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hey everyone welcome back to another
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video here on tryhackme
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today we're going to be taking a look at
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the room what is networking
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begin learning the fundamentals of
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computer networking in this
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bite size and interactive module this is
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a really cool module this is uh
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i believe had some new technology
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introduced into it by our developers
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very excited to go through this and it
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should be a nice one
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let's go ahead and dive into task one
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what is networking
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networks are simply things connected for
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example
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your friendship circle you are all
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connected because of similar interests
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hobbies skills and uh different sorts of
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things
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and this is sort of where the term
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networking comes from if you are doing
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job hunting or other things like that
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as you know someone who knows someone
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things like that
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networks can be found in all walks of
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life a city's public transportation
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system
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the london tube is a great example of
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this because it is a very well and
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interconnected network and it's a very
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big one too infrastructure such
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as the national power grid for
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electricity another very important
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network
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meeting and greeting your neighbors
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again it's not a more of a safety
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network in that case
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the postal system for sending letters
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and parcels and so on and so forth you
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can see networks everywhere in your life
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and they're very very important concepts
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but more specifically in computing
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networking is the same idea
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just dispersed to technological devices
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take your phone as an example the reason
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that you have
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it is to access things because if it
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didn't do anything it'd be kind of like
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an old uh
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i don't know an old palm pilot or an old
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pda
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where you know it's not that much good
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it can it may be a calculator
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disputing the claim that your teacher
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would say that you wouldn't have a
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calculator carried around in your pocket
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all the time
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but you can see the importance of
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networks we'll cover how these devices
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communicate with each other in the rules
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that
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follow in computing a network can be
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formed
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by anywhere from two devices to billions
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so
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it doesn't really matter as long as it's
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more than or two or more
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these devices include everything from
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your laptop and phone
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to security cameras traffic lights and
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even farming
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networks are integrated into our
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everyday life
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be it gathering data for the weather
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delivering electricity to homes
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or even determining who has the right
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way at
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a road right of way rather because
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networks are so embedded in the modern
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day
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networking is an essential concept to
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grasp in cyber security
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take the diagram below as an example
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alice bob
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and jim have formed their note or their
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own network
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we'll come on to this a bit later we'll
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talk about this a little bit later on so
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you can see just a basic network
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networks come in all shapes and sizes
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which is something that will also come
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on to discuss throughout this module
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let's go ahead and dive into the
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question
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what is the key term for devices that
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are
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connected together that is a network
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and there we go we'll go ahead and close
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that
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and let's go ahead and go into task two
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what is the internet
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now that we've learned what a network is
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and how one is defined in computing
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just devices that are connected let's
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explore the internet
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the internet is one gigantic network
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that consists of
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many many small networks within itself
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using our example from the previous task
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let's now imagine that alice made some
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new friends
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named zayn and toby that she wants to
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introduce to bob and jim
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this is starting to sound like an office
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reference the problem is
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that alice is the only person who speaks
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the same language as zayn and toby
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so alice will have to be the messenger
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and you can see that alice is here in
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the middle
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where she's the messenger for these two
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because alice can speak both languages
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they can communicate to one another
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through alice forming a new network the
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first iteration of the internet
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was within the arpanet project in the
