15. Human Sexual Behavior I
概要
TLDRA palestra na Universidade de Stanford aborda como os alunos devem se preparar para a segunda metade do curso, que inclui tópicos como comportamento sexual, agressão, e interação de hormônios com neurobiologia. O uso de modelos animais para entender o comportamento humano é discutido extensivamente, destacando a importância de aplicar uma abordagem etológica, observar animais em ambientes naturais, e compreender os mecanismos biológicos subjacentes que governam o comportamento. O explorador examinou o papel da dopamina e do sistema límbico no comportamento sexual, assim como a influência dos hormônios testosterona e oxitocina. Além disso, tocou em diferenças cerebrais associadas à orientação sexual e à transsexualidade. A palestra também discutiu aspectos sociais únicos do comportamento sexual humano, como sexo fora da reprodução, privacidade, e a conexão entre sexualidade e identidade.
収穫
- 🏆 Palestra sobre a segunda metade do curso de Stanford.
- 📚 Alunos devem focar nas leituras recomendadas.
- 📖 Comportamento sexual é tema central a ser abordado.
- 🔍 Uso de etologia para entender comportamentos naturais.
- 🧠 Dopamina desempenha papel crítico no comportamento sexual.
- ⚗️ Hormônios influenciam produção e percepção de feromônios.
- 🌺 Perfumes têm componentes de feromônios masculinos.
- 🔬 Diferenças cerebrais ligadas à orientação sexual.
- 🔗 Discussão sobre identidade e comportamento sexual.
- 👫 Humanos: sexo não reprodutivo e ligação com romance.
タイムライン
- 00:00:00 - 00:05:00
O curso chegou à segunda metade com atenção nos materiais de leitura e uma inesperada dificuldade em transformar anotações estendidas em textos expositivos. Os próximos temas abordados serão comportamento sexual, agressão, cooperação, empatia, uso de linguagem, esquizofrenia e caos, sempre analisando o comportamento animal de forma objetiva antes de explorar o que ocorre no cérebro e influências culturais.
- 00:05:00 - 00:10:00
O professor inicia com uma piada sobre sexo envolvendo marcianos para ilustrar o conceito de por que o comportamento sexual humano ocorre rapidamente: ele examina explicações proximais como a busca por prazer imediato, contrastando com explicações distais relacionadas à reprodução. Ele salienta a importância de considerar estímulos e respostas feedback nas discussões sobre comportamento sexual.
- 00:10:00 - 00:15:00
São introduzidos os conceitos de ação fixada e padrões de seleção sexual entre espécies, destacando a importância de se estudar comportamento num ambiente natural para uma compreensão mais precisa. Termos técnicos como atratividade, proceptividade e receptividade são apresentados para descrever o comportamento sexual sob uma perspectiva científica.
- 00:15:00 - 00:20:00
Explora-se o comportamento sexual humano, comparando-o com outros animais em termos de motivação sexual e desempenho. Descobertas são feitas através de questionários e observações cuidadosas. A questão do orgasmo feminino é levantada, destacando-se a dificuldade de explicá-lo no contexto da fertilização, sugerindo-se que pode ser uma vestígio evolutivo sem função adaptativa clara.
- 00:20:00 - 00:25:00
Há discussões sobre fatores únicos no comportamento sexual humano, como a prática do sexo não reprodutivo, o impacto cultural do amor romântico e especificidades evolutivas como o comportamento sexual homossexual e o conceito de monogamia serial. Aspectos neurobiológicos dos comportamentos sexuais e diferenças entre as espécies são ponderados.
- 00:25:00 - 00:30:00
A atenção se volta para sistemas de recompensa dopaminérgica, com a antecipação de comportamentos sexuais gerando maior liberação de dopamina quando comparado à recompensa real. A variação nos níveis de expressão de receptores de dopamina (D2 e D1) correlaciona-se com variações no comportamento de vinculação de pares em espécies monogâmicas.
- 00:30:00 - 00:35:00
O professor discute o impacto da neurobiologia nas relações inter-humanas, revelando estudos onde o aumento do nível de dopamina está associado à antecipação nos estágios iniciais de um relacionamento amoroso, mas gradualmente diminuem, indicando uma transição de paixão para conforto conforme a relação avança. Isso suscita profundas reflexões sobre a duração e a natureza das conexões românticas humanas.
- 00:35:00 - 00:40:00
A diferença entre receptores de dopamina D2 e D1 é novamente considerada no contexto de monopolaridade entre espécies. A discussão se ramifica para a condição humana, com variações genéticas nos receptores de vasopressina elucidando potenciais predisposições para a formação de vínculos duradouros, enquanto mutações correlacionam-se com traços autistas.
- 00:40:00 - 00:45:00
Questões sobre neurobiologia e orientação sexual são levantadas. O estudo de LeVay abordando diferenças no tamanho de núcleo no hipotálamo entre homens heterossexuais e homossexuais é discutido no contexto de estudos sobre variabilidade genética e percepções culturais. O impacto desses estudos no entendimento e aceitação da diversidade sexual humana é ressaltada.
- 00:45:00 - 00:50:00
A discussão se estende para transsexualidade, onde estudos indicam peculiaridades anatômicas no cérebro de transsexuais que estão mais alinhadas com o gênero com o qual se identificam ao invés do sexo designado ao nascimento, sugerindo que a transsexualidade é uma questão de identidade cerebral e não apenas psicológica, desafiando antigas interpretações.
- 00:50:00 - 00:55:00
O papel dos hormônios na resposta sexual é considerado, com diferenças claras entre gêneros em termos de neurobiologia e resposta hormonal ao comportamento sexual. O impacto de hormônios como oxitocina no fortalecimento de vínculos emocionais é discutido, destacando seus efeitos tanto na confiança entre humanos quanto na formação de apegos.
- 00:55:00 - 01:00:00
O papel dos feromônios em espécies diferentes como desencadeadores de comportamento sexual é explorado. Descobertas incluem a percepção e produção de feromônios dependendo de níveis hormonais. Estímulos táteis e a sua modulação por níveis hormonais são abordados, com a noção de reflexos espinhais nas fêmeas que indicam receptividade apenas durante tempos de elevada ovulação.
- 01:00:00 - 01:05:00
A importância dos feromônios e sua comunicação olfativa são enfatizadas, mostrando como fatores hormonais influenciam sua recepção e interpretação. Estudos indicam que tanto homens quanto mulheres precisam de níveis adequados de testosterona e estrogênio para perceber feromônios específicos que indicam estado reprodutivo e saúde geral do parceiro
- 01:05:00 - 01:10:00
Os feromônios apresentam diferenças interessantes entre espécies e suas funções além da sexualidade, como a transmissão de informações sobre parentesco ou medo. Respostas hormonais a estímulos de feromônios são destacadas, mostrando como a estrutura social pode ser impactada por esses químicos.
- 01:10:00 - 01:15:00
Uma discussão mais profunda sobre os perfis olfativos mostra como o olfato comunica informações críticas sobre um parceiro em potencial. O professor enfatiza a questão do marketing de perfumes, destacando como muitos são baseados em cheiros masculinos que deveriam desagradar homens mas são projetados para atrair mulheres.
- 01:15:00 - 01:20:00
Distinções sensoriais auxiliam no entendimento da sexualidade entre diferentes culturas e espécies. Discutem-se as preferências humanas por estímulos visuais versus táteis ou olfativos, com nuances complexas na interação entre predisposições biológicas, cultura e comportamento aprendido.
- 01:20:00 - 01:25:00
Abordagens etológicas são aplicadas para entender o comportamento sexual de animais e comparam com nuances humanas, levando a insights sobre a evolução da comunicação sexual, preferências e tabus. A aplicação desses conhecimentos pode informar melhor sobre a saúde reprodutiva humana e comportamento cultural.
- 01:25:00 - 01:30:00
A exploração final do cérebro e comportamento neuroendócrino ilumina temas de sexualidade e funções cognitivas superiores. O curso transita para abrangentes temas que demarcarão inter-relações entre biologia, comportamento, genética, cultura, e evolução, fornecendo um quadro integrador embasado.
- 01:30:00 - 01:41:42
Os temas do curso incluem a análise ampla de comportamentos como sexualidade, competição e cooperação vistas através das lentes de várias disciplinas científicas, buscando uma compreensão unificada das influências biológicas e culturais sobre o comportamento humano.
マインドマップ
よくある質問
Qual é o tema principal das próximas aulas?
Comportamento sexual, seguido por agressão, competição, cooperação, empatia, uso da linguagem, esquizofrenia e teoria do caos.
O que é esperado dos alunos em termos de leitura?
Os alunos devem começar a ler os livros recomendados, se ainda não o fizeram, com foco em capítulos específicos sugeridos durante o curso.
O que são attractivity, proceptivity e receptivity?
São termos usados para descrever aspectos de comportamento sexual: attractivity refere-se a quão atraente um indivíduo é para outro; proceptivity refere-se aos comportamentos ativos realizados em resposta à atração; receptivity refere-se à receptividade de um indivíduo ao interesse de outro.
O que diferencia o comportamento sexual humano de outros animais?
Entre as características únicas estão a prática de sexo não reprodutivo, a busca por variedade, o sexo em privacidade, e a ligação entre sexo e romance.
O que é a síndrome de Kluver-Bucy?
É uma condição causada por lesões no sistema límbico que altera o comportamento sexual dos animais, frequentemente usado em estudos experimentais.
Qual o papel dos hormônios na percepção de feromônios?
Os hormônios são necessários tanto para a produção quanto para a percepção de feromônios, que podem informar sobre a espécie, gênero e estado reprodutivo do emissor.
Qual a importância do neurotransmissor dopamina no comportamento sexual?
A dopamina está intimamente ligada ao prazer e recompensa, desempenhando um papel crucial no comportamento sexual e na motivação para obter recompensas.
Existe diferença no cérebro relacionada à orientação sexual?
Estudos mostram diferenças no hipotálamo relacionados à orientação sexual em homens, com certas áreas sendo de tamanho diferente entre homossexuais e heterossexuais.
Como os hormônios afetam o comportamento durante e após o sexo?
Durante o sexo, as mulheres liberam progesterona e oxitocina, enquanto em homens, há um aumento nos níveis de testosterona. Isso influencia a formação de vínculos e a sensação de prazer.
Os humanos são os únicos a terem orgasmos femininos?
Não, outros primatas e algumas espécies de mamíferos também possuem orgasmos femininos observáveis.
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- 00:00:00[Music]
- 00:00:04Stanford
- 00:00:07University is this on
- 00:00:11yes well congratulations everybody has
- 00:00:15survived the midterm uh including the TA
- 00:00:18so far who recently have been let out of
- 00:00:20their inment with thousands of pages of
- 00:00:25uh exam Pages uh so those are rolling
- 00:00:29along and everybody is
- 00:00:32still awake so that's good okay so we
- 00:00:36have now officially entered the second
- 00:00:38half of the course and organizational
- 00:00:41things uh readings will now be read
- 00:00:45hopefully okay so that's not useful um
- 00:00:48books books now is a good time to
- 00:00:50actually go and start reading those
- 00:00:52books uh and again if you are not up to
- 00:00:56all of both of them some recommended
- 00:00:57chapters have come along and pay
- 00:01:00attention to those and again a subset of
- 00:01:04you you may not know it yet but about
- 00:01:0525% of you will have your life
- 00:01:08transformed by that chaos book whereas
- 00:01:1025% will resent the purchase price and
- 00:01:14by forcing you to do this also another
- 00:01:17major major transition here which is as
- 00:01:20far as I can tell so far I have run out
- 00:01:22of steam turning the extended notes into
- 00:01:24actual expository writing so they're
- 00:01:26just going to take the form of really
- 00:01:28poorly organized outline mind and so
- 00:01:32that happens okay what else what we now
- 00:01:35transition to is going to be our
- 00:01:37strategy for the rest of our course
- 00:01:39which is to look at various subjects and
- 00:01:43coming down the pike after the lectures
- 00:01:45today and Friday on sexual behavior will
- 00:01:48be aggression competition cooperation
- 00:01:51empathy uh potentially language use
- 00:01:56schizophrenia somewhere in there there's
- 00:01:58going to be a week or so on that chaos
- 00:02:00stuff but for all of these subjects we
- 00:02:03are now going to follow the general
- 00:02:04strategy we will start off looking at
- 00:02:08what the behavior is and what we're
- 00:02:10going to try to do there in addition to
- 00:02:12looking at in lots of different species
- 00:02:14is to be as objective as any good old
- 00:02:17ethologist in considering the fixed
- 00:02:20action patterns of a particular behavior
- 00:02:23that established with the promise that
- 00:02:25in lots of cases what we think comprise
- 00:02:27some of these behaviors turn out not to
- 00:02:29be the case that established what we
- 00:02:31will start is our inexorable March to
- 00:02:33the left the timeline that constitutes
- 00:02:36everything we learn now stepping back
- 00:02:38and saying okay one millisecond before
- 00:02:42that behavior occurred what was going on
- 00:02:44in the brain what parts of the brain
- 00:02:46what
- 00:02:47neurotransmitters all of that stepping
- 00:02:50back before that a second before a
- 00:02:52minute before whatever what was it in
- 00:02:55the environment that triggered the brain
- 00:02:58to produce that behavior
- 00:03:00what was the acute releasing stimulus
- 00:03:03stepping back what do hormone levels
- 00:03:05that hour that day some such time span
- 00:03:09of that what acute hormonal exposure had
- 00:03:12to do with sensitizing you to the
- 00:03:14environmental stimulus which released
- 00:03:17the nervous system into generating
- 00:03:19Behavior marching all the way back
- 00:03:21throwing in cultures someplace or other
- 00:03:24perinatal effects early developmental
- 00:03:27hormonal stuff eventually considering
- 00:03:29what do the genetics of the individual
- 00:03:32of the population of the species
- 00:03:34Evolution kicking in there someplace or
- 00:03:36other what do all of these things and
- 00:03:39something having to do with ecology
- 00:03:41thrown in there just for good measure
- 00:03:42working our way back in each of these
- 00:03:45cases understanding what was the biology
- 00:03:48of 1 second before one minute one hour
- 00:03:51one million years before that gave rise
- 00:03:53to it back to our two major themes from
- 00:03:57day one we are now about to be Unbound
- 00:03:59found unfettered by our buckets our
- 00:04:02categorical buckets and instead explore
- 00:04:05their interactions the other being that
- 00:04:08notion from the very first class which
- 00:04:10is at any given point if we're talking
- 00:04:13about chronic hormonal effects on this
- 00:04:16Behavior what we're talking about is the
- 00:04:19way those hormone patterns were shaped
- 00:04:21during this period the way genes
- 00:04:23contributed to the enzymes that make the
