Types of Phrases

00:06:56
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbLUN_1YX2k

概要

TLDRThe video provides an overview of various types of phrases in English, including noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, gerund phrases, infinitive phrases, and appositive phrases. Each type is explained with examples, highlighting their structures and functions. The video emphasizes the importance of recognizing these phrases rather than memorizing their functions, and encourages practice to become familiar with them.

収穫

  • 📚 Noun phrases consist of a noun and its modifiers.
  • 🔄 Verb phrases include a main verb and helping verbs.
  • 📍 Prepositional phrases start with a preposition and include an object.
  • 🎭 Participial phrases contain a participle and modifiers.
  • 📝 Gerunds are present participles functioning as nouns.
  • ➡️ Infinitive phrases consist of 'to' plus a verb.
  • 🔄 Appositive phrases rename nouns or pronouns.
  • 🧩 Some phrases are more essential than others in sentences.
  • 🔍 Recognizing phrases is key to understanding grammar.
  • 🛠️ Practice helps in identifying different types of phrases.

タイムライン

  • 00:00:00 - 00:06:56

    The video begins by summarizing various types of phrases in the English language, explicitly excluding absolute phrases due to their complexity. The first phrase discussed is a noun phrase, exemplified by 'My grumpy aunt,' which includes a core noun and its modifiers. Following this are verb phrases containing helping verbs and present participles, along with subsequent noun phrases and prepositional phrases. The video introduces a second sentence that includes a participial phrase, identifying present and past participles and their roles, such as 'finished' and 'straightening.' Readers are also shown how the main parts of the sentence (subject and verb) relate to phrase structure. Additionally, the place of gerunds, which function as nouns, is outlined in the phrase 'Swimming lanes makes me hungry.' The video also covers infinitive phrases, which consist of 'to' plus a verb, and appositive phrases that rename nouns or pronouns. Overall, the session emphasizes the importance of recognizing different types of phrases, with an understanding that some phrases are more essential than others.

マインドマップ

ビデオQ&A

  • What is a noun phrase?

    A noun phrase consists of a noun and its modifiers, such as adjectives or pronouns.

  • What is a verb phrase?

    A verb phrase includes a main verb and any helping verbs.

  • What is a participial phrase?

    A participial phrase contains a participle (present or past) and any modifiers.

  • What is a gerund?

    A gerund is a present participle that functions as a noun.

  • What is an infinitive phrase?

    An infinitive phrase consists of 'to' plus a verb, and can include modifiers.

  • What is an appositive phrase?

    An appositive phrase renames a noun or pronoun and usually follows it.

  • What is a prepositional phrase?

    A prepositional phrase includes a preposition and its object, which can be a noun or pronoun.

  • Are all phrases equally important in a sentence?

    No, some phrases are more essential than others and can be set apart with brackets.

  • How can I practice identifying phrases?

    You can do exercises that focus on recognizing different types of phrases.

  • Why are some phrases more common than others?

    Certain phrases are used more frequently in everyday language.

