Lipids (Saturated & Unsaturated fats) - updated

00:09:32
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTzrlJ58EWg

概要

TLDRThe video discusses lipids, organic molecules essential for energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure. It explains that lipids include fats, oils, and waxes, are insoluble in water, and consist of glycerol and fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have single bonds, are solid at room temperature, and are found in animal fats, while unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds, are liquid at room temperature, and are typically plant-based. The video also covers hydrolysis reactions that break down lipids, leading to glycerol and fatty acids and explains atherosclerosis, a condition related to cholesterol buildup in arteries.

収穫

  • 🧪 Lipids are organic molecules including fats, oils, and waxes.
  • ⚡ Triglycerides serve as energy storage molecules.
  • ⚖ Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature; examples include butter.
  • 💧 Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature; examples include vegetable oil.
  • 🔗 Hydrolysis reactions break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.
  • 🧊 Lipids provide insulation to organisms in cold environments.
  • 🏗 Phospholipids form the structural foundation of cell membranes.
  • 🩸 Atherosclerosis is a condition caused by plaque buildup in arteries.

タイムライン

  • 00:00:00 - 00:09:32

    The video introduces the characteristics of lipids, organic molecules that include fats, oils, and waxes, highlighting their insolubility in water. It discusses the structure of lipids, focusing on the glycerol head and fatty acid tails, and explains how triglycerides serve as energy storage and insulation in organisms. The role of lipids in cell structure, particularly phospholipids in cell membranes and cholesterol for flexibility, is emphasized. Subsequently, the video contrasts saturated fatty acids, which are straight chains of carbon filled with hydrogen and typically solid at room temperature, with unsaturated fatty acids, characterized by double bonds that introduce kinks, making them liquid at room temperature. The importance of hydrolysis in lipid digestion is outlined, and finally, the video discusses arterial sclerosis, a condition caused by cholesterol buildup in arteries, affecting blood flow and circulation, typically linked to high lipid consumption.

マインドマップ

ビデオQ&A

  • What are lipids?

    Lipids are organic molecules that include fats, oils, and waxes, primarily built around carbon.

  • What is a triglyceride?

    A triglyceride is a lipid molecule made from one glycerol and three fatty acids, used primarily for energy storage.

  • How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?

    Saturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbon atoms and are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds, causing kinks, and are typically liquid at room temperature.

  • What role do lipids play in cell membranes?

    Lipids, especially phospholipids, are fundamental to the cell membrane structure, regulating what enters and exits the cell.

  • What is atherosclerosis?

    Atherosclerosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in arteries, which can lead to blockages and reduced blood flow.