- 00:04:26hormones The receptors the second you're
- 00:04:29talking about genetics all of this is
- 00:04:31becoming Apparent at every one of these
- 00:04:33points whatever point we are talking
- 00:04:35about is going to be the end product of
- 00:04:38everything to the left and just a
- 00:04:40temporary sort of footing before going
- 00:04:43to the things on the right so this will
- 00:04:44be our strategy Forever After now so we
- 00:04:48start off doing this with looking at
- 00:04:51sexual behavior the neurobiology the
- 00:04:54endocrinology and the early experience
- 00:04:55etc etc so to inaugurate the second half
- 00:04:58of the course and the fact that it's
- 00:04:59starting off with lectures on sexual
- 00:05:01behavior it has to start off with a
- 00:05:03stupid obligatory sex joke okay so the
- 00:05:08Martians come to Earth and they turn out
- 00:05:11to be great guys they're really terrific
- 00:05:14they get along wonderfully with
- 00:05:16earthlings all of them like each other a
- 00:05:18lot they're all becoming great friends
- 00:05:20they pass their hours learning about
- 00:05:22each other's planets what's the weather
- 00:05:24like there what are sports like here
- 00:05:27what are recipes everybody's getting
- 00:05:29along to L and eventually the earthlings
- 00:05:31and the Martians are getting along well
- 00:05:33enough that they get around to asking
- 00:05:34the question that everybody's really
- 00:05:36interested in which is well how do you
- 00:05:38folks go about
- 00:05:40reproducing so the decision is made the
- 00:05:42Martians are going to go first so they
- 00:05:44clear out a big space and a whole bunch
- 00:05:47of martians come in there and they stand
- 00:05:49on top of each other's heads and their
- 00:05:51noses flash different colors and steam
- 00:05:54comes out of various orifices and
- 00:05:56there's clanking noises and whatever and
- 00:05:58out pops a new little Maran and the
- 00:06:00earthlings say wow that was great and
- 00:06:04love the concept and I got great video
- 00:06:06of that and that's terrific all of that
- 00:06:08okay so that's worked out and now it's
- 00:06:10the humans turn so a willing couple is
- 00:06:13found and some space is cleared out and
- 00:06:15the Martians sit down there with their
- 00:06:17video cameras as well and clicking away
- 00:06:20and this couple goes at it and they
- 00:06:22finish the whole thing in a sweaty mess
- 00:06:24at the end and the Martians say that's
- 00:06:26wonderful that's so interesting you
- 00:06:28earthlings are just and the fascinating
- 00:06:30things you do but we have one question
- 00:06:33though and which is so where's the new
- 00:06:36human and he said oh that takes nine
- 00:06:39months they said well why were they in
- 00:06:40such a rush at the
- 00:06:43end so our first question here is uh why
- 00:06:47were they in such a rush at the end okay
- 00:06:49three possible answers Choice number one
- 00:06:52vote for it why were they in such a rush
- 00:06:54at the end number one because they were
- 00:06:56acting with this fervent desire to do
- 00:06:59something for the good of the
- 00:07:01species just seeing if any hands go up
- 00:07:03that's a good thing option number two
- 00:07:06doing that because you want to maximize
- 00:07:09the number of copies of your jeans
- 00:07:10passed on to the next Generation option
- 00:07:12number three because it feels good okay
- 00:07:16one hand goes up and I'm not sure what
- 00:07:18that indicates about everyone but I will
- 00:07:21uh remind you from the survey in the
- 00:07:23first class there that a far greater
- 00:07:25percentage of you want to learn about
- 00:07:27depression than about sexual behaviors
- 00:07:29so
- 00:07:30there you have it with the Stanford
- 00:07:31experience okay because it feels good
- 00:07:34and what we deal with here right off the
- 00:07:36start is this important dichotomy
- 00:07:39between proximal and distal explanations
- 00:07:43for Behavior explanation a distal
- 00:07:46explanation for sexual behavior
- 00:07:48parentheses why were they in such a rush
- 00:07:50at the end passing on copies of your
- 00:07:52genes the effects of hormones and
- 00:07:53certain reward Pathways in the brain all
- 00:07:55of that proximal mechanism being that it
- 00:07:59feels good and starting off right off
- 00:08:02the bat the thing to make sense of with
- 00:08:03sexual behavior is it is driven by this
- 00:08:06amazing little Loop here of sensory
- 00:08:10stimuli and feedback and immediate
- 00:08:13Sensations that drive the Behavior
- 00:08:15coming out and all this stuff down here
- 00:08:18is for the doctoral thesis somewhere
- 00:08:20down the line that's not what the
- 00:08:22motivation is probably more than any
- 00:08:25other of the behaviors we will look at
- 00:08:27the driving forces are very proxim ones
- 00:08:30nobody sits there and figures out how
- 00:08:32many copies of genes they are passing on
- 00:08:35and thus are willing to speed up to
- 00:08:36produce a new human 9 months later it
- 00:08:39instead in species after species it is
- 00:08:42proximal motivating mechanisms for
- 00:08:44generating the behaviors okay so
- 00:08:47beginning to look at the actual
- 00:08:49behaviors there is a funny Duality to
- 00:08:51making sense of sexual behavior across
- 00:08:54different species a funny sort of
- 00:08:56contrast the first one being that well
- 00:09:00all species go about sex or all
- 00:09:03vertebrate species go about sex in a
- 00:09:05roughly similar way yet you don't want
- 00:09:08it to be too similar to the species next
- 00:09:10door there's an interesting sort of
- 00:09:12dichotomy there all sorts of vertebrate
- 00:09:15species are doing things with pelvic
- 00:09:18thrusting and orgasms and pay stay tuned
- 00:09:22that's coming and ejaculation and
- 00:09:24lordotic reflexes and things of that
- 00:09:26sort highly conserved fixed action
- 00:09:29patterns across lots and lots of
- 00:09:32different species nonetheless amid that
- 00:09:35you've got this other problem which is
- 00:09:37you want to have these fixed action
- 00:09:39patterns being specific to your species
- 00:09:42you do not want to mess up so there's
- 00:09:45this strange simultaneity of very very
- 00:09:48conserved basic building blocks of the
- 00:09:51fixed action patterns of sexual behavior
- 00:09:53but along with that a lot of selectivity
- 00:09:57within species now how does that
- 00:09:59selectivity begin to work what you get
- 00:10:02is this very interesting interplay this
- 00:10:05intercalation between the releasing
- 00:10:07stimuli and the fixed action patterns
- 00:10:10what you get is this chaining of
- 00:10:12behavior in other words the fixed action
- 00:10:15pattern of one of the individuals
- 00:10:18constitutes the releasing stimulus for
- 00:10:20the other individual's fixed action
- 00:10:22pattern which constitutes the releasing
- 00:10:25stimulus for this individual's fixed
- 00:10:27action pattern this chaining of
- 00:10:30transitions there of interplay between
- 00:10:33these two which is where you get the
- 00:10:35species specificity from okay so in
- 00:10:38terms of making sense of that of course
- 00:10:40any of this in terms of looking at the
- 00:10:42general features of how to think about
- 00:10:44sexual behavior across species of course
- 00:10:47what you have to have out the Woo is
- 00:10:49your basic ethology Credo of
- 00:10:51interviewing an animal in its own
- 00:10:53language about its sexual behavior
- 00:10:55wonderfully summarized in this quote by
- 00:10:58Martha mclintoch researcher I think I've
- 00:11:00used this quote already which is in her
- 00:11:02particular case studying female rat
- 00:11:05sexual behavior which turns out to be
- 00:11:07this very ornate process involving a lot
- 00:11:09of running around on the part of the
- 00:11:11female studying female rat sexual
- 00:11:14behavior in a cage is like trying to
- 00:11:15study swimming behavior of a dolphin in
- 00:11:18a bathtub you need to get it in the
- 00:11:20natural setting or else you are going to
- 00:11:22lose all sorts of insight in the
- 00:11:24particular realm of female rat sexual
- 00:11:26behavior the standard picture for
- 00:11:29decades and decades the centuries where
- 00:11:31our finest Minds have looked at rats
- 00:11:33having sex the standard Dogma has been
- 00:11:36that the female role is a very passive
- 00:11:39receptive one and it turns out it's a
- 00:11:41very passive receptive one if she
- 00:11:43doesn't have enough room to run around
- 00:11:44and do all sorts of cording stuff on her
- 00:11:46own all sorts of proceptive sexual
- 00:11:49behaviors which you can't see if you're
- 00:11:51studying an animal in a setting where
- 00:11:53they can't speak in their own language
- 00:11:56so a big big sort of vote for eth olical
- 00:11:59principles when it comes to this all
- 00:12:01right so just to get some jargon under
- 00:12:04our belt right from the start here in
- 00:12:06terms of how the professionals talk
- 00:12:08about sex when they're talking about sex
- 00:12:10and trying to sound like professionals
- 00:12:11here are some of the terms old outdated
- 00:12:14term Freudian term that nonetheless has
- 00:12:17entered the general sort of no world of
- 00:12:20referring to sexual arousal and
- 00:12:23motivation libido libido as we will see
- 00:12:26that commonplace everyday usage term
- 00:12:29uh is perhaps more technically described
- 00:12:33as horniness but can also be described
- 00:12:36as one term within a trio of the terms
- 00:12:38that people in the business really use
- 00:12:40most frequently
- 00:12:42attractivity proceptivity and
- 00:12:45receptivity quick get to work on poems
- 00:12:48about those three terms but what you've
- 00:12:51got here is attractivity how attractive
- 00:12:54an individual is to someone else
- 00:12:57receptivity how recept that individual
- 00:13:00is to the interest of the other
- 00:13:02individual proceptivity the active
- 00:13:06behaviors that are carried out in
- 00:13:09response to being attracted to and thus
- 00:13:11you could say because of the
- 00:13:12attractiveness of this organism this
- 00:13:15other organism began proceptive
- 00:13:17behaviors which did or did not prove to
- 00:13:19meet with receptive fixed action
- 00:13:22patterns and responses the very words
- 00:13:24any of us would use to describe what
- 00:13:26goes on at a party Okay so we've got
- 00:13:28that Triad there the terms that are much
- 00:13:30more in common than terms like libido or
- 00:13:33arousal or motivation these are the more
- 00:13:36common ones what is another realm and
- 00:13:38terms that are much more used these are
- 00:13:40much more zoology terms what's used far
- 00:13:43more often in clinical medicine is a
- 00:13:45description of dichotomy between
- 00:13:48motivation and performance and that is
- 00:13:51never used more frequently than in the
- 00:13:53realm of making sense of sexual
- 00:13:55motivation in men as dissociable from
- 00:13:59erectile function versus dysfunction
- 00:14:01motivation being very very different
- 00:14:04from performance so that's another realm
- 00:14:07of distinctions other Realms as well
- 00:14:10desire orgasms arousal all sorts of
- 00:14:13commonplace terms the performance versus
- 00:14:16motivation dichotomy and the
- 00:14:17proceptivity receptivity and Activity
- 00:14:21one are the major terms that are used
- 00:14:24next issue in terms of getting to this
- 00:14:26how do people find out information about
- 00:14:29sexual behavior one option is to sit
- 00:14:31there with night viewing goggles and
- 00:14:33that's very useful for nocturnal species
- 00:14:35but how do people find out about human
- 00:14:37sexual behavior all sorts of ways over
- 00:14:39the years starting with Anonymous
- 00:14:41questionnaires but a really clever
- 00:14:44technique was worked out in the
- 00:14:461980s a biological mathematician named
- 00:14:48Joel con getting at how to get people to
- 00:14:52tell you about very embarrassing things
- 00:14:54about their sexual lives and this was
- 00:14:57prompted in the 80s when AIDS first
- 00:14:59swept in and it was wildly wildly uh
- 00:15:03taboo at the time in virtually every
- 00:15:05corner of this country to admit to
- 00:15:07having a less than standard whitebred
- 00:15:10sexual orientation take a look at the
- 00:15:12extended notes to see the trick that
- 00:15:15Joel con came up with a very clever
- 00:15:17device in order to figure out what
- 00:15:20percentage of people are doing what
- 00:15:22sexually without asking anybody to give
- 00:15:25an answer that they would find perhaps
- 00:15:26to be embarrassing or grounds for all
- 00:15:30sorts of persecution okay so beginning
- 00:15:33to look at aspects of behavior and other
- 00:15:36features of the sort of rightmost end of
- 00:15:39all of this we start off with the most
- 00:15:42Central puzzle in making sense of any of
- 00:15:44this stuff which is so what's up with
- 00:15:47female
- 00:15:48orgasms and we've got right off the bat
- 00:15:51the simple problem of making sense of
- 00:15:54this biological phenomenon and one where
- 00:15:57fertility is not dependent on it one
- 00:16:00does not need to have organisms to
- 00:16:02become pregnant to give birth to pass on
- 00:16:04copies of one's genes so what's the deal
- 00:16:07with orgasms first off a question we
- 00:16:09will wind up asking with a whole lot of
- 00:16:11the Behavior coming down the line is are
- 00:16:14we the only species and all sorts of
- 00:16:17careful Studies have shown that we are
- 00:16:19not the only species other Apes other
- 00:16:22primate species as well monkeys and apes
- 00:16:25show orgasm among the females and that
- 00:16:28is uh detectable by all sorts of
- 00:16:30physiology we'll hear about in a while
- 00:16:32we are not the only species one of the
- 00:16:35really bizarre pathetic things about
- 00:16:37trying to do research in this area was
- 00:16:39one of the first papers that ever
- 00:16:41demonstrated something which
- 00:16:43physiologically was identical to female
- 00:16:45orgasm in reesus Monkey females which
- 00:16:49wound up being a paper in this journal
- 00:16:51science down there in the footnotes the
- 00:16:53authors had to indicate this was not
- 00:16:55this did not make use of any Federal
- 00:16:57grant money to carry the study just to
- 00:17:00give you a sense of where some of the
- 00:17:02stuff sits okay so what's up with female
- 00:17:05orgasm it is not necessary for
- 00:17:08conception it is not necessary to
- 00:17:10increase the number of copies of your
- 00:17:12genes in future Generations despite that
- 00:17:15there is some evidence that it
- 00:17:17facilitates
- 00:17:19fertilization and the technical term
- 00:17:21that's always been given for that is
- 00:17:23bizarrely enough facilitation the notion
- 00:17:27is something about the vagal fluid
- 00:17:29something about the biochemistry of
- 00:17:32increases sperm motility sperms swim
- 00:17:36faster and harder and jump Upstream back
- 00:17:38to spawn or whatever it is the sperm are
- 00:17:40doing with more avidity with more
- 00:17:43energetic displays in an environment of
- 00:17:47more vaginal secretion and orgasm
