15. Human Sexual Behavior I

01:41:42
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOY3QH_jOtE

概要

TLDRA palestra na Universidade de Stanford aborda como os alunos devem se preparar para a segunda metade do curso, que inclui tópicos como comportamento sexual, agressão, e interação de hormônios com neurobiologia. O uso de modelos animais para entender o comportamento humano é discutido extensivamente, destacando a importância de aplicar uma abordagem etológica, observar animais em ambientes naturais, e compreender os mecanismos biológicos subjacentes que governam o comportamento. O explorador examinou o papel da dopamina e do sistema límbico no comportamento sexual, assim como a influência dos hormônios testosterona e oxitocina. Além disso, tocou em diferenças cerebrais associadas à orientação sexual e à transsexualidade. A palestra também discutiu aspectos sociais únicos do comportamento sexual humano, como sexo fora da reprodução, privacidade, e a conexão entre sexualidade e identidade.

収穫

  • 🏆 Palestra sobre a segunda metade do curso de Stanford.
  • 📚 Alunos devem focar nas leituras recomendadas.
  • 📖 Comportamento sexual é tema central a ser abordado.
  • 🔍 Uso de etologia para entender comportamentos naturais.
  • 🧠 Dopamina desempenha papel crítico no comportamento sexual.
  • ⚗️ Hormônios influenciam produção e percepção de feromônios.
  • 🌺 Perfumes têm componentes de feromônios masculinos.
  • 🔬 Diferenças cerebrais ligadas à orientação sexual.
  • 🔗 Discussão sobre identidade e comportamento sexual.
  • 👫 Humanos: sexo não reprodutivo e ligação com romance.

タイムライン

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    O curso chegou à segunda metade com atenção nos materiais de leitura e uma inesperada dificuldade em transformar anotações estendidas em textos expositivos. Os próximos temas abordados serão comportamento sexual, agressão, cooperação, empatia, uso de linguagem, esquizofrenia e caos, sempre analisando o comportamento animal de forma objetiva antes de explorar o que ocorre no cérebro e influências culturais.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    O professor inicia com uma piada sobre sexo envolvendo marcianos para ilustrar o conceito de por que o comportamento sexual humano ocorre rapidamente: ele examina explicações proximais como a busca por prazer imediato, contrastando com explicações distais relacionadas à reprodução. Ele salienta a importância de considerar estímulos e respostas feedback nas discussões sobre comportamento sexual.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    São introduzidos os conceitos de ação fixada e padrões de seleção sexual entre espécies, destacando a importância de se estudar comportamento num ambiente natural para uma compreensão mais precisa. Termos técnicos como atratividade, proceptividade e receptividade são apresentados para descrever o comportamento sexual sob uma perspectiva científica.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Explora-se o comportamento sexual humano, comparando-o com outros animais em termos de motivação sexual e desempenho. Descobertas são feitas através de questionários e observações cuidadosas. A questão do orgasmo feminino é levantada, destacando-se a dificuldade de explicá-lo no contexto da fertilização, sugerindo-se que pode ser uma vestígio evolutivo sem função adaptativa clara.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Há discussões sobre fatores únicos no comportamento sexual humano, como a prática do sexo não reprodutivo, o impacto cultural do amor romântico e especificidades evolutivas como o comportamento sexual homossexual e o conceito de monogamia serial. Aspectos neurobiológicos dos comportamentos sexuais e diferenças entre as espécies são ponderados.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    A atenção se volta para sistemas de recompensa dopaminérgica, com a antecipação de comportamentos sexuais gerando maior liberação de dopamina quando comparado à recompensa real. A variação nos níveis de expressão de receptores de dopamina (D2 e D1) correlaciona-se com variações no comportamento de vinculação de pares em espécies monogâmicas.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    O professor discute o impacto da neurobiologia nas relações inter-humanas, revelando estudos onde o aumento do nível de dopamina está associado à antecipação nos estágios iniciais de um relacionamento amoroso, mas gradualmente diminuem, indicando uma transição de paixão para conforto conforme a relação avança. Isso suscita profundas reflexões sobre a duração e a natureza das conexões românticas humanas.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    A diferença entre receptores de dopamina D2 e D1 é novamente considerada no contexto de monopolaridade entre espécies. A discussão se ramifica para a condição humana, com variações genéticas nos receptores de vasopressina elucidando potenciais predisposições para a formação de vínculos duradouros, enquanto mutações correlacionam-se com traços autistas.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    Questões sobre neurobiologia e orientação sexual são levantadas. O estudo de LeVay abordando diferenças no tamanho de núcleo no hipotálamo entre homens heterossexuais e homossexuais é discutido no contexto de estudos sobre variabilidade genética e percepções culturais. O impacto desses estudos no entendimento e aceitação da diversidade sexual humana é ressaltada.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:50:00

    A discussão se estende para transsexualidade, onde estudos indicam peculiaridades anatômicas no cérebro de transsexuais que estão mais alinhadas com o gênero com o qual se identificam ao invés do sexo designado ao nascimento, sugerindo que a transsexualidade é uma questão de identidade cerebral e não apenas psicológica, desafiando antigas interpretações.

  • 00:50:00 - 00:55:00

    O papel dos hormônios na resposta sexual é considerado, com diferenças claras entre gêneros em termos de neurobiologia e resposta hormonal ao comportamento sexual. O impacto de hormônios como oxitocina no fortalecimento de vínculos emocionais é discutido, destacando seus efeitos tanto na confiança entre humanos quanto na formação de apegos.

  • 00:55:00 - 01:00:00

    O papel dos feromônios em espécies diferentes como desencadeadores de comportamento sexual é explorado. Descobertas incluem a percepção e produção de feromônios dependendo de níveis hormonais. Estímulos táteis e a sua modulação por níveis hormonais são abordados, com a noção de reflexos espinhais nas fêmeas que indicam receptividade apenas durante tempos de elevada ovulação.

  • 01:00:00 - 01:05:00

    A importância dos feromônios e sua comunicação olfativa são enfatizadas, mostrando como fatores hormonais influenciam sua recepção e interpretação. Estudos indicam que tanto homens quanto mulheres precisam de níveis adequados de testosterona e estrogênio para perceber feromônios específicos que indicam estado reprodutivo e saúde geral do parceiro

  • 01:05:00 - 01:10:00

    Os feromônios apresentam diferenças interessantes entre espécies e suas funções além da sexualidade, como a transmissão de informações sobre parentesco ou medo. Respostas hormonais a estímulos de feromônios são destacadas, mostrando como a estrutura social pode ser impactada por esses químicos.

  • 01:10:00 - 01:15:00

    Uma discussão mais profunda sobre os perfis olfativos mostra como o olfato comunica informações críticas sobre um parceiro em potencial. O professor enfatiza a questão do marketing de perfumes, destacando como muitos são baseados em cheiros masculinos que deveriam desagradar homens mas são projetados para atrair mulheres.

  • 01:15:00 - 01:20:00

    Distinções sensoriais auxiliam no entendimento da sexualidade entre diferentes culturas e espécies. Discutem-se as preferências humanas por estímulos visuais versus táteis ou olfativos, com nuances complexas na interação entre predisposições biológicas, cultura e comportamento aprendido.

  • 01:20:00 - 01:25:00

    Abordagens etológicas são aplicadas para entender o comportamento sexual de animais e comparam com nuances humanas, levando a insights sobre a evolução da comunicação sexual, preferências e tabus. A aplicação desses conhecimentos pode informar melhor sobre a saúde reprodutiva humana e comportamento cultural.

  • 01:25:00 - 01:30:00

    A exploração final do cérebro e comportamento neuroendócrino ilumina temas de sexualidade e funções cognitivas superiores. O curso transita para abrangentes temas que demarcarão inter-relações entre biologia, comportamento, genética, cultura, e evolução, fornecendo um quadro integrador embasado.

  • 01:30:00 - 01:41:42

    Os temas do curso incluem a análise ampla de comportamentos como sexualidade, competição e cooperação vistas através das lentes de várias disciplinas científicas, buscando uma compreensão unificada das influências biológicas e culturais sobre o comportamento humano.

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マインドマップ

Mind Map

よくある質問

  • Qual é o tema principal das próximas aulas?

    Comportamento sexual, seguido por agressão, competição, cooperação, empatia, uso da linguagem, esquizofrenia e teoria do caos.

  • O que é esperado dos alunos em termos de leitura?

    Os alunos devem começar a ler os livros recomendados, se ainda não o fizeram, com foco em capítulos específicos sugeridos durante o curso.

  • O que são attractivity, proceptivity e receptivity?

    São termos usados para descrever aspectos de comportamento sexual: attractivity refere-se a quão atraente um indivíduo é para outro; proceptivity refere-se aos comportamentos ativos realizados em resposta à atração; receptivity refere-se à receptividade de um indivíduo ao interesse de outro.

  • O que diferencia o comportamento sexual humano de outros animais?

    Entre as características únicas estão a prática de sexo não reprodutivo, a busca por variedade, o sexo em privacidade, e a ligação entre sexo e romance.

  • O que é a síndrome de Kluver-Bucy?

    É uma condição causada por lesões no sistema límbico que altera o comportamento sexual dos animais, frequentemente usado em estudos experimentais.

  • Qual o papel dos hormônios na percepção de feromônios?

    Os hormônios são necessários tanto para a produção quanto para a percepção de feromônios, que podem informar sobre a espécie, gênero e estado reprodutivo do emissor.

  • Qual a importância do neurotransmissor dopamina no comportamento sexual?

    A dopamina está intimamente ligada ao prazer e recompensa, desempenhando um papel crucial no comportamento sexual e na motivação para obter recompensas.

  • Existe diferença no cérebro relacionada à orientação sexual?

    Estudos mostram diferenças no hipotálamo relacionados à orientação sexual em homens, com certas áreas sendo de tamanho diferente entre homossexuais e heterossexuais.

  • Como os hormônios afetam o comportamento durante e após o sexo?

    Durante o sexo, as mulheres liberam progesterona e oxitocina, enquanto em homens, há um aumento nos níveis de testosterona. Isso influencia a formação de vínculos e a sensação de prazer.

  • Os humanos são os únicos a terem orgasmos femininos?

    Não, outros primatas e algumas espécies de mamíferos também possuem orgasmos femininos observáveis.

