homogeneous mixture right here
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    and the parts mix evenly it's uniform
  • 00:01:25
    over here we have a heterogeneous
  • 00:01:28
    mixture where the parts do not
  • 00:01:30
    mix evenly we have oil here
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    and water here you can see the different
  • 00:01:36
    parts
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    distinctly this is not uniform and even
  • 00:01:40
    and this is not a solution
  • 00:01:43
    now if you have a heterogeneous mixture
  • 00:01:46
    like this
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    you can stir it up or you can shake it
  • 00:01:49
    up and you can
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    temporarily form what's called a
  • 00:01:52
    suspension
  • 00:01:53
    which looks like this everything's kind
  • 00:01:55
    of all mixed up in there together
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    but that's only temporary eventually
  • 00:02:02
    everything is going to settle back out
  • 00:02:04
    it's going to separate back out and
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    you're going to end up
  • 00:02:07
    like this again so the parts
  • 00:02:10
    eventually separate out when you have a
  • 00:02:12
    heterogeneous mixture
  • 00:02:14
    but on the other hand the parts of a
  • 00:02:17
    solution
  • 00:02:18
    essentially never separate they're just
  • 00:02:20
    going to stay mixed
  • 00:02:21
    basically forever so that's solutions
  • 00:02:25
    versus not solutions let's start getting
  • 00:02:29
    into the details of solutions
  • 00:02:31
    first off the parts every solution has
  • 00:02:35
    two parts let's say we're dissolving
  • 00:02:38
    sugar
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    in water the substance we're dissolving
  • 00:02:42
    we call that the solute here
  • 00:02:45
    that's the sugar and the substance the
  • 00:02:48
    solute
  • 00:02:49
    is dissolving in we call that the
  • 00:02:52
    solvent
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    so the solvent would be water here so in
  • 00:02:56
    other words
  • 00:02:57
    the solute dissolves in the solvent you
  • 00:03:00
    can see that right here
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    now a solution can have more than one
  • 00:03:06
    solute but it can only have one
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    solvent so for instance we could take
  • 00:03:13
    some salt and we could
  • 00:03:14
    also dissolve that into the solution so
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    salt would
  • 00:03:18
    also be a solute along with the sugar
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    we'd have two solutes
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    but the solvent is still just water
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    so solutes dissolve in
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    the solvent now to add a little bit more
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    the solvent is usually the substance
  • 00:03:37
    that's present
  • 00:03:38
    in the greatest amount and the solute or
  • 00:03:41
    solutes are what we have
  • 00:03:43
    less of but there are exceptions
  • 00:03:46
    anyway let's talk a little bit more
  • 00:03:49
    about
  • 00:03:50
    solutes so here we have the solutes that
  • 00:03:54
    we've talked about so far
  • 00:03:55
    we've got drink mix we've got salt we've
  • 00:03:58
    got
  • 00:03:58
    sugar and we saw those dissolved in a
  • 00:04:01
    liquid
  • 00:04:02
    in water to make a solution now these
  • 00:04:04
    are all solids
  • 00:04:06
    but solutes don't have to be solids
  • 00:04:10
    we can also make a solution by
  • 00:04:12
    dissolving a liquid
  • 00:04:14
    into another liquid and we can make
  • 00:04:17
    solutions by dissolving
  • 00:04:18
    gas into liquid so now
  • 00:04:22
    let's look at examples of some of these
  • 00:04:23
    other solutions
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    here's an example where we make a
  • 00:04:28
    solution by mixing
  • 00:04:30
    two liquids the rubbing alcohol
  • 00:04:33
    in your medicine cabinet is a solution
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    of isopropyl alcohol
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    mixed with water these are two different
  • 00:04:40
    liquids you can stir them together and
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    they