- 00:17:50greatly increases that so the argument
- 00:17:53there being that orgasm facilitates
- 00:17:55fertilization through the sperm
- 00:17:57facilitation process evidence for that
- 00:18:00has always been a little bit indirect it
- 00:18:03is not airtight that that happens
- 00:18:05another argument for why this increases
- 00:18:08fertility and this
- 00:18:10is sort of an interesting one and the
- 00:18:14notion here is that what an orgasm does
- 00:18:16is among other things exhausts you
- 00:18:18enormously causing you to be far more
- 00:18:20likely to be horizontal than vertical
- 00:18:22shortly thereafter and thus facilitating
- 00:18:25fertilization because the sperm don't
- 00:18:27have to swim straight up Against Gravity
- 00:18:30I kid you not this is one of the leading
- 00:18:32models out there then there's the orgasm
- 00:18:35facilitates female conception out of
- 00:18:37reinforcement Theory which is back to
- 00:18:40the it feels good and thus you are more
- 00:18:42likely to do it again and increasing the
- 00:18:44likelihood of passing and copies of your
- 00:18:45genes all of this is wonderful all of
- 00:18:47these possible mechanisms where even
- 00:18:50though female orgasm is not necessary
- 00:18:52for conception it nonetheless increases
- 00:18:55the likelihood of that's great ever what
- 00:18:59most of the Studies have shown though is
- 00:19:01there is no relationship between the
- 00:19:03fertility of a woman and her propensity
- 00:19:06towards orgasm it does not seem to play
- 00:19:09out in so far as any of this
- 00:19:11facilitation or horizontal swim
- 00:19:14enhancement techniques or whatever
- 00:19:16actually occurs these are not big enough
- 00:19:18of an effects to actually make a
- 00:19:20difference in terms of reproductive
- 00:19:22success so what else what else is known
- 00:19:25about it there is a certain degree of
- 00:19:27heritability of propensity towards
- 00:19:29orgasm in females and this is shown with
- 00:19:32all our standard Behavior genetics
- 00:19:34techniques in terms of comparing
- 00:19:36dizygotic versus monozygotic twins we
- 00:19:39know what to do in terms of not
- 00:19:41overvaluing findings like those
- 00:19:43nonetheless they are there so if a basic
- 00:19:47puzzle is why do females have orgasms if
- 00:19:50it's not necessary for conception and in
- 00:19:52fact the evidence is not great that it
- 00:19:54even facilitates it why on top of all of
- 00:19:57that why such things as clitoral orgasms
- 00:20:00which the studies generally show are
- 00:20:02more easily brought about than our
- 00:20:03vaginal ones what's up with that even
- 00:20:06more of the same questions now somewhere
- 00:20:08in there is lurking the heartbreaking
- 00:20:11possibility and making sense of why
- 00:20:13female orgasm exists the Dreadful
- 00:20:16possibility that what we're dealing with
- 00:20:17here is a
- 00:20:19spandrel that it is a spandrel it is
- 00:20:22simply baggage brought along that those
- 00:20:25guys have to go through this orgasm
- 00:20:27physiology to do any stuff with sperm
- 00:20:30and pass on copies of genes and all of
- 00:20:32that and it's simply baggage that the
- 00:20:35same physiology occurs in females that
- 00:20:38orgasm is simply a spandrel in
- 00:20:41women and the counter sort of scenario
- 00:20:45that's always given is this is exactly
- 00:20:47equivalent to the notion that nipples
- 00:20:49are spandrels in men and that women
- 00:20:53female mammals need to go about all this
- 00:20:55lactation business and that's part of
- 00:20:57the whole package deal and you know just
- 00:21:00as it would be way too much work to
- 00:21:02evolve females without orgasms it would
- 00:21:04be way too much to get rid of those
- 00:21:06useless nipples on men okay let's have a
- 00:21:08quick survey yes um could a lot of those
- 00:21:11questions also be applied to why why do
- 00:21:14males have orgasms ejaculation can OCC
- 00:21:16without orgasm okay so why do males have
- 00:21:20orgasms ejaculation can occur it is far
- 00:21:23more voluminous in the face of an orgasm
- 00:21:27so that's easily framed in terms of uh
- 00:21:29an Adaptive mechanism okay quick survey
- 00:21:33here how many people okay how many guys
- 00:21:37who have those useless nipples how many
- 00:21:39of you go for the nipple as spandrel and
- 00:21:41guys
- 00:21:44Theory whoa is that slow in the hands
- 00:21:48okay should I raise my hand should I not
- 00:21:50raise it okay uh women in the room how
- 00:21:54many go for the female orgasm is merely
- 00:21:57spandrel
- 00:22:01theory if I recall there was one other
- 00:22:04question somewhere a few weeks back that
- 00:22:05only got one person fessing up to it and
- 00:22:07it came somewhere around there also so I
- 00:22:10don't know if that's the lighting or if
- 00:22:13people tend to sit in the same places
- 00:22:15okay so not a whole lot of enthusiasm
- 00:22:17for the spandrel concepts here
- 00:22:19nonetheless that means needs to be
- 00:22:21seriously
- 00:22:22entertained okay so now looking at other
- 00:22:26features of the fixed action patterns
- 00:22:28and adid oh all these different species
- 00:22:30doing lordotic stuff and orgasms and
- 00:22:34ejaculation all of that what are some of
- 00:22:36the Realms of sexual behavior that are
- 00:22:39relatively unique to humans first off
- 00:22:42one that used to be thought to be
- 00:22:43absolutely unique was non-reproductive
- 00:22:46sex this is a world of difference than
- 00:22:49those species where the female ovulates
- 00:22:51for like two and a half hours every year
- 00:22:53and everybody mates at that point or
- 00:22:56species where somebody comes into heat a
- 00:22:58female is an estris humans have
- 00:23:01non-reproductive sex and that was viewed
- 00:23:04as absolutely unique what is now clear
- 00:23:06is it is not completely unique there are
- 00:23:08lots of other species that do probably
- 00:23:11most famously bonobo chimps and various
- 00:23:14cations like dolphins nonetheless it is
- 00:23:16certainly a specialty among humans what
- 00:23:19else foreplay that used to be in the
- 00:23:22category of human Specialties and it is
- 00:23:25clear by now that bonobo chimps for
- 00:23:27example have vastly more patients with
- 00:23:30foreplay than average humans do we are
- 00:23:32not the only species with that either
- 00:23:35huge huge controversy how unique is
- 00:23:39homosexuality to human behavior human
- 00:23:42sexual behavior and what's clear
- 00:23:44increasingly is we're not the only
- 00:23:46species with that either the original
- 00:23:48view when people would view homosexual
- 00:23:51Behavior male male female female in
- 00:23:54other species it would be animals in
- 00:23:56captivity and it would be the wi why is
- 00:23:58there so much homosexuality in prisons
- 00:24:00argument lack of Alternatives this was
- 00:24:03not normal natural behavior what is
- 00:24:06clear from ethological field studies is
- 00:24:08we are by no means the only species to
- 00:24:11have homosexual Behavior what else one
- 00:24:14of the things that we do seem to be
- 00:24:16fairly unique about is having
- 00:24:18egalitarian sex which is to say that
- 00:24:22there are no human cultures where as
- 00:24:25part of the central sort of tenets of
- 00:24:27that culture people are restricted only
- 00:24:30a subset of individuals are allowed to
- 00:24:32reproduce and this is a world of
- 00:24:34difference from various species for
- 00:24:36example New World monkeys marac sets
- 00:24:39where it is only one male and one female
- 00:24:42in a group that does the reproducing
- 00:24:44instead humans in every culture ever
- 00:24:46seen have egalitarian sex what else what
- 00:24:50else is highly human people used to
- 00:24:52think exclusively so this Endless Quest
- 00:24:55for variety and again just take a look
- 00:24:58at these the noo chimps and you'll see
- 00:25:00how small-minded we are when it comes to
- 00:25:02this but something else that is indeed
- 00:25:04unique to human sexual behavior is the
- 00:25:06notion that this is something you do in
- 00:25:08private there is no other species where
- 00:25:11the majority of sexual behavior is
- 00:25:14conducted intentionally outside the
- 00:25:16sight of everybody else that is rather
- 00:25:19unique to humans what else about human
- 00:25:22sexual behavior seems to be
- 00:25:24specializations one that is fairly
- 00:25:27unique if not enti enely so is the
- 00:25:30subset of humans who
- 00:25:31psychopathologically confuse sexual
- 00:25:33behavior with violence and that seems
- 00:25:35not to have a whole lot of Precedence so
- 00:25:38immediately one asks other domains
- 00:25:41masturbation that is not remotely a
- 00:25:43human specialty that is all sorts of
- 00:25:45other species as well and that used to
- 00:25:48get the well what else is there to do
- 00:25:50when you're sitting in a zoo uh for the
- 00:25:52animals what else is there to do it is
- 00:25:54not natural it is a default whatever but
- 00:25:57looking at out in the real world and
- 00:25:59there is plenty of that and one of the
- 00:26:01most like implausible suggestions for an
- 00:26:04Adaptive just so story thing is why do
- 00:26:08male primates masturbate to the point of
- 00:26:10ejaculation they tend to eat the semen
- 00:26:12afterward whoa great source of protein
- 00:26:16go the adaptationist everything has an
- 00:26:19Adaptive basis this one does not ring
- 00:26:22terribly true to me what else fantasy
- 00:26:25fantasy in humans is that unique to
- 00:26:27humans obviously we hav a clue but
- 00:26:30here's one suggestion to me that this is
- 00:26:32not actually the case and this was years
- 00:26:34ago where I was watching my baboons and
- 00:26:37there was this one low ranking kid this
- 00:26:40snively adolescent kid with the nearest
- 00:26:42thing he has ever gotten to a female in
- 00:26:44his life with some high ranking female
- 00:26:46in a bad mood beating on him and he's
- 00:26:48sitting there minding his own business
- 00:26:50and along comes I think by any baboon
- 00:26:53male standards the hottest female in the
- 00:26:55troop who has a peak estris swell is no
- 00:26:58doubt ovulating that day comes walking
- 00:27:01along followed 2 feet behind by the huge
- 00:27:03menacing male who was in the concert
- 00:27:05ship with her an our guy just sits there
- 00:27:08and doesn't even quite look at what's
- 00:27:10happening every now and then his eyes go
- 00:27:11up watching them go past and as she
- 00:27:13walks past he gets an erection and then
- 00:27:17goes off and
- 00:27:18masturbates okay the Charming I don't
- 00:27:21know if this is even the word you can
- 00:27:22use in this setting but the Charming
- 00:27:25notion is that we've just seen evidence
- 00:27:27for some sort of internal Fantasy Life
- 00:27:29going on in this guy okay you could be a
- 00:27:32kill Joy instead and say no no she was
- 00:27:34giving off waffs of pheromones and that
- 00:27:37was what was responsible for it
- 00:27:38nonetheless this is about as far as we
- 00:27:40can get at asking this critical question
- 00:27:42are we the only species that does this
- 00:27:45fantasizing stuff marriage clearly we've
- 00:27:49heard about monogamous parab bonding
- 00:27:50species in terms of the formal structure
- 00:27:53of marriage it is universal all human
- 00:27:55cultures have some version of it a
- 00:27:58across all human cultures more than 90%
- 00:28:00of people wind up in that culture's
- 00:28:02equivalent of a permanent stable
- 00:28:05relationship and this is the case in
- 00:28:07polygamous cultures we've already heard
- 00:28:09that business even though historically
- 00:28:11the majority of human cultures have been
- 00:28:14polygamous nonetheless amid them the
- 00:28:16vast majority of individuals have been
- 00:28:19in monogamous
- 00:28:20relationships amid that nonetheless what
- 00:28:23is also clear is amid that highly highly
- 00:28:26prevalent pattern of monogamy
- 00:28:28relationships there's a lot less
- 00:28:30monogamy going around than you would
- 00:28:31think and this was first sorted out
- 00:28:34people like Alfred Kinsey when first
- 00:28:36working out that questionnaire approach
- 00:28:38to people's sexual behavior what became
- 00:28:40clear was there's a lot less Faith
- 00:28:43within parab bonding within human spe
- 00:28:46within humans in this country andison
- 00:28:48shown in all sorts of other societies
- 00:28:50than one would originally assume there
- 00:28:53is social monogamy but not necessarily
- 00:28:56anywhere near as high of rates of
- 00:28:58sexual monogamy and what the paternity
- 00:29:01Studies have shown is in most Western
- 00:29:03European countries the rate at which
- 00:29:06children have been fathered by an
- 00:29:08individual other than the person
- 00:29:10claiming you know marriageable credit
- 00:29:13for doing so ranges between 10 and 40%
- 00:29:16of children how's that for a number okay
- 00:29:21what else what else tends to be a
- 00:29:23feature of human sexual behavior what
- 00:29:26you have is of course not only
- 00:29:28intrinsic in the fact that there's a
- 00:29:30difference between social and sexual
- 00:29:32monogamy you have cheating that is a
- 00:29:35human specialty in every culture what
- 00:29:37else is absolutely wildly human this
- 00:29:40notion of romance and romance is by most
- 00:29:43sort of estimates a relatively new
- 00:29:46invention in most cultures maybe a
- 00:29:48couple of centuries old and what is an
- 00:29:50even newer invention is the notion that
- 00:29:53romance passion Etc should persist
- 00:29:56should last throughout the entire higher
- 00:29:58duration of a lifetimes marriage that is
- 00:30:00an utterly novel concept that is perhaps
- 00:30:0330 40 50 years old in most westernized
- 00:30:07countries that's a new one as well what
- 00:30:09that of course ushers in is looking at
- 00:30:11issues of divorce across all cultures
- 00:30:14the average duration of marriages are 2
- 00:30:16to four years and people have made the
- 00:30:19argument that that is the typical
- 00:30:22duration of children being dependent on
- 00:30:25a high degree of parenting of both
- 00:30:27parents being around that is the average
- 00:30:29interbirth interval 2 to four years in
- 00:30:32most traditional human cultures what's
- 00:30:34the term being described then if that is
- 00:30:37the natural point at which most
- 00:30:39marriages dissolve and turn into other
- 00:30:42monogamous relationships the term that
- 00:30:44is given is that humans tends toward
- 00:30:46tend toward being serial monogamists
- 00:30:50moving from one monogamist relationship
- 00:30:53to another with on the average a lag
- 00:30:55time roughly corresponding to the inter
- 00:30:57birth interval so that's Charming what
- 00:31:00else what else do you have all sorts of
- 00:31:03other aspects of human sexual variety
- 00:31:06but ultimately when you look at human
- 00:31:08sexual behavior versus other species we
- 00:31:11are so boring we are so limited when you
- 00:31:15look at the range of unlikely things
- 00:31:16going on out there species that are
- 00:31:19regularly hermod hermaphroditic and