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    Stanford
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    University is this on
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    yes well congratulations everybody has
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    survived the midterm uh including the TA
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    so far who recently have been let out of
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    their inment with thousands of pages of
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    uh exam Pages uh so those are rolling
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    along and everybody is
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    still awake so that's good okay so we
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    have now officially entered the second
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    half of the course and organizational
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    things uh readings will now be read
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    hopefully okay so that's not useful um
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    books books now is a good time to
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    actually go and start reading those
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    books uh and again if you are not up to
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    all of both of them some recommended
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    chapters have come along and pay
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    attention to those and again a subset of
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    you you may not know it yet but about
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    25% of you will have your life
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    transformed by that chaos book whereas
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    25% will resent the purchase price and
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    by forcing you to do this also another
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    major major transition here which is as
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    far as I can tell so far I have run out
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    of steam turning the extended notes into
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    actual expository writing so they're
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    just going to take the form of really
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    poorly organized outline mind and so
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    that happens okay what else what we now
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    transition to is going to be our
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    strategy for the rest of our course
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    which is to look at various subjects and
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    coming down the pike after the lectures
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    today and Friday on sexual behavior will
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    be aggression competition cooperation
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    empathy uh potentially language use
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    schizophrenia somewhere in there there's
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    going to be a week or so on that chaos
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    stuff but for all of these subjects we
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    are now going to follow the general
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    strategy we will start off looking at
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    what the behavior is and what we're
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    going to try to do there in addition to
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    looking at in lots of different species
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    is to be as objective as any good old
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    ethologist in considering the fixed
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    action patterns of a particular behavior
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    that established with the promise that
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    in lots of cases what we think comprise
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    some of these behaviors turn out not to
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    be the case that established what we
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    will start is our inexorable March to
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    the left the timeline that constitutes
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    everything we learn now stepping back
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    and saying okay one millisecond before
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    that behavior occurred what was going on
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    in the brain what parts of the brain
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    what
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    neurotransmitters all of that stepping
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    back before that a second before a
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    minute before whatever what was it in
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    the environment that triggered the brain
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    to produce that behavior
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    what was the acute releasing stimulus
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    stepping back what do hormone levels
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    that hour that day some such time span
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    of that what acute hormonal exposure had
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    to do with sensitizing you to the
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    environmental stimulus which released
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    the nervous system into generating
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    Behavior marching all the way back
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    throwing in cultures someplace or other
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    perinatal effects early developmental
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    hormonal stuff eventually considering
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    what do the genetics of the individual
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    of the population of the species
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    Evolution kicking in there someplace or
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    other what do all of these things and
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    something having to do with ecology
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    thrown in there just for good measure
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    working our way back in each of these
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    cases understanding what was the biology
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    of 1 second before one minute one hour
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    one million years before that gave rise
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    to it back to our two major themes from
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    day one we are now about to be Unbound
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    found unfettered by our buckets our
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    categorical buckets and instead explore
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    their interactions the other being that
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    notion from the very first class which
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    is at any given point if we're talking
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    about chronic hormonal effects on this
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    Behavior what we're talking about is the
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    way those hormone patterns were shaped
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    during this period the way genes
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    contributed to the enzymes that make the
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    hormones The receptors the second you're
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    talking about genetics all of this is
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    becoming Apparent at every one of these
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    points whatever point we are talking
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    about is going to be the end product of
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    everything to the left and just a
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    temporary sort of footing before going
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    to the things on the right so this will
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    be our strategy Forever After now so we
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    start off doing this with looking at
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    sexual behavior the neurobiology the
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    endocrinology and the early experience
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    etc etc so to inaugurate the second half
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    of the course and the fact that it's
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    starting off with lectures on sexual
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    behavior it has to start off with a
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    stupid obligatory sex joke okay so the
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    Martians come to Earth and they turn out
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    to be great guys they're really terrific
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    they get along wonderfully with
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    earthlings all of them like each other a
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    lot they're all becoming great friends
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    they pass their hours learning about
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    each other's planets what's the weather
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    like there what are sports like here
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    what are recipes everybody's getting
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    along to L and eventually the earthlings
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    and the Martians are getting along well
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    enough that they get around to asking
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    the question that everybody's really
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    interested in which is well how do you
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    folks go about
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    reproducing so the decision is made the
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    Martians are going to go first so they
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    clear out a big space and a whole bunch
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    of martians come in there and they stand
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    on top of each other's heads and their
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    noses flash different colors and steam
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    comes out of various orifices and
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    there's clanking noises and whatever and
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    out pops a new little Maran and the
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    earthlings say wow that was great and
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    love the concept and I got great video
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    of that and that's terrific all of that
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    okay so that's worked out and now it's
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    the humans turn so a willing couple is
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    found and some space is cleared out and
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    the Martians sit down there with their
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    video cameras as well and clicking away
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    and this couple goes at it and they
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    finish the whole thing in a sweaty mess
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    at the end and the Martians say that's
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    wonderful that's so interesting you
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    earthlings are just and the fascinating
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    things you do but we have one question
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    though and which is so where's the new
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    human and he said oh that takes nine
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    months they said well why were they in
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    such a rush at the
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    end so our first question here is uh why
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    were they in such a rush at the end okay
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    three possible answers Choice number one
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    vote for it why were they in such a rush
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    at the end number one because they were
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    acting with this fervent desire to do
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    something for the good of the
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    species just seeing if any hands go up
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    that's a good thing option number two
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    doing that because you want to maximize
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    the number of copies of your jeans
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    passed on to the next Generation option
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    number three because it feels good okay
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    one hand goes up and I'm not sure what
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    that indicates about everyone but I will
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    uh remind you from the survey in the
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    first class there that a far greater
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    percentage of you want to learn about
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    depression than about sexual behaviors
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    so
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    there you have it with the Stanford
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    experience okay because it feels good
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    and what we deal with here right off the
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    start is this important dichotomy
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    between proximal and distal explanations
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    for Behavior explanation a distal
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    explanation for sexual behavior
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    parentheses why were they in such a rush
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    at the end passing on copies of your
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    genes the effects of hormones and
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    certain reward Pathways in the brain all
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    of that proximal mechanism being that it
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    feels good and starting off right off
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    the bat the thing to make sense of with
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    sexual behavior is it is driven by this
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    amazing little Loop here of sensory
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    stimuli and feedback and immediate
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    Sensations that drive the Behavior
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    coming out and all this stuff down here
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    is for the doctoral thesis somewhere
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    down the line that's not what the
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    motivation is probably more than any
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    other of the behaviors we will look at
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    the driving forces are very proxim ones
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    nobody sits there and figures out how
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    many copies of genes they are passing on
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    and thus are willing to speed up to
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    produce a new human 9 months later it
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    instead in species after species it is
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    proximal motivating mechanisms for
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    generating the behaviors okay so
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    beginning to look at the actual
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    behaviors there is a funny Duality to
