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hello everyone welcome to filo notes
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this is our daily whiteboard where we
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will be discussing relevant topics in
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philosophy every single day and for our
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very first edition I will present the
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definition of philosophy and briefly
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discuss its major branches but
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specifically I will address the question
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what is philosophy now I would like to
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start off with its etymological
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definition so philosophy particularly
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Western philosophy comes from the two
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Greek words
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philia which means love and Sophia which
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means wisdom
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thus etymological is speaking philosophy
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means the love of wisdom as is well
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known love in this context is understood
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as a strong desire for a particular
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objects while wisdom is understood as a
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correct application of knowledge thus
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philosophy as the love of wisdom at
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least in this context could refer to the
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strong desire of the human person to
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possess knowledge and apply it correctly
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so it's not a coincidence therefore that
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most philosophers in the ancient world
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particularly in Greece India and China
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were sages or wise men
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think for example of Socrates Gautama
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Buddha Confucius and loud -
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traditionally however philosophy is
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defined as a science that studies beings
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in their ultimate causes reasons in the
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principles through the aid of human
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reason alone and when we speak of being
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or beings in philosophy in this context
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we mean all things that exist material
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or immaterial an example of beings are
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stones trees persons cars air water and
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the notions of God soul and or spirits
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all of these are beings and philosophy
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studies their ultimate causes reason and
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principles through the aid of human
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reason alone in other words philosophy
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is concerned with a reason and
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principles that account for everything
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that exists the some of the basic
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questions in philosophy are what is the
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origin of the world of everything that
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exists why do this things exist rather
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than not to exist at all and is there
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God
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if so how can we justify the goodness of
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God in the face of evil and what is the
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meaning and purpose of life why do we
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have to suffer and if one is suffering
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from an unbearable pain such as cancer
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is it morally right to resort to
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euthanasia or assisted suicide these are
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just some of the questions that
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philosophy attempted to address and in
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doing so philosophy uses reason as a
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tool which can be expressed in many
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forms such as the ability to reflect
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question articulate one's thoughts and
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analyze certain phenomenon or events in
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short philosophy attempts to understand
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things in a critical and logical manner
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it is important to note however that
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philosophers do not agree in a single
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definition of philosophy in fact
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philosophers differ in their basic
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understanding of philosophy for example
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Karlee Esper's a famous german existence
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of philosopher understands philosophy as
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a discipline in which questions are more
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important than answers because answers
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themselves will in turn becomes
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questions
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after addressing the question what is
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philosophy I will now proceed and
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discuss its major branches so basically
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philosophy is divided into four major
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branches namely metaphysics epistemology
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logic and ethics metaphysics comes from
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the two Greek words meta which means
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beyond or after and physica which means
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physical or in nature hence etymological
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is speaking metaphysics means the study
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of things beyond the physical
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that is concepts or things that cannot
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be experienced such as the concepts of
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God freedom and soul metaphysics is
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commonly understood as the foundation of
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philosophy in fact hours total calls it
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the first philosophy originally the
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Greek word metaphysical which literally
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means after physics actually designated
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that part of our totals works which came
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after those chapters that dealt with
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physics
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however it was misappropriated later by
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the medieval commentators on a classical
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texts as that which is beyond the
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physical this overtime metaphysics has
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been understood as the study of that
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which exists beyond the physical
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now metaphysics is further subdivided
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into two namely general metaphysics and
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special metaphysics general metaphysics
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is also referred to as ontology and
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under special metaphysics we have
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cosmology psychology or anthropology and
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natural theology or a theodicy as
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mentioned earlier general metaphysics is
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also known as ontology ontology is
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derived from the two greek words
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Anto which means being or that which is
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that is everything that exists and logos
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which means knowledge or study
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note however that the term logos in
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ancient Greek scholarship have different
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connotations for example Heraclitus a
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Greek philosopher of the late 16th
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century BCE
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understands logos as reason or the
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underlying principle of all that is but
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going back however ontology therefore is
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the specific branch of philosophy that
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studies beings in their ultimate causes
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reasons and principles through the aid
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of reason alone in other words ontology
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studies the first principles are the
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essence of all things so some of the
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basic questions in ontology
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are what is being and why do thinks
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exist rather than not to exist at all
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and what is the meaning and nature of
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reality also what is the underlying
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principle of all that exists and is
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there nothing although these
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philosophical questions are mentioned in
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this edition please note that our
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concern here is just to describe very