  • 00:04:44
    spread out through each other dissolving
  • 00:04:46
    evenly
  • 00:04:47
    and uniformly and the liquids don't
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    separate out over time so this rubbing
  • 00:04:53
    alcohol that we end up with
  • 00:04:55
    this is a solution now
  • 00:04:58
    if you were looking at the labels here
  • 00:05:01
    you might have wondered
  • 00:05:02
    why we said that water is the solvent
  • 00:05:05
    and
  • 00:05:05
    alcohol is a solute because it looks
  • 00:05:08
    like we kind of have the same amount of
  • 00:05:10
    both well just so you know
  • 00:05:13
    we sometimes say that water is the
  • 00:05:16
    solvent
  • 00:05:17
    even when we don't have more of it even
  • 00:05:20
    when it's not
  • 00:05:21
    present in the greater amount you don't
  • 00:05:23
    have to worry about this too much just
  • 00:05:25
    you can keep an eye out for it anyway
  • 00:05:28
    here's another good example of a
  • 00:05:31
    solution that we make by mixing
  • 00:05:33
    liquids this is antifreeze which is used
  • 00:05:36
    in cars
  • 00:05:37
    to help cool the engine antifreeze is
  • 00:05:40
    made by taking propylene glycol
  • 00:05:42
    which is a thick clear viscous liquid
  • 00:05:45
    and mixing it with water now sometimes
  • 00:05:49
    there's a little fluorescent dye in
  • 00:05:50
    there as well that's another solute
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    but as you'd expect the liquid solution
  • 00:05:55
    that we get
  • 00:05:56
    is homogeneous it looks uniform in
  • 00:05:59
    composition
  • 00:06:01
    and it doesn't separate out or settle
  • 00:06:03
    out
  • 00:06:04
    over time now you can
  • 00:06:07
    also make a solution by dissolving a gas
  • 00:06:11
    into a liquid if you dissolve carbon
  • 00:06:14
    dioxide gas
  • 00:06:15
    in water you make seltzer here
  • 00:06:18
    the gas is the solute and the liquid is
  • 00:06:21
    the solvent
  • 00:06:23
    and if you take that seltzer and you add
  • 00:06:25
    some flavoring and sugars those are also
  • 00:06:28
    solutes but they're not gases
  • 00:06:30
    you get soda or pop and in these bottles
  • 00:06:34
    as you can see the mixtures are nice and
  • 00:06:37
    uniform
  • 00:06:38
    another example of a gas dissolved in
  • 00:06:41
    liquid
  • 00:06:41
    is ammonia cleaning solution this is a
  • 00:06:44
    solution of ammonia gas
  • 00:06:46
    solute that's dissolved in water
  • 00:06:50
    now if you think about all the solutions
  • 00:06:53
    that we've looked at so far
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    you might notice that they're all in the
  • 00:06:57
    liquid state they're all
  • 00:07:00
    liquids and we call these liquid
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    solutions if your solvent
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    is a liquid your final solution will be
  • 00:07:09
    in the liquid state no matter
  • 00:07:11
    what the solute is so the solute can be
  • 00:07:15
    solid
  • 00:07:15
    it can be gas it can be liquid if the
  • 00:07:18
    solvent
  • 00:07:19
    is liquid the final solution
  • 00:07:22
    will also be liquid and
  • 00:07:25
    going a step further here we saw that
  • 00:07:28
    all of our solutions
  • 00:07:29
    had water as a solvent and that's not
  • 00:07:33
    really unusual
  • 00:07:33
    because water is the most common solvent
  • 00:07:36
    in chemistry yeah sometimes you'll see
  • 00:07:39
    others
  • 00:07:40
    but water is by far the most common we
  • 00:07:44
    have a special name
  • 00:07:45
    for these solutions aqueous solutions
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    are solutions where water is a solvent
  • 00:07:52
    you might know that aqua means water and
  • 00:07:54
    that's where the name
  • 00:07:55
    aqueous comes from aqueous solutions are
  • 00:07:59
    super common they're all over your house
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    most beverages are aqueous solutions and
  • 00:08:05
    most of the solutions that we use in the
  • 00:08:06
    chemistry lab
  • 00:08:08
    are aqueous solutions as well so they're
  • 00:08:10
    really everywhere
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    so just to review here we've talked
  • 00:08:15
    about
  • 00:08:16
    liquid solutions and aqueous solutions
  • 00:08:20
    have been the star but not all solutions
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    are in the liquid state