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    making sense of sexual behavior across
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    different species a funny sort of
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    contrast the first one being that well
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    all species go about sex or all
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    vertebrate species go about sex in a
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    roughly similar way yet you don't want
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    it to be too similar to the species next
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    door there's an interesting sort of
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    dichotomy there all sorts of vertebrate
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    species are doing things with pelvic
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    thrusting and orgasms and pay stay tuned
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    that's coming and ejaculation and
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    lordotic reflexes and things of that
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    sort highly conserved fixed action
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    patterns across lots and lots of
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    different species nonetheless amid that
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    you've got this other problem which is
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    you want to have these fixed action
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    patterns being specific to your species
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    you do not want to mess up so there's
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    this strange simultaneity of very very
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    conserved basic building blocks of the
  • 00:09:51
    fixed action patterns of sexual behavior
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    but along with that a lot of selectivity
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    within species now how does that
  • 00:09:59
    selectivity begin to work what you get
  • 00:10:02
    is this very interesting interplay this
  • 00:10:05
    intercalation between the releasing
  • 00:10:07
    stimuli and the fixed action patterns
  • 00:10:10
    what you get is this chaining of
  • 00:10:12
    behavior in other words the fixed action
  • 00:10:15
    pattern of one of the individuals
  • 00:10:18
    constitutes the releasing stimulus for
  • 00:10:20
    the other individual's fixed action
  • 00:10:22
    pattern which constitutes the releasing
  • 00:10:25
    stimulus for this individual's fixed
  • 00:10:27
    action pattern this chaining of
  • 00:10:30
    transitions there of interplay between
  • 00:10:33
    these two which is where you get the
  • 00:10:35
    species specificity from okay so in
  • 00:10:38
    terms of making sense of that of course
  • 00:10:40
    any of this in terms of looking at the
  • 00:10:42
    general features of how to think about
  • 00:10:44
    sexual behavior across species of course
  • 00:10:47
    what you have to have out the Woo is
  • 00:10:49
    your basic ethology Credo of
  • 00:10:51
    interviewing an animal in its own
  • 00:10:53
    language about its sexual behavior
  • 00:10:55
    wonderfully summarized in this quote by
  • 00:10:58
    Martha mclintoch researcher I think I've
  • 00:11:00
    used this quote already which is in her
  • 00:11:02
    particular case studying female rat
  • 00:11:05
    sexual behavior which turns out to be
  • 00:11:07
    this very ornate process involving a lot
  • 00:11:09
    of running around on the part of the
  • 00:11:11
    female studying female rat sexual
  • 00:11:14
    behavior in a cage is like trying to
  • 00:11:15
    study swimming behavior of a dolphin in
  • 00:11:18
    a bathtub you need to get it in the
  • 00:11:20
    natural setting or else you are going to
  • 00:11:22
    lose all sorts of insight in the
  • 00:11:24
    particular realm of female rat sexual
  • 00:11:26
    behavior the standard picture for
  • 00:11:29
    decades and decades the centuries where
  • 00:11:31
    our finest Minds have looked at rats
  • 00:11:33
    having sex the standard Dogma has been
  • 00:11:36
    that the female role is a very passive
  • 00:11:39
    receptive one and it turns out it's a
  • 00:11:41
    very passive receptive one if she
  • 00:11:43
    doesn't have enough room to run around
  • 00:11:44
    and do all sorts of cording stuff on her
  • 00:11:46
    own all sorts of proceptive sexual
  • 00:11:49
    behaviors which you can't see if you're
  • 00:11:51
    studying an animal in a setting where
  • 00:11:53
    they can't speak in their own language
  • 00:11:56
    so a big big sort of vote for eth olical
  • 00:11:59
    principles when it comes to this all
  • 00:12:01
    right so just to get some jargon under
  • 00:12:04
    our belt right from the start here in
  • 00:12:06
    terms of how the professionals talk
  • 00:12:08
    about sex when they're talking about sex
  • 00:12:10
    and trying to sound like professionals
  • 00:12:11
    here are some of the terms old outdated
  • 00:12:14
    term Freudian term that nonetheless has
  • 00:12:17
    entered the general sort of no world of
  • 00:12:20
    referring to sexual arousal and
  • 00:12:23
    motivation libido libido as we will see
  • 00:12:26
    that commonplace everyday usage term
  • 00:12:29
    uh is perhaps more technically described
  • 00:12:33
    as horniness but can also be described
  • 00:12:36
    as one term within a trio of the terms
  • 00:12:38
    that people in the business really use
  • 00:12:40
    most frequently
  • 00:12:42
    attractivity proceptivity and
  • 00:12:45
    receptivity quick get to work on poems
  • 00:12:48
    about those three terms but what you've
  • 00:12:51
    got here is attractivity how attractive
  • 00:12:54
    an individual is to someone else
  • 00:12:57
    receptivity how recept that individual
  • 00:13:00
    is to the interest of the other
  • 00:13:02
    individual proceptivity the active
  • 00:13:06
    behaviors that are carried out in
  • 00:13:09
    response to being attracted to and thus
  • 00:13:11
    you could say because of the
  • 00:13:12
    attractiveness of this organism this
  • 00:13:15
    other organism began proceptive
  • 00:13:17
    behaviors which did or did not prove to
  • 00:13:19
    meet with receptive fixed action
  • 00:13:22
    patterns and responses the very words
  • 00:13:24
    any of us would use to describe what
  • 00:13:26
    goes on at a party Okay so we've got
  • 00:13:28
    that Triad there the terms that are much
  • 00:13:30
    more in common than terms like libido or
  • 00:13:33
    arousal or motivation these are the more
  • 00:13:36
    common ones what is another realm and
  • 00:13:38
    terms that are much more used these are
  • 00:13:40
    much more zoology terms what's used far
  • 00:13:43
    more often in clinical medicine is a
  • 00:13:45
    description of dichotomy between
  • 00:13:48
    motivation and performance and that is
  • 00:13:51
    never used more frequently than in the
  • 00:13:53
    realm of making sense of sexual
  • 00:13:55
    motivation in men as dissociable from
  • 00:13:59
    erectile function versus dysfunction
  • 00:14:01
    motivation being very very different
  • 00:14:04
    from performance so that's another realm
  • 00:14:07
    of distinctions other Realms as well
  • 00:14:10
    desire orgasms arousal all sorts of
  • 00:14:13
    commonplace terms the performance versus
  • 00:14:16
    motivation dichotomy and the
  • 00:14:17
    proceptivity receptivity and Activity
  • 00:14:21
    one are the major terms that are used
  • 00:14:24
    next issue in terms of getting to this
  • 00:14:26
    how do people find out information about
  • 00:14:29
    sexual behavior one option is to sit
  • 00:14:31
    there with night viewing goggles and
  • 00:14:33
    that's very useful for nocturnal species
  • 00:14:35
    but how do people find out about human
  • 00:14:37
    sexual behavior all sorts of ways over
  • 00:14:39
    the years starting with Anonymous
  • 00:14:41
    questionnaires but a really clever
  • 00:14:44
    technique was worked out in the
  • 00:14:46
    1980s a biological mathematician named
  • 00:14:48
    Joel con getting at how to get people to
  • 00:14:52
    tell you about very embarrassing things
  • 00:14:54
    about their sexual lives and this was
  • 00:14:57
    prompted in the 80s when AIDS first
  • 00:14:59
    swept in and it was wildly wildly uh
  • 00:15:03
    taboo at the time in virtually every
  • 00:15:05
    corner of this country to admit to
  • 00:15:07
    having a less than standard whitebred
  • 00:15:10
    sexual orientation take a look at the
  • 00:15:12
    extended notes to see the trick that
  • 00:15:15
    Joel con came up with a very clever
  • 00:15:17
    device in order to figure out what
  • 00:15:20
    percentage of people are doing what
  • 00:15:22
    sexually without asking anybody to give
  • 00:15:25
    an answer that they would find perhaps
  • 00:15:26
    to be embarrassing or grounds for all
  • 00:15:30
    sorts of persecution okay so beginning
  • 00:15:33
    to look at aspects of behavior and other
  • 00:15:36
    features of the sort of rightmost end of
  • 00:15:39
    all of this we start off with the most
  • 00:15:42
    Central puzzle in making sense of any of
  • 00:15:44
    this stuff which is so what's up with
  • 00:15:47
    female
  • 00:15:48
    orgasms and we've got right off the bat
  • 00:15:51
    the simple problem of making sense of
  • 00:15:54
    this biological phenomenon and one where
  • 00:15:57
    fertility is not dependent on it one
  • 00:16:00
    does not need to have organisms to
  • 00:16:02
    become pregnant to give birth to pass on
  • 00:16:04
    copies of one's genes so what's the deal
  • 00:16:07
    with orgasms first off a question we
  • 00:16:09
    will wind up asking with a whole lot of
  • 00:16:11
    the Behavior coming down the line is are
  • 00:16:14
    we the only species and all sorts of
  • 00:16:17
    careful Studies have shown that we are
  • 00:16:19
    not the only species other Apes other
  • 00:16:22
    primate species as well monkeys and apes
  • 00:16:25
    show orgasm among the females and that
  • 00:16:28
    is uh detectable by all sorts of
  • 00:16:30
    physiology we'll hear about in a while
  • 00:16:32
    we are not the only species one of the
  • 00:16:35
    really bizarre pathetic things about
  • 00:16:37
    trying to do research in this area was
  • 00:16:39
    one of the first papers that ever
  • 00:16:41
    demonstrated something which
  • 00:16:43
    physiologically was identical to female
  • 00:16:45
    orgasm in reesus Monkey females which
  • 00:16:49
    wound up being a paper in this journal
  • 00:16:51
    science down there in the footnotes the
  • 00:16:53
    authors had to indicate this was not
  • 00:16:55
    this did not make use of any Federal
  • 00:16:57
    grant money to carry the study just to
  • 00:17:00
    give you a sense of where some of the
  • 00:17:02
    stuff sits okay so what's up with female
  • 00:17:05
    orgasm it is not necessary for
  • 00:17:08
    conception it is not necessary to
  • 00:17:10
    increase the number of copies of your
  • 00:17:12
    genes in future Generations despite that
  • 00:17:15
    there is some evidence that it
  • 00:17:17
    facilitates
  • 00:17:19
    fertilization and the technical term
  • 00:17:21
    that's always been given for that is
  • 00:17:23
    bizarrely enough facilitation the notion
  • 00:17:27
    is something about the vagal fluid
  • 00:17:29
    something about the biochemistry of
  • 00:17:32
    increases sperm motility sperms swim
  • 00:17:36
    faster and harder and jump Upstream back
  • 00:17:38
    to spawn or whatever it is the sperm are
  • 00:17:40
    doing with more avidity with more
  • 00:17:43
    energetic displays in an environment of
  • 00:17:47
    more vaginal secretion and orgasm
  • 00:17:50
    greatly increases that so the argument
  • 00:17:53
    there being that orgasm facilitates
  • 00:17:55
    fertilization through the sperm
  • 00:17:57
    facilitation process evidence for that
  • 00:18:00
    has always been a little bit indirect it
  • 00:18:03
    is not airtight that that happens
  • 00:18:05
    another argument for why this increases
  • 00:18:08
    fertility and this
  • 00:18:10
    is sort of an interesting one and the
  • 00:18:14
    notion here is that what an orgasm does
  • 00:18:16
    is among other things exhausts you
  • 00:18:18
    enormously causing you to be far more
  • 00:18:20
    likely to be horizontal than vertical
  • 00:18:22
    shortly thereafter and thus facilitating
  • 00:18:25
    fertilization because the sperm don't
  • 00:18:27
    have to swim straight up Against Gravity
  • 00:18:30
    I kid you not this is one of the leading
  • 00:18:32
    models out there then there's the orgasm
  • 00:18:35
    facilitates female conception out of
  • 00:18:37
    reinforcement Theory which is back to
  • 00:18:40
    the it feels good and thus you are more
  • 00:18:42
    likely to do it again and increasing the
  • 00:18:44
    likelihood of passing and copies of your
  • 00:18:45
    genes all of this is wonderful all of
  • 00:18:47
    these possible mechanisms where even
  • 00:18:50
    though female orgasm is not necessary
  • 00:18:52
    for conception it nonetheless increases
  • 00:18:55
    the likelihood of that's great ever what
  • 00:18:59
    most of the Studies have shown though is
  • 00:19:01
    there is no relationship between the
  • 00:19:03
    fertility of a woman and her propensity
  • 00:19:06
    towards orgasm it does not seem to play
  • 00:19:09
    out in so far as any of this
  • 00:19:11
    facilitation or horizontal swim
  • 00:19:14
    enhancement techniques or whatever
  • 00:19:16
    actually occurs these are not big enough
  • 00:19:18
    of an effects to actually make a
  • 00:19:20
    difference in terms of reproductive
  • 00:19:22
    success so what else what else is known
  • 00:19:25
    about it there is a certain degree of
  • 00:19:27
    heritability of propensity towards
  • 00:19:29
    orgasm in females and this is shown with
  • 00:19:32
    all our standard Behavior genetics
  • 00:19:34
    techniques in terms of comparing
  • 00:19:36
    dizygotic versus monozygotic twins we
  • 00:19:39
    know what to do in terms of not
  • 00:19:41
    overvaluing findings like those
  • 00:19:43
    nonetheless they are there so if a basic
  • 00:19:47
    puzzle is why do females have orgasms if
  • 00:19:50
    it's not necessary for conception and in
  • 00:19:52
    fact the evidence is not great that it
  • 00:19:54
    even facilitates it why on top of all of
  • 00:19:57
    that why such things as clitoral orgasms
  • 00:20:00
    which the studies generally show are
  • 00:20:02
    more easily brought about than our
  • 00:20:03
    vaginal ones what's up with that even
  • 00:20:06
    more of the same questions now somewhere
  • 00:20:08
    in there is lurking the heartbreaking
  • 00:20:11
    possibility and making sense of why
  • 00:20:13
    female orgasm exists the Dreadful
  • 00:20:16
    possibility that what we're dealing with
  • 00:20:17
    here is a
  • 00:20:19
    spandrel that it is a spandrel it is
  • 00:20:22
    simply baggage brought along that those
  • 00:20:25
    guys have to go through this orgasm
  • 00:20:27
    physiology to do any stuff with sperm
  • 00:20:30
    and pass on copies of genes and all of
  • 00:20:32
    that and it's simply baggage that the
  • 00:20:35
    same physiology occurs in females that
  • 00:20:38
    orgasm is simply a spandrel in
  • 00:20:41
    women and the counter sort of scenario
  • 00:20:45
    that's always given is this is exactly
  • 00:20:47
    equivalent to the notion that nipples
  • 00:20:49
    are spandrels in men and that women
  • 00:20:53
    female mammals need to go about all this
  • 00:20:55
    lactation business and that's part of
  • 00:20:57
    the whole package deal and you know just
  • 00:21:00
    as it would be way too much work to
  • 00:21:02
    evolve females without orgasms it would
  • 00:21:04
    be way too much to get rid of those
  • 00:21:06
    useless nipples on men okay let's have a
  • 00:21:08
    quick survey yes um could a lot of those
  • 00:21:11
    questions also be applied to why why do
  • 00:21:14
    males have orgasms ejaculation can OCC
  • 00:21:16
    without orgasm okay so why do males have
  • 00:21:20
    orgasms ejaculation can occur it is far
  • 00:21:23
    more voluminous in the face of an orgasm
  • 00:21:27
    so that's easily framed in terms of uh
  • 00:21:29
    an Adaptive mechanism okay quick survey
  • 00:21:33
    here how many people okay how many guys
  • 00:21:37
    who have those useless nipples how many
  • 00:21:39
    of you go for the nipple as spandrel and
  • 00:21:41
    guys
  • 00:21:44
    Theory whoa is that slow in the hands
  • 00:21:48
    okay should I raise my hand should I not
  • 00:21:50
    raise it okay uh women in the room how
  • 00:21:54
    many go for the female orgasm is merely
  • 00:21:57
    spandrel
  • 00:22:01
    theory if I recall there was one other
  • 00:22:04
    question somewhere a few weeks back that
  • 00:22:05
    only got one person fessing up to it and
  • 00:22:07
    it came somewhere around there also so I
  • 00:22:10
    don't know if that's the lighting or if
  • 00:22:13
    people tend to sit in the same places
  • 00:22:15
    okay so not a whole lot of enthusiasm
  • 00:22:17
    for the spandrel concepts here
  • 00:22:19
    nonetheless that means needs to be
  • 00:22:21
    seriously
  • 00:22:22
    entertained okay so now looking at other
  • 00:22:26
    features of the fixed action patterns
  • 00:22:28
    and adid oh all these different species
  • 00:22:30
    doing lordotic stuff and orgasms and
  • 00:22:34
    ejaculation all of that what are some of
  • 00:22:36
    the Realms of sexual behavior that are
  • 00:22:39
    relatively unique to humans first off
  • 00:22:42
    one that used to be thought to be
  • 00:22:43
    absolutely unique was non-reproductive
  • 00:22:46
    sex this is a world of difference than
  • 00:22:49
    those species where the female ovulates
  • 00:22:51
    for like two and a half hours every year
  • 00:22:53
    and everybody mates at that point or
  • 00:22:56
    species where somebody comes into heat a
  • 00:22:58
    female is an estris humans have
  • 00:23:01
    non-reproductive sex and that was viewed
  • 00:23:04
    as absolutely unique what is now clear
  • 00:23:06
    is it is not completely unique there are
  • 00:23:08
    lots of other species that do probably
  • 00:23:11
    most famously bonobo chimps and various
  • 00:23:14
    cations like dolphins nonetheless it is
  • 00:23:16
    certainly a specialty among humans what
  • 00:23:19
    else foreplay that used to be in the
  • 00:23:22
    category of human Specialties and it is
  • 00:23:25