- 00:31:22people in fact have done studies on how
- 00:31:25is it that a hermod animal does not try
- 00:31:27to have sex with itself and these are
- 00:31:29usually worm type things and that some
- 00:31:31version of an incest avoidance at the
- 00:31:33same time there are other species where
- 00:31:36individuals change sex opportunistically
- 00:31:39all sorts of fish species where that
- 00:31:40happens lots of species that are
- 00:31:43parthenogenic where an individual
- 00:31:45reproduces without the benefit of
- 00:31:47anybody else's genetic input even
- 00:31:49stranger there's a bunch of snake
- 00:31:52species that are paragenetic but the
- 00:31:54females cannot reproduce paragenetically
- 00:31:58unless they mate with males they do not
- 00:32:00actually get any sperm from the males
- 00:32:03and they get no genetic contribution but
- 00:32:05something about that is necessary for
- 00:32:07the
- 00:32:08parthenogenic event to occur okay so all
- 00:32:11sorts of bizarri that make our fixed
- 00:32:14action patterns look really pretty dull
- 00:32:16but nonetheless these are the backbones
- 00:32:18of the human fixed action patterns and
- 00:32:21some of them wildly unique one some of
- 00:32:23them far less than people used to think
- 00:32:25some of them very very unprecedented
- 00:32:28okay so what this allows us to do now is
- 00:32:30make our first big step what's going on
- 00:32:32in the brain what is the neurobiology of
- 00:32:35sexual behavior producing those fixed
- 00:32:38action patterns and what you better BET
- 00:32:41right off the bat is we are talking
- 00:32:43about the limic system this is all lyic
- 00:32:46system until we see ways in which it's
- 00:32:47not just all the lyic system but it is
- 00:32:50heavily centered no surprise in the
- 00:32:51limpic system and this was being noted
- 00:32:54first around the 1930s 1940s with the
- 00:32:57first experiment ments where there were
- 00:32:58lesion studies done damaging different
- 00:33:01parts of the lyic system in animals and
- 00:33:03what would be noted was animals sexual
- 00:33:06behavior would change and this was
- 00:33:08eventually termed a profile termed after
- 00:33:11The two scientists who pioneered this
- 00:33:13stuff called the clu buus syndrome which
- 00:33:16is when you damage some of these strange
- 00:33:19mysterious Rhino philonic sort of
- 00:33:22structures in there you change the
- 00:33:24sexual behavior you change for example
- 00:33:27in monkeys whether they are attempting
- 00:33:30to mate with another monkey as opposed
- 00:33:32to an animate object they change aspects
- 00:33:35of the fixed action patterns of the
- 00:33:37behavior and such and out of it this was
- 00:33:39one of the main driving forces on people
- 00:33:41saying nose brain well that's great but
- 00:33:44actually what we're looking at is a part
- 00:33:46of the brain that has lots to do with
- 00:33:48emotion and emotionally related
- 00:33:50behaviors that was one of the driving
- 00:33:52forces on the lyic system being pulled
- 00:33:55together as a concept okay so what areas
- 00:33:58within the lyic system are relevant
- 00:34:00first pass there are different hotspots
- 00:34:03in there depending on
- 00:34:05gender among females probably the most
- 00:34:08important area is a subsection of the
- 00:34:10hypothalamus called the ventromedial
- 00:34:12hypothalamus involved in female sexual
- 00:34:15behavior what's the evidence for that
- 00:34:18just go back to last Friday's lecture
- 00:34:20lesion studies stimulation studies
- 00:34:23recording studies destroy the vmh you do
- 00:34:26not get sexual beh Behavior anymore from
- 00:34:28a female stimulated and you will get the
- 00:34:31same behaviors that you would normally
- 00:34:33only see in an ovulating female rat for
- 00:34:35example all the sorts of tools we heard
- 00:34:38about reinforcing this even more is this
- 00:34:41is the hot spot in the hypothalamus for
- 00:34:44receptors for estrogen and progesterone
- 00:34:48so that makes lots of sense meanwhile
- 00:34:51another region of the brain that is
- 00:34:53typically involved in sexual behavior in
- 00:34:55females a region the midbrain the
- 00:34:58midbrain which seems to have something
- 00:35:00to do with some of the hormonal aspects
- 00:35:03of sexual behavior that are specific to
- 00:35:06females finally back to that lordosis
- 00:35:09reflex you got to have a spinal cord to
- 00:35:12full pull off the full array of typical
- 00:35:14mamalian female sexual behavior so
- 00:35:17spinal Pathways which do not exist in
- 00:35:19males lordotic reflexes the back arching
- 00:35:22reflex is exclusively a female one
- 00:35:26meanwhile over on the other side of
- 00:35:28things there are regions in the brain
- 00:35:31that tend to be more specialized for
- 00:35:33sexual behavior in males than in females
- 00:35:36a different part of the hypothalamus
- 00:35:38called the medial preoptic area and the
- 00:35:42exact same sort of evidence is for the
- 00:35:44ventral medial hypothalamus in females
- 00:35:46lesion studies stimulation recording
- 00:35:48studies all that sort of thing and you
- 00:35:51guessed it whopping great amounts of
- 00:35:53testosterone receptors Androgen
- 00:35:56receptors within the medial preoptic
- 00:35:59area very interestingly something we
- 00:36:02will hear more about next week or so is
- 00:36:05another region of the brain is involved
- 00:36:07in male sexual behavior which is the
- 00:36:10amydala
- 00:36:11HM that's kind of interesting the
- 00:36:14amydala we've already heard about
- 00:36:15amydala fear anxiety all of that but the
- 00:36:18amydala also plays a very major role in
- 00:36:22aggression and there's a little bit a
- 00:36:25small domain of amygdaloid fun in males
- 00:36:28that's involved in sexual behavior
- 00:36:30involved in sexual motivation medial
- 00:36:34preoptic area is much more about sexual
- 00:36:36performance in males amydala is much
- 00:36:39more about SE sexual motivation and all
- 00:36:42sorts of people have speculated fairly
- 00:36:44reasonably I think that this may have
- 00:36:47something to do with the fact explaining
- 00:36:49why among humans it is far more likely
- 00:36:51to be males than females who go about
- 00:36:53confusing sexuality with aggression that
- 00:36:56it's got something to do with this weird
- 00:36:58role of the amydala in male sexual
- 00:37:01motivation male sexual
- 00:37:03arousal what else okay males have
- 00:37:07penises thus they're the only ones who
- 00:37:08can have penile erections and to do that
- 00:37:12autonomic nervous system and what we
- 00:37:14will hear about what you already heard
- 00:37:16about in the introduction to the
- 00:37:17autonomic nervous system but also in the
- 00:37:19zebras book is that whole business in
- 00:37:22order to manage that to pull that off
- 00:37:24initially it is parasympathetic nervous
- 00:37:26system that is establishes the erection
- 00:37:29the process of arousal involves the
- 00:37:31transition to sympathetic full blast
- 00:37:33sympathetic nervous system needed for
- 00:37:35ejaculation that's what all of that is
- 00:37:37about exclusive to males but then it
- 00:37:41turns out it's not exclusive to males
- 00:37:43because it's virtually the exact same
- 00:37:45physiology underlying clitoral erections
- 00:37:47in females the same exact sort of thing
- 00:37:50which of course brings up the dangerous
- 00:37:52possibility of another spandrel in our
- 00:37:54laps here in terms of making sense of
- 00:37:57that I didn't say that just now did I
- 00:37:58say spandrels in your lap okay bringing
- 00:38:02up that possibility that is not specific
- 00:38:05to male physiology what is specific of
- 00:38:08course is stuff that's going on with
- 00:38:11penises in terms of blood flow there's
- 00:38:13generally a dichotomy between species
- 00:38:16between whether or not males get
- 00:38:18vascular erections or muscular erections
- 00:38:22vascular erections you increase blood
- 00:38:24flow into the penis and you stop it from
- 00:38:27going out the other end and thus you get
- 00:38:29vascular driven engorgement as DH
- 00:38:31Lawrence would no doubt have described
- 00:38:33it alternatively in lots of species
- 00:38:35there are muscular erections there is a
- 00:38:38muscle for example found in rodent
- 00:38:40penises called the erector Levy muscle
- 00:38:44well that's not too surprising that it's
- 00:38:46called that and a whole bunch of cell
- 00:38:48body neurons in the spinal cord
- 00:38:50responsible for pulling up the sail or
- 00:38:54whatever it is you do there and what you
- 00:38:56get are differences in general the
- 00:38:59muscular driven erections occur a lot
- 00:39:02faster the vascular ones the hemodynamic
- 00:39:04ones last a lot longer take your pick
- 00:39:08but it's essentially the exact same
- 00:39:09autonomic physiology in both
- 00:39:12cases finally one other thing factoid a
- 00:39:16useful one we heard last week which is
- 00:39:18in so far as there's very similar
- 00:39:21physiology to orgasms in both sexes
- 00:39:24there's that difference in recovery time
- 00:39:27how long it takes for the sympathetic
- 00:39:29nervous system to go back to Baseline
- 00:39:32postorgasm and on the average a
- 00:39:34substantial sex difference in that yes
- 00:39:37everybody managed to guess it last week
- 00:39:39which direction it went a far slower
- 00:39:42recovery time in females than in
- 00:39:45males in terms of underlying
- 00:39:47neurobiology something that was a major
- 00:39:50finding in the field were brain regions
- 00:39:53that differed in size depending on your
- 00:39:56gender in including in humans and this
- 00:39:59ushered in a whole world of sexual
- 00:40:02dimorphism in the brain and there have
- 00:40:04now been shown to be all sorts of brain
- 00:40:06regions where on the average you get
- 00:40:09differences in the size of nuclei you
- 00:40:12get differences in the number of axons
- 00:40:15going through a bundle a fiber all of
- 00:40:17that and we will hear about some more of
- 00:40:19those down the line but the one that has
- 00:40:21gotten the most attention in terms of
- 00:40:22sexual behavior is a cluster of tiny
- 00:40:26nuclei in the hypothalamus called the in
- 00:40:31cluster the internuclear interstitial
- 00:40:34nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus do
- 00:40:36not write down what that stands for but
- 00:40:39it's a little nucleus in there a little
- 00:40:41subset of neuronal cell bodies where you
- 00:40:44get a very substantial sex difference in
- 00:40:47the size of this area where on the
- 00:40:50average it is about twice the size in
- 00:40:52men as in women and back to the other
- 00:40:56weeks sort of rant about statistical
- 00:40:58significance versus magnitude this is a
- 00:41:01big effect it is almost almost in the
- 00:41:04range where you can identify the sex of
- 00:41:07somebody by looking at the size of this
- 00:41:09nucleus in their brain postmortem in
- 00:41:11rodents you pretty much can a very
- 00:41:14reliable two-fold difference males
- 00:41:17larger than females as we'll hear in a
- 00:41:19while one really interesting exception
- 00:41:22to that okay so either some areas of the
- 00:41:26brain that are preferentially involved
- 00:41:28and activated by sexual behavior
- 00:41:31depending on your gender or regions that
- 00:41:33differ in size substantially by your
- 00:41:36gender but then at the end of the day
- 00:41:38there's all sorts of things that are
- 00:41:39absolutely in common again the
- 00:41:41physiology of orgasm exactly the same
- 00:41:45what clinically the picture is is males
- 00:41:48having problems with the whole system
- 00:41:50the problem tends to be too rapid of a
- 00:41:53transition from parasympathetic to
- 00:41:55sympathetic in other words the world of
- 00:41:57premature ejaculation the more typical
- 00:42:00medical problem in women is failure of
- 00:42:03the transition from parasympathetic to
- 00:42:06sympathetic inability to reach orgasm
- 00:42:09and it is of course a huge
- 00:42:11sociocultural political philosophical
- 00:42:14argument whether that counts as a
- 00:42:16pathology or normal human variability
- 00:42:19I'm not going anywhere near that one but
- 00:42:22nonetheless that is the more common
- 00:42:24pattern neurobiology that's absolutely
- 00:42:27Ely in common between the Sexes which is
- 00:42:30all of that stuff at the very beginning
- 00:42:32of why are they in such a rush at the
- 00:42:34end the neurobiology of pleasure and the
- 00:42:37neurobiology of reward and of
- 00:42:41anticipation and this is this whole
- 00:42:43world of as we know already dopamine the
- 00:42:46role of dopamine in sexual behavior is
- 00:42:49virtually identical in both sexes which
- 00:42:52is to say it plays a huge role you find
- 00:42:56circumstances where you deplete dopamine
- 00:42:58from the relevant brain regions back to
- 00:43:00last Friday lyic system you remember
- 00:43:03that ventral tegmental area which sends
- 00:43:06that big dopaminergic projection to the
- 00:43:08nucleus accumbent which then passes it
- 00:43:11on to all sorts of places in the brain
- 00:43:14deplete that pathway of dopamine and
- 00:43:18you're not going to get a whole lot of
- 00:43:19interest in sexual behavior you are not
- 00:43:22going to get a whole lot of libido
- 00:43:24proceptivity what's the class classic
- 00:43:27circumstance where you see depletion of
- 00:43:29dopamine there and loss of proceptive
- 00:43:33libido clinical depression that's one of
- 00:43:36the defining symptoms of depression amid
- 00:43:38the various numerous forms of pleasure
- 00:43:41that go down the tubes loss of sexual
- 00:43:43interest one of the defining symptoms so
- 00:43:47the dopamine system the general term
- 00:43:49given for this is the
- 00:43:51mesolimbic dopamine system to
- 00:43:54distinguish it from some of the other
- 00:43:55ways the dopamine is used in the brain
- 00:43:57the mesolimbic dopamine system is
- 00:44:00absolutely Central to the reinforcing
- 00:44:03aspects of sexual behavior so what's the
- 00:44:06evidence for that first off back to that
- 00:44:09distinction that I think I brought up
- 00:44:11last week I wasn't paying attention but
- 00:44:13I think I talked about which is the
- 00:44:15dopamine system there is not so much
- 00:44:17about reward it's about the anticipation
- 00:44:20of reward did I talk about that in
- 00:44:22monkeys pressing levers yes okay I
- 00:44:24should probably read the extended notes
- 00:44:26at some point
- 00:44:28look at the film of this okay what you
- 00:44:30see there is the dopamine is about the
- 00:44:33anticipation of and the
- 00:44:35dopamine as we heard is about also
- 00:44:38fueling the behaviors needed to achieve
- 00:44:42the reward dopamine in this mesolimbic
- 00:44:45pathway as driving goal directed
- 00:44:48behavior and that is certainly the case
- 00:44:51with sexual behavior by now there is a
- 00:44:53whole literature involving humans where
- 00:44:56you stick them in brain scanners and you
- 00:44:58do something or other sexually arousing
- 00:45:02or interesting or something or other to
- 00:45:04them and then you see what parts of the
- 00:45:06brain activate and it's these dopamine