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late 1960s
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this project was funded by the united
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states department of defense
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or defense department and was the first
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documented network in action
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however it wasn't until 1909 when the
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internet as we know it was invented by
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tom or tim
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berners-lee by the creation of the world
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wide web or
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otherwise shortened to www it wasn't
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until this
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point that the internet was used as a
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repository for storing and sharing
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information
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like it is today let's relate alice's
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network of friends to computing devices
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the internet looks like a much larger
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version of this diagram
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and you can see this is a very
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abbreviated
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intensely abbreviated version of the
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internet where we have many small
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networks
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that are interconnected with a
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translating device in the form of a
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router
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even though this is not necessarily
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translating it's nat
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and pat don't worry about that right now
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just know that this is just a way that
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we have gateways
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for our private networks to talk to the
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internet
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as previously stated the internet is
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made up of many small networks all
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joined together
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these small networks are called private
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networks so think your home network a
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business network things like that
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where networks connecting these small
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networks are called public networks
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try saying that 10 times fast or the
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internet so to recap
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a network can be one of two types a
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private network
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or a public network devices will use a
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set of labels to identify themselves on
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a network
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which we will come onto in the task
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below so who invented the worldwide
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web that will be tim i'm gonna have to
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grab his name from up here
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because i can't spell it tim berners-lee
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and we can just copy that
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and there we go if i don't leave the
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other part of the answer on there
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all right perfect let's move into task
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three identifying devices on a network
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to communicate and maintain order
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devices must be both identifying and
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identifiable on a network what use
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is it if you don't know whom you're
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talking to at the end of the day
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you know if just yelling into the void
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and the void starts talking back that's
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a little strange
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devices on a network are very similar to
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humans in the fact that we have
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two ways of being identified via our
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name and our fingerprints
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among a couple other things but those
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are good generalizations
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now we have can change our name through
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deed uh
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poll but however uh we can't change our
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fingerprints so
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we can change your name we can't change
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our fingerprints that's the general gist
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of this
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every human has a an identical set or
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individual set of fingerprints which
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means that even if they change their
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name
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there is still an identity behind it the
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general idea behind this
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is that yes you can change the
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what you're called and that's something
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that you know you might have a nickname
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or other things like that
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but you're always going to have some
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permanently identifiable marks
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and computers have the same thing
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devices have the same thing they have an
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ip address which can change
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but they have a what's in theory a
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globally unique
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mac address or a media access control
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address you can see that right there
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think of it it's kind of similar to a
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serial number but these are all
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standardized
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and it's split up in a couple of
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different ways where the first half is
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the manufacturer and the second part is
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the
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unique part i won't go too far into this
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but just know that
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well you can be called different things
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your mac address is
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generally in theory globally unique
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ip addresses briefly an ip address or
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internet protocol address can be used as
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a way of identifying a host on a network
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for a period of time
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where that ip address can then be
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associated with another device
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without the ip address changing first
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let's split up
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precisely what an ip address is in the
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diagram below
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so before we go into this think of this
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as your street address
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other people can live there you probably
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aren't the only person that's lived at
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that address and you might not be