    clear by now that bonobo chimps for
  • 00:23:27
    example have vastly more patients with
  • 00:23:30
    foreplay than average humans do we are
  • 00:23:32
    not the only species with that either
  • 00:23:35
    huge huge controversy how unique is
  • 00:23:39
    homosexuality to human behavior human
  • 00:23:42
    sexual behavior and what's clear
  • 00:23:44
    increasingly is we're not the only
  • 00:23:46
    species with that either the original
  • 00:23:48
    view when people would view homosexual
  • 00:23:51
    Behavior male male female female in
  • 00:23:54
    other species it would be animals in
  • 00:23:56
    captivity and it would be the wi why is
  • 00:23:58
    there so much homosexuality in prisons
  • 00:24:00
    argument lack of Alternatives this was
  • 00:24:03
    not normal natural behavior what is
  • 00:24:06
    clear from ethological field studies is
  • 00:24:08
    we are by no means the only species to
  • 00:24:11
    have homosexual Behavior what else one
  • 00:24:14
    of the things that we do seem to be
  • 00:24:16
    fairly unique about is having
  • 00:24:18
    egalitarian sex which is to say that
  • 00:24:22
    there are no human cultures where as
  • 00:24:25
    part of the central sort of tenets of
  • 00:24:27
    that culture people are restricted only
  • 00:24:30
    a subset of individuals are allowed to
  • 00:24:32
    reproduce and this is a world of
  • 00:24:34
    difference from various species for
  • 00:24:36
    example New World monkeys marac sets
  • 00:24:39
    where it is only one male and one female
  • 00:24:42
    in a group that does the reproducing
  • 00:24:44
    instead humans in every culture ever
  • 00:24:46
    seen have egalitarian sex what else what
  • 00:24:50
    else is highly human people used to
  • 00:24:52
    think exclusively so this Endless Quest
  • 00:24:55
    for variety and again just take a look
  • 00:24:58
    at these the noo chimps and you'll see
  • 00:25:00
    how small-minded we are when it comes to
  • 00:25:02
    this but something else that is indeed
  • 00:25:04
    unique to human sexual behavior is the
  • 00:25:06
    notion that this is something you do in
  • 00:25:08
    private there is no other species where
  • 00:25:11
    the majority of sexual behavior is
  • 00:25:14
    conducted intentionally outside the
  • 00:25:16
    sight of everybody else that is rather
  • 00:25:19
    unique to humans what else about human
  • 00:25:22
    sexual behavior seems to be
  • 00:25:24
    specializations one that is fairly
  • 00:25:27
    unique if not enti enely so is the
  • 00:25:30
    subset of humans who
  • 00:25:31
    psychopathologically confuse sexual
  • 00:25:33
    behavior with violence and that seems
  • 00:25:35
    not to have a whole lot of Precedence so
  • 00:25:38
    immediately one asks other domains
  • 00:25:41
    masturbation that is not remotely a
  • 00:25:43
    human specialty that is all sorts of
  • 00:25:45
    other species as well and that used to
  • 00:25:48
    get the well what else is there to do
  • 00:25:50
    when you're sitting in a zoo uh for the
  • 00:25:52
    animals what else is there to do it is
  • 00:25:54
    not natural it is a default whatever but
  • 00:25:57
    looking at out in the real world and
  • 00:25:59
    there is plenty of that and one of the
  • 00:26:01
    most like implausible suggestions for an
  • 00:26:04
    Adaptive just so story thing is why do
  • 00:26:08
    male primates masturbate to the point of
  • 00:26:10
    ejaculation they tend to eat the semen
  • 00:26:12
    afterward whoa great source of protein
  • 00:26:16
    go the adaptationist everything has an
  • 00:26:19
    Adaptive basis this one does not ring
  • 00:26:22
    terribly true to me what else fantasy
  • 00:26:25
    fantasy in humans is that unique to
  • 00:26:27
    humans obviously we hav a clue but
  • 00:26:30
    here's one suggestion to me that this is
  • 00:26:32
    not actually the case and this was years
  • 00:26:34
    ago where I was watching my baboons and
  • 00:26:37
    there was this one low ranking kid this
  • 00:26:40
    snively adolescent kid with the nearest
  • 00:26:42
    thing he has ever gotten to a female in
  • 00:26:44
    his life with some high ranking female
  • 00:26:46
    in a bad mood beating on him and he's
  • 00:26:48
    sitting there minding his own business
  • 00:26:50
    and along comes I think by any baboon
  • 00:26:53
    male standards the hottest female in the
  • 00:26:55
    troop who has a peak estris swell is no
  • 00:26:58
    doubt ovulating that day comes walking
  • 00:27:01
    along followed 2 feet behind by the huge
  • 00:27:03
    menacing male who was in the concert
  • 00:27:05
    ship with her an our guy just sits there
  • 00:27:08
    and doesn't even quite look at what's
  • 00:27:10
    happening every now and then his eyes go
  • 00:27:11
    up watching them go past and as she
  • 00:27:13
    walks past he gets an erection and then
  • 00:27:17
    goes off and
  • 00:27:18
    masturbates okay the Charming I don't
  • 00:27:21
    know if this is even the word you can
  • 00:27:22
    use in this setting but the Charming
  • 00:27:25
    notion is that we've just seen evidence
  • 00:27:27
    for some sort of internal Fantasy Life
  • 00:27:29
    going on in this guy okay you could be a
  • 00:27:32
    kill Joy instead and say no no she was
  • 00:27:34
    giving off waffs of pheromones and that
  • 00:27:37
    was what was responsible for it
  • 00:27:38
    nonetheless this is about as far as we
  • 00:27:40
    can get at asking this critical question
  • 00:27:42
    are we the only species that does this
  • 00:27:45
    fantasizing stuff marriage clearly we've
  • 00:27:49
    heard about monogamous parab bonding
  • 00:27:50
    species in terms of the formal structure
  • 00:27:53
    of marriage it is universal all human
  • 00:27:55
    cultures have some version of it a
  • 00:27:58
    across all human cultures more than 90%
  • 00:28:00
    of people wind up in that culture's
  • 00:28:02
    equivalent of a permanent stable
  • 00:28:05
    relationship and this is the case in
  • 00:28:07
    polygamous cultures we've already heard
  • 00:28:09
    that business even though historically
  • 00:28:11
    the majority of human cultures have been
  • 00:28:14
    polygamous nonetheless amid them the
  • 00:28:16
    vast majority of individuals have been
  • 00:28:19
    in monogamous
  • 00:28:20
    relationships amid that nonetheless what
  • 00:28:23
    is also clear is amid that highly highly
  • 00:28:26
    prevalent pattern of monogamy
  • 00:28:28
    relationships there's a lot less
  • 00:28:30
    monogamy going around than you would
  • 00:28:31
    think and this was first sorted out
  • 00:28:34
    people like Alfred Kinsey when first
  • 00:28:36
    working out that questionnaire approach
  • 00:28:38
    to people's sexual behavior what became
  • 00:28:40
    clear was there's a lot less Faith
  • 00:28:43
    within parab bonding within human spe
  • 00:28:46
    within humans in this country andison
  • 00:28:48
    shown in all sorts of other societies
  • 00:28:50
    than one would originally assume there
  • 00:28:53
    is social monogamy but not necessarily
  • 00:28:56
    anywhere near as high of rates of
  • 00:28:58
    sexual monogamy and what the paternity
  • 00:29:01
    Studies have shown is in most Western
  • 00:29:03
    European countries the rate at which
  • 00:29:06
    children have been fathered by an
  • 00:29:08
    individual other than the person
  • 00:29:10
    claiming you know marriageable credit
  • 00:29:13
    for doing so ranges between 10 and 40%
  • 00:29:16
    of children how's that for a number okay
  • 00:29:21
    what else what else tends to be a
  • 00:29:23
    feature of human sexual behavior what
  • 00:29:26
    you have is of course not only
  • 00:29:28
    intrinsic in the fact that there's a
  • 00:29:30
    difference between social and sexual
  • 00:29:32
    monogamy you have cheating that is a
  • 00:29:35
    human specialty in every culture what
  • 00:29:37
    else is absolutely wildly human this
  • 00:29:40
    notion of romance and romance is by most
  • 00:29:43
    sort of estimates a relatively new
  • 00:29:46
    invention in most cultures maybe a
  • 00:29:48
    couple of centuries old and what is an
  • 00:29:50
    even newer invention is the notion that
  • 00:29:53
    romance passion Etc should persist
  • 00:29:56
    should last throughout the entire higher
  • 00:29:58
    duration of a lifetimes marriage that is
  • 00:30:00
    an utterly novel concept that is perhaps
  • 00:30:03
    30 40 50 years old in most westernized
  • 00:30:07
    countries that's a new one as well what
  • 00:30:09
    that of course ushers in is looking at
  • 00:30:11
    issues of divorce across all cultures
  • 00:30:14
    the average duration of marriages are 2
  • 00:30:16
    to four years and people have made the
  • 00:30:19
    argument that that is the typical
  • 00:30:22
    duration of children being dependent on
  • 00:30:25
    a high degree of parenting of both
  • 00:30:27
    parents being around that is the average
  • 00:30:29
    interbirth interval 2 to four years in
  • 00:30:32
    most traditional human cultures what's
  • 00:30:34
    the term being described then if that is
  • 00:30:37
    the natural point at which most
  • 00:30:39
    marriages dissolve and turn into other
  • 00:30:42
    monogamous relationships the term that
  • 00:30:44
    is given is that humans tends toward
  • 00:30:46
    tend toward being serial monogamists
  • 00:30:50
    moving from one monogamist relationship
  • 00:30:53
    to another with on the average a lag
  • 00:30:55
    time roughly corresponding to the inter
  • 00:30:57
    birth interval so that's Charming what
  • 00:31:00
    else what else do you have all sorts of
  • 00:31:03
    other aspects of human sexual variety
  • 00:31:06
    but ultimately when you look at human
  • 00:31:08
    sexual behavior versus other species we
  • 00:31:11
    are so boring we are so limited when you
  • 00:31:15
    look at the range of unlikely things
  • 00:31:16
    going on out there species that are
  • 00:31:19
    regularly hermod hermaphroditic and
  • 00:31:22
    people in fact have done studies on how
  • 00:31:25
    is it that a hermod animal does not try
  • 00:31:27
    to have sex with itself and these are
  • 00:31:29
    usually worm type things and that some
  • 00:31:31
    version of an incest avoidance at the
  • 00:31:33
    same time there are other species where
  • 00:31:36
    individuals change sex opportunistically
  • 00:31:39
    all sorts of fish species where that
  • 00:31:40
    happens lots of species that are
  • 00:31:43
    parthenogenic where an individual
  • 00:31:45
    reproduces without the benefit of
  • 00:31:47
    anybody else's genetic input even
  • 00:31:49
    stranger there's a bunch of snake
  • 00:31:52
    species that are paragenetic but the
  • 00:31:54
    females cannot reproduce paragenetically
  • 00:31:58
    unless they mate with males they do not
  • 00:32:00
    actually get any sperm from the males
  • 00:32:03
    and they get no genetic contribution but
  • 00:32:05
    something about that is necessary for
  • 00:32:07
    the
  • 00:32:08
    parthenogenic event to occur okay so all
  • 00:32:11
    sorts of bizarri that make our fixed
  • 00:32:14
    action patterns look really pretty dull
  • 00:32:16
    but nonetheless these are the backbones
  • 00:32:18
    of the human fixed action patterns and
  • 00:32:21
    some of them wildly unique one some of
  • 00:32:23
    them far less than people used to think
  • 00:32:25
    some of them very very unprecedented
  • 00:32:28
    okay so what this allows us to do now is
  • 00:32:30
    make our first big step what's going on
  • 00:32:32
    in the brain what is the neurobiology of
  • 00:32:35
    sexual behavior producing those fixed
  • 00:32:38
    action patterns and what you better BET
  • 00:32:41
    right off the bat is we are talking
  • 00:32:43
    about the limic system this is all lyic
  • 00:32:46
    system until we see ways in which it's
  • 00:32:47
    not just all the lyic system but it is
  • 00:32:50
    heavily centered no surprise in the
  • 00:32:51
    limpic system and this was being noted
  • 00:32:54
    first around the 1930s 1940s with the
  • 00:32:57
    first experiment ments where there were
  • 00:32:58
    lesion studies done damaging different
  • 00:33:01
    parts of the lyic system in animals and
  • 00:33:03
    what would be noted was animals sexual
  • 00:33:06
    behavior would change and this was
  • 00:33:08
    eventually termed a profile termed after
  • 00:33:11
    The two scientists who pioneered this
  • 00:33:13
    stuff called the clu buus syndrome which
  • 00:33:16
    is when you damage some of these strange
  • 00:33:19
    mysterious Rhino philonic sort of
  • 00:33:22
    structures in there you change the
  • 00:33:24
    sexual behavior you change for example
  • 00:33:27
    in monkeys whether they are attempting
  • 00:33:30
    to mate with another monkey as opposed
  • 00:33:32
    to an animate object they change aspects
  • 00:33:35
    of the fixed action patterns of the
  • 00:33:37
    behavior and such and out of it this was
  • 00:33:39
    one of the main driving forces on people
  • 00:33:41
    saying nose brain well that's great but
  • 00:33:44
    actually what we're looking at is a part
  • 00:33:46
    of the brain that has lots to do with
  • 00:33:48
    emotion and emotionally related
  • 00:33:50
    behaviors that was one of the driving
  • 00:33:52
    forces on the lyic system being pulled
  • 00:33:55
    together as a concept okay so what areas
  • 00:33:58
    within the lyic system are relevant
  • 00:34:00
    first pass there are different hotspots
  • 00:34:03
    in there depending on
  • 00:34:05
    gender among females probably the most
  • 00:34:08
    important area is a subsection of the
  • 00:34:10
    hypothalamus called the ventromedial
  • 00:34:12
    hypothalamus involved in female sexual
  • 00:34:15
    behavior what's the evidence for that
  • 00:34:18
    just go back to last Friday's lecture
  • 00:34:20
    lesion studies stimulation studies
  • 00:34:23
    recording studies destroy the vmh you do
  • 00:34:26
    not get sexual beh Behavior anymore from
  • 00:34:28
    a female stimulated and you will get the
  • 00:34:31
    same behaviors that you would normally
  • 00:34:33
    only see in an ovulating female rat for
  • 00:34:35
    example all the sorts of tools we heard
  • 00:34:38
    about reinforcing this even more is this
  • 00:34:41
    is the hot spot in the hypothalamus for
  • 00:34:44
    receptors for estrogen and progesterone
  • 00:34:48
    so that makes lots of sense meanwhile
  • 00:34:51
    another region of the brain that is
  • 00:34:53
    typically involved in sexual behavior in
  • 00:34:55
    females a region the midbrain the
  • 00:34:58
    midbrain which seems to have something
  • 00:35:00
    to do with some of the hormonal aspects
  • 00:35:03
    of sexual behavior that are specific to
  • 00:35:06
    females finally back to that lordosis
  • 00:35:09
    reflex you got to have a spinal cord to
  • 00:35:12
    full pull off the full array of typical
  • 00:35:14
    mamalian female sexual behavior so
  • 00:35:17
    spinal Pathways which do not exist in
  • 00:35:19
    males lordotic reflexes the back arching
  • 00:35:22
    reflex is exclusively a female one
  • 00:35:26
    meanwhile over on the other side of
  • 00:35:28
    things there are regions in the brain
  • 00:35:31
    that tend to be more specialized for
  • 00:35:33
    sexual behavior in males than in females
  • 00:35:36
    a different part of the hypothalamus
  • 00:35:38
    called the medial preoptic area and the
  • 00:35:42
    exact same sort of evidence is for the
  • 00:35:44
    ventral medial hypothalamus in females
  • 00:35:46
    lesion studies stimulation recording
  • 00:35:48
    studies all that sort of thing and you
  • 00:35:51
    guessed it whopping great amounts of
  • 00:35:53
    testosterone receptors Androgen
  • 00:35:56
    receptors within the medial preoptic
  • 00:35:59
    area very interestingly something we
  • 00:36:02
    will hear more about next week or so is
  • 00:36:05
    another region of the brain is involved
  • 00:36:07
    in male sexual behavior which is the
  • 00:36:10
    amydala
  • 00:36:11
    HM that's kind of interesting the
  • 00:36:14
    amydala we've already heard about
  • 00:36:15
    amydala fear anxiety all of that but the
  • 00:36:18
    amydala also plays a very major role in
  • 00:36:22
    aggression and there's a little bit a
  • 00:36:25
    small domain of amygdaloid fun in males
  • 00:36:28
    that's involved in sexual behavior
  • 00:36:30
    involved in sexual motivation medial
  • 00:36:34
    preoptic area is much more about sexual
  • 00:36:36
    performance in males amydala is much
  • 00:36:39
    more about SE sexual motivation and all
  • 00:36:42
    sorts of people have speculated fairly
  • 00:36:44
    reasonably I think that this may have
  • 00:36:47
    something to do with the fact explaining
  • 00:36:49
    why among humans it is far more likely
  • 00:36:51
    to be males than females who go about
  • 00:36:53
    confusing sexuality with aggression that
  • 00:36:56
    it's got something to do with this weird
  • 00:36:58
    role of the amydala in male sexual
  • 00:37:01
    motivation male sexual
  • 00:37:03
    arousal what else okay males have
  • 00:37:07
    penises thus they're the only ones who
  • 00:37:08
    can have penile erections and to do that
  • 00:37:12
    autonomic nervous system and what we
  • 00:37:14
    will hear about what you already heard
  • 00:37:16
    about in the introduction to the
  • 00:37:17
    autonomic nervous system but also in the
  • 00:37:19
    zebras book is that whole business in
  • 00:37:22
    order to manage that to pull that off
  • 00:37:24
    initially it is parasympathetic nervous
  • 00:37:26
    system that is establishes the erection
  • 00:37:29
    the process of arousal involves the
  • 00:37:31
    transition to sympathetic full blast
  • 00:37:33
    sympathetic nervous system needed for
  • 00:37:35
    ejaculation that's what all of that is
  • 00:37:37
    about exclusive to males but then it
  • 00:37:41
    turns out it's not exclusive to males
  • 00:37:43
    because it's virtually the exact same
  • 00:37:45
    physiology underlying clitoral erections
  • 00:37:47
    in females the same exact sort of thing
  • 00:37:50
    which of course brings up the dangerous
  • 00:37:52
    possibility of another spandrel in our
  • 00:37:54
    laps here in terms of making sense of
  • 00:37:57
    that I didn't say that just now did I
  • 00:37:58
    say spandrels in your lap okay bringing
  • 00:38:02
    up that possibility that is not specific
  • 00:38:05
    to male physiology what is specific of
  • 00:38:08
    course is stuff that's going on with
  • 00:38:11
    penises in terms of blood flow there's
  • 00:38:13
    generally a dichotomy between species
  • 00:38:16
    between whether or not males get
  • 00:38:18
    vascular erections or muscular erections
  • 00:38:22
    vascular erections you increase blood
  • 00:38:24
    flow into the penis and you stop it from