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    they're also non-liquid solutions
  • 00:08:28
    these aren't usually what we think of
  • 00:08:29
    when we think of solutions
  • 00:08:31
    and dissolving but they're also very
  • 00:08:33
    important
  • 00:08:34
    so to finish up this video we'll talk
  • 00:08:36
    about solutions of gases
  • 00:08:38
    and solutions of solids which are often
  • 00:08:41
    metals
  • 00:08:43
    so we'll start with solutions of gases
  • 00:08:46
    whenever we mix gases they usually blend
  • 00:08:49
    together
  • 00:08:50
    evenly and so we usually form a solution
  • 00:08:53
    or homogeneous mixture
  • 00:08:56
    the most common solution of gases is the
  • 00:08:58
    one that you're breathing
  • 00:09:00
    right now air is a solution or
  • 00:09:03
    homogeneous mixture
  • 00:09:05
    and it's a mixture of nitrogen oxygen
  • 00:09:08
    and a bunch of other gases now
  • 00:09:11
    how can we tell that air is a solution
  • 00:09:15
    well if you took a sample of the air at
  • 00:09:18
    one place
  • 00:09:19
    that's right here and then compared it
  • 00:09:21
    with a sample taken close by
  • 00:09:23
    over here your two samples would have a
  • 00:09:27
    uniform
  • 00:09:28
    composition they'd contain the same
  • 00:09:31
    proportion of gases
  • 00:09:33
    evenly distributed throughout each other
  • 00:09:36
    and also the gases in air don't
  • 00:09:39
    separate out over time so we need
  • 00:09:42
    oxygen to breathe but you never have to
  • 00:09:45
    worry that
  • 00:09:46
    one day all the oxygen is going to
  • 00:09:48
    separate out
  • 00:09:49
    and float up into the sky so for air
  • 00:09:52
    the composition is even and the gases
  • 00:09:55
    don't separate
  • 00:09:56
    out over time we're definitely talking
  • 00:09:58
    about a solution here
  • 00:10:00
    and now finally there are also solutions
  • 00:10:03
    that are made
  • 00:10:04
    from mixing solids together an alloy
  • 00:10:07
    is a homogeneous mixture or a solution
  • 00:10:10
    of
  • 00:10:11
    metals now how do you dissolve
  • 00:10:14
    and mix solids together it's actually
  • 00:10:17
    pretty cool
  • 00:10:18
    you make an alloy by taking two
  • 00:10:20
    different metals or sometimes more
  • 00:10:23
    and then melting them and mixing them
  • 00:10:25
    together
  • 00:10:26
    while they're still molten after they
  • 00:10:29
    cool and solidify
  • 00:10:30
    the two metals are evenly spread
  • 00:10:33
    throughout each other
  • 00:10:35
    but to your naked eye it looks like
  • 00:10:38
    one single metal nice and uniform
  • 00:10:42
    which is the hallmark of a solution
  • 00:10:45
    people make
  • 00:10:46
    alloys because they have better
  • 00:10:48
    properties than individual metals
  • 00:10:50
    alone one of the first alloys that
  • 00:10:53
    people learned to make was bronze
  • 00:10:55
    which is a mixture of copper and tin
  • 00:10:58
    and steel is an alloy of a metal and a
  • 00:11:01
    non-metal
  • 00:11:02
    iron and carbon and most steel also
  • 00:11:05
    contains some other metals besides iron
  • 00:11:09
    the important thing to remember here is
  • 00:11:11
    that alloys
  • 00:11:12
    are solutions or homogeneous mixtures
  • 00:11:15
    the parts are
  • 00:11:16
    evenly distributed and the alloys look
  • 00:11:19
    uniform
  • 00:11:20
    to the naked eye so let's review what
  • 00:11:24
    we've talked about here
  • 00:11:25
    a solution is a homogeneous mixture
  • 00:11:28
    made by dissolving a solute into a
  • 00:11:31
    solvent
  • 00:11:32
    because a solution is a homogeneous
  • 00:11:34
    mixture these substances
  • 00:11:36
    are evenly distributed and so the
  • 00:11:38
    solutions
  • 00:11:39
    have a uniform appearance
  • 00:11:43
    a liquid solution is in the liquid form
  • 00:11:46
    and it's made by dissolving a solid a
  • 00:11:49
    gas
  • 00:11:50
    or a liquid into a liquid solvent
  • 00:11:54
    most liquid solutions that we talk about
  • 00:11:55
    in chemistry are aqueous solutions which
  • 00:11:57
    means that water is the solvent
  • 00:12:00
    but keep in mind that solutions can also
  • 00:12:04
    be mixtures of gases
  • 00:12:06
    or they can be mixtures of solids
  • 00:12:09
    like metal alloys so that
  • 00:12:12
    is an introduction to solutions
タグ
  • solutions
  • chemistry
  • homogeneous mixture
  • solute
  • solvent
  • aqueous solutions
  • heterogeneous mixture
  • alloys
  • gases
  • liquid solutions