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the only person you know using that
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computer at that address
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uh and this can change hands and it
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might change over time with you know
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people changing the way that the address
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system is set up for streets
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things like that but this is how we know
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how to send
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mail to you and the same thing goes for
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computers an ip address is a set of
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numbers
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that are divided into four octets and
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you can see one here
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one here one here and then one here and
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you can see that these have a range of
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zero to two hundred and fifty-five
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uh this is because they're made up of
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eight binary bits
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if i remember correctly and uh they the
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range for that is zero with all the bits
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being turned off
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and then if you turn the model once or
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everything is on
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your limit is 255. the value of each
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octet
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will summarize to be the ip address of
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the device on the network so all of
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these put together
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the individual octets can mean things
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but generally speaking
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don't worry about that right now this is
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your straight address on the network
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it's
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how your computer knows to talk to
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someone else so this might be your
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router's address on your home network uh
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this actual network itself is pretty
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common
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for home networks so 192.168.1.
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and this last bit would be what changes
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or sometimes this is a zero but these
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first two
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pretty common for home networks and
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that's where you have the first and
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second octet
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or octets that are static i won't go too
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far into that but just know that this
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might be a router address it's very
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common for that
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uh what's important to understand here
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is that the ip addresses can change from
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device to device but they cannot
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be active simultaneously more than once
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so if you have a street address
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your neighbor can't have the same one
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you can swap houses with your neighbor
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and that'd be a little weird
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but you could you will have a different
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address living at that house
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you can't have that collision because
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that causes problems and both of the
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devices will say hold on
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we need to figure something out here ip
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addresses follow a set of standards
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known as
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protocols these protocols are the
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backbone of networking
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and force many devices to communicate in
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the same language
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which is something that we'll come on to
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another time however we should recall
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that devices
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can be on both a private and public
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network depending on where they
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where they are will determine the type
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of ip address they have a public or
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private ip address
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so real quick there was a note in here
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protocols so the reason that we have
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that and the reason that we all use the
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same language
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metaphorically speaking to talk to each
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other over the internet
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is because when the internet first came
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out we had a bunch of different
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protocols and sort of like trying to
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talk
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to a bunch of different people that
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don't speak the same language doesn't
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really work out you can kind of get the
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general gist
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but you know the the communication just
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doesn't happen
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so we established these protocols um and
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they were something that were much more
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uh solidified with the creation of wi-fi
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uh definitely something that if you're
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interested in learning a little bit more
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the wikipedia page has a great summary
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of why this is important
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but generally speaking we have to have
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rules otherwise
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a lot of device manufacturers like
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microsoft and hp ibm you go on name
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whatever one you want
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they'll just make their own and claim
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it's the fastest and the other devices
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won't work with it because they want you
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to buy their device
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so just keep that in mind that is why we
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have protocols
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that force everyone to use the same
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standardized
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communication a public address is used
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to identify the device on the internet
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whereas a private address is used to
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identify a device amongst
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other devices i think of this home
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network
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versus anyone can talk to it on the
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internet generally speaking
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take the table a and screenshot below as
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an example
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here we have two devices on a private
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network and we can see the private
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ranges right here