- 00:45:09Pathways consistently way up there
- 00:45:12showing just how subtle this can be
- 00:45:15how's this you take men there's been a
- 00:45:17whole literature by now showing that you
- 00:45:20present people in brain scanners with
- 00:45:22pornography and that must have been a
- 00:45:24really interesting human subject's
- 00:45:26release for you worked out but showing
- 00:45:28in both sexes what you tend to see is
- 00:45:31activation of dopaminergic regions we
- 00:45:33will hear in a little while a sex
- 00:45:35difference in that domain that will
- 00:45:37probably not surprise anyone but how's
- 00:45:39this for subtle you take a guy and you
- 00:45:43show him the picture of someone of the
- 00:45:45opposite sex if he is heterosexual and
- 00:45:48you show him the picture of this
- 00:45:49individual and if it is someone who he
- 00:45:51assesses as being attractive you don't
- 00:45:54necessarily get this dopaminergic path
- 00:45:57way to activate it depends what this
- 00:45:59study showed was if the person is making
- 00:46:03what would pass for eye contact if they
- 00:46:05are looking straight out the dopamine
- 00:46:07system activates and if they're looking
- 00:46:09elsewhere it doesn't activate how's that
- 00:46:12for classic male sort of responsiveness
- 00:46:15if it looks as if this attractive person
- 00:46:17is looking at you it activates even more
- 00:46:20distressingly from this study when you
- 00:46:22show men on the average blah blah
- 00:46:24pictures of women who they would rate as
- 00:46:27being
- 00:46:28unattractive it's when they're looking
- 00:46:30away that the dopamine system activates
- 00:46:33oh my God what is going on here this is
- 00:46:38pitiful what also has been shown is the
- 00:46:41exact same eye contact phenomenon of gay
- 00:46:44men looking at pictures of attractive
- 00:46:46men another theme we're going to see
- 00:46:49over and over which is sexual
- 00:46:51orientation being pretty much trivial in
- 00:46:54terms of how it influences some of this
- 00:46:56neurobiology just switch the gender of
- 00:46:58the other individual and it works
- 00:47:00exactly the same now when you look at
- 00:47:03this business about dopamine rising in
- 00:47:06anticipation of a reward rather than in
- 00:47:09response to the reward itself it brings
- 00:47:11up one of the doesn't bring that up it
- 00:47:14brings up one of the all-time
- 00:47:16interesting studies that was published
- 00:47:17about a decade ago okay so the Paradigm
- 00:47:20I described last week you put on the
- 00:47:22light which tells the monkey that okay
- 00:47:24we're starting one of those sessions
- 00:47:27where if you press the levers adequately
- 00:47:29you will get a reward and they now carry
- 00:47:31out this behavior and as a result they
- 00:47:34get the reward here and as we saw
- 00:47:36dopamine doesn't go up after the reward
- 00:47:38it goes up at this point this is the I
- 00:47:42know how to do this this is going to be
- 00:47:44great this is terrific here's where you
- 00:47:45get the rise and dopamine this is not
- 00:47:48only the anticipation but if you don't
- 00:47:51have this rise you don't get the
- 00:47:52behavior the goal directed Behavior now
- 00:47:55in This brilliant study what they did
- 00:47:58was transition from a paradigm where
- 00:48:01okay the monkey presses the lever 10
- 00:48:03times and gets the reward now what you
- 00:48:05do is the monkey works and it gets the
- 00:48:08reward only half the time it gets only a
- 00:48:1250% reward rate reward rate
- 00:48:15unpredictably and what happens to
- 00:48:17dopamine okay got your choice what's
- 00:48:20your vote it doesn't rise as
- 00:48:23much it rises the exact same amount
- 00:48:28it rises even
- 00:48:30higher okay you guys all understand
- 00:48:32anticipation and gold it does this it's
- 00:48:36one of the biggest Rises you will find
- 00:48:38dopamine in the brain short of cocaine
- 00:48:40what have you just introduced into there
- 00:48:43this is I'm all over it I know how this
- 00:48:46works this is going to be great I have
- 00:48:48Mastery and control I am the captain of
- 00:48:50my own lever pressing this is all about
- 00:48:53that what's this about this is what
- 00:48:55dopamine does when you have introduced
- 00:48:57the word maybe into the equation and
- 00:49:01that is
- 00:49:02incredibly reinforcing and people will
- 00:49:05work like mad in contexts of maybe far
- 00:49:09more so than they work in contexts of
- 00:49:11certainty psychologists have known this
- 00:49:14forever this is intermittent
- 00:49:16reinforcement you never get more
- 00:49:18Behavior out of an organism than when
- 00:49:21you have introduced a maybe into it and
- 00:49:24part of the Brilliance of the study was
- 00:49:26what they then did now animals either
- 00:49:29got reward 25% of the time or 75% of the
- 00:49:34time on a certain level these are
- 00:49:36diametrically opposite manipulations in
- 00:49:38one you're getting more rewards and the
- 00:49:40other you're getting less what's the
- 00:49:42thing they have in common they both had
- 00:49:44smaller Mayes than the 50% version and
- 00:49:48what you see is it would look like this
- 00:49:51100% 25 or 75 50% maximize the maybe and
- 00:49:57one of the most brilliant things that
- 00:50:00various social Engineers do with humans
- 00:50:02is convince people that there's a 50%
- 00:50:05maybe when it is not 50% in the
- 00:50:07slightest that's what Las Vegas is about
- 00:50:10that's an entire world of very smart
- 00:50:13psychologists making people think in
- 00:50:15circumstances where there's like one
- 00:50:17tenth of 1% of a maybe going on there
- 00:50:20that is actually a 50% and when you do
- 00:50:23that you get dopamine like crazy and you
- 00:50:26get go directed Behavior as a result
- 00:50:29really really powerful and this is so
- 00:50:32strongly the case that this explains an
- 00:50:35extremely cynical uh thing that a guy I
- 00:50:37knew in my dorm back when used to say
- 00:50:39all the time how's this for like a
- 00:50:41dispirited view of what life is like but
- 00:50:45possibly absolutely accurate which is a
- 00:50:47relationship is the price you pay for
- 00:50:50the anticipation of it how's that for a
- 00:50:53grim world viiew go figure this guy had
- 00:50:56what a string of disastrous
- 00:50:58relationships but what you see here is
- 00:51:01introduce a maybe and it is very very
- 00:51:05powerful one final piece of the dopamine
- 00:51:08system here that is pertinent which is
- 00:51:10as you might expect from all of our
- 00:51:12molecular biology stuff there's all
- 00:51:14sorts of different dopamine receptor
- 00:51:17subtypes and two of them are pertinent
- 00:51:20to this world of sexual behavior and
- 00:51:22reward what is called the shockingly the
- 00:51:24D1 dopamine receptor and the D2 dopamine
- 00:51:27receptor and what studies show is in
- 00:51:30monogamous species what happens is right
- 00:51:33after mating when a pair bond is first
- 00:51:36formed the second that's over with
- 00:51:39levels of the D2 receptor go way down
- 00:51:42you down regulate the levels of the
- 00:51:45receptor and you upregulate the levels
- 00:51:48of the D1 receptor what's that about if
- 00:51:51you drive down the D2 levels before they
- 00:51:54even mate they don't form a
- 00:51:58parabond if you prevent the decline in
- 00:52:01the d2s after they've made it and parab
- 00:52:03bonded or if you prevent the rise in the
- 00:52:06d1s they'll parir Bond and then 8 and a
- 00:52:09half minutes later they'll go and pair
- 00:52:11bond with somebody else the d2s seem to
- 00:52:14mediate the rewarding anticipatory
- 00:52:17aspects of pair bonding the d1s on a
- 00:52:20certain renti level seem to mediate the
- 00:52:23pleasure of the monogamist the truly
- 00:52:26monogamous features of the parabon so
- 00:52:29very interesting interaction between the
- 00:52:31two okay one last thing now about
- 00:52:33dopamine and this one is like even more
- 00:52:36depressing than relationships or the
- 00:52:38price you pay this was a study which was
- 00:52:41really like someday may come to haunt
- 00:52:43you majorly and in this study what they
- 00:52:46did it was another one of those brain
- 00:52:47Imaging study ones and what they did was
- 00:52:50they took people in two categories in
- 00:52:52both cases these are people who had
- 00:52:54found their beloved their beloved the
- 00:52:57person who was their soulmate the person
- 00:52:59in whose arms they were going to die
- 00:53:02someday the person and they divided
- 00:53:04between these two groups one was a group
- 00:53:06where they had known the person in whose
- 00:53:07arms they're going to die for like two
- 00:53:09and a half weeks and the other is when
- 00:53:11they had been together for more than
- 00:53:13five
- 00:53:13years so you pick you put somebody in
- 00:53:16the brain scanner and you start flashing
- 00:53:19up at speed subliminal speeds of
- 00:53:21pictures of individuals they know
- 00:53:23important control in the study and
- 00:53:25embedded in there is a picture of their
- 00:53:28beloved and suddenly somewhere along the
- 00:53:30way up flashes the picture of their
- 00:53:32beloved be in a short-term relationship
- 00:53:35and the dopamine system goes crazy and
- 00:53:38activates like mad now you come back
- 00:53:42five years later into that same
- 00:53:43relationship with the Beloved and you do
- 00:53:45the exact same thing and you flash up
- 00:53:48their picture and the dopamine system
- 00:53:50doesn't activate what activates instead
- 00:53:53was that anterior singulate thing we
- 00:53:55heard about on Friday having to do with
- 00:53:59empathy and comfort and all of that in
- 00:54:02other words what we see here is the
- 00:54:03neurochemical transition from one's
- 00:54:06beloved from causing like your blood to
- 00:54:09run scalding hot to your beloved being
- 00:54:12like a comfortable old armchair this is
- 00:54:15one depressing study so let's take a f
- 00:54:18minute break to contemplate that one
- 00:54:21okay and then we will resume
- 00:54:27lots of good questions just now during
- 00:54:30the break uh disappointingly few along
- 00:54:32the lines of I've got a friend who so
- 00:54:36not a bunch of those but let's see a
- 00:54:38number of questions first one can I
- 00:54:39repeat what I said about the D1 and the
- 00:54:41D2 receptors okay these are different
- 00:54:44types of receptors for dopamine in other
- 00:54:47words they all respond to the same
- 00:54:49neurotransmitter dopamine but in
- 00:54:52different ways and these receptors are
- 00:54:54found on different neuron types you're
- 00:54:56getting into all sorts of different
- 00:54:57Pathways what you see is in rodents in
- 00:55:01pair bonding rodents they better have
- 00:55:04elevated levels they better have D2
- 00:55:07receptors on neurons being fed by this
- 00:55:10mesolimbic reward dopamine pathway they
- 00:55:12have to have D2 receptors to form the
- 00:55:16parabond for the attachment to
- 00:55:19occur the second that happens you need
- 00:55:23to have low levels of D2 and high level
- 00:55:26levels of D1 to remain faithful in your
- 00:55:30parir bonded relationship so what you
- 00:55:32see in these vs is right after the parir
- 00:55:34bond occurs there's down regulation of
- 00:55:37the d2s and up regulation of the d1s and
- 00:55:40if you prevent that from happening the
- 00:55:42pair bond that's been formed does not
- 00:55:44prove
- 00:55:45lasting so that's what I was saying
- 00:55:47there somebody brought up the great
- 00:55:49question which I was going to say
- 00:55:51something about and forgot which is well
- 00:55:53how about like D2 D1 ratios in humans
- 00:55:58and their sexual behavior stuff and
- 00:56:00there's been one study showing that a
- 00:56:03higher ratio of D2 to D1 predicts more
- 00:56:06stable relationships small effect not
- 00:56:09replicated yet but nonetheless that's
- 00:56:12kind of interesting so on a certain
- 00:56:15level then D2 seems to be required at
- 00:56:18least shown in rodents who knows about
- 00:56:20us D2 is about the formation of the
- 00:56:23attachment D1 is about the maintenance
- 00:56:26of it the faithfulness of it if you will
- 00:56:29next somebody bringing up the issue in
- 00:56:31terms of female orgasm maybe what female
- 00:56:34orgasm is about is a mate selection
- 00:56:37mechanism as
- 00:56:38in individuals who uh increase your
- 00:56:42likelihood of having orgasms or ones you
- 00:56:44are more likely to lower your D2
- 00:56:47receptors for but the one problem with
- 00:56:50that one that makes wonderful sense what
- 00:56:51the studies tend to show though is
- 00:56:53likelihood of orgasm is much more a
- 00:56:55function of who the female is than who
- 00:56:58the male is that they are with arguing
- 00:57:00against that let's see finally no not
- 00:57:03that okay so we already covered that and
- 00:57:05there was one additional question okay
- 00:57:08so what's the driving force in terms of
- 00:57:10the proximal reinforcing pleasurable
- 00:57:13aspects of sexual behavior what's up
- 00:57:16with why only some species us
- 00:57:18predominantly have non-reproductive sex
- 00:57:20you can have sex all the time versus
- 00:57:22other species that only do for
- 00:57:24reproduction what that means is in other
- 00:57:26species the Endocrinology of ovulation
- 00:57:30is the thing that makes sex pleasurable
- 00:57:33and we will see shortly what that's
- 00:57:34about in females it's the hormones
- 00:57:37associated with ovulation that sensitize
- 00:57:41various tactile receptors to respond in
- 00:57:45ways that mediate proximal pleasure and
- 00:57:48in males it's the female giving off for
- 00:57:52example the right pheromones the right
- 00:57:54releasing stimuli driven by the right
- 00:57:56hormone levels that constitute the
- 00:57:59proximal signal of pleasurable
- 00:58:02anticipation and what you find in humans
- 00:58:04is it doesn't work that way you do not
- 00:58:07need for example in women the elevated
- 00:58:10levels of estrogen typical of ovulation
- 00:58:12in order to have tactile responsiveness
- 00:58:16to sexually arousing stimuli stay tuned
- 00:58:19though it's easier though when estrogen
- 00:58:21levels are higher okay final brain
- 00:58:24region relevant to all of this this is
- 00:58:26the frontal cortex we already got a
- 00:58:29first pass at the frontal cortex last
- 00:58:31week and frontal cortex regulating your
- 00:58:35behavior impulse control all that sort
- 00:58:38of thing gratification postponing this
- 00:58:40plays a large role in sexual behavior
- 00:58:43what's the easy immediate explanation
- 00:58:45that one can come up with what the
- 00:58:47frontal cortex does is it makes you be
- 00:58:51appropriate in your sexual behavior it
- 00:58:54teaches you the appropriate context it
- 00:58:56teaches you what aspects of proceptive
- 00:58:59sexual behavior is not a good idea it
- 00:59:03keeps you from doing things you would
- 00:59:05regret vastly afterward that's a very
- 00:59:07easy version of it and commensurate with
- 00:59:10that you see lots of circumstances of
- 00:59:12individuals with frontal cortical damage