  • 00:38:27
    going out the other end and thus you get
  • 00:38:29
    vascular driven engorgement as DH
  • 00:38:31
    Lawrence would no doubt have described
  • 00:38:33
    it alternatively in lots of species
  • 00:38:35
    there are muscular erections there is a
  • 00:38:38
    muscle for example found in rodent
  • 00:38:40
    penises called the erector Levy muscle
  • 00:38:44
    well that's not too surprising that it's
  • 00:38:46
    called that and a whole bunch of cell
  • 00:38:48
    body neurons in the spinal cord
  • 00:38:50
    responsible for pulling up the sail or
  • 00:38:54
    whatever it is you do there and what you
  • 00:38:56
    get are differences in general the
  • 00:38:59
    muscular driven erections occur a lot
  • 00:39:02
    faster the vascular ones the hemodynamic
  • 00:39:04
    ones last a lot longer take your pick
  • 00:39:08
    but it's essentially the exact same
  • 00:39:09
    autonomic physiology in both
  • 00:39:12
    cases finally one other thing factoid a
  • 00:39:16
    useful one we heard last week which is
  • 00:39:18
    in so far as there's very similar
  • 00:39:21
    physiology to orgasms in both sexes
  • 00:39:24
    there's that difference in recovery time
  • 00:39:27
    how long it takes for the sympathetic
  • 00:39:29
    nervous system to go back to Baseline
  • 00:39:32
    postorgasm and on the average a
  • 00:39:34
    substantial sex difference in that yes
  • 00:39:37
    everybody managed to guess it last week
  • 00:39:39
    which direction it went a far slower
  • 00:39:42
    recovery time in females than in
  • 00:39:45
    males in terms of underlying
  • 00:39:47
    neurobiology something that was a major
  • 00:39:50
    finding in the field were brain regions
  • 00:39:53
    that differed in size depending on your
  • 00:39:56
    gender in including in humans and this
  • 00:39:59
    ushered in a whole world of sexual
  • 00:40:02
    dimorphism in the brain and there have
  • 00:40:04
    now been shown to be all sorts of brain
  • 00:40:06
    regions where on the average you get
  • 00:40:09
    differences in the size of nuclei you
  • 00:40:12
    get differences in the number of axons
  • 00:40:15
    going through a bundle a fiber all of
  • 00:40:17
    that and we will hear about some more of
  • 00:40:19
    those down the line but the one that has
  • 00:40:21
    gotten the most attention in terms of
  • 00:40:22
    sexual behavior is a cluster of tiny
  • 00:40:26
    nuclei in the hypothalamus called the in
  • 00:40:31
    cluster the internuclear interstitial
  • 00:40:34
    nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus do
  • 00:40:36
    not write down what that stands for but
  • 00:40:39
    it's a little nucleus in there a little
  • 00:40:41
    subset of neuronal cell bodies where you
  • 00:40:44
    get a very substantial sex difference in
  • 00:40:47
    the size of this area where on the
  • 00:40:50
    average it is about twice the size in
  • 00:40:52
    men as in women and back to the other
  • 00:40:56
    weeks sort of rant about statistical
  • 00:40:58
    significance versus magnitude this is a
  • 00:41:01
    big effect it is almost almost in the
  • 00:41:04
    range where you can identify the sex of
  • 00:41:07
    somebody by looking at the size of this
  • 00:41:09
    nucleus in their brain postmortem in
  • 00:41:11
    rodents you pretty much can a very
  • 00:41:14
    reliable two-fold difference males
  • 00:41:17
    larger than females as we'll hear in a
  • 00:41:19
    while one really interesting exception
  • 00:41:22
    to that okay so either some areas of the
  • 00:41:26
    brain that are preferentially involved
  • 00:41:28
    and activated by sexual behavior
  • 00:41:31
    depending on your gender or regions that
  • 00:41:33
    differ in size substantially by your
  • 00:41:36
    gender but then at the end of the day
  • 00:41:38
    there's all sorts of things that are
  • 00:41:39
    absolutely in common again the
  • 00:41:41
    physiology of orgasm exactly the same
  • 00:41:45
    what clinically the picture is is males
  • 00:41:48
    having problems with the whole system
  • 00:41:50
    the problem tends to be too rapid of a
  • 00:41:53
    transition from parasympathetic to
  • 00:41:55
    sympathetic in other words the world of
  • 00:41:57
    premature ejaculation the more typical
  • 00:42:00
    medical problem in women is failure of
  • 00:42:03
    the transition from parasympathetic to
  • 00:42:06
    sympathetic inability to reach orgasm
  • 00:42:09
    and it is of course a huge
  • 00:42:11
    sociocultural political philosophical
  • 00:42:14
    argument whether that counts as a
  • 00:42:16
    pathology or normal human variability
  • 00:42:19
    I'm not going anywhere near that one but
  • 00:42:22
    nonetheless that is the more common
  • 00:42:24
    pattern neurobiology that's absolutely
  • 00:42:27
    Ely in common between the Sexes which is
  • 00:42:30
    all of that stuff at the very beginning
  • 00:42:32
    of why are they in such a rush at the
  • 00:42:34
    end the neurobiology of pleasure and the
  • 00:42:37
    neurobiology of reward and of
  • 00:42:41
    anticipation and this is this whole
  • 00:42:43
    world of as we know already dopamine the
  • 00:42:46
    role of dopamine in sexual behavior is
  • 00:42:49
    virtually identical in both sexes which
  • 00:42:52
    is to say it plays a huge role you find
  • 00:42:56
    circumstances where you deplete dopamine
  • 00:42:58
    from the relevant brain regions back to
  • 00:43:00
    last Friday lyic system you remember
  • 00:43:03
    that ventral tegmental area which sends
  • 00:43:06
    that big dopaminergic projection to the
  • 00:43:08
    nucleus accumbent which then passes it
  • 00:43:11
    on to all sorts of places in the brain
  • 00:43:14
    deplete that pathway of dopamine and
  • 00:43:18
    you're not going to get a whole lot of
  • 00:43:19
    interest in sexual behavior you are not
  • 00:43:22
    going to get a whole lot of libido
  • 00:43:24
    proceptivity what's the class classic
  • 00:43:27
    circumstance where you see depletion of
  • 00:43:29
    dopamine there and loss of proceptive
  • 00:43:33
    libido clinical depression that's one of
  • 00:43:36
    the defining symptoms of depression amid
  • 00:43:38
    the various numerous forms of pleasure
  • 00:43:41
    that go down the tubes loss of sexual
  • 00:43:43
    interest one of the defining symptoms so
  • 00:43:47
    the dopamine system the general term
  • 00:43:49
    given for this is the
  • 00:43:51
    mesolimbic dopamine system to
  • 00:43:54
    distinguish it from some of the other
  • 00:43:55
    ways the dopamine is used in the brain
  • 00:43:57
    the mesolimbic dopamine system is
  • 00:44:00
    absolutely Central to the reinforcing
  • 00:44:03
    aspects of sexual behavior so what's the
  • 00:44:06
    evidence for that first off back to that
  • 00:44:09
    distinction that I think I brought up
  • 00:44:11
    last week I wasn't paying attention but
  • 00:44:13
    I think I talked about which is the
  • 00:44:15
    dopamine system there is not so much
  • 00:44:17
    about reward it's about the anticipation
  • 00:44:20
    of reward did I talk about that in
  • 00:44:22
    monkeys pressing levers yes okay I
  • 00:44:24
    should probably read the extended notes
  • 00:44:26
    at some point
  • 00:44:28
    look at the film of this okay what you
  • 00:44:30
    see there is the dopamine is about the
  • 00:44:33
    anticipation of and the
  • 00:44:35
    dopamine as we heard is about also
  • 00:44:38
    fueling the behaviors needed to achieve
  • 00:44:42
    the reward dopamine in this mesolimbic
  • 00:44:45
    pathway as driving goal directed
  • 00:44:48
    behavior and that is certainly the case
  • 00:44:51
    with sexual behavior by now there is a
  • 00:44:53
    whole literature involving humans where
  • 00:44:56
    you stick them in brain scanners and you
  • 00:44:58
    do something or other sexually arousing
  • 00:45:02
    or interesting or something or other to
  • 00:45:04
    them and then you see what parts of the
  • 00:45:06
    brain activate and it's these dopamine
  • 00:45:09
    Pathways consistently way up there
  • 00:45:12
    showing just how subtle this can be
  • 00:45:15
    how's this you take men there's been a
  • 00:45:17
    whole literature by now showing that you
  • 00:45:20
    present people in brain scanners with
  • 00:45:22
    pornography and that must have been a
  • 00:45:24
    really interesting human subject's
  • 00:45:26
    release for you worked out but showing
  • 00:45:28
    in both sexes what you tend to see is
  • 00:45:31
    activation of dopaminergic regions we
  • 00:45:33
    will hear in a little while a sex
  • 00:45:35
    difference in that domain that will
  • 00:45:37
    probably not surprise anyone but how's
  • 00:45:39
    this for subtle you take a guy and you
  • 00:45:43
    show him the picture of someone of the
  • 00:45:45
    opposite sex if he is heterosexual and
  • 00:45:48
    you show him the picture of this
  • 00:45:49
    individual and if it is someone who he
  • 00:45:51
    assesses as being attractive you don't
  • 00:45:54
    necessarily get this dopaminergic path
  • 00:45:57
    way to activate it depends what this
  • 00:45:59
    study showed was if the person is making
  • 00:46:03
    what would pass for eye contact if they
  • 00:46:05
    are looking straight out the dopamine
  • 00:46:07
    system activates and if they're looking
  • 00:46:09
    elsewhere it doesn't activate how's that
  • 00:46:12
    for classic male sort of responsiveness
  • 00:46:15
    if it looks as if this attractive person
  • 00:46:17
    is looking at you it activates even more
  • 00:46:20
    distressingly from this study when you
  • 00:46:22
    show men on the average blah blah
  • 00:46:24
    pictures of women who they would rate as
  • 00:46:27
    being
  • 00:46:28
    unattractive it's when they're looking
  • 00:46:30
    away that the dopamine system activates
  • 00:46:33
    oh my God what is going on here this is
  • 00:46:38
    pitiful what also has been shown is the
  • 00:46:41
    exact same eye contact phenomenon of gay
  • 00:46:44
    men looking at pictures of attractive
  • 00:46:46
    men another theme we're going to see
  • 00:46:49
    over and over which is sexual
  • 00:46:51
    orientation being pretty much trivial in
  • 00:46:54
    terms of how it influences some of this
  • 00:46:56
    neurobiology just switch the gender of
  • 00:46:58
    the other individual and it works
  • 00:47:00
    exactly the same now when you look at
  • 00:47:03
    this business about dopamine rising in
  • 00:47:06
    anticipation of a reward rather than in
  • 00:47:09
    response to the reward itself it brings
  • 00:47:11
    up one of the doesn't bring that up it
  • 00:47:14
    brings up one of the all-time
  • 00:47:16
    interesting studies that was published
  • 00:47:17
    about a decade ago okay so the Paradigm
  • 00:47:20
    I described last week you put on the
  • 00:47:22
    light which tells the monkey that okay
  • 00:47:24
    we're starting one of those sessions
  • 00:47:27
    where if you press the levers adequately
  • 00:47:29
    you will get a reward and they now carry
  • 00:47:31
    out this behavior and as a result they
  • 00:47:34
    get the reward here and as we saw
  • 00:47:36
    dopamine doesn't go up after the reward
  • 00:47:38
    it goes up at this point this is the I
  • 00:47:42
    know how to do this this is going to be
  • 00:47:44
    great this is terrific here's where you
  • 00:47:45
    get the rise and dopamine this is not
  • 00:47:48
    only the anticipation but if you don't
  • 00:47:51
    have this rise you don't get the
  • 00:47:52
    behavior the goal directed Behavior now
  • 00:47:55
    in This brilliant study what they did
  • 00:47:58
    was transition from a paradigm where
  • 00:48:01
    okay the monkey presses the lever 10
  • 00:48:03
    times and gets the reward now what you
  • 00:48:05
    do is the monkey works and it gets the
  • 00:48:08
    reward only half the time it gets only a
  • 00:48:12
    50% reward rate reward rate
  • 00:48:15
    unpredictably and what happens to
  • 00:48:17
    dopamine okay got your choice what's
  • 00:48:20
    your vote it doesn't rise as
  • 00:48:23
    much it rises the exact same amount
  • 00:48:28
    it rises even
  • 00:48:30
    higher okay you guys all understand
  • 00:48:32
    anticipation and gold it does this it's
  • 00:48:36
    one of the biggest Rises you will find
  • 00:48:38
    dopamine in the brain short of cocaine
  • 00:48:40
    what have you just introduced into there
  • 00:48:43
    this is I'm all over it I know how this
  • 00:48:46
    works this is going to be great I have
  • 00:48:48
    Mastery and control I am the captain of
  • 00:48:50
    my own lever pressing this is all about
  • 00:48:53
    that what's this about this is what
  • 00:48:55
    dopamine does when you have introduced
  • 00:48:57
    the word maybe into the equation and
  • 00:49:01
    that is
  • 00:49:02
    incredibly reinforcing and people will
  • 00:49:05
    work like mad in contexts of maybe far
  • 00:49:09
    more so than they work in contexts of
  • 00:49:11
    certainty psychologists have known this
  • 00:49:14
    forever this is intermittent
  • 00:49:16
    reinforcement you never get more
  • 00:49:18
    Behavior out of an organism than when
  • 00:49:21
    you have introduced a maybe into it and
  • 00:49:24
    part of the Brilliance of the study was
  • 00:49:26
    what they then did now animals either
  • 00:49:29
    got reward 25% of the time or 75% of the
  • 00:49:34
    time on a certain level these are
  • 00:49:36
    diametrically opposite manipulations in
  • 00:49:38
    one you're getting more rewards and the
  • 00:49:40
    other you're getting less what's the
  • 00:49:42
    thing they have in common they both had
  • 00:49:44
    smaller Mayes than the 50% version and
  • 00:49:48
    what you see is it would look like this
  • 00:49:51
    100% 25 or 75 50% maximize the maybe and
  • 00:49:57
    one of the most brilliant things that
  • 00:50:00
    various social Engineers do with humans
  • 00:50:02
    is convince people that there's a 50%
  • 00:50:05
    maybe when it is not 50% in the
  • 00:50:07
    slightest that's what Las Vegas is about
  • 00:50:10
    that's an entire world of very smart
  • 00:50:13
    psychologists making people think in
  • 00:50:15
    circumstances where there's like one
  • 00:50:17
    tenth of 1% of a maybe going on there
  • 00:50:20
    that is actually a 50% and when you do
  • 00:50:23
    that you get dopamine like crazy and you
  • 00:50:26
    get go directed Behavior as a result
  • 00:50:29
    really really powerful and this is so
  • 00:50:32
    strongly the case that this explains an
  • 00:50:35
    extremely cynical uh thing that a guy I
  • 00:50:37
    knew in my dorm back when used to say
  • 00:50:39
    all the time how's this for like a
  • 00:50:41
    dispirited view of what life is like but
  • 00:50:45
    possibly absolutely accurate which is a
  • 00:50:47
    relationship is the price you pay for
  • 00:50:50
    the anticipation of it how's that for a
  • 00:50:53
    grim world viiew go figure this guy had
  • 00:50:56
    what a string of disastrous
  • 00:50:58
    relationships but what you see here is
  • 00:51:01
    introduce a maybe and it is very very
  • 00:51:05
    powerful one final piece of the dopamine
  • 00:51:08
    system here that is pertinent which is
  • 00:51:10
    as you might expect from all of our
  • 00:51:12
    molecular biology stuff there's all
  • 00:51:14
    sorts of different dopamine receptor
  • 00:51:17
    subtypes and two of them are pertinent
  • 00:51:20
    to this world of sexual behavior and
  • 00:51:22
    reward what is called the shockingly the
  • 00:51:24
    D1 dopamine receptor and the D2 dopamine
  • 00:51:27
    receptor and what studies show is in
  • 00:51:30
    monogamous species what happens is right
  • 00:51:33
    after mating when a pair bond is first
  • 00:51:36
    formed the second that's over with
  • 00:51:39
    levels of the D2 receptor go way down
  • 00:51:42
    you down regulate the levels of the
  • 00:51:45
    receptor and you upregulate the levels
  • 00:51:48
    of the D1 receptor what's that about if
  • 00:51:51
    you drive down the D2 levels before they
  • 00:51:54
    even mate they don't form a
  • 00:51:58
    parabond if you prevent the decline in
  • 00:52:01
    the d2s after they've made it and parab
  • 00:52:03
    bonded or if you prevent the rise in the
  • 00:52:06
    d1s they'll parir Bond and then 8 and a
  • 00:52:09
    half minutes later they'll go and pair
  • 00:52:11
    bond with somebody else the d2s seem to
  • 00:52:14
    mediate the rewarding anticipatory
  • 00:52:17
    aspects of pair bonding the d1s on a
  • 00:52:20
    certain renti level seem to mediate the
  • 00:52:23
    pleasure of the monogamist the truly
  • 00:52:26
    monogamous features of the parabon so
  • 00:52:29
    very interesting interaction between the
  • 00:52:31
    two okay one last thing now about
  • 00:52:33
    dopamine and this one is like even more
  • 00:52:36
    depressing than relationships or the
  • 00:52:38
    price you pay this was a study which was
  • 00:52:41
    really like someday may come to haunt
  • 00:52:43
    you majorly and in this study what they
  • 00:52:46
    did it was another one of those brain
  • 00:52:47
    Imaging study ones and what they did was
  • 00:52:50
    they took people in two categories in
  • 00:52:52
    both cases these are people who had
  • 00:52:54
    found their beloved their beloved the
  • 00:52:57
    person who was their soulmate the person
  • 00:52:59
    in whose arms they were going to die
  • 00:53:02
    someday the person and they divided
  • 00:53:04
    between these two groups one was a group
  • 00:53:06
    where they had known the person in whose
  • 00:53:07
    arms they're going to die for like two
  • 00:53:09
    and a half weeks and the other is when
  • 00:53:11
    they had been together for more than
  • 00:53:13
    five
  • 00:53:13
    years so you pick you put somebody in
  • 00:53:16
    the brain scanner and you start flashing
  • 00:53:19
    up at speed subliminal speeds of
  • 00:53:21
    pictures of individuals they know
  • 00:53:23
    important control in the study and
  • 00:53:25
    embedded in there is a picture of their
  • 00:53:28
    beloved and suddenly somewhere along the
  • 00:53:30
    way up flashes the picture of their
  • 00:53:32
    beloved be in a short-term relationship
  • 00:53:35
    and the dopamine system goes crazy and
  • 00:53:38
    activates like mad now you come back
  • 00:53:42
    five years later into that same
  • 00:53:43
    relationship with the Beloved and you do
  • 00:53:45
    the exact same thing and you flash up
  • 00:53:48
    their picture and the dopamine system
  • 00:53:50
    doesn't activate what activates instead
  • 00:53:53
    was that anterior singulate thing we
  • 00:53:55
    heard about on Friday having to do with
  • 00:53:59
    empathy and comfort and all of that in
  • 00:54:02
    other words what we see here is the
  • 00:54:03