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  • 00:00:00
    In this video I'd like to review all the
  • 00:00:02
    different kinds of phrases that we have
  • 00:00:05
    in the English language. The only one
  • 00:00:07
    we're not going to talk about is the
  • 00:00:08
    absolute phrase, because it's really
  • 00:00:10
    tricky, and in any case it's fairly rare,
  • 00:00:12
    so we'll cover that in a different video.
  • 00:00:14
    The first sentence contains some fairly
  • 00:00:17
    common kinds of phrases. We start with
  • 00:00:19
    "My grumpy aunt," and we call this a noun
  • 00:00:23
    phrase...
  • 00:00:26
    What makes it a noun phrase is [that] at the
  • 00:00:28
    core we have this noun here, "aunt," and then
  • 00:00:32
    the noun has a bunch of modifiers -- so "my"
  • 00:00:35
    and "grumpy" are essentially adjectives
  • 00:00:37
    that are modifying "aunt," although "my"
  • 00:00:40
    can also be considered a pronoun. So we
  • 00:00:43
    start with a noun phrase, and then the
  • 00:00:45
    next phrase here is going to be a verb
  • 00:00:48
    phrase, so we have a verb phrase next.
  • 00:00:51
    There's our verb phrase, and the verb
  • 00:00:55
    phrase includes a bunch of helping verbs
  • 00:00:58
    here and a present participle. So all of
  • 00:01:00
    this together is going to be our verb
  • 00:01:02
    phrase. The present participle we'll get
  • 00:01:05
    to in a moment because it can also be
  • 00:01:07
    considered its own phrase in some ways
  • 00:01:09
    so we'll talk about that in a second
  • 00:01:11
    here. Alright, then after the verb phrase
  • 00:01:15
    we have another noun phrase. Again,
  • 00:01:18
    we have a noun with a bunch of modifiers,
  • 00:01:20
    so we have the article "a, "we have "ugly" --
  • 00:01:24
    another adjective -- and "really" here is an
  • 00:01:27
    adverb that just modifies "ugly." So ugly
  • 00:01:30
    to what extent? Really ugly! And all of
  • 00:01:33
    this together then is another noun
  • 00:01:35
    phrase. We end the sentence with a
  • 00:01:38
    prepositional phrase. This is a
  • 00:01:40
    prepositional phrase, and all you need
  • 00:01:44
    for a prepositional phrase is ... a
  • 00:01:45
    preposition and then an object of the
  • 00:01:48
    preposition, which is going to be a noun
  • 00:01:50
    or pronoun along with its modifiers. Well,
  • 00:01:55
    then we get to our second sentence here:
  • 00:01:56
    "Finally finished straightening all the
  • 00:01:58
    pictures, Catherine trembled at the
  • 00:02:00
    thought of an earthquake." Here we're
  • 00:02:03
    going to start with what's called a
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    participial phrase, so a participial
  • 00:02:08
    phrase, and there are two kinds of
  • 00:02:11
    participles
  • 00:02:13
    to watch out for. There are present
  • 00:02:15
    participles, and they're easy to spot
  • 00:02:18
    because they always end in -ing and then
  • 00:02:22
    we also have past participles, and they're
  • 00:02:25
    a specific part of the verb. If you
  • 00:02:28
    say for instance, "I see, I saw, I have seen"
  • 00:02:33
    then "seen" would be the past participle.
  • 00:02:36
    In this case the past participle is
  • 00:02:38
    "finished" and we have a little adverb
  • 00:02:41
    here as well in "finally." That's just
  • 00:02:43
    telling us a little bit about when we
  • 00:02:46
    finished. Adverbs then can also modify
  • 00:02:50
    participles. That's our first participial
  • 00:02:53
    phrase, then we have another one here, and
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    it starts with a present participle, and
  • 00:02:57
    notice that telltale -ing ending. So
  • 00:03:00
    "straightening" is a present participle,
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    and we can also consider this a
  • 00:03:05
    participial phrase. After that we get to
  • 00:03:09
    a couple of main parts of the sentence,
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    so we have a subject in "Catherine," and we
  • 00:03:15
    have a verb in "trembled." We could
  • 00:03:17
    consider this a verb phrase if we wanted
  • 00:03:19
    to, but most of the time I would say if
  • 00:03:22
    you don't have more words (if you don't
  • 00:03:25
    have helping verbs and so on) then we can
  • 00:03:27
    just talk about it as a regular verb. We
  • 00:03:30
    end the sentence with a couple of
  • 00:03:31
    prepositional phrases, so we have "at the