- 00:59:15doing highly inappropriate sexual
- 00:59:17behavior one example of it one of those
- 00:59:20horrifying things that can happen this
- 00:59:23was a case that actually happened in a
- 00:59:24nursing home in inas in the East Bay a
- 00:59:27number of years ago this was a man in
- 00:59:30his 80s who had had stroke damage to his
- 00:59:32frontal cortex who was found to have
- 00:59:35raped a woman there another 80-year-old
- 00:59:38with Alzheimer's disease damaged the
- 00:59:40frontal cortex and all sorts of the this
- 00:59:43is not sexual behavior that you do
- 00:59:45constraints go down the tubes just as
- 00:59:48importantly though what the frontal
- 00:59:50cortex with all of it's giving you the
- 00:59:52discipline to do the right thing some of
- 00:59:55the time with that Tak takes the form of
- 00:59:57is getting you to do proceptive sexual
- 00:59:59behavior for example you are trying to
- 01:00:02do some courtship of some other antler
- 01:00:06ulet that you are courting and this is
- 01:00:08terrifying because there's another
- 01:00:10individual challenging you and it is the
- 01:00:12frontal cortex that is getting you to
- 01:00:15carry out those sexual behaviors at that
- 01:00:17point even if it is a terrifying
- 01:00:19circumstance nonetheless what the
- 01:00:21frontal cortex mostly is about is
- 01:00:24reigning in sexual behavior Fe it's not
- 01:00:27changing the fixed action patterns of
- 01:00:30sex it's changing the context in which
- 01:00:32the fixed action patterns
- 01:00:34occur so now we are ready to look at one
- 01:00:37more feature of the neurobiology which
- 01:00:40is when somebody is having sex what
- 01:00:42hormonal responses are triggered notice
- 01:00:46this is not here this is not what
- 01:00:48hormones have to do with bringing about
- 01:00:51sexual behavior this is what are the
- 01:00:54hormonal responses to sexual behavior
- 01:00:58starting off in females including human
- 01:01:01human females having sex increases
- 01:01:04secretion of progesterone derived
- 01:01:06hormones and that has something to do
- 01:01:09with reinforcing the
- 01:01:12pleasure interestingly in females the
- 01:01:14world over having sex increases the
- 01:01:17level of testosterone related hormones
- 01:01:20in the bloodstream androgens women
- 01:01:23females generate androgens Maybe 5% the
- 01:01:26levels you see in males and they come
- 01:01:28out of the adrenal glands and they play
- 01:01:32they seem to play a very Central role in
- 01:01:34mediating sexual motivation sexual
- 01:01:37arousal in females how is that shown
- 01:01:40obvious experimental studies with Lab
- 01:01:42Rats how is that shown in humans when
- 01:01:45women have any of a number of types of
- 01:01:48diseases where you have to take out the
- 01:01:50adrenal glands sexual motivation sexual
- 01:01:53arousal goes down give them placement
- 01:01:56androgens and sexual arousal sexual
- 01:01:59proceptivity returns so Androgen they
- 01:02:02playing a
- 01:02:04role probably most importantly in terms
- 01:02:06of hormones triggered by sexual behavior
- 01:02:09in females is the release of
- 01:02:12oxytocin oxytocin is really interesting
- 01:02:15we've heard about oxytocin twice already
- 01:02:17one is when it's coming out of the
- 01:02:19posterior pituitary and the second is
- 01:02:23that minor business the other day last
- 01:02:24Wednesday of oxytocin being another one
- 01:02:27of those hypothalamic hormones that
- 01:02:29helps to release act from the pituitary
- 01:02:32remember it doesn't directly release
- 01:02:34it's a modulator of CR action if then
- 01:02:36claw Etc but those are the two ways
- 01:02:39we've heard about oxytocin oxytocin also
- 01:02:42works in the brain as a neurotransmitter
- 01:02:45and
- 01:02:46neuromodulator and what does it do there
- 01:02:49it appears to play a very Central role
- 01:02:52in forming attachments a very Central
- 01:02:55role in forming of parir bonds and it
- 01:02:58along with dopamine and the D2 receptors
- 01:03:01are critical for female vs of monogamous
- 01:03:04species to form parir bonds female
- 01:03:07humans when having sex secrete lots of
- 01:03:10oxytocin and activate oxytocin Pathways
- 01:03:13in the brain and it appears to play a
- 01:03:15role in the formation of
- 01:03:18attachment interestingly how is this a
- 01:03:21whole body of research now showing that
- 01:03:24if you introduce oxytocin into the
- 01:03:27brains of humans experimentally they
- 01:03:29become more
- 01:03:32trusting amazing body of research where
- 01:03:35you take aerosolized oxytocin and you
- 01:03:38Spritz it up people's noses and what
- 01:03:40they showed in the studies were number
- 01:03:42one one type of study you then Play a
- 01:03:45clip of somebody making an argument for
- 01:03:48some stance and some debate and people
- 01:03:51believe the person more they find their
- 01:03:53argument more convincing they trust the
- 01:03:55person more or the other version that's
- 01:03:58been shown is you Spritz oxytocin up the
- 01:04:00noses of people and you make them more
- 01:04:03Cooperative in their game theory play
- 01:04:06the ways at which they go about playing
- 01:04:08prisoners dilemma and other games we
- 01:04:10will hear about later on as well this
- 01:04:13has given rise to A Whole New Field I
- 01:04:15kid you not called
- 01:04:18neuromarketing the notion that if only
- 01:04:21you could Spritz oxytocin up the noses
- 01:04:23of people right before your television
- 01:04:25ad comes on they're going to believe you
- 01:04:28when you say it will make you happy to
- 01:04:30buy our thing and they will fall for it
- 01:04:33there are actually
- 01:04:34neuroendocrinologists making a living
- 01:04:36now selling their wees to neuromarketing
- 01:04:40people you know self proclaimed ones no
- 01:04:43doubt they are spritzing oxytocin up the
- 01:04:45noses of those you know capitalists to
- 01:04:48get them to hire them to do this but
- 01:04:50oxytocin playing a role in this so
- 01:04:53that's kind of interesting because
- 01:04:56what's oxytocin mostly doing in the body
- 01:04:58the vast majority of oxytocin is not the
- 01:05:01stuff up in the brain in these Pathways
- 01:05:04some of them impinging on dopamine
- 01:05:06releasing neurons the vast majority is
- 01:05:08not the oxytocin sitting there in the
- 01:05:11hypothal is doing something or other to
- 01:05:13act in the pituitary the vast majority
- 01:05:16is the stuff coming out of the posterior
- 01:05:18pituitary and what does oxytocin have to
- 01:05:21do there it has to do with milk let down
- 01:05:25it has to do with nursing and suddenly
- 01:05:28instead it's playing a role in forming
- 01:05:30sexual parab bonding and the argument is
- 01:05:33made that attachment monogamous
- 01:05:37attachment sexual attachment is in some
- 01:05:40way evolutionarily a descendant of the
- 01:05:43neurobiology of mother Offspring
- 01:05:45attachment that that's where it is
- 01:05:47originally being driven by so oxytocin
- 01:05:51playing a role there as well meanwhile
- 01:05:54over at the male and of things upgo
- 01:05:57testosterone levels during sex in a
- 01:05:59surprisingly linear way the more sexual
- 01:06:02behavior in a male the higher
- 01:06:03testosterone levels are found afterward
- 01:06:06critically critically stay tuned for a
- 01:06:09little while these are elevations of
- 01:06:11testosterone in response to sexual
- 01:06:14behavior as we'll see the evidence that
- 01:06:17high testosterone levels make males more
- 01:06:20sexually active is basically
- 01:06:23non-existent so critical critical
- 01:06:25Proviso here this is sex increasing
- 01:06:29testosterone secretion not the other way
- 01:06:32around what else meanwhile back to the
- 01:06:35posterior pituitary was that a question
- 01:06:39nope okay that was a head scratch okay
- 01:06:41back to the posterior pituitary the
- 01:06:43other hormone coming out from their
- 01:06:46vasopressin and oxytocin is to females
- 01:06:49as vasopress is to males and we've
- 01:06:51already heard something about this back
- 01:06:54in the molecular genetic stud and those
- 01:06:56if then Clauses and unlikely ways in
- 01:06:58which you get mutations
- 01:07:01vasopressin vasopressin also is found in
- 01:07:04the nervous system where it serves a
- 01:07:07neuromodulatory role and vasopressin is
- 01:07:11critical for forming a parir bond back
- 01:07:14to that business about when you look at
- 01:07:16monogamous versus polygamous species
- 01:07:20what's going on what you have uniquely
- 01:07:22in the monogamous species is Express of
- 01:07:26the vasopressin receptor gene on neurons
- 01:07:30that release
- 01:07:32dopamine another words males secrete
- 01:07:35vasopressin and if you are of a species
- 01:07:38where vasopressin now goes and
- 01:07:41stimulates dopamine neurons you decide
- 01:07:44you really really really liked having
- 01:07:46sex with this other V and you come back
- 01:07:49for more and that's the driving force on
- 01:07:52the formation of the parabond incredible
- 01:07:55studies showing that if you take male vs
- 01:07:58from the polygamous species and do to
- 01:08:01Gene transfer techniques I've mentioned
- 01:08:03the study already but you now stick
- 01:08:06vasopressin receptors into those
- 01:08:08dopamine neurons those polygamous males
- 01:08:12now become parir bonding males they now
- 01:08:15become
- 01:08:15monogamous so really interesting what
- 01:08:19you then see in these studies is you
- 01:08:22look at these monogamous species where
- 01:08:24the males have vasopress receptors on
- 01:08:26these dopamine neurons and you look at
- 01:08:28individual males and the ones who have
- 01:08:31more receptors there are forming parir
- 01:08:34bonds faster it takes fewer rounds of
- 01:08:37mating with a female to form a
- 01:08:40parabond so what about
- 01:08:42primates so you start off looking at two
- 01:08:45different primate species one parab
- 01:08:47bonding maret Monkeys new world Marmet
- 01:08:50monkeys and then one classic tornament
- 01:08:52species polygamous primate spe species
- 01:08:55Rees monkeys and what you see is you've
- 01:08:59got the variant the monogamous
- 01:09:02V vasopressin receptor Gene variant in
- 01:09:05the parir bonding monkey species in the
- 01:09:07marbet and you get the polygamous
- 01:09:10version of the gene in the uh Reese's
- 01:09:15monkeys so it maps on there as well so
- 01:09:18the more of this receptor in these
- 01:09:21dopamine Pathways within monogamous
- 01:09:23species the more rapidly they form form
- 01:09:25a parab bond and what you see is
- 01:09:28differences in the mere presence of them
- 01:09:30in comparing parab bonding versus non-p
- 01:09:33parab bonding rodents and
- 01:09:36monkeys so how about
- 01:09:39humans first thing that comes up is
- 01:09:42among the Apes you also find the two
- 01:09:44variants the monogamous V variant of the
- 01:09:48dop of the vas pressent receptor Gene
- 01:09:50and the polygamous male variant so what
- 01:09:53species do you see it in in chimpanzees
- 01:09:57you see the polygamus bow species
- 01:10:00version that makes lots of sense they
- 01:10:03are a major polygamous species in their
- 01:10:05behavior but then this beautiful
- 01:10:08dichotomy comes crashing down when you
- 01:10:11see that you've got the monogamous Gene
- 01:10:14version in
- 01:10:16bonobos and as we will hear about in a
- 01:10:19while bonobos are the most hyper
- 01:10:23polygamous Le hyper variety of sexually
- 01:10:27behaving organisms on the entire planet
- 01:10:30they are as far as you could get from a
- 01:10:32monogamous species as you can ever ask
- 01:10:34for if you ask for such things and you
- 01:10:37got the wrong type of vasopress receptor
- 01:10:39Gene whatever is going on it's more
- 01:10:41complicated than the have the version
- 01:10:44that winds up on the dopamine neurons
- 01:10:46and you are going to have 50th wedding
- 01:10:48anniversaries if you are a v or you are
- 01:10:51a maret and it's got to be more
- 01:10:53complicated than that
- 01:10:55so how about humans and what you see is
- 01:10:58not explicitly as much genetic
- 01:11:01variability as some people having the
- 01:11:04monogamous Vol version and some people
- 01:11:06have the polygamous but nonetheless you
- 01:11:08get variation the gene basically is
- 01:11:10about halfway in between whoa we keep
- 01:11:14having that theme over and over all
- 01:11:17these different ways of looking at body
- 01:11:20size and sexual dimorphism and imprinted
- 01:11:22genes and all that stuff and humans keep
- 01:11:25winding up being about a halfway between
- 01:11:27a classic monogamous parabond and a
- 01:11:30classic polygamous tornament species so
- 01:11:33the basic human version of it is
- 01:11:35somewhere in between but you get
- 01:11:37variations you got genetic variations
- 01:11:40that either look a little bit more like
- 01:11:42the monogamous V version or the
- 01:11:44polygamous V version and what studies
- 01:11:47have now shown two different studies
- 01:11:49independently showing this have the
- 01:11:52monogamous V version and with a small
- 01:11:56effect you are more likely to get
- 01:11:58married you are more likely to remain
- 01:12:01married and both you and your partner
- 01:12:03are more likely to rate the marriage as
- 01:12:06stable and
- 01:12:07happy that's kind of
- 01:12:10interesting finally in terms of the role
- 01:12:12of vasopressin in terms of attachment
- 01:12:15and males all of that and in terms of
- 01:12:18social connectiveness a large body of
- 01:12:21studies now have shown mutations in the
- 01:12:24vas oppress receptor Gene okay anybody
- 01:12:27want to get what guess what disorder you
- 01:12:29find it have people I put that in the
- 01:12:32extended notes haven't I people have
- 01:12:34read it already I know I fell for it
- 01:12:35last time I am not falling for that
- 01:12:37stupid trick again of asking you to
- 01:12:40prove he sniffed some oxytocin so does
- 01:12:43anybody want to guess swich the okay
- 01:12:45what you now all know is there's now
- 01:12:48been a lot of demonstrations of
- 01:12:49mutations in the vasopress receptor Gene
- 01:12:52in family pedigrees with autism a
- 01:12:55disease of very very little attachment
- 01:12:58to other humans so we've got written all
- 01:13:01over the place here is some sort of role
- 01:13:04of oxytocin in female attachment
- 01:13:08formation and vasopressin and we've
- 01:13:11already gotten interesting hints that
- 01:13:12this applies to humans and we've already
- 01:13:15gotten interesting hints that individual
- 01:13:17differences in the molecular biology of
- 01:13:20these genes predicts something about
- 01:13:22individual differences and the stability
- 01:13:25of relationships in
- 01:13:27humans okay so everything we've been
- 01:13:29hearing about with the neurobiology and
- 01:13:31we're still living in this part in this
- 01:13:33bucket here temporarily has been built
- 01:13:35around heterosexual relationships what's
- 01:13:38known about the neurobiology of sexual
- 01:13:41orientation what has been found is most
- 01:13:44strikingly one Landmark study one that
- 01:13:48got on the cover of Time Magazine one