    neurochemical transition from one's
  • 00:54:06
    beloved from causing like your blood to
  • 00:54:09
    run scalding hot to your beloved being
  • 00:54:12
    like a comfortable old armchair this is
  • 00:54:15
    one depressing study so let's take a f
  • 00:54:18
    minute break to contemplate that one
  • 00:54:21
    okay and then we will resume
  • 00:54:27
    lots of good questions just now during
  • 00:54:30
    the break uh disappointingly few along
  • 00:54:32
    the lines of I've got a friend who so
  • 00:54:36
    not a bunch of those but let's see a
  • 00:54:38
    number of questions first one can I
  • 00:54:39
    repeat what I said about the D1 and the
  • 00:54:41
    D2 receptors okay these are different
  • 00:54:44
    types of receptors for dopamine in other
  • 00:54:47
    words they all respond to the same
  • 00:54:49
    neurotransmitter dopamine but in
  • 00:54:52
    different ways and these receptors are
  • 00:54:54
    found on different neuron types you're
  • 00:54:56
    getting into all sorts of different
  • 00:54:57
    Pathways what you see is in rodents in
  • 00:55:01
    pair bonding rodents they better have
  • 00:55:04
    elevated levels they better have D2
  • 00:55:07
    receptors on neurons being fed by this
  • 00:55:10
    mesolimbic reward dopamine pathway they
  • 00:55:12
    have to have D2 receptors to form the
  • 00:55:16
    parabond for the attachment to
  • 00:55:19
    occur the second that happens you need
  • 00:55:23
    to have low levels of D2 and high level
  • 00:55:26
    levels of D1 to remain faithful in your
  • 00:55:30
    parir bonded relationship so what you
  • 00:55:32
    see in these vs is right after the parir
  • 00:55:34
    bond occurs there's down regulation of
  • 00:55:37
    the d2s and up regulation of the d1s and
  • 00:55:40
    if you prevent that from happening the
  • 00:55:42
    pair bond that's been formed does not
  • 00:55:44
    prove
  • 00:55:45
    lasting so that's what I was saying
  • 00:55:47
    there somebody brought up the great
  • 00:55:49
    question which I was going to say
  • 00:55:51
    something about and forgot which is well
  • 00:55:53
    how about like D2 D1 ratios in humans
  • 00:55:58
    and their sexual behavior stuff and
  • 00:56:00
    there's been one study showing that a
  • 00:56:03
    higher ratio of D2 to D1 predicts more
  • 00:56:06
    stable relationships small effect not
  • 00:56:09
    replicated yet but nonetheless that's
  • 00:56:12
    kind of interesting so on a certain
  • 00:56:15
    level then D2 seems to be required at
  • 00:56:18
    least shown in rodents who knows about
  • 00:56:20
    us D2 is about the formation of the
  • 00:56:23
    attachment D1 is about the maintenance
  • 00:56:26
    of it the faithfulness of it if you will
  • 00:56:29
    next somebody bringing up the issue in
  • 00:56:31
    terms of female orgasm maybe what female
  • 00:56:34
    orgasm is about is a mate selection
  • 00:56:37
    mechanism as
  • 00:56:38
    in individuals who uh increase your
  • 00:56:42
    likelihood of having orgasms or ones you
  • 00:56:44
    are more likely to lower your D2
  • 00:56:47
    receptors for but the one problem with
  • 00:56:50
    that one that makes wonderful sense what
  • 00:56:51
    the studies tend to show though is
  • 00:56:53
    likelihood of orgasm is much more a
  • 00:56:55
    function of who the female is than who
  • 00:56:58
    the male is that they are with arguing
  • 00:57:00
    against that let's see finally no not
  • 00:57:03
    that okay so we already covered that and
  • 00:57:05
    there was one additional question okay
  • 00:57:08
    so what's the driving force in terms of
  • 00:57:10
    the proximal reinforcing pleasurable
  • 00:57:13
    aspects of sexual behavior what's up
  • 00:57:16
    with why only some species us
  • 00:57:18
    predominantly have non-reproductive sex
  • 00:57:20
    you can have sex all the time versus
  • 00:57:22
    other species that only do for
  • 00:57:24
    reproduction what that means is in other
  • 00:57:26
    species the Endocrinology of ovulation
  • 00:57:30
    is the thing that makes sex pleasurable
  • 00:57:33
    and we will see shortly what that's
  • 00:57:34
    about in females it's the hormones
  • 00:57:37
    associated with ovulation that sensitize
  • 00:57:41
    various tactile receptors to respond in
  • 00:57:45
    ways that mediate proximal pleasure and
  • 00:57:48
    in males it's the female giving off for
  • 00:57:52
    example the right pheromones the right
  • 00:57:54
    releasing stimuli driven by the right
  • 00:57:56
    hormone levels that constitute the
  • 00:57:59
    proximal signal of pleasurable
  • 00:58:02
    anticipation and what you find in humans
  • 00:58:04
    is it doesn't work that way you do not
  • 00:58:07
    need for example in women the elevated
  • 00:58:10
    levels of estrogen typical of ovulation
  • 00:58:12
    in order to have tactile responsiveness
  • 00:58:16
    to sexually arousing stimuli stay tuned
  • 00:58:19
    though it's easier though when estrogen
  • 00:58:21
    levels are higher okay final brain
  • 00:58:24
    region relevant to all of this this is
  • 00:58:26
    the frontal cortex we already got a
  • 00:58:29
    first pass at the frontal cortex last
  • 00:58:31
    week and frontal cortex regulating your
  • 00:58:35
    behavior impulse control all that sort
  • 00:58:38
    of thing gratification postponing this
  • 00:58:40
    plays a large role in sexual behavior
  • 00:58:43
    what's the easy immediate explanation
  • 00:58:45
    that one can come up with what the
  • 00:58:47
    frontal cortex does is it makes you be
  • 00:58:51
    appropriate in your sexual behavior it
  • 00:58:54
    teaches you the appropriate context it
  • 00:58:56
    teaches you what aspects of proceptive
  • 00:58:59
    sexual behavior is not a good idea it
  • 00:59:03
    keeps you from doing things you would
  • 00:59:05
    regret vastly afterward that's a very
  • 00:59:07
    easy version of it and commensurate with
  • 00:59:10
    that you see lots of circumstances of
  • 00:59:12
    individuals with frontal cortical damage
  • 00:59:15
    doing highly inappropriate sexual
  • 00:59:17
    behavior one example of it one of those
  • 00:59:20
    horrifying things that can happen this
  • 00:59:23
    was a case that actually happened in a
  • 00:59:24
    nursing home in inas in the East Bay a
  • 00:59:27
    number of years ago this was a man in
  • 00:59:30
    his 80s who had had stroke damage to his
  • 00:59:32
    frontal cortex who was found to have
  • 00:59:35
    raped a woman there another 80-year-old
  • 00:59:38
    with Alzheimer's disease damaged the
  • 00:59:40
    frontal cortex and all sorts of the this
  • 00:59:43
    is not sexual behavior that you do
  • 00:59:45
    constraints go down the tubes just as
  • 00:59:48
    importantly though what the frontal
  • 00:59:50
    cortex with all of it's giving you the
  • 00:59:52
    discipline to do the right thing some of
  • 00:59:55
    the time with that Tak takes the form of
  • 00:59:57
    is getting you to do proceptive sexual
  • 00:59:59
    behavior for example you are trying to
  • 01:00:02
    do some courtship of some other antler
  • 01:00:06
    ulet that you are courting and this is
  • 01:00:08
    terrifying because there's another
  • 01:00:10
    individual challenging you and it is the
  • 01:00:12
    frontal cortex that is getting you to
  • 01:00:15
    carry out those sexual behaviors at that
  • 01:00:17
    point even if it is a terrifying
  • 01:00:19
    circumstance nonetheless what the
  • 01:00:21
    frontal cortex mostly is about is
  • 01:00:24
    reigning in sexual behavior Fe it's not
  • 01:00:27
    changing the fixed action patterns of
  • 01:00:30
    sex it's changing the context in which
  • 01:00:32
    the fixed action patterns
  • 01:00:34
    occur so now we are ready to look at one
  • 01:00:37
    more feature of the neurobiology which
  • 01:00:40
    is when somebody is having sex what
  • 01:00:42
    hormonal responses are triggered notice
  • 01:00:46
    this is not here this is not what
  • 01:00:48
    hormones have to do with bringing about
  • 01:00:51
    sexual behavior this is what are the
  • 01:00:54
    hormonal responses to sexual behavior
  • 01:00:58
    starting off in females including human
  • 01:01:01
    human females having sex increases
  • 01:01:04
    secretion of progesterone derived
  • 01:01:06
    hormones and that has something to do
  • 01:01:09
    with reinforcing the
  • 01:01:12
    pleasure interestingly in females the
  • 01:01:14
    world over having sex increases the
  • 01:01:17
    level of testosterone related hormones
  • 01:01:20
    in the bloodstream androgens women
  • 01:01:23
    females generate androgens Maybe 5% the
  • 01:01:26
    levels you see in males and they come
  • 01:01:28
    out of the adrenal glands and they play
  • 01:01:32
    they seem to play a very Central role in
  • 01:01:34
    mediating sexual motivation sexual
  • 01:01:37
    arousal in females how is that shown
  • 01:01:40
    obvious experimental studies with Lab
  • 01:01:42
    Rats how is that shown in humans when
  • 01:01:45
    women have any of a number of types of
  • 01:01:48
    diseases where you have to take out the
  • 01:01:50
    adrenal glands sexual motivation sexual
  • 01:01:53
    arousal goes down give them placement
  • 01:01:56
    androgens and sexual arousal sexual
  • 01:01:59
    proceptivity returns so Androgen they
  • 01:02:02
    playing a
  • 01:02:04
    role probably most importantly in terms
  • 01:02:06
    of hormones triggered by sexual behavior
  • 01:02:09
    in females is the release of
  • 01:02:12
    oxytocin oxytocin is really interesting
  • 01:02:15
    we've heard about oxytocin twice already
  • 01:02:17
    one is when it's coming out of the
  • 01:02:19
    posterior pituitary and the second is
  • 01:02:23
    that minor business the other day last
  • 01:02:24
    Wednesday of oxytocin being another one
  • 01:02:27
    of those hypothalamic hormones that
  • 01:02:29
    helps to release act from the pituitary
  • 01:02:32
    remember it doesn't directly release
  • 01:02:34
    it's a modulator of CR action if then
  • 01:02:36
    claw Etc but those are the two ways
  • 01:02:39
    we've heard about oxytocin oxytocin also
  • 01:02:42
    works in the brain as a neurotransmitter
  • 01:02:45
    and
  • 01:02:46
    neuromodulator and what does it do there
  • 01:02:49
    it appears to play a very Central role
  • 01:02:52
    in forming attachments a very Central
  • 01:02:55
    role in forming of parir bonds and it
  • 01:02:58
    along with dopamine and the D2 receptors
  • 01:03:01
    are critical for female vs of monogamous
  • 01:03:04
    species to form parir bonds female
  • 01:03:07
    humans when having sex secrete lots of
  • 01:03:10
    oxytocin and activate oxytocin Pathways
  • 01:03:13
    in the brain and it appears to play a
  • 01:03:15
    role in the formation of
  • 01:03:18
    attachment interestingly how is this a
  • 01:03:21
    whole body of research now showing that
  • 01:03:24
    if you introduce oxytocin into the
  • 01:03:27
    brains of humans experimentally they
  • 01:03:29
    become more
  • 01:03:32
    trusting amazing body of research where
  • 01:03:35
    you take aerosolized oxytocin and you
  • 01:03:38
    Spritz it up people's noses and what
  • 01:03:40
    they showed in the studies were number
  • 01:03:42
    one one type of study you then Play a
  • 01:03:45
    clip of somebody making an argument for
  • 01:03:48
    some stance and some debate and people
  • 01:03:51
    believe the person more they find their
  • 01:03:53
    argument more convincing they trust the
  • 01:03:55
    person more or the other version that's
  • 01:03:58
    been shown is you Spritz oxytocin up the
  • 01:04:00
    noses of people and you make them more
  • 01:04:03
    Cooperative in their game theory play
  • 01:04:06
    the ways at which they go about playing
  • 01:04:08
    prisoners dilemma and other games we
  • 01:04:10
    will hear about later on as well this
  • 01:04:13
    has given rise to A Whole New Field I
  • 01:04:15
    kid you not called
  • 01:04:18
    neuromarketing the notion that if only
  • 01:04:21
    you could Spritz oxytocin up the noses
  • 01:04:23
    of people right before your television
  • 01:04:25
    ad comes on they're going to believe you
  • 01:04:28
    when you say it will make you happy to
  • 01:04:30
    buy our thing and they will fall for it
  • 01:04:33
    there are actually
  • 01:04:34
    neuroendocrinologists making a living
  • 01:04:36
    now selling their wees to neuromarketing
  • 01:04:40
    people you know self proclaimed ones no
  • 01:04:43
    doubt they are spritzing oxytocin up the
  • 01:04:45
    noses of those you know capitalists to
  • 01:04:48
    get them to hire them to do this but
  • 01:04:50
    oxytocin playing a role in this so
  • 01:04:53
    that's kind of interesting because
  • 01:04:56
    what's oxytocin mostly doing in the body
  • 01:04:58
    the vast majority of oxytocin is not the
  • 01:05:01
    stuff up in the brain in these Pathways
  • 01:05:04
    some of them impinging on dopamine
  • 01:05:06
    releasing neurons the vast majority is
  • 01:05:08
    not the oxytocin sitting there in the
  • 01:05:11
    hypothal is doing something or other to
  • 01:05:13
    act in the pituitary the vast majority
  • 01:05:16
    is the stuff coming out of the posterior
  • 01:05:18
    pituitary and what does oxytocin have to
  • 01:05:21
    do there it has to do with milk let down
  • 01:05:25
    it has to do with nursing and suddenly
  • 01:05:28
    instead it's playing a role in forming
  • 01:05:30
    sexual parab bonding and the argument is
  • 01:05:33
    made that attachment monogamous
  • 01:05:37
    attachment sexual attachment is in some
  • 01:05:40
    way evolutionarily a descendant of the
  • 01:05:43
    neurobiology of mother Offspring
  • 01:05:45
    attachment that that's where it is
  • 01:05:47
    originally being driven by so oxytocin
  • 01:05:51
    playing a role there as well meanwhile
  • 01:05:54
    over at the male and of things upgo
  • 01:05:57
    testosterone levels during sex in a
  • 01:05:59
    surprisingly linear way the more sexual
  • 01:06:02
    behavior in a male the higher
  • 01:06:03
    testosterone levels are found afterward
  • 01:06:06
    critically critically stay tuned for a
  • 01:06:09
    little while these are elevations of
  • 01:06:11
    testosterone in response to sexual
  • 01:06:14
    behavior as we'll see the evidence that
  • 01:06:17
    high testosterone levels make males more
  • 01:06:20
    sexually active is basically
  • 01:06:23
    non-existent so critical critical
  • 01:06:25
    Proviso here this is sex increasing
  • 01:06:29
    testosterone secretion not the other way
  • 01:06:32
    around what else meanwhile back to the
  • 01:06:35
    posterior pituitary was that a question
  • 01:06:39
    nope okay that was a head scratch okay
  • 01:06:41
    back to the posterior pituitary the
  • 01:06:43
    other hormone coming out from their
  • 01:06:46
    vasopressin and oxytocin is to females
  • 01:06:49
    as vasopress is to males and we've
  • 01:06:51
    already heard something about this back
  • 01:06:54
    in the molecular genetic stud and those
  • 01:06:56
    if then Clauses and unlikely ways in
  • 01:06:58
    which you get mutations
  • 01:07:01
    vasopressin vasopressin also is found in
  • 01:07:04
    the nervous system where it serves a
  • 01:07:07
    neuromodulatory role and vasopressin is
  • 01:07:11
    critical for forming a parir bond back
  • 01:07:14
    to that business about when you look at
  • 01:07:16
    monogamous versus polygamous species
  • 01:07:20
    what's going on what you have uniquely
  • 01:07:22
    in the monogamous species is Express of
  • 01:07:26
    the vasopressin receptor gene on neurons
  • 01:07:30
    that release
  • 01:07:32
    dopamine another words males secrete
  • 01:07:35
    vasopressin and if you are of a species
  • 01:07:38
    where vasopressin now goes and
  • 01:07:41
    stimulates dopamine neurons you decide
  • 01:07:44
    you really really really liked having
  • 01:07:46
    sex with this other V and you come back
  • 01:07:49
    for more and that's the driving force on
  • 01:07:52
    the formation of the parabond incredible
  • 01:07:55
    studies showing that if you take male vs
  • 01:07:58
    from the polygamous species and do to
  • 01:08:01
    Gene transfer techniques I've mentioned
  • 01:08:03
    the study already but you now stick
  • 01:08:06
    vasopressin receptors into those
  • 01:08:08
    dopamine neurons those polygamous males
  • 01:08:12
    now become parir bonding males they now
  • 01:08:15
    become
  • 01:08:15
    monogamous so really interesting what
  • 01:08:19
    you then see in these studies is you
  • 01:08:22
    look at these monogamous species where
  • 01:08:24
    the males have vasopress receptors on
  • 01:08:26
    these dopamine neurons and you look at
  • 01:08:28
    individual males and the ones who have
  • 01:08:31
    more receptors there are forming parir
  • 01:08:34
    bonds faster it takes fewer rounds of
  • 01:08:37
    mating with a female to form a
  • 01:08:40
    parabond so what about
  • 01:08:42
    primates so you start off looking at two
  • 01:08:45
    different primate species one parab
  • 01:08:47
    bonding maret Monkeys new world Marmet
  • 01:08:50
    monkeys and then one classic tornament
  • 01:08:52
    species polygamous primate spe species
  • 01:08:55
    Rees monkeys and what you see is you've
  • 01:08:59
    got the variant the monogamous
  • 01:09:02
    V vasopressin receptor Gene variant in
  • 01:09:05
    the parir bonding monkey species in the
  • 01:09:07
    marbet and you get the polygamous
  • 01:09:10
    version of the gene in the uh Reese's
  • 01:09:15
    monkeys so it maps on there as well so
  • 01:09:18
    the more of this receptor in these
  • 01:09:21
    dopamine Pathways within monogamous
  • 01:09:23
    species the more rapidly they form form
  • 01:09:25
    a parab bond and what you see is
  • 01:09:28
    differences in the mere presence of them
  • 01:09:30
    in comparing parab bonding versus non-p
  • 01:09:33
    parab bonding rodents and
  • 01:09:36
    monkeys so how about
  • 01:09:39
    humans first thing that comes up is
  • 01:09:42
    among the Apes you also find the two
  • 01:09:44
    variants the monogamous V variant of the
  • 01:09:48
    dop of the vas pressent receptor Gene
  • 01:09:50
    and the polygamous male variant so what
  • 01:09:53
    species do you see it in in chimpanzees
  • 01:09:57
    you see the polygamus bow species
  • 01:10:00
    version that makes lots of sense they
  • 01:10:03
    are a major polygamous species in their
  • 01:10:05
    behavior but then this beautiful
  • 01:10:08
    dichotomy comes crashing down when you
  • 01:10:11
    see that you've got the monogamous Gene
  • 01:10:14
    version in
  • 01:10:16
    bonobos and as we will hear about in a
  • 01:10:19
    while bonobos are the most hyper
  • 01:10:23
    polygamous Le hyper variety of sexually
  • 01:10:27
    behaving organisms on the entire planet
  • 01:10:30
    they are as far as you could get from a