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  • 00:00:01
    okay so the topic of this video is going
  • 00:00:03
    to be some of the characteristics of the
  • 00:00:04
    lipids and then eventually saturated
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    versus unsaturated fatty acids
  • 00:00:12
    all right so just a question depending
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    how do organisms store energy ponder
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    that and we're going to move on
  • 00:00:22
    but we're going to talk about lipids
  • 00:00:23
    today and again lipids are a type of
  • 00:00:25
    organic molecules along with proteins
  • 00:00:28
    and carbohydrates and nucleic acids so
  • 00:00:32
    that means they're they're molecules
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    that are really built around carbon
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    all right so when it comes to lipids
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    we're really talking about you know the
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    fats the oils the waxes you know like
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    you know beeswax you know the wax that
  • 00:00:45
    makes up Honeycombs uh butter would be
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    an example uh the cooking oils that
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    you're familiar with you know lipids one
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    of the more defining features is that
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    they're insoluble in water that just
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    means they don't mix so here's a layer
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    of vegetable oil floating on top of
  • 00:01:01
    water and even if we were to get a spoon
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    and stir this up uh the two would never
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    mix and eventually the vegetable oil
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    would just separate out on top like you
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    see in the picture
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    so when it comes to lipids let's talk
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    about the two building blocks the two
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    parts there's a head that we call the
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    glycerol molecule and then attached to
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    the glycerol dangling down are some
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    Tails called fatty acids so here's a
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    very generic drawing of a lipid but a
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    more realistic drawing might look might
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    look a little bit like this this is a
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    lipid and there's the glycerol head and
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    there's fatty acid one fatty acid two
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    fatty acid three
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    now if we look at the molecular
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    structure of the glycerol there's the
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    glycerol right there and here's a fatty
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    acid notice uh in red there's two h's
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    and an O well that's going to be water
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    in a moment in in a in a dehydration
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    synthesis reaction water is removed and
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    the fatty acid bonded to the to the
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    glycerol let's do that two more times
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    here's another fatty acid and then water
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    is removed and the second fatty acid
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    bonded to the glycerol and here's a
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    third fatty acid and water is removed
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    and notice how we now have one gigantic
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    molecule made from the glycerol head and
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    then in this case One Two Three fatty
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    acid Tails attached
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    and so here's a triglyceride again and
  • 00:02:35
    if we look at the function of
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    triglycerides this is really an energy
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    storage molecule there's energy stored
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    in the bonds of the atoms that make up a
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    triglyceride
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    and so if we look at one of the fatty
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    acids here you know flashing in red are
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    the bonds in between the carbons and the
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    carbons and the carbons and in that in
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    those bonds there our energy or is
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    energy that the cell can use for its
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    needs
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    a secondary function of lipids is
  • 00:03:07
    insulation you know if you're a whale or
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    you're an elephant seal and you're
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    swimming through you know the chilly
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    ocean waters having a thick layer of
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    blubber helps to absorb or helps to
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    sorry trap heat uh to you know to keep
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    you warm and it's a great form of
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    insulation for organisms that live in
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    cold environments
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    and another function for lipids is in
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    the structure of our cells you know
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    here's a cell right here if we zoom on
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    into the cell membrane
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    and when we zoom into the cell membrane
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    here we see the basic units of the cell
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    membrane a phospholipid so you might
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    remember from learning about cells that
  • 00:03:47
    the phospholipids and the cell membrane
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    the phospholipids are the foundation of
  • 00:03:52
    the cell membrane
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    and the cell membrane regulates a what
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    can enter and exit within the cell
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    also there's another lipid in the cell
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    membrane embedded within the cell
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    membrane are cholesterol molecules these
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    are very important in adding flexibility
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    to the cell membrane so I know lipids
  • 00:04:13
    often have a negative
  • 00:04:15
    stereotype to them because we associate
  • 00:04:17
    lipids with fats but here's two examples
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    of lipids that are the very Foundation
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    of our cells
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    so let's start to focus now on the
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    difference between saturated and
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    unsaturated fatty acids here is the
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    backbone of a saturated fatty acid
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    flashing in red you'll notice a single
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    bond in between every carbon and carbon
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    there's a single bond this is
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    characteristic of a saturated fatty acid
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    and the reason it's called saturated
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    because when I add the rest of the atoms
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    the carbons are filled with hydrogens
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    and the word saturated just as a fancy
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    word that means to be filled with so
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    saturated fatty acids are these chains
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    of carbons that are filled with
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    hydrogens
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    and so notice how the chain is basically
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    in a straight line the chain is
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    therefore very densely compacted and
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    these saturated fatty acids fatty acids
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    tend to be solid at room temperature
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    hence butter be in solid at room
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    temperature and lard being solid at room
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    temperature saturated fatty acids tend
  • 00:05:31
    to be most of the animal fats and so
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    again butter is made from cow's milk and
  • 00:05:37
    lard is made from Pig fats now there are
  • 00:05:39
    exceptions to this but that's just a
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    general characteristic that saturated
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    fatty acids tend to be animal fats
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    but if we look at unsaturated fatty
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    acids notice in between a couple you can
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    see it blinking red in between a couple
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    of the carbons is a what looks like an
  • 00:05:59
    equal sign or a Double Dash This is
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    called a double bond that double bond
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    creates a little crooked kink in the
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    chain of carbons
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    and the reason it's called an
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    unsaturated fat is because there's just
  • 00:06:13
    a few less hydrogens than normal if you
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    look right here
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    are hydrogens needed in those two gaps
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    right there do I need to draw in two
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    more hydrogens I hope you see the answer
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    is no
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    carbon can only Bond four times right
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    now all those carbons have four bonds
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    attached to them there's no space for
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    two more hydrogens
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    and so this Kink the double bond right
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    there causes the a kink in the chain and
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    that causes the molecule to be less
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    dense and liquidy at room temperature
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    hence vegetable oil and another example
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    would be some things like corn oil and
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    peanut oil and avocado oil again oils
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    that come from plants and also fish fats
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    tend to be unsaturated fatty acids
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    well if we look at you know digesting
  • 00:07:15
    and breaking down lipids well that
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    involves a hydrolysis reaction and so
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    Hydro implies water and lysis means to
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    break down and in a hydrolysis reaction
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    with the additional water a lipid can be
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    broken down and so here's a water
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    molecule and enzymes along with water
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    will break off one of the fatty acids
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    let's do that again here's another water
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    molecule that breaks off the middle
  • 00:07:45
    fatty acid let's do that one more time
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    here's another water molecule breaks off
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    the third fatty acid so notice the lipid
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    has been broken down into the glycerol
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    which is the part on top and then the
  • 00:08:00
    Three fatty acids which are the three on
  • 00:08:02
    the bottom
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    and so let's talk about a medical
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    condition known as arterial sclerosis so
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    normally here's an artery with red blood
  • 00:08:13
    cells traveling through them
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    and so normally blood will flow freely
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    however Arthur artherosclerosis is a
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    medical condition where there's a
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    buildup of cholesterol and and and
  • 00:08:28
    plaque that builds up in the arteries
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    and you can see it can cause blockages
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    and ultimately this can have some
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    negative side effects like reduced
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    circulation blood clots high blood
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    pressure and this can be attributed to
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    you know a a diet with you know high
  • 00:08:47
    amounts of cholesterol or a high amounts
  • 00:08:50
    of lipids
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    when you get older you might have to you
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    know check your cholesterol levels and
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    so the red level high green level
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    desirable and the picture on the bottom
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    again just sums up arterial sclerosis
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    the top picture shows a normal artery
  • 00:09:06
    wide open so blood can flow freely the
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    bottom picture shows the plaque and how
  • 00:09:12
    the artery is kind of partially closed
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    and so these are a little some of the
  • 00:09:18
    characteristics of lipids here
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    and so here's a little practice quiz for
  • 00:09:25
    you pause the video try to answer these
  • 00:09:27
    questions if you're in my biology class
  • 00:09:28
    I'm happy to check your answers thanks
  • 00:09:30
    for watching
タグ
  • lipids
  • saturated fatty acids
  • unsaturated fatty acids
  • triglycerides
  • glycerol
  • fatty acids
  • cell membranes
  • cholesterol
  • atherosclerosis
  • energy storage