- 01:13:51that had a gigantic gigantic impact
- 01:13:54which was looking back at that
- 01:13:56hypothalamic nucleus that inah in ah yes
- 01:14:01where what we saw before it was very
- 01:14:03reliably on the average men their size
- 01:14:06of it is about twice the size as in
- 01:14:08women and in other species males about
- 01:14:11twice the size as in females and a study
- 01:14:14was done in the late 80s by a
- 01:14:16neuroanatomist named Simon L LA is one
- 01:14:20of the all-time great neuroanatomist he
- 01:14:22was trained by huil and visel was a
- 01:14:25professor at Harvard Med school for a
- 01:14:26while before moving to the sock
- 01:14:28Institute and what he did was look
- 01:14:30postmortem at the brains of a bunch of
- 01:14:33individuals where he knew the sexual
- 01:14:35orientation men and what he showed was
- 01:14:38gay men on the average had this nucleus
- 01:14:42on the average was half the size that
- 01:14:45you saw in heterosexual men on the
- 01:14:48average it was about the same size as
- 01:14:51you saw in heterosexual women amazing
- 01:14:55Landmark study everybody learned about
- 01:14:58the homosexual brain from the study
- 01:15:01hugely widely reported and this is kind
- 01:15:05of interesting okay what's interesting
- 01:15:07about it first off the question you need
- 01:15:09to ask is how much
- 01:15:11variability fair amount it wasn't all
- 01:15:14that reliable of the difference on the
- 01:15:16average it was about a half the size
- 01:15:20next thing you would want to know is has
- 01:15:22anybody replicated it since then yes
- 01:15:25next thing you would want to know is
- 01:15:27where did L get the brains from and
- 01:15:30these were predominantly from gay men
- 01:15:32who had died of AIDS is that a confound
- 01:15:35is that going to perhaps atrophy this
- 01:15:38part of the brain nobody knows so that
- 01:15:41remains as a caveat in that study what
- 01:15:43was striking though was everybody
- 01:15:46learned about this finding this became
- 01:15:49famous L became extremely famous for
- 01:15:52this and what was also very interesting
- 01:15:54about it was the political context of
- 01:15:56this finding a few years before that
- 01:15:59another group had reported another
- 01:16:02difference in the hypothalamus based on
- 01:16:04sexual orientation and this
- 01:16:07[Music]
- 01:16:10was there it is and what you found was
- 01:16:13in this part of the brain on the average
- 01:16:16it would tend to be bigger in women than
- 01:16:18in men and what these guys reported was
- 01:16:22in gay men it tended to be big bigger
- 01:16:25than in straight
- 01:16:27men what was puzzling about this study
- 01:16:30was this was a part of the hypothalamus
- 01:16:32having to do with regulation of like
- 01:16:34your kidneys and it was totally ignored
- 01:16:37and completely bizarre except there was
- 01:16:39one thing that was done with it which
- 01:16:41was this was viewed as a totally
- 01:16:44offensive study in the gay community
- 01:16:46this was viewed as an attempt by
- 01:16:48scientist to pathologize sexual
- 01:16:51orientation to say you see we found
- 01:16:54something wrong in the brains of
- 01:16:56homosexual men this part of the brain is
- 01:16:59bigger than it should be it's bigger
- 01:17:01than it's supposed to be there's
- 01:17:03probably two reasons why that occurred
- 01:17:06the first one was that scientists who
- 01:17:09did it were straight and the second
- 01:17:12reason being that they were a Dutch
- 01:17:13group and I am willing to bet
- 01:17:16unconsciously there was something
- 01:17:18central European Nazi Echoes of Germanic
- 01:17:22sounding authors producing this finding
- 01:17:25which there is no shortage of history in
- 01:17:27the gay community for being skittish
- 01:17:29about Nazi Notions of what normality is
- 01:17:31in human behavior and human brains this
- 01:17:34finding got widely condemned in the gay
- 01:17:37community out came L with his finding
- 01:17:41and he became the most beloved
- 01:17:44neuroanatomist ever in the history of
- 01:17:47gay communities one probably important
- 01:17:49feature reason for it is that L was gay
- 01:17:53very openly so another reason was the
- 01:17:56part of the brain he found made sense it
- 01:17:58had something to do with sexual behavior
- 01:18:01as opposed to this totally puzzling
- 01:18:03thing so what was this about very
- 01:18:06interestingly the explanation almost
- 01:18:09certainly is that this was the part of
- 01:18:11the hypothalamus next door to the area
- 01:18:14that L studied and if this part was
- 01:18:18smaller in gay men simply because of
- 01:18:21just physical constraint stuff this part
- 01:18:24could get bigger in gay men because this
- 01:18:26one was taking up less area that's
- 01:18:28probably what was going on what's really
- 01:18:30fascinating though is the political
- 01:18:33context that this research was done in
- 01:18:35and this was that first group the senior
- 01:18:38author of it a man named dick Schwab and
- 01:18:41he got death threats because of that
- 01:18:43study reporting ooh here is easily
- 01:18:46interpreted as something wrong in the
- 01:18:49brains of gay men and Simon L became the
- 01:18:53hero in the community this was utterly
- 01:18:56embraced by the community because in
- 01:18:58large part how it was interpreted as
- 01:19:01this is biology this isn't choice this
- 01:19:04is biology look at this this is
- 01:19:06ridiculous as saying oh my God if we
- 01:19:09have gay teachers in the classroom we
- 01:19:11will turn the Boy Scouts of America into
- 01:19:14gay men oh my God if we have blue-eyed
- 01:19:16teachers in the classroom the usual
- 01:19:18argument that this is absolute gibberish
- 01:19:21to demonize sexual orientation as a
- 01:19:23choice look at this there's a
- 01:19:25neurobiology of it and this was embraced
- 01:19:27sufficiently that I've have seen people
- 01:19:30in the Castro District in San Francisco
- 01:19:32this is disappeared somewhat showing the
- 01:19:33half-life of neuroanatomical knowledge
- 01:19:36but during that time people in the
- 01:19:38Castro District up in the city there
- 01:19:39which is a very gay community I have
- 01:19:41seen people with t-shirts saying the
- 01:19:43other term people never really wanted to
- 01:19:45embrace this inah so its nickname was
- 01:19:49the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the
- 01:19:51hypothalamus and I've seen people with
- 01:19:53t-shirts saying the only small thing
- 01:19:55about me is my sexually dimorphic
- 01:19:59nucleus they were actually selling
- 01:20:02T-shirts that would say this during gay
- 01:20:04pride parades around 1990 or so isn't it
- 01:20:08great when people learn neuroanatomy out
- 01:20:10in the general public there okay so an
- 01:20:14interesting brain difference confounded
- 01:20:16by people who died of AIDS it's still
- 01:20:19not clear what that means in terms of
- 01:20:21possibly negating the finding at least
- 01:20:23independently rep licated fascinating
- 01:20:26piece of not science but the political
- 01:20:28context of of science this Politically
- 01:20:31Incorrect to an extreme this very very
- 01:20:34widely embraced one interesting thing is
- 01:20:37that paper by L was published in the
- 01:20:39journal science again constantly
- 01:20:42mentioned as probably the most
- 01:20:43influential science journal in this
- 01:20:45country and it was published what year
- 01:20:47was it 88
- 01:20:498892 90 okay I'm getting the year wrong
- 01:20:53but it was just before the Clinton
- 01:20:54Clinton election against Bush where one
- 01:20:57of the big issues was gays in the
- 01:20:59military that was the first thing that
- 01:21:01Clinton turned to after he was elected I
- 01:21:04happened to know the man who was the
- 01:21:05editor of science at the time and they
- 01:21:07timed the publication that paper came
- 01:21:09out in late October that year and they
- 01:21:11held it for that time because they knew
- 01:21:14that this was going to be an issue in
- 01:21:15the election which was kind of cool that
- 01:21:19they did that although some people may
- 01:21:21disagree okay but we hurdle on so what
- 01:21:24other biological neurobiological
- 01:21:26differences as a function of sexual
- 01:21:28orientation another one that comes
- 01:21:30through over and over and over again
- 01:21:33which what do you make of this is
- 01:21:35apparently there is a reliable gender
- 01:21:38difference in the length of the second
- 01:21:40finger versus the fourth finger the
- 01:21:42ratio of the two and just to show how B
- 01:21:45whoa did a lot of hands just go up in
- 01:21:47this Auditorium and just to show how
- 01:21:50biologically compelling the explanation
- 01:21:52is for it I don't actually remember
- 01:21:54which like who's got the greater 4 to2
- 01:21:58ratio which sex or whatever but it is a
- 01:22:01very now people are checking each
- 01:22:03other's hands okay the first wave and
- 01:22:07now all this chimp hand inspection stuff
- 01:22:10happening in here and what has been
- 01:22:12shown quite reliably since then is on
- 01:22:15the average gay men tend to have the
- 01:22:17finger length ratio of straight women
- 01:22:20rather than of straight men a small
- 01:22:22effect there another even more bizarre
- 01:22:26finding which is there is something
- 01:22:28called the auto acoustic
- 01:22:30reflex and what that is is if you sit
- 01:22:33there and plug your ears up with your
- 01:22:35fingers you will hear a noise that's
- 01:22:37just coming from the intrinsic vibration
- 01:22:39of something rather in your ears and
- 01:22:41that's the auto acoustic reflex
- 01:22:43generating some low Herz sound in there
- 01:22:46and the rate of the oscillation differs
- 01:22:49by sex in humans which no doubt explains
- 01:22:52everything about the tragic
- 01:22:55Wars of the Sexes and why people just
- 01:22:57don't understand each other by gender
- 01:23:00because of their ears vibrating at
- 01:23:01different speeds but what these Studies
- 01:23:03have also shown was gay men having the
- 01:23:06auto acoustic reflexive vibratory speed
- 01:23:08more typical of straight women and
- 01:23:10straight men again a very small effect
- 01:23:13what are all of these about the
- 01:23:15assumptions are it's got to do with
- 01:23:17something with prenatal hormone
- 01:23:20environment stay tuned we will be coming
- 01:23:22back to this now some somewhere in there
- 01:23:25you may ask okay well what about the
- 01:23:26neurobiology of sexual orientation in
- 01:23:28women vastly smaller literature far far
- 01:23:32less studied what has been showed so far
- 01:23:35are only two endpoints one is the same
- 01:23:38deal with the fourth to Second finger
- 01:23:40ratio on the average gay women have the
- 01:23:43ratio more typical of straight men than
- 01:23:45straight women the other thing that's
- 01:23:47been shown is the same Auto acoustic
- 01:23:49reflex thingy going on there final realm
- 01:23:52of neurobiology rather than issues of
- 01:23:56gay versus straight what is the
- 01:23:58neurobiology of
- 01:24:00transsexuality and that used to be
- 01:24:02considered to be purely a domain of
- 01:24:05Psychopathology if being gay used to be
- 01:24:09a certifiable psychiatric disorder up
- 01:24:11until the early 1970s the American
- 01:24:13Psychiatric association in their
- 01:24:15textbook the diagnostic statistical
- 01:24:17manual you could be psychiatrically
- 01:24:20certified as ill a psychiatric disorder
- 01:24:23was being [ __ ] ual or lesbian and
- 01:24:26then in what had to have been one of the
- 01:24:27more all-time blowout committee meetings
- 01:24:30ever they decided that no actually it's
- 01:24:33not a psychiatric disorder and overnight
- 01:24:35about 40 million Americans were cured of
- 01:24:37a psychiatric disease the notion of
- 01:24:40transsexuality as a psychiatric disorder
- 01:24:43has had much much longer shelf life
- 01:24:46what's the neurobiology of that to date
- 01:24:49there have been a handful of studies and
- 01:24:52they show essentially the same thing
- 01:24:54really really interesting another region
- 01:24:57of the brain that shows a sex difference
- 01:25:00in its average size don't even worry
- 01:25:02about the name of this it's called the
- 01:25:04bed nucleus of the stria terminalis it's
- 01:25:07where the amydala begins to send its
- 01:25:09projection into the hypothalamus another
- 01:25:11one to those gender differences there's
- 01:25:14one type of neuron in there with a
- 01:25:16certain type of neurotransmitter where
- 01:25:19very very reliably it is about twice the
- 01:25:22size in males than in females
- 01:25:24sufficiently so that even in human
- 01:25:26brains you could pretty confidently
- 01:25:28determine the sex of somebody by seeing
- 01:25:30the number of these neurons you'll see
- 01:25:31I'm not even saying the name of the
- 01:25:33neurotransmitter it's irrelevant it's
- 01:25:34just another one of those differences a
- 01:25:37dimorphism in a region of the brain a
- 01:25:39really really reliable one and this was
- 01:25:43a study done by some superb
- 01:25:46neuroanatomists looking at
- 01:25:48transsexuals and what they showed was
- 01:25:51very interesting which was very very
- 01:25:55reliably and a very powerful effect what
- 01:25:58you would see in their large large
- 01:26:00sample size of transsexuals brains
- 01:26:02postmortem was people would have this
- 01:26:05part of the brain the size not of their
- 01:26:08sex that they were born with but rather
- 01:26:11of the sex they insisted they always
- 01:26:13actually
- 01:26:15were wow immediate questions one must
- 01:26:19ask okay well maybe this is due to the
- 01:26:22fact that when people change gen gender
- 01:26:24transsexual procedures there's a whole
- 01:26:27lot of hormones involved and maybe
- 01:26:30that's doing something to this part of
- 01:26:31the brain critical control that they had
- 01:26:34was this was looking both at
- 01:26:36transsexuals who had made gender changes
- 01:26:39and those who went to their deathbed
- 01:26:41saying this is not the sex that I am I
- 01:26:44got the wrong body but never made the
- 01:26:46change it wasn't a function of having
- 01:26:48actually gone through the transition and
- 01:26:51the endocrine manipulations with it
- 01:26:53another control they had which was
- 01:26:56looking at men who would get a certain
- 01:26:57type of testicular cancer where they
- 01:27:00would have to be treated with certain
- 01:27:01feminizing hormones in other words very
- 01:27:04similar to some of the endocr treatments
- 01:27:06of male to female transgendered
- 01:27:08individuals and postmortem you didn't
- 01:27:10see the changes there it has nothing to
- 01:27:13do with the hormones it had to do with
- 01:27:15the person insisting from day one that
- 01:27:19they got the wrong body and this was a
- 01:27:21landmark study fabulously well done and
- 01:27:24controlled and replicated once since
- 01:27:27then showing that what transsexualism
- 01:27:29used to be thought of is that people who
- 01:27:32think that they're a different gender
- 01:27:33than they actually are what this study