  • 01:10:32
    monogamous species as you can ever ask
  • 01:10:34
    for if you ask for such things and you
  • 01:10:37
    got the wrong type of vasopress receptor
  • 01:10:39
    Gene whatever is going on it's more
  • 01:10:41
    complicated than the have the version
  • 01:10:44
    that winds up on the dopamine neurons
  • 01:10:46
    and you are going to have 50th wedding
  • 01:10:48
    anniversaries if you are a v or you are
  • 01:10:51
    a maret and it's got to be more
  • 01:10:53
    complicated than that
  • 01:10:55
    so how about humans and what you see is
  • 01:10:58
    not explicitly as much genetic
  • 01:11:01
    variability as some people having the
  • 01:11:04
    monogamous Vol version and some people
  • 01:11:06
    have the polygamous but nonetheless you
  • 01:11:08
    get variation the gene basically is
  • 01:11:10
    about halfway in between whoa we keep
  • 01:11:14
    having that theme over and over all
  • 01:11:17
    these different ways of looking at body
  • 01:11:20
    size and sexual dimorphism and imprinted
  • 01:11:22
    genes and all that stuff and humans keep
  • 01:11:25
    winding up being about a halfway between
  • 01:11:27
    a classic monogamous parabond and a
  • 01:11:30
    classic polygamous tornament species so
  • 01:11:33
    the basic human version of it is
  • 01:11:35
    somewhere in between but you get
  • 01:11:37
    variations you got genetic variations
  • 01:11:40
    that either look a little bit more like
  • 01:11:42
    the monogamous V version or the
  • 01:11:44
    polygamous V version and what studies
  • 01:11:47
    have now shown two different studies
  • 01:11:49
    independently showing this have the
  • 01:11:52
    monogamous V version and with a small
  • 01:11:56
    effect you are more likely to get
  • 01:11:58
    married you are more likely to remain
  • 01:12:01
    married and both you and your partner
  • 01:12:03
    are more likely to rate the marriage as
  • 01:12:06
    stable and
  • 01:12:07
    happy that's kind of
  • 01:12:10
    interesting finally in terms of the role
  • 01:12:12
    of vasopressin in terms of attachment
  • 01:12:15
    and males all of that and in terms of
  • 01:12:18
    social connectiveness a large body of
  • 01:12:21
    studies now have shown mutations in the
  • 01:12:24
    vas oppress receptor Gene okay anybody
  • 01:12:27
    want to get what guess what disorder you
  • 01:12:29
    find it have people I put that in the
  • 01:12:32
    extended notes haven't I people have
  • 01:12:34
    read it already I know I fell for it
  • 01:12:35
    last time I am not falling for that
  • 01:12:37
    stupid trick again of asking you to
  • 01:12:40
    prove he sniffed some oxytocin so does
  • 01:12:43
    anybody want to guess swich the okay
  • 01:12:45
    what you now all know is there's now
  • 01:12:48
    been a lot of demonstrations of
  • 01:12:49
    mutations in the vasopress receptor Gene
  • 01:12:52
    in family pedigrees with autism a
  • 01:12:55
    disease of very very little attachment
  • 01:12:58
    to other humans so we've got written all
  • 01:13:01
    over the place here is some sort of role
  • 01:13:04
    of oxytocin in female attachment
  • 01:13:08
    formation and vasopressin and we've
  • 01:13:11
    already gotten interesting hints that
  • 01:13:12
    this applies to humans and we've already
  • 01:13:15
    gotten interesting hints that individual
  • 01:13:17
    differences in the molecular biology of
  • 01:13:20
    these genes predicts something about
  • 01:13:22
    individual differences and the stability
  • 01:13:25
    of relationships in
  • 01:13:27
    humans okay so everything we've been
  • 01:13:29
    hearing about with the neurobiology and
  • 01:13:31
    we're still living in this part in this
  • 01:13:33
    bucket here temporarily has been built
  • 01:13:35
    around heterosexual relationships what's
  • 01:13:38
    known about the neurobiology of sexual
  • 01:13:41
    orientation what has been found is most
  • 01:13:44
    strikingly one Landmark study one that
  • 01:13:48
    got on the cover of Time Magazine one
  • 01:13:51
    that had a gigantic gigantic impact
  • 01:13:54
    which was looking back at that
  • 01:13:56
    hypothalamic nucleus that inah in ah yes
  • 01:14:01
    where what we saw before it was very
  • 01:14:03
    reliably on the average men their size
  • 01:14:06
    of it is about twice the size as in
  • 01:14:08
    women and in other species males about
  • 01:14:11
    twice the size as in females and a study
  • 01:14:14
    was done in the late 80s by a
  • 01:14:16
    neuroanatomist named Simon L LA is one
  • 01:14:20
    of the all-time great neuroanatomist he
  • 01:14:22
    was trained by huil and visel was a
  • 01:14:25
    professor at Harvard Med school for a
  • 01:14:26
    while before moving to the sock
  • 01:14:28
    Institute and what he did was look
  • 01:14:30
    postmortem at the brains of a bunch of
  • 01:14:33
    individuals where he knew the sexual
  • 01:14:35
    orientation men and what he showed was
  • 01:14:38
    gay men on the average had this nucleus
  • 01:14:42
    on the average was half the size that
  • 01:14:45
    you saw in heterosexual men on the
  • 01:14:48
    average it was about the same size as
  • 01:14:51
    you saw in heterosexual women amazing
  • 01:14:55
    Landmark study everybody learned about
  • 01:14:58
    the homosexual brain from the study
  • 01:15:01
    hugely widely reported and this is kind
  • 01:15:05
    of interesting okay what's interesting
  • 01:15:07
    about it first off the question you need
  • 01:15:09
    to ask is how much
  • 01:15:11
    variability fair amount it wasn't all
  • 01:15:14
    that reliable of the difference on the
  • 01:15:16
    average it was about a half the size
  • 01:15:20
    next thing you would want to know is has
  • 01:15:22
    anybody replicated it since then yes
  • 01:15:25
    next thing you would want to know is
  • 01:15:27
    where did L get the brains from and
  • 01:15:30
    these were predominantly from gay men
  • 01:15:32
    who had died of AIDS is that a confound
  • 01:15:35
    is that going to perhaps atrophy this
  • 01:15:38
    part of the brain nobody knows so that
  • 01:15:41
    remains as a caveat in that study what
  • 01:15:43
    was striking though was everybody
  • 01:15:46
    learned about this finding this became
  • 01:15:49
    famous L became extremely famous for
  • 01:15:52
    this and what was also very interesting
  • 01:15:54
    about it was the political context of
  • 01:15:56
    this finding a few years before that
  • 01:15:59
    another group had reported another
  • 01:16:02
    difference in the hypothalamus based on
  • 01:16:04
    sexual orientation and this
  • 01:16:07
    [Music]
  • 01:16:10
    was there it is and what you found was
  • 01:16:13
    in this part of the brain on the average
  • 01:16:16
    it would tend to be bigger in women than
  • 01:16:18
    in men and what these guys reported was
  • 01:16:22
    in gay men it tended to be big bigger
  • 01:16:25
    than in straight
  • 01:16:27
    men what was puzzling about this study
  • 01:16:30
    was this was a part of the hypothalamus
  • 01:16:32
    having to do with regulation of like
  • 01:16:34
    your kidneys and it was totally ignored
  • 01:16:37
    and completely bizarre except there was
  • 01:16:39
    one thing that was done with it which
  • 01:16:41
    was this was viewed as a totally
  • 01:16:44
    offensive study in the gay community
  • 01:16:46
    this was viewed as an attempt by
  • 01:16:48
    scientist to pathologize sexual
  • 01:16:51
    orientation to say you see we found
  • 01:16:54
    something wrong in the brains of
  • 01:16:56
    homosexual men this part of the brain is
  • 01:16:59
    bigger than it should be it's bigger
  • 01:17:01
    than it's supposed to be there's
  • 01:17:03
    probably two reasons why that occurred
  • 01:17:06
    the first one was that scientists who
  • 01:17:09
    did it were straight and the second
  • 01:17:12
    reason being that they were a Dutch
  • 01:17:13
    group and I am willing to bet
  • 01:17:16
    unconsciously there was something
  • 01:17:18
    central European Nazi Echoes of Germanic
  • 01:17:22
    sounding authors producing this finding
  • 01:17:25
    which there is no shortage of history in
  • 01:17:27
    the gay community for being skittish
  • 01:17:29
    about Nazi Notions of what normality is
  • 01:17:31
    in human behavior and human brains this
  • 01:17:34
    finding got widely condemned in the gay
  • 01:17:37
    community out came L with his finding
  • 01:17:41
    and he became the most beloved
  • 01:17:44
    neuroanatomist ever in the history of
  • 01:17:47
    gay communities one probably important
  • 01:17:49
    feature reason for it is that L was gay
  • 01:17:53
    very openly so another reason was the
  • 01:17:56
    part of the brain he found made sense it
  • 01:17:58
    had something to do with sexual behavior
  • 01:18:01
    as opposed to this totally puzzling
  • 01:18:03
    thing so what was this about very
  • 01:18:06
    interestingly the explanation almost
  • 01:18:09
    certainly is that this was the part of
  • 01:18:11
    the hypothalamus next door to the area
  • 01:18:14
    that L studied and if this part was
  • 01:18:18
    smaller in gay men simply because of
  • 01:18:21
    just physical constraint stuff this part
  • 01:18:24
    could get bigger in gay men because this
  • 01:18:26
    one was taking up less area that's
  • 01:18:28
    probably what was going on what's really
  • 01:18:30
    fascinating though is the political
  • 01:18:33
    context that this research was done in
  • 01:18:35
    and this was that first group the senior
  • 01:18:38
    author of it a man named dick Schwab and
  • 01:18:41
    he got death threats because of that
  • 01:18:43
    study reporting ooh here is easily
  • 01:18:46
    interpreted as something wrong in the
  • 01:18:49
    brains of gay men and Simon L became the
  • 01:18:53
    hero in the community this was utterly
  • 01:18:56
    embraced by the community because in
  • 01:18:58
    large part how it was interpreted as
  • 01:19:01
    this is biology this isn't choice this
  • 01:19:04
    is biology look at this this is
  • 01:19:06
    ridiculous as saying oh my God if we
  • 01:19:09
    have gay teachers in the classroom we
  • 01:19:11
    will turn the Boy Scouts of America into
  • 01:19:14
    gay men oh my God if we have blue-eyed
  • 01:19:16
    teachers in the classroom the usual
  • 01:19:18
    argument that this is absolute gibberish
  • 01:19:21
    to demonize sexual orientation as a
  • 01:19:23
    choice look at this there's a
  • 01:19:25
    neurobiology of it and this was embraced
  • 01:19:27
    sufficiently that I've have seen people
  • 01:19:30
    in the Castro District in San Francisco
  • 01:19:32
    this is disappeared somewhat showing the
  • 01:19:33
    half-life of neuroanatomical knowledge
  • 01:19:36
    but during that time people in the
  • 01:19:38
    Castro District up in the city there
  • 01:19:39
    which is a very gay community I have
  • 01:19:41
    seen people with t-shirts saying the
  • 01:19:43
    other term people never really wanted to
  • 01:19:45
    embrace this inah so its nickname was
  • 01:19:49
    the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the
  • 01:19:51
    hypothalamus and I've seen people with
  • 01:19:53
    t-shirts saying the only small thing
  • 01:19:55
    about me is my sexually dimorphic
  • 01:19:59
    nucleus they were actually selling
  • 01:20:02
    T-shirts that would say this during gay
  • 01:20:04
    pride parades around 1990 or so isn't it
  • 01:20:08
    great when people learn neuroanatomy out
  • 01:20:10
    in the general public there okay so an
  • 01:20:14
    interesting brain difference confounded
  • 01:20:16
    by people who died of AIDS it's still
  • 01:20:19
    not clear what that means in terms of
  • 01:20:21
    possibly negating the finding at least
  • 01:20:23
    independently rep licated fascinating
  • 01:20:26
    piece of not science but the political
  • 01:20:28
    context of of science this Politically
  • 01:20:31
    Incorrect to an extreme this very very
  • 01:20:34
    widely embraced one interesting thing is
  • 01:20:37
    that paper by L was published in the
  • 01:20:39
    journal science again constantly
  • 01:20:42
    mentioned as probably the most
  • 01:20:43
    influential science journal in this
  • 01:20:45
    country and it was published what year
  • 01:20:47
    was it 88
  • 01:20:49
    8892 90 okay I'm getting the year wrong
  • 01:20:53
    but it was just before the Clinton
  • 01:20:54
    Clinton election against Bush where one
  • 01:20:57
    of the big issues was gays in the
  • 01:20:59
    military that was the first thing that
  • 01:21:01
    Clinton turned to after he was elected I
  • 01:21:04
    happened to know the man who was the
  • 01:21:05
    editor of science at the time and they
  • 01:21:07
    timed the publication that paper came
  • 01:21:09
    out in late October that year and they
  • 01:21:11
    held it for that time because they knew
  • 01:21:14
    that this was going to be an issue in
  • 01:21:15
    the election which was kind of cool that
  • 01:21:19
    they did that although some people may
  • 01:21:21
    disagree okay but we hurdle on so what
  • 01:21:24
    other biological neurobiological
  • 01:21:26
    differences as a function of sexual
  • 01:21:28
    orientation another one that comes
  • 01:21:30
    through over and over and over again
  • 01:21:33
    which what do you make of this is
  • 01:21:35
    apparently there is a reliable gender
  • 01:21:38
    difference in the length of the second
  • 01:21:40
    finger versus the fourth finger the
  • 01:21:42
    ratio of the two and just to show how B
  • 01:21:45
    whoa did a lot of hands just go up in
  • 01:21:47
    this Auditorium and just to show how
  • 01:21:50
    biologically compelling the explanation
  • 01:21:52
    is for it I don't actually remember
  • 01:21:54
    which like who's got the greater 4 to2
  • 01:21:58
    ratio which sex or whatever but it is a
  • 01:22:01
    very now people are checking each
  • 01:22:03
    other's hands okay the first wave and
  • 01:22:07
    now all this chimp hand inspection stuff
  • 01:22:10
    happening in here and what has been
  • 01:22:12
    shown quite reliably since then is on
  • 01:22:15
    the average gay men tend to have the
  • 01:22:17
    finger length ratio of straight women
  • 01:22:20
    rather than of straight men a small
  • 01:22:22
    effect there another even more bizarre
  • 01:22:26
    finding which is there is something
  • 01:22:28
    called the auto acoustic
  • 01:22:30
    reflex and what that is is if you sit
  • 01:22:33
    there and plug your ears up with your
  • 01:22:35
    fingers you will hear a noise that's
  • 01:22:37
    just coming from the intrinsic vibration
  • 01:22:39
    of something rather in your ears and
  • 01:22:41
    that's the auto acoustic reflex
  • 01:22:43
    generating some low Herz sound in there
  • 01:22:46
    and the rate of the oscillation differs
  • 01:22:49
    by sex in humans which no doubt explains
  • 01:22:52
    everything about the tragic
  • 01:22:55
    Wars of the Sexes and why people just
  • 01:22:57
    don't understand each other by gender
  • 01:23:00
    because of their ears vibrating at
  • 01:23:01
    different speeds but what these Studies
  • 01:23:03
    have also shown was gay men having the
  • 01:23:06
    auto acoustic reflexive vibratory speed
  • 01:23:08
    more typical of straight women and
  • 01:23:10
    straight men again a very small effect
  • 01:23:13
    what are all of these about the
  • 01:23:15
    assumptions are it's got to do with
  • 01:23:17
    something with prenatal hormone
  • 01:23:20
    environment stay tuned we will be coming
  • 01:23:22
    back to this now some somewhere in there
  • 01:23:25
    you may ask okay well what about the
  • 01:23:26
    neurobiology of sexual orientation in
  • 01:23:28
    women vastly smaller literature far far
  • 01:23:32
    less studied what has been showed so far
  • 01:23:35
    are only two endpoints one is the same
  • 01:23:38
    deal with the fourth to Second finger
  • 01:23:40
    ratio on the average gay women have the
  • 01:23:43
    ratio more typical of straight men than
  • 01:23:45
    straight women the other thing that's
  • 01:23:47
    been shown is the same Auto acoustic
  • 01:23:49
    reflex thingy going on there final realm
  • 01:23:52
    of neurobiology rather than issues of
  • 01:23:56
    gay versus straight what is the
  • 01:23:58
    neurobiology of
  • 01:24:00
    transsexuality and that used to be
  • 01:24:02
    considered to be purely a domain of
  • 01:24:05
    Psychopathology if being gay used to be
  • 01:24:09
    a certifiable psychiatric disorder up
  • 01:24:11
    until the early 1970s the American
  • 01:24:13
    Psychiatric association in their
  • 01:24:15
    textbook the diagnostic statistical
  • 01:24:17
    manual you could be psychiatrically
  • 01:24:20
    certified as ill a psychiatric disorder
  • 01:24:23
    was being [ __ ] ual or lesbian and
  • 01:24:26
    then in what had to have been one of the
  • 01:24:27
    more all-time blowout committee meetings
  • 01:24:30
    ever they decided that no actually it's
  • 01:24:33
    not a psychiatric disorder and overnight
  • 01:24:35
    about 40 million Americans were cured of
  • 01:24:37
    a psychiatric disease the notion of
  • 01:24:40
    transsexuality as a psychiatric disorder
  • 01:24:43
    has had much much longer shelf life
  • 01:24:46
    what's the neurobiology of that to date
  • 01:24:49
    there have been a handful of studies and
  • 01:24:52
    they show essentially the same thing
  • 01:24:54
    really really interesting another region
  • 01:24:57
    of the brain that shows a sex difference
  • 01:25:00
    in its average size don't even worry
  • 01:25:02
    about the name of this it's called the
  • 01:25:04
    bed nucleus of the stria terminalis it's
  • 01:25:07
    where the amydala begins to send its
  • 01:25:09
    projection into the hypothalamus another
  • 01:25:11
    one to those gender differences there's
  • 01:25:14
    one type of neuron in there with a
  • 01:25:16
    certain type of neurotransmitter where
  • 01:25:19
    very very reliably it is about twice the
  • 01:25:22
    size in males than in females
  • 01:25:24
    sufficiently so that even in human
  • 01:25:26
    brains you could pretty confidently
  • 01:25:28
    determine the sex of somebody by seeing
  • 01:25:30
    the number of these neurons you'll see
  • 01:25:31
    I'm not even saying the name of the
  • 01:25:33
    neurotransmitter it's irrelevant it's
  • 01:25:34
    just another one of those differences a
  • 01:25:37
    dimorphism in a region of the brain a
  • 01:25:39
    really really reliable one and this was
  • 01:25:43
    a study done by some superb
  • 01:25:46
    neuroanatomists looking at
  • 01:25:48
    transsexuals and what they showed was
  • 01:25:51
    very interesting which was very very
  • 01:25:55
    reliably and a very powerful effect what
  • 01:25:58
    you would see in their large large
  • 01:26:00
    sample size of transsexuals brains