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schematically the four major branches of
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philosophy and if you want to know more
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about the nature and dynamics of
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ontology per se you may check out this
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resource
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[Music]
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on the other hand we have special
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metaphysics which includes cosmology
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psychology or anthropology and natural
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theology or Theo de si and I will also
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briefly discuss each of these
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subcategories cosmology from the ancient
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Greek words
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cosmos which means the world and logos
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which means study is the specific sub
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branch of philosophy that studies the
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world or the universe including its
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origin dynamics and characteristics as
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well as the laws that govern its order
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and some of the basic questions in
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cosmology are what is the origin of the
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world what is the basic material of
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which the world is formed how do things
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arise and in what consists its
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fundamental form or principle of order
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and is the world or universe infinite
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next we have psychology psychology comes
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from the two Greek words psyche which
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means soul but this is loosely
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understood his mind and longus meaning
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study the psychology is the specific sub
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branch of philosophy that studies the
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soul or mind broadly construed though
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psychology is the study of the nature
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and the dynamics of the Union person as
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a whole with emphasis on the way the
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person's mind functions and the way she
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behaves some of the questions in
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psychology are what is the nature of the
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human person is there such thing as
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human nature and what is the meaning and
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purpose of any of life
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and it's their life after death
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now how do we account for the existence
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of sufferings in the world lastly we
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have theodicy or natural theology Theo
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de si is derived from the Greek word
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theose which means God the word theodicy
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was coined by the famous 18th century
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German philosopher named gut freed fell
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home live nets in his 1970 work titled
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geodesy broadly construed theodicy is
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the study of God but specifically the
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Odyssey is concerned with a
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justification of the goodness of God in
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the face of the existence of evil in the
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world some of the basic questions in
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theology are is there God what and who
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is God if he exists at all how do we
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prove the existence of God
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and if God exists how do we justify the
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existence of evil and suffering in the
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world and disability fin God's really
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necessary but then again these are just
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brief descriptions of those
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subcategories of the special metaphysics
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and for a detailed discussion on the
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special metaphysics you may refer to
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this material all right I think I
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already have briefly described the first
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branch of philosophy called metaphysics
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now let's move on to the second branch
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of philosophy that is epistemology
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epistemology comes from the two Greek
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words epistle
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which means knowledge and logos which
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means study as it is formally defined as
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the study of the nature and scope of
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knowledge and justified belief
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specifically it analyzes the nature of
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knowledge and how it relates to similar
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notions such as truth belief in
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justification here are some of the basic
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questions in epistemology what is
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knowledge what do we know
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how is knowledge acquired what are the
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structures and limits of knowledge and
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what makes justified beliefs justified
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for an in-depth discussion of
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epistemology you can also check out this
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resource the third major branch of
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philosophy is logic logic comes from the
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Greek word logos which as I already
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mentioned has different meanings however
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I would stick to the definition that
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logic is the science of correct thinking
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or the study of the principles in
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criteria of valid argument
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more specifically logic attempts to
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distinguish sound or good reasoning from
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unsound and bad reasoning the basic
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questions in logic includes the
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following what distinguishes a good
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argument from a bad one how can we
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detect a fallacy in an argument what are
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the criteria in determining the validity
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of an argument and what are the types of
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logic
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[Music]
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now lastly in the fourth major branch of
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philosophy that is ethics ethics is
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derived from the Greek word ethos which
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means custom or habit broadly construed
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ethics is the morality of human actions
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ethics therefore is concerned with
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questions of how human persons ought to
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act and the search for a definition of a
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right conduct and the good life it is
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important to note that ethics is not the
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same with morality this is because
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ethics denotes the theory of right
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action and the greater good
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while morality indicates practice that
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is the rightness or wrongness of a human
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action and here are some of the common
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questions and ethics what is the right
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conduct as that which causes the
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realization of the greatest good how do
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we determine a right conduct in other
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words what makes a right conduct right
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and what is a good life and can we
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attain it what is the difference between
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human act and actions that are based on
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instinct and what do people think is
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right
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all right that's it for today keep
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looking forward to our series of daily
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whiteboard additions as we try to make
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the learning and understanding of
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philosophy incredibly easy thanks for
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joining us today in this edition of our
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daily whiteboard here at filo notes I
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hope you find this material helpful and
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if you do don't forget to subscribe
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thanks take care
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