- 01:27:36suggests is what transsexual is about is
- 01:27:39people who got the wrong gendered body
- 01:27:42and these are people who are
- 01:27:44chromosomally of one sex in terms of
- 01:27:48their gonads they're of that sex in
- 01:27:50terms of their hormones they're of that
- 01:27:51sex in terms of their genitalia and
- 01:27:54their secondary sexual characteristics
- 01:27:56they are of that sex but they are
- 01:27:58insisting that's not who I really am
- 01:28:01this part of the brain agrees with
- 01:28:03them also very interestingly that study
- 01:28:06was done by the same Dutch scientists
- 01:28:08who did this one again this is very
- 01:28:12complex Terrain in terms of what these
- 01:28:14things wind up implicating interestingly
- 01:28:17that study was published right around
- 01:28:19the time that the city of San Francisco
- 01:28:21did something very cool which was for
- 01:28:24city employees now medical insurance
- 01:28:26will cover transgender operations
- 01:28:29however there's no evidence that the
- 01:28:31Obscure endocrine Journal published at a
- 01:28:33lvia or something did that like the
- 01:28:35afternoon before you know the San
- 01:28:37Francisco Commissioners had their
- 01:28:38meeting on that one but nonetheless this
- 01:28:41is a subject with all sorts of Realms of
- 01:28:43implications one additional study about
- 01:28:47transsexualism okay how many of you know
- 01:28:49about Phantom limb
- 01:28:51syndrome okay you are are a guy with a
- 01:28:55penis and you get a certain type of
- 01:28:57penile cancer and what's often done is
- 01:28:59your penises exis that is cut off and
- 01:29:03about 60% of men who have had to have
- 01:29:05their penises removed because of cancer
- 01:29:07there wind up getting Fant of P Phantom
- 01:29:10penile Sensations
- 01:29:13which I don't want to know
- 01:29:16about what you see though is when you
- 01:29:19take transgendered individuals who go
- 01:29:21from male to female in other as part of
- 01:29:24it having their penises removed 0% rate
- 01:29:28of penile Phantom sensation suggestion
- 01:29:31being that there is something much more
- 01:29:34normal in that case than when a penis is
- 01:29:37being removed for cancer a whole new
- 01:29:40area of research very novel very
- 01:29:44challenging okay so this has given us a
- 01:29:46sense now of this bucket and we are now
- 01:29:49ready to move on to what in the
- 01:29:51environment releases some of these fixed
- 01:29:54action patterns of sexual behavior what
- 01:29:56in the environment is doing this or that
- 01:29:58to the medial preoptic area or the
- 01:30:01amydala or vasopressin receptor levels
- 01:30:03or any such thing what are the sensory
- 01:30:06triggers for the neurobiology of sexual
- 01:30:09behavior okay right off what is obvious
- 01:30:12is we are in ethology Ville here it's
- 01:30:15going to depend on the species which
- 01:30:18sensory modality is most important and
- 01:30:20this is once again the crushing of the
- 01:30:23limpic system equals nose brain concept
- 01:30:26lyic system equals nose brain if you are
- 01:30:28a rat it's once again going to be
- 01:30:30interviewing an animal in its own
- 01:30:32language you've got species where the
- 01:30:34releasing stimuli are all Visual and
- 01:30:37we've heard one example of that already
- 01:30:39which were the pathetic male turkeys
- 01:30:41getting faked out by the styrofoam
- 01:30:43female turkeys with the feathers
- 01:30:45pointing the wrong way visual stimuli
- 01:30:48other species are quite visual as well
- 01:30:52primates non-human primates it's monkeys
- 01:30:54for
- 01:30:55example and what Studies have shown is
- 01:30:58how's this remarkable okay here we have
- 01:31:02um nah forget it okay you will take a
- 01:31:05rees's monkey a rees's monkey from a
- 01:31:07social group and he is sitting there and
- 01:31:10he can lever press for various rewards
- 01:31:12and he will press a lever a certain
- 01:31:13number of times to uh get some juice as
- 01:31:17a reward he will press a lever a certain
- 01:31:20number of times to see a high-ranking
- 01:31:22male from his social group no doubt to
- 01:31:25keep an eye on the guy he will not lever
- 01:31:27press to see a male who is lower ranking
- 01:31:30than him but he will lever press the
- 01:31:32most to see pictures of female rees's
- 01:31:35monkeys who are in
- 01:31:37heat whoa is that weird or what and the
- 01:31:41bigger the estris swelling on the female
- 01:31:44the more lever pressing the male will do
- 01:31:46to be able to see
- 01:31:48this so that's kind of interesting in
- 01:31:51this close relative ours in terms of
- 01:31:52visual stimuli what is also known is
- 01:31:55humans are highly visual in their sexual
- 01:31:58responsiveness as well visual stimuli as
- 01:32:01releasing stimuli what is no surprise
- 01:32:04whatsoever is on the average males are
- 01:32:07more responsive to visual releasing
- 01:32:09stimuli than are females among humans
- 01:32:11and this has been shown in various ways
- 01:32:14for example now studies using brain
- 01:32:16Imaging showing that for visually
- 01:32:20sexually arousing material that not only
- 01:32:23are men on the average subjectively more
- 01:32:26responsive but you get more of an
- 01:32:28activation of dopamine dopamine Pathways
- 01:32:30in men than in women what's interesting
- 01:32:34also is that in men you uniquely get
- 01:32:37activation of that area of the amydala
- 01:32:39as well and again that weird world of
- 01:32:42the structure of the brain heavily
- 01:32:44involved in aggression also being
- 01:32:46involved something about male sexual
- 01:32:49motivation what else then there of
- 01:32:52course is the world of tactile
- 01:32:53stimulation and what you've got is a
- 01:32:56whole domain where not surprisingly
- 01:32:58stimulate the ra the right tactile
- 01:33:00receptors and it is sexually arousing
- 01:33:03are they sure have they done enough
- 01:33:05research on this and you will activate
- 01:33:07dopamine regions all of that making
- 01:33:09perfect sense what also makes perfect
- 01:33:12sense is some types of tactile receptors
- 01:33:15in some part of the body activate
- 01:33:17dopamine more than other types and we
- 01:33:20are now in the whole world of erogenous
- 01:33:23zones and that whole deal what is also
- 01:33:26clear is that these receptors these
- 01:33:28tactile receptors their responsiveness
- 01:33:31to stimuli will change depending on your
- 01:33:34hormone levels and what you see is in
- 01:33:37women tactile responsiveness the extent
- 01:33:40to which tactile stimulation of skin
- 01:33:43throughout the body but especially of
- 01:33:45genitals tactile stimulation evokes more
- 01:33:49dopamine activation when somebody is
- 01:33:52ovulating in other words birds at
- 01:33:54ovulation women's skin is more sensitive
- 01:33:57to sexually arousing touch in men it
- 01:34:00requires testosterone men who are
- 01:34:03castrated tactile responsiveness to
- 01:34:06stimuli goes down in terms of finding
- 01:34:08them pleasurable sexually arousing final
- 01:34:11domain of tactile stuff the specialized
- 01:34:14version we've heard of already that
- 01:34:15lordosis reflex business again that's a
- 01:34:19spinal reflex but this is not a spinal
- 01:34:21reflex bopping somebody on the knee and
- 01:34:23their leg goes flying out this is spinal
- 01:34:26reflex where you only get the lordotic
- 01:34:28arch backing and females Arch backing
- 01:34:31back arching okay you don't get either
- 01:34:35but you especially don't get the arch
- 01:34:37backing when you don't have elevated
- 01:34:39estrogen levels only when females are
- 01:34:41ovulating are those tactile receptors
- 01:34:44sensitive to pressure on the flanks of
- 01:34:47the rear end and out comes the reflex
- 01:34:49there so tactile stimulation at the end
- 01:34:52of the day though without question as
- 01:34:55agreed upon by every scientist on Earth
- 01:34:57the coolest sensory modality for sexual
- 01:35:00releasing stimuli are olfactory cues
- 01:35:04pheromones and thus we enter the
- 01:35:07Magnificent wonderful world of
- 01:35:08pheromonal communication and pheromonal
- 01:35:11sexual arousal all sorts of interesting
- 01:35:14findings there first at the end of
- 01:35:18generating pheromones that are sexually
- 01:35:20arousing what is required in both
- 01:35:23species in every in both species whoa
- 01:35:26that was an interesting slip what's
- 01:35:28required in both
- 01:35:31sexes okay what's required in
- 01:35:34both kinds um is uh right hormones in
- 01:35:40order to generate pheromones sexually
- 01:35:43arousing pheromones and all the
- 01:35:44different species look that's where the
- 01:35:46Species part was coming into that
- 01:35:47sentence what you see is males do not
- 01:35:51generate sexually arousing pheromones if
- 01:35:53they lack testosterone levels
- 01:35:56ovarectomized females women rats monkeys
- 01:35:59Etc whove had their ovaries removed do
- 01:36:02not produce pheromones that are sexually
- 01:36:05arousing that what that of course brings
- 01:36:07up is what are some of the chemical
- 01:36:09constituents of
- 01:36:11Thermon and this is very interesting
- 01:36:14because it brings up another one of
- 01:36:16those weird domains of neuromarketing
- 01:36:19pheromones that have sexually arousing
- 01:36:21components there's all sorts of fatty
- 01:36:23acids that play a role in it but a lot
- 01:36:25of what is sexually rousing about
- 01:36:27pheromones and different species are
- 01:36:29breakdown products of sex hormones
- 01:36:33breakdown products of androgens in males
- 01:36:36of estrogens in females and that winds
- 01:36:40up providing some of these sexually
- 01:36:42arousing aspects of those odors what
- 01:36:45does that immediately tell you your old
- 01:36:48factory receptors have all sorts of
- 01:36:50receptors there that could pick up on
- 01:36:52remnants of testost estone and estrogen
- 01:36:54things of that sort that makes a lot of
- 01:36:57sense what doesn't make any sense at all
- 01:37:00is the following finding which is
- 01:37:03perfume perfume in its classic form is
- 01:37:07made out of the sweat of various
- 01:37:10animals okay except we're going to get
- 01:37:13into even worse domain here which is
- 01:37:17perfumes traditionally before getting
- 01:37:19the synthetic versions were typically
- 01:37:21made from the sweat of May
- 01:37:24animals H what's that about musk things
- 01:37:29of that sort Chanel Number Five is made
- 01:37:33from the sweat of whipped male abian
- 01:37:36cats I kid you not and this even
- 01:37:39produced protest some years ago animal
- 01:37:42rights groups about how we should not be
- 01:37:44perfuming ourselves with a sweat of
- 01:37:46whipped male abian cats suddenly you've
- 01:37:49got a real puzzle Along Comes synthetic
- 01:37:52perfume and the majority of them are
- 01:37:55made of synthetic versions of
- 01:37:57androgens wait a second perfume is made
- 01:38:01up of all sorts of breakdown products of
- 01:38:03male sweat isn't perfume supposed to
- 01:38:07like smell good to
- 01:38:08guys we have a deep abiding puzzle here
- 01:38:13and there is an answer for it let me
- 01:38:15survey people first off okay guys in the
- 01:38:17room how many of you basically think
- 01:38:19that most perfumes smell kind of
- 01:38:21appealing
- 01:38:25okay how many of you
- 01:38:28don't okay females how many of you think
- 01:38:31your basic off the rack perfume smells
- 01:38:36appealing okay well that proves
- 01:38:38something okay just to complete it how
- 01:38:40many of you don't oh okay the vast
- 01:38:43majority of perfumes are not purchased
- 01:38:46by men the vast majority are purchased
- 01:38:48by women in other words most of the
- 01:38:51marketing decisions about what to stick
- 01:38:53in your perfumes are being marketed for
- 01:38:55people who are going to decide if it's
- 01:38:57peeling or not people who have lots of
- 01:38:59estrogen in their bloodstream rather
- 01:39:01than androgens that is thought to be the
- 01:39:03explanation for how it is that most
- 01:39:06perfumes are derived from male
- 01:39:08pheromones yeah other thing is if I were
- 01:39:11to wear perfume it would be more so that
- 01:39:13girls think I smell good than for me
- 01:39:15think I smell good okay yes
- 01:39:19um the strategizing
- 01:39:22starts okay so A Whole New World of
- 01:39:24potential neuromarketing here but this
- 01:39:27Taps into what are the chemical
- 01:39:29constituents of feromon what sort of
- 01:39:32information is carried by pheromones Al
- 01:39:34Factory communication between genders it
- 01:39:37will tell you the species of the
- 01:39:39individual it will tell you their gender
- 01:39:42it will tell you whether they are
- 01:39:44gonadally intact whether they've been
- 01:39:46castrated or not it will tell you
- 01:39:48something about their health it will
- 01:39:49tell you whether they are terrified or
- 01:39:51not have the sweat from some one or
- 01:39:53something that is terrified and as we
- 01:39:55already know it will smell differently
- 01:39:57to the amydala it will have a lot more
- 01:40:00glucocorticoid breakdown products in it
- 01:40:03and it will tell you as we know already
- 01:40:05if it's the right species if this person
- 01:40:07is related to you final point before we
- 01:40:10then go into the specifics of what
- 01:40:12pheromones are doing to the neurobiology
- 01:40:15of all this finally not only do you need
- 01:40:18to have hormones intact in order to
- 01:40:20generate the pheromones you need to have
- 01:40:22the right reproductive hormones on board
- 01:40:25in order to perceive them men who are
- 01:40:28castrated no longer find the smells of
- 01:40:32female ovarian um okay I'm getting ahead
- 01:40:36of myself here okay if you don't have
- 01:40:37the hormones on board if you have no
- 01:40:39estrogen and you're female or if you
- 01:40:41have no testosterone and you are male
- 01:40:43you will not be able to distinguish the
- 01:40:45sweat of women and men gonadally intact
- 01:40:49people can at above the chance level
- 01:40:52finally with women become far better at
- 01:40:55detecting the smell of distinguishing
- 01:40:57the smell of men versus women when they
- 01:41:00are
- 01:41:01ovulating finally finally that's not
- 01:41:04what you see when you have gay
- 01:41:05individuals gay men are better at
- 01:41:08detecting the smell of gay men than
- 01:41:10either straight men or straight women so
- 01:41:13we've gotten the first pieces of here
- 01:41:14with the pheromonal system you have to
- 01:41:16be hormonally intact to generate
- 01:41:19pheromones that are sexually informative
- 01:41:22and to detect them what we will then
- 01:41:24transition to is what sort of
- 01:41:26information is being carried in the
- 01:41:28pheromones and what effect does it have
- 01:41:31on the neurobiology of depending on
- 01:41:33Whose pheromones you are sniffing okay
- 01:41:36so we will for more please visit us at
- 01:41:39stanford.edu
- comportamento sexual
- neurobiologia
- etologia
- dopamina
- feromônios
- hormônios
- sistema límbico
- sexualidade humana
- orientação sexual
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