  • 01:26:02
    postmortem was people would have this
  • 01:26:05
    part of the brain the size not of their
  • 01:26:08
    sex that they were born with but rather
  • 01:26:11
    of the sex they insisted they always
  • 01:26:13
    actually
  • 01:26:15
    were wow immediate questions one must
  • 01:26:19
    ask okay well maybe this is due to the
  • 01:26:22
    fact that when people change gen gender
  • 01:26:24
    transsexual procedures there's a whole
  • 01:26:27
    lot of hormones involved and maybe
  • 01:26:30
    that's doing something to this part of
  • 01:26:31
    the brain critical control that they had
  • 01:26:34
    was this was looking both at
  • 01:26:36
    transsexuals who had made gender changes
  • 01:26:39
    and those who went to their deathbed
  • 01:26:41
    saying this is not the sex that I am I
  • 01:26:44
    got the wrong body but never made the
  • 01:26:46
    change it wasn't a function of having
  • 01:26:48
    actually gone through the transition and
  • 01:26:51
    the endocrine manipulations with it
  • 01:26:53
    another control they had which was
  • 01:26:56
    looking at men who would get a certain
  • 01:26:57
    type of testicular cancer where they
  • 01:27:00
    would have to be treated with certain
  • 01:27:01
    feminizing hormones in other words very
  • 01:27:04
    similar to some of the endocr treatments
  • 01:27:06
    of male to female transgendered
  • 01:27:08
    individuals and postmortem you didn't
  • 01:27:10
    see the changes there it has nothing to
  • 01:27:13
    do with the hormones it had to do with
  • 01:27:15
    the person insisting from day one that
  • 01:27:19
    they got the wrong body and this was a
  • 01:27:21
    landmark study fabulously well done and
  • 01:27:24
    controlled and replicated once since
  • 01:27:27
    then showing that what transsexualism
  • 01:27:29
    used to be thought of is that people who
  • 01:27:32
    think that they're a different gender
  • 01:27:33
    than they actually are what this study
  • 01:27:36
    suggests is what transsexual is about is
  • 01:27:39
    people who got the wrong gendered body
  • 01:27:42
    and these are people who are
  • 01:27:44
    chromosomally of one sex in terms of
  • 01:27:48
    their gonads they're of that sex in
  • 01:27:50
    terms of their hormones they're of that
  • 01:27:51
    sex in terms of their genitalia and
  • 01:27:54
    their secondary sexual characteristics
  • 01:27:56
    they are of that sex but they are
  • 01:27:58
    insisting that's not who I really am
  • 01:28:01
    this part of the brain agrees with
  • 01:28:03
    them also very interestingly that study
  • 01:28:06
    was done by the same Dutch scientists
  • 01:28:08
    who did this one again this is very
  • 01:28:12
    complex Terrain in terms of what these
  • 01:28:14
    things wind up implicating interestingly
  • 01:28:17
    that study was published right around
  • 01:28:19
    the time that the city of San Francisco
  • 01:28:21
    did something very cool which was for
  • 01:28:24
    city employees now medical insurance
  • 01:28:26
    will cover transgender operations
  • 01:28:29
    however there's no evidence that the
  • 01:28:31
    Obscure endocrine Journal published at a
  • 01:28:33
    lvia or something did that like the
  • 01:28:35
    afternoon before you know the San
  • 01:28:37
    Francisco Commissioners had their
  • 01:28:38
    meeting on that one but nonetheless this
  • 01:28:41
    is a subject with all sorts of Realms of
  • 01:28:43
    implications one additional study about
  • 01:28:47
    transsexualism okay how many of you know
  • 01:28:49
    about Phantom limb
  • 01:28:51
    syndrome okay you are are a guy with a
  • 01:28:55
    penis and you get a certain type of
  • 01:28:57
    penile cancer and what's often done is
  • 01:28:59
    your penises exis that is cut off and
  • 01:29:03
    about 60% of men who have had to have
  • 01:29:05
    their penises removed because of cancer
  • 01:29:07
    there wind up getting Fant of P Phantom
  • 01:29:10
    penile Sensations
  • 01:29:13
    which I don't want to know
  • 01:29:16
    about what you see though is when you
  • 01:29:19
    take transgendered individuals who go
  • 01:29:21
    from male to female in other as part of
  • 01:29:24
    it having their penises removed 0% rate
  • 01:29:28
    of penile Phantom sensation suggestion
  • 01:29:31
    being that there is something much more
  • 01:29:34
    normal in that case than when a penis is
  • 01:29:37
    being removed for cancer a whole new
  • 01:29:40
    area of research very novel very
  • 01:29:44
    challenging okay so this has given us a
  • 01:29:46
    sense now of this bucket and we are now
  • 01:29:49
    ready to move on to what in the
  • 01:29:51
    environment releases some of these fixed
  • 01:29:54
    action patterns of sexual behavior what
  • 01:29:56
    in the environment is doing this or that
  • 01:29:58
    to the medial preoptic area or the
  • 01:30:01
    amydala or vasopressin receptor levels
  • 01:30:03
    or any such thing what are the sensory
  • 01:30:06
    triggers for the neurobiology of sexual
  • 01:30:09
    behavior okay right off what is obvious
  • 01:30:12
    is we are in ethology Ville here it's
  • 01:30:15
    going to depend on the species which
  • 01:30:18
    sensory modality is most important and
  • 01:30:20
    this is once again the crushing of the
  • 01:30:23
    limpic system equals nose brain concept
  • 01:30:26
    lyic system equals nose brain if you are
  • 01:30:28
    a rat it's once again going to be
  • 01:30:30
    interviewing an animal in its own
  • 01:30:32
    language you've got species where the
  • 01:30:34
    releasing stimuli are all Visual and
  • 01:30:37
    we've heard one example of that already
  • 01:30:39
    which were the pathetic male turkeys
  • 01:30:41
    getting faked out by the styrofoam
  • 01:30:43
    female turkeys with the feathers
  • 01:30:45
    pointing the wrong way visual stimuli
  • 01:30:48
    other species are quite visual as well
  • 01:30:52
    primates non-human primates it's monkeys
  • 01:30:54
    for
  • 01:30:55
    example and what Studies have shown is
  • 01:30:58
    how's this remarkable okay here we have
  • 01:31:02
    um nah forget it okay you will take a
  • 01:31:05
    rees's monkey a rees's monkey from a
  • 01:31:07
    social group and he is sitting there and
  • 01:31:10
    he can lever press for various rewards
  • 01:31:12
    and he will press a lever a certain
  • 01:31:13
    number of times to uh get some juice as
  • 01:31:17
    a reward he will press a lever a certain
  • 01:31:20
    number of times to see a high-ranking
  • 01:31:22
    male from his social group no doubt to
  • 01:31:25
    keep an eye on the guy he will not lever
  • 01:31:27
    press to see a male who is lower ranking
  • 01:31:30
    than him but he will lever press the
  • 01:31:32
    most to see pictures of female rees's
  • 01:31:35
    monkeys who are in
  • 01:31:37
    heat whoa is that weird or what and the
  • 01:31:41
    bigger the estris swelling on the female
  • 01:31:44
    the more lever pressing the male will do
  • 01:31:46
    to be able to see
  • 01:31:48
    this so that's kind of interesting in
  • 01:31:51
    this close relative ours in terms of
  • 01:31:52
    visual stimuli what is also known is
  • 01:31:55
    humans are highly visual in their sexual
  • 01:31:58
    responsiveness as well visual stimuli as
  • 01:32:01
    releasing stimuli what is no surprise
  • 01:32:04
    whatsoever is on the average males are
  • 01:32:07
    more responsive to visual releasing
  • 01:32:09
    stimuli than are females among humans
  • 01:32:11
    and this has been shown in various ways
  • 01:32:14
    for example now studies using brain
  • 01:32:16
    Imaging showing that for visually
  • 01:32:20
    sexually arousing material that not only
  • 01:32:23
    are men on the average subjectively more
  • 01:32:26
    responsive but you get more of an
  • 01:32:28
    activation of dopamine dopamine Pathways
  • 01:32:30
    in men than in women what's interesting
  • 01:32:34
    also is that in men you uniquely get
  • 01:32:37
    activation of that area of the amydala
  • 01:32:39
    as well and again that weird world of
  • 01:32:42
    the structure of the brain heavily
  • 01:32:44
    involved in aggression also being
  • 01:32:46
    involved something about male sexual
  • 01:32:49
    motivation what else then there of
  • 01:32:52
    course is the world of tactile
  • 01:32:53
    stimulation and what you've got is a
  • 01:32:56
    whole domain where not surprisingly
  • 01:32:58
    stimulate the ra the right tactile
  • 01:33:00
    receptors and it is sexually arousing
  • 01:33:03
    are they sure have they done enough
  • 01:33:05
    research on this and you will activate
  • 01:33:07
    dopamine regions all of that making
  • 01:33:09
    perfect sense what also makes perfect
  • 01:33:12
    sense is some types of tactile receptors
  • 01:33:15
    in some part of the body activate
  • 01:33:17
    dopamine more than other types and we
  • 01:33:20
    are now in the whole world of erogenous
  • 01:33:23
    zones and that whole deal what is also
  • 01:33:26
    clear is that these receptors these
  • 01:33:28
    tactile receptors their responsiveness
  • 01:33:31
    to stimuli will change depending on your
  • 01:33:34
    hormone levels and what you see is in
  • 01:33:37
    women tactile responsiveness the extent
  • 01:33:40
    to which tactile stimulation of skin
  • 01:33:43
    throughout the body but especially of
  • 01:33:45
    genitals tactile stimulation evokes more
  • 01:33:49
    dopamine activation when somebody is
  • 01:33:52
    ovulating in other words birds at
  • 01:33:54
    ovulation women's skin is more sensitive
  • 01:33:57
    to sexually arousing touch in men it
  • 01:34:00
    requires testosterone men who are
  • 01:34:03
    castrated tactile responsiveness to
  • 01:34:06
    stimuli goes down in terms of finding
  • 01:34:08
    them pleasurable sexually arousing final
  • 01:34:11
    domain of tactile stuff the specialized
  • 01:34:14
    version we've heard of already that
  • 01:34:15
    lordosis reflex business again that's a
  • 01:34:19
    spinal reflex but this is not a spinal
  • 01:34:21
    reflex bopping somebody on the knee and
  • 01:34:23
    their leg goes flying out this is spinal
  • 01:34:26
    reflex where you only get the lordotic
  • 01:34:28
    arch backing and females Arch backing
  • 01:34:31
    back arching okay you don't get either
  • 01:34:35
    but you especially don't get the arch
  • 01:34:37
    backing when you don't have elevated
  • 01:34:39
    estrogen levels only when females are
  • 01:34:41
    ovulating are those tactile receptors
  • 01:34:44
    sensitive to pressure on the flanks of
  • 01:34:47
    the rear end and out comes the reflex
  • 01:34:49
    there so tactile stimulation at the end
  • 01:34:52
    of the day though without question as
  • 01:34:55
    agreed upon by every scientist on Earth
  • 01:34:57
    the coolest sensory modality for sexual
  • 01:35:00
    releasing stimuli are olfactory cues
  • 01:35:04
    pheromones and thus we enter the
  • 01:35:07
    Magnificent wonderful world of
  • 01:35:08
    pheromonal communication and pheromonal
  • 01:35:11
    sexual arousal all sorts of interesting
  • 01:35:14
    findings there first at the end of
  • 01:35:18
    generating pheromones that are sexually
  • 01:35:20
    arousing what is required in both
  • 01:35:23
    species in every in both species whoa
  • 01:35:26
    that was an interesting slip what's
  • 01:35:28
    required in both
  • 01:35:31
    sexes okay what's required in
  • 01:35:34
    both kinds um is uh right hormones in
  • 01:35:40
    order to generate pheromones sexually
  • 01:35:43
    arousing pheromones and all the
  • 01:35:44
    different species look that's where the
  • 01:35:46
    Species part was coming into that
  • 01:35:47
    sentence what you see is males do not
  • 01:35:51
    generate sexually arousing pheromones if
  • 01:35:53
    they lack testosterone levels
  • 01:35:56
    ovarectomized females women rats monkeys
  • 01:35:59
    Etc whove had their ovaries removed do
  • 01:36:02
    not produce pheromones that are sexually
  • 01:36:05
    arousing that what that of course brings
  • 01:36:07
    up is what are some of the chemical
  • 01:36:09
    constituents of
  • 01:36:11
    Thermon and this is very interesting
  • 01:36:14
    because it brings up another one of
  • 01:36:16
    those weird domains of neuromarketing
  • 01:36:19
    pheromones that have sexually arousing
  • 01:36:21
    components there's all sorts of fatty
  • 01:36:23
    acids that play a role in it but a lot
  • 01:36:25
    of what is sexually rousing about
  • 01:36:27
    pheromones and different species are
  • 01:36:29
    breakdown products of sex hormones
  • 01:36:33
    breakdown products of androgens in males
  • 01:36:36
    of estrogens in females and that winds
  • 01:36:40
    up providing some of these sexually
  • 01:36:42
    arousing aspects of those odors what
  • 01:36:45
    does that immediately tell you your old
  • 01:36:48
    factory receptors have all sorts of
  • 01:36:50
    receptors there that could pick up on
  • 01:36:52
    remnants of testost estone and estrogen
  • 01:36:54
    things of that sort that makes a lot of
  • 01:36:57
    sense what doesn't make any sense at all
  • 01:37:00
    is the following finding which is
  • 01:37:03
    perfume perfume in its classic form is
  • 01:37:07
    made out of the sweat of various
  • 01:37:10
    animals okay except we're going to get
  • 01:37:13
    into even worse domain here which is
  • 01:37:17
    perfumes traditionally before getting
  • 01:37:19
    the synthetic versions were typically
  • 01:37:21
    made from the sweat of May
  • 01:37:24
    animals H what's that about musk things
  • 01:37:29
    of that sort Chanel Number Five is made
  • 01:37:33
    from the sweat of whipped male abian
  • 01:37:36
    cats I kid you not and this even
  • 01:37:39
    produced protest some years ago animal
  • 01:37:42
    rights groups about how we should not be
  • 01:37:44
    perfuming ourselves with a sweat of
  • 01:37:46
    whipped male abian cats suddenly you've
  • 01:37:49
    got a real puzzle Along Comes synthetic
  • 01:37:52
    perfume and the majority of them are
  • 01:37:55
    made of synthetic versions of
  • 01:37:57
    androgens wait a second perfume is made
  • 01:38:01
    up of all sorts of breakdown products of
  • 01:38:03
    male sweat isn't perfume supposed to
  • 01:38:07
    like smell good to
  • 01:38:08
    guys we have a deep abiding puzzle here
  • 01:38:13
    and there is an answer for it let me
  • 01:38:15
    survey people first off okay guys in the
  • 01:38:17
    room how many of you basically think
  • 01:38:19
    that most perfumes smell kind of
  • 01:38:21
    appealing
  • 01:38:25
    okay how many of you
  • 01:38:28
    don't okay females how many of you think
  • 01:38:31
    your basic off the rack perfume smells
  • 01:38:36
    appealing okay well that proves
  • 01:38:38
    something okay just to complete it how
  • 01:38:40
    many of you don't oh okay the vast
  • 01:38:43
    majority of perfumes are not purchased
  • 01:38:46
    by men the vast majority are purchased
  • 01:38:48
    by women in other words most of the
  • 01:38:51
    marketing decisions about what to stick
  • 01:38:53
    in your perfumes are being marketed for
  • 01:38:55
    people who are going to decide if it's
  • 01:38:57
    peeling or not people who have lots of
  • 01:38:59
    estrogen in their bloodstream rather
  • 01:39:01
    than androgens that is thought to be the
  • 01:39:03
    explanation for how it is that most
  • 01:39:06
    perfumes are derived from male
  • 01:39:08
    pheromones yeah other thing is if I were
  • 01:39:11
    to wear perfume it would be more so that
  • 01:39:13
    girls think I smell good than for me
  • 01:39:15
    think I smell good okay yes
  • 01:39:19
    um the strategizing
  • 01:39:22
    starts okay so A Whole New World of
  • 01:39:24
    potential neuromarketing here but this
  • 01:39:27
    Taps into what are the chemical
  • 01:39:29
    constituents of feromon what sort of
  • 01:39:32
    information is carried by pheromones Al
  • 01:39:34
    Factory communication between genders it
  • 01:39:37
    will tell you the species of the
  • 01:39:39
    individual it will tell you their gender
  • 01:39:42
    it will tell you whether they are
  • 01:39:44
    gonadally intact whether they've been
  • 01:39:46
    castrated or not it will tell you
  • 01:39:48
    something about their health it will
  • 01:39:49
    tell you whether they are terrified or
  • 01:39:51
    not have the sweat from some one or
  • 01:39:53
    something that is terrified and as we
  • 01:39:55
    already know it will smell differently
  • 01:39:57
    to the amydala it will have a lot more
  • 01:40:00
    glucocorticoid breakdown products in it
  • 01:40:03
    and it will tell you as we know already
  • 01:40:05
    if it's the right species if this person
  • 01:40:07
    is related to you final point before we
  • 01:40:10
    then go into the specifics of what
  • 01:40:12
    pheromones are doing to the neurobiology
  • 01:40:15
    of all this finally not only do you need
  • 01:40:18
    to have hormones intact in order to
  • 01:40:20
    generate the pheromones you need to have
  • 01:40:22
    the right reproductive hormones on board
  • 01:40:25
    in order to perceive them men who are
  • 01:40:28
    castrated no longer find the smells of
  • 01:40:32
    female ovarian um okay I'm getting ahead
  • 01:40:36
    of myself here okay if you don't have
  • 01:40:37
    the hormones on board if you have no
  • 01:40:39
    estrogen and you're female or if you
  • 01:40:41
    have no testosterone and you are male
  • 01:40:43
    you will not be able to distinguish the
  • 01:40:45
    sweat of women and men gonadally intact
  • 01:40:49
    people can at above the chance level
  • 01:40:52
    finally with women become far better at
  • 01:40:55
    detecting the smell of distinguishing
  • 01:40:57
    the smell of men versus women when they
  • 01:41:00
    are
  • 01:41:01
    ovulating finally finally that's not
  • 01:41:04
    what you see when you have gay
  • 01:41:05
    individuals gay men are better at
  • 01:41:08
    detecting the smell of gay men than
  • 01:41:10
    either straight men or straight women so
  • 01:41:13
    we've gotten the first pieces of here
  • 01:41:14
    with the pheromonal system you have to
  • 01:41:16
    be hormonally intact to generate
  • 01:41:19
    pheromones that are sexually informative
  • 01:41:22
    and to detect them what we will then
  • 01:41:24
    transition to is what sort of
  • 01:41:26
    information is being carried in the
  • 01:41:28
    pheromones and what effect does it have
  • 01:41:31
    on the neurobiology of depending on
  • 01:41:33
    Whose pheromones you are sniffing okay
  • 01:41:36
    so we will for more please visit us at
  • 01:41:39
    stanford.edu
タグ
  • comportamento sexual
  • neurobiologia
  • etologia
  • dopamina
  • feromônios
  • hormônios
  • sistema límbico
  • sexualidade humana
  • orientação sexual
  • transsexualidade