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there are three private ranges
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predominantly
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uh 192.168 and these last two bits can
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change
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our last two octets rather can change is
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a major one
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uh the 10 zero zero zero
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is another big one and there's another
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one that i can never remember the fall
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of it uh because it has a range
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in the second octet um i recommend
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taking a look at these and we might go
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over them later in the room but just
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know that there are three very distinct
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ranges that the private ip1s can fall
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into and these
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would be public because they don't fall
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into that range and we can see them
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labeled over here on the side
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uh these will be on the same network
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because these are well
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okay in theory they could be on the same
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network they might not necessarily but
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they're very likely to be
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because we have 192 168 1 and then 74
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and then 77.
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these could exist on the same network
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because they don't conflict um and they
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could talk to each other in theory if
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there's not routing rules or other
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restrictions in play uh and here you can
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see
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this would might be a screenshot from a
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router
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that we have these two devices with
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their mac addresses
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don't worry too much about this right
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now just know that this is in theory
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unique
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and these are the private ip addresses
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that
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they have on the network and they were
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assigned via dhcp which just means that
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i have a pool of addresses first come
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first serve and we give them out
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and they're not necessarily like you get
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this one permanently on this network
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that would be a static addressing these
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two devices will be able to use
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their private ip addresses to
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communicate with each other
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however any data sent to the internet
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from either of these
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devices will be identified by the same
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public ip address so your home would
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have a public ip address in this case
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but you'll have your private ip your
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private network sits behind that
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public ip addresses are given by your
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internet service provider or
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isp for short uh at your monthly bill so
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when you buy when you have an internet
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service contract set up
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you'll have a nip address that is
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associated with your home
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uh sometimes this can be associated with
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a couple different homes
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this can get a little weird you can pay
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to have this not change and be static
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but just know that this is something
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that exists on the public internet in
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this case
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as more and more devices become
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connected it is becoming increasingly
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harder to get
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a public address that isn't already in
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use uh for example
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cisco an industry giant in the world of
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networking estimated that there will be
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approximately 50 billion devices
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connected on the internet by the end of
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the
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uh 2021. so the current year in the time
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of this recording
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enter ip address uh or address versions
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so far we've only discussed one version
00:14:09
of the internet protocol
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addressing scheme known as ipv4 ipv4 is
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pretty old it had some limitations that
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we didn't really anticipate
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this many devices to be connected to the
00:14:19
internet uh but we have smart homes and
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other things like that which
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dramatically increases uh the number of
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devices that we're connecting to the
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internet on the whole
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especially if they need public addresses
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and this uses a numbering system
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uh of two raised to the 32nd ip
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addresses so
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4.92 or 29 billion
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so you can see where there's a shortage
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because we have more devices that are
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connected to the public internet
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than we have available for ipv4
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addresses
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ipv6 is a relatively new iteration
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of the internet protocol addressing
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scheme to help tackle this
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issue although it is seemingly more
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daunting it boasts a few benefits
00:15:02
so it supports up to two to the 128th
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power of ip addresses so this is 340
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trillion plus
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uh in theory we should ever run out of
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these we'll see what happens
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uh just because more devices are being
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connected um and it resolves that big
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issue with ipv4 because we were going to
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run out
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now we really can't more efficient due
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to more or new methodologies so there's
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a bunch of new technologies that were
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introduced in this
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don't worry too much about knowing this
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just know that in general ipv6 has a