  • 00:03:34
    thought" and we have "of an earthquake."
  • 00:03:36
    Each of these starts with a
  • 00:03:38
    preposition, and each one ends with, in
  • 00:03:41
    this case, a noun that's the object of
  • 00:03:43
    the preposition. As you can see, some of
  • 00:03:47
    these phrases are more essential than
  • 00:03:48
    others and often phrases can be put in
  • 00:03:51
    between brackets that show that they're
  • 00:03:53
    not really part of the core of the
  • 00:03:55
    sentence. Then we get to the next
  • 00:03:58
    sentence here: "Swimming lanes makes me
  • 00:04:00
    hungry." And this one also starts with a
  • 00:04:02
    present participle. But here's the deal:
  • 00:04:05
    if you use the present participle as a
  • 00:04:08
    noun (so if it functions like a noun) then
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    we call it a gerund. And a
  • 00:04:19
    gerund phrase is basically the whole
  • 00:04:22
    phrase that includes that present
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    participle acting
  • 00:04:26
    like a noun. Often the gerund can be the
  • 00:04:28
    subject, it can be the direct object, so
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    that phrase has a bunch of different
  • 00:04:33
    roles it can play in the sentence. And
  • 00:04:35
    you can see that the rest of the
  • 00:04:37
    sentence is fairly straightforward here,
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    so we have a verb, we have a direct
  • 00:04:43
    object, and so on. Okay, let's move on to
  • 00:04:46
    the fourth one, and in this case we have
  • 00:04:49
    a couple of infinitives. If you recall,
  • 00:04:52
    an infinitive is a version of the verb
  • 00:04:57
    where we have "to" plus the verb.
  • 00:05:01
    And you can say "to love," "to
  • 00:05:04
    shoot," "to run," and so on. So we can call
  • 00:05:08
    this an infinitive phrase if we like. We
  • 00:05:12
    can also add extra modifiers, of course,
  • 00:05:14
    so you could say "to love greatly (for
  • 00:05:17
    instance) is to hurt much." Let's just add
  • 00:05:21
    a little bit of extra stuff here ...
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    and then we have two phrases that are
  • 00:05:26
    both infinitive phrases. They have
  • 00:05:30
    different functions in this sentence. We
  • 00:05:32
    have this linking verb that connects
  • 00:05:33
    them, so we have a subject in "to love" and
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    then "to hurt" is acting like a noun here.
  • 00:05:39
    It's the subject complement that
  • 00:05:42
    describes the subject over here. Alright,
  • 00:05:45
    you don't have to remember always
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    what these phrases do. It's more a case of
  • 00:05:49
    just being able to recognize the
  • 00:05:51
    different kinds of phrases. We're going
  • 00:05:54
    to cover one more phrase here finally,
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    and this is called an appositive phrase,
  • 00:06:00
    which sounds really fancy but it's not
  • 00:06:03
    too difficult. An appositive is a phrase
  • 00:06:06
    that comes after a noun or pronoun. So
  • 00:06:09
    there's our noun or sometimes a pronoun
  • 00:06:11
    as well, and then we use this phrase to
  • 00:06:16
    rename the previous noun or pronoun. Most
  • 00:06:20
    of the time when we have an appositive we use a
  • 00:06:23
    noun phrase to do this. So this is a noun
  • 00:06:25
    phrase here ("the class clown"), but
  • 00:06:28
    it's acting like an appositive, just to give a
  • 00:06:30
    bit more information about our previous
  • 00:06:32
    noun. You can also use other kinds of
  • 00:06:35
    phrases as well instead of a noun phrase,
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    but
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    we're just going to stick with this for
  • 00:06:40
    now because it's the most common. That's
  • 00:06:43
    it then for phrases. Quite a few to kind
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    of take stock of, but over time if you do
  • 00:06:49
    some exercises I think you'll get the
  • 00:06:51
    hang of it. And in any case some of these
  • 00:06:53
    are much more common than others.
タグ
  • phrases
  • noun phrase
  • verb phrase
  • prepositional phrase
  • participial phrase
  • gerund
  • infinitive phrase
  • appositive phrase
  • English language
  • grammar