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bunch of
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cool new shiny features and you can see
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there's a comparison of those two
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addresses so
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with an ipv4 we had these four octets
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and this is a lot longer i won't go too
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much in the detail just
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know that ipv6 exists this is not as
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common to see
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on home networks generally speaking you
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need to know about this just that it
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exists
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and once you get further into
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penetration testing or defense
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knowing that ipv6 is another way that
00:15:58
things can talk to each other
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that's just another thing to be aware of
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so that's all you need to know
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at this point in time just focus on ipv6
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and this is going to be where most
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everybody focuses nowaday
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anyhow let's go ahead and talk about mac
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addresses
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devices on a network will all have a
00:16:16
physical network interface
00:16:18
which is a micro trip board found on the
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device's motherboard this is your
00:16:21
ethernet port
00:16:22
or your wi-fi card whatever this is this
00:16:25
network interface is assigned a unique
00:16:27
address at the factory it was built at
00:16:29
called a mac address a media access
00:16:32
control address
00:16:33
this is referred to as burnt in uh in
00:16:35
quotation marks
00:16:36
uh this is because in theory can't be
00:16:38
changed you can do spoofing and other
00:16:40
things with this
00:16:41
don't worry about that too much right
00:16:42
now just know again this is in theory
00:16:45
globally unique and the odds that you're
00:16:47
gonna have two devices on the same
00:16:49
network that have the same mac
00:16:51
very very very very infinitesimally
00:16:54
small chance
00:16:55
big businesses can run into this every
00:16:56
once in a while but it's pretty rare
00:16:59
the mac address is a 16 character
00:17:01
hexadecimal
00:17:02
number a base 16 numbering system used
00:17:05
in computing
00:17:06
to represent numbers you can see that
00:17:08
this is hex
00:17:09
b16 where it rolls over from nine
00:17:12
and it starts a b c d e and then
00:17:15
f is the last one and you can see that
00:17:18
this is an example
00:17:19
of a mac address here where it is six
00:17:22
groups of two of these the first six
00:17:25
characters represent the company that
00:17:26
made it so right here
00:17:28
that made the networking interface and
00:17:29
the last six is in theory a unique
00:17:32
number
00:17:33
so and you can see that broken apart
00:17:35
down here
00:17:36
however an interesting thing with mac
00:17:39
addresses is that they can be faked or
00:17:41
spoofed as i mentioned before
00:17:43
this spoofing occurs when a network
00:17:44
device pretends to identify
00:17:46
as another by using its mac address when
00:17:49
this happens it can often break
00:17:51
poorly implemented security designs that
00:17:53
assume devices
00:17:54
talking on a network are trustworthy
00:17:56
because they're not
00:17:57
don't worry too much about this this is
00:17:59
more of a situation of just know about
00:18:01
this
00:18:01
it's not something too major and you'll
00:18:04
come across it
00:18:05
later on in your security career take
00:18:08
the following example
00:18:09
a firewall is configured to allow any
00:18:11
communication going to
00:18:12
and from the mac address of the
00:18:14
administrator if the device were to
00:18:16
pretend or
00:18:17
spoof this mac address this firewall
00:18:19
would
00:18:20
now think that it is receiving
00:18:22
communication from the administrator
00:18:23
when it is not so places such as cafes
00:18:27
coffee shops and hotels alike often use
00:18:29
mac address control
00:18:31
when using their guest or public wi-fi
00:18:34
this configuration could offer better
00:18:35
services
00:18:36
i.e a faster connection for a price if
00:18:38
you're willing to pay
00:18:39
the fee per device uh the interactive
00:18:42
lab attached to this task has been made
00:18:43
to replicate this scenario
00:18:45
and let's go ahead and spin that up
00:18:46
right now so in theory you could just
00:18:48
pretend to be someone else
00:18:49
that is something that happens let's go
00:18:52
ahead and scroll back down
00:18:54
to the practical bit
00:18:57
the interactive labs simulate a hotel
00:19:00
wi-fi network
00:19:00
we have to pay for the service you'll
00:19:03
notice that the router is not allowing
00:19:05
bob's traffic bob being right down here
00:19:07
but alice's package green right here are
00:19:09
going through
00:19:10
just fine because she paid for the wi-fi
00:19:12
try changing bob's mac address to the
00:19:14
same as alice's and see what happens
00:19:17
and let's see i think i need to scroll
00:19:18
down and
00:19:22
let's try changing these to be
00:19:25
the same if i can type this all out
00:19:29
let's see if i can just highlight this
00:19:31
copy
00:19:33
oh i can and there we go and now
00:19:35
suddenly we can talk out to the internet
00:19:37
and we got a flag uh don't worry too
00:19:39
much if you can't read that i'm going to
00:19:40
go ahead and paste that here
00:19:44
so thm you got on try hack me so in
00:19:47
theory you could spoof your back address
00:19:48
if you haven't paid for wi-fi like this
00:19:51
just something to know about
00:19:53
again just know the idea that mac
00:19:55
address control exists
00:19:56
and that mac addresses are in theory
00:19:58
globally unique that's really all you
00:20:00
need to get from this
00:20:01
let's go ahead and go into the other
00:20:02
questions what does the term
00:20:05
ip stand for that is going to be
00:20:07
internet
00:20:08
protocol what is
00:20:11
each section of an ip address called
00:20:13
that is going to be an octet
00:20:16
how many sections in digits does an ip
00:20:18
address have
00:20:19
that will be four and let's see what
00:20:22
does the term
00:20:23
mac stand for media
00:20:26
address control i believe
00:20:30
uh it should be access control i'm
00:20:32
guessing
00:20:35
there we go perfect let's go to move
00:20:37
into task
00:20:38
4 ping with icmp let's go and pull this
00:20:41
up so we don't have to watch back it's
00:20:42
fly across
00:20:45
ping is one of the most fundamental
00:20:47
network tools available to us
00:20:49
ping uses icmp internet control message
00:20:52
protocol
00:20:52
packets to determine the performance of
00:20:55
a connection between devices
00:20:57
for example if the connection exists or
00:20:59
is reliable so
00:21:01
this is a way that we can determine
00:21:03
performance
00:21:04
the time taken for icmp packets
00:21:06
traveling between devices
00:21:07
is measured by ping as such as in the
00:21:10
screenshot below we can see the output
00:21:12
of a ping command here
00:21:13
this measuring is done using icmp's echo
00:21:16
packet
00:21:17
and then icmp is echo reply from the
00:21:19
target device and you can see
00:21:21
that we have a ping command with our
00:21:22
target up here and then we have our time
00:21:25
here
00:21:25
and then it looks like we have our
00:21:27
average back here
00:21:29
so the average performance or how much
00:21:31
time it takes us to talk to another
00:21:32
device
00:21:34
pings can be performed against devices
00:21:35
on a network such as your home network
00:21:37
or research
00:21:38
resources such as websites this tool can
00:21:41
be
00:21:42
easily used incomes installed on
00:21:43
operating systems os's
00:21:45
such as linux and windows the syntax to
00:21:48
do
00:21:48
a simple ping is ping and then the ip
00:21:51
address right here
00:21:52
or your website url so ping is the
00:21:53
command and then either the website url
00:21:56
or the ip address and you can see that
00:21:57
demonstrated down here
00:21:59
here we are pinging a device that has
00:22:01
the private address of 192.168.1.254
00:22:06
ping informs us that we have sent six
00:22:09
icmp packets
00:22:10
all of which were received with an
00:22:12
average time of 5.3 seconds
00:22:15
now that now you are going to do the
00:22:17
same thing to paying the ip address
00:22:19
of 888 this is one of google's dns
00:22:22
servers
00:22:23
on the deployable website in this task
00:22:25
paying the correct address will reveal
00:22:27
a flag and answer the following
00:22:30
questions
00:22:31
let's see so let's go ahead and dive
00:22:33
into the questions what protocol does
00:22:35
ping use
00:22:36
icmp if i can type
00:22:39
what is the syntax you paying all tens
00:22:43
that will be 10 or ping 10 10
00:22:46
10 10 and what flag do you get when you
00:22:48
ping
00:22:49
quad eights uh let's see
00:22:52
i guess we just put it up here and then
00:22:56
we'll go and send our ping requests
00:22:58
and we have just a moment to finish its
00:23:01
ping
00:23:02
and then we have our flag i pinged the
00:23:04
server let's go and copy that
00:23:06
and we'll paste it in and let's move
00:23:08
into task five
00:23:10
continue your learning intro to lan
00:23:12
continue your learning by joining the
00:23:14
intro to land room
00:23:16
we'll go and mark that as complete and
00:23:17
otherwise i will see you in the video
00:23:19
for that room
00:23:20
uh but until then as always i have the
00:23:22
try hack me discord
00:23:24
as well as the separate linked in the
00:23:26
video description below if you have any
00:23:27
questions feel free to hop in there
00:23:29
but until next time happy hacking
