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hello everybody welcome back to another
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episode of mega projects this one oh my
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well how do you pronounce an o with a
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slash through it
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help me out pronunciation wizard
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harrison erisen
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arisen i'm sorry
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trying my best
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or some bridge that's what this video is
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about let's jump in
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[Music]
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this mega project may have the word
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bridge in its name but it's really much
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more than that tirison bridge which
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connects denmark and sweden is now one
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of those iconic structures known around
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the world that has begun to define the
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early 21st century hotbridge part island
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part tunnel this is a true marvel of
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modern engineering the danish call it
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orison bruin the swedish call it orison
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why languages why but let's just call it
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the bridge alright now if you happen to
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watch the worldly popular detective
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drama with the same name about a murder
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committed halfway across it you probably
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know all about it i haven't seen that
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show if i did i probably know how to
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pronounce it wouldn't i
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let's see if it's on netflix tonight the
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orison bridge is the longest combined
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road and rail bridge in europe and it
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stretches nearly 16 kilometers that's 10
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miles connecting the greater copenhagen
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and malmo areas but as i said this is
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much more than just a bridge if you're
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coming across from sweden about halfway
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across the orison sound the stretch of
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water between the two countries the
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bridge dives down into an artificial
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island and disappears into a tunnel only
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to reappear four kilometers 2.5 miles
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later next to copenhagen airport so why
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why such an intricate combination of
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bridge ireland and tunnel well keep
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watching and you're gonna find out
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that'll be good for my watch time
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[Music]
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let's just say from the outset here
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there are few pieces of engineering
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around the world quite as spectacular as
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the earthen bridge it's not the tallest
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it's not the longest and it's probably
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not even the most visually striking but
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traveling across it you can't help
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getting a sense that you're passing
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through the pinnacle of modern
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engineering building something like this
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would have been unimaginable 50 years
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ago but the idea of connecting denmark
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and sweden goes back to the second half
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of the 19th century the giant leap
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forward taken during the industrial
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revolution showed that in theory a
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bridge connecting the two countries
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across the oregon sound was at least
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possible though cost and obscure
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economic benefits were huge stumbling
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blocks instead the two countries focused
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their efforts on the tried and tested
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sea transportation as it remained
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significantly easier and cheaper in 1865
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swedish engineer clase adelskold
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submitted a proposal to the king of
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sweden carl xv carl look at you you
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legend with an easy-to-pronounce name to
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build a railway tunnel beneath the
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orison sound but this was turned down in
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1889 an underwater railroad tunnel
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between elsinore and helsingborg was
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also rejected both again due to
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exorbitant costs and kind of just lack
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of need for it this began to change at
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the dawn of the 20th century the new
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form of transportation arrived and would
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go on to revolutionize how we travel the
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automobile gave people a level of
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freedom that had been unheard of until
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that point and suddenly the idea of a
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bridge across the sound became a whole
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lot more enticing during the 1930s there
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were serious discussions surrounding the
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project involving some of the leading
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nordic engineers at the time but as you
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probably know the 1930s in europe
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started to go downhill fairly rapidly
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and both governments made the quite
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sensible decision that with the build-up
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of arms throughout europe it probably
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wasn't the best time to begin a giant
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construction project discussions picked
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up again in the 1950s and rumbled on for
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the next few decades but vehement
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opposition from farmers
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environmentalists and eventually both
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governments appeared to torpedo the
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proposal once and for all by the early
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1990s things had changed the collapse of
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the ussr offered a glimpse of a tighter
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global connectivity and there was also
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the fact that both denmark and sweden
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were in the midst of serious financial
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crises so what better way to boost the
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economy and encourage trade than
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building one of the world's greatest
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engineering projects right on your
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doorstep in 1991 both the danish and
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swedish governments issued a bilateral
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agreement on the building of the orrison
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bridge and 126 years after the first
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proposal was submitted the project
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finally got its green light
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but there was of course a long way still
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to go several factors meant that simply
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building a massive suspension bridge
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across the orison sound was out of the
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question its proximity to copenhagen
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airport meant that tall man-made objects
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were seen as far too risky after all the
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last thing you want after building such
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a superb structure is for a plane to
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smash into it in thick fog but the
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bridge also couldn't be too low as the
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sound sees heavy boat traffic the second
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issue was how to combine a road and rail
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connection your traditional cable
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suspension bridge often looks wonderful
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but it's normally far too shaky for
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trains that rather annoyingly prefer a
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nice flat vibration-free surface stupid
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annoying trains whatever design would be
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used it would have to stretch the
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boundaries of modern engineering a
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design contest was initiated both as a
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way of garnering a wide selection of
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ideas but also to gain plenty of
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publicity the final design was composed
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of work drawn from jorg and nielsen and
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klaus falbel hansen and ober arab and
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partners and niels gimsing and george
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rodner and it was ambitious to say the
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least the design called for a bridge
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measuring eight kilometers five miles
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that would travel from the swedish coast
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at the small island roughly in the
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middle of the sound oh we should add
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here that there weren't actually any
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suitable islands in that particular
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stretch of water so an artificial island
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would have to be created on this newly
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formed island the road and rail line
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would then disappear into a black hole
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and travel four kilometers that's two
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and a half miles through the dragdon
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tunnel before re-emerging on the danish
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side of the sound
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[Music]
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the most visually impressive section of
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the orison bridge must be the bridge
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itself to be fair that's probably
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because you can't actually see the rest
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of it as i mentioned earlier in the
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video a transitional suspension bridge
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would have been unsuitable for train
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travel so designers went with a
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cable-stayed design which can transfer
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the massive weight through multiple
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cables back to the main towers the
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bridge consists of four main support
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towers each 204 meters that's 669 feet
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high equivalent to a 60 story building
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and has 160 separate cables its towers
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are completely unconnected from one
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another a design feature chosen so that
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in the worst case scenario that a plane
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was to hit one of them the bridge would
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in theory remain standing a four-lane
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road passes along a horizontal girder
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that runs the length of the bridge with
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two railway tracks running beneath the
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road the height of the bridge leaves 57
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meters that's 187 feet of headroom for
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shipping to pass under the main span the
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four support towers are connected to
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giant foundations that were first
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constructed on land each foundation
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measured 1 500 square meters weighed 18
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000 tons and reached 22 meters in height
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and they were all lowered into trenches
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dug into the sound 17 meters deep once
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the foundations were in place
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construction could begin to slowly raise
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each of the four towers when they
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reached 44 meters the cross beam was
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added and at 80 meters a steel box for
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the cables was also installed with
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additional boxes every 12 meters the
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horizontal girders where the road and
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railway lines run were then added with
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each section measuring 140 meters in
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length 23 meters wide and weighing 5.5
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million tons each again these were first
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constructed on land then installed
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during a painstakingly slow process
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where they were gradually winched up
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from a truly heavy weightlifting barge
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in total the bridge weighs 82 000 tons
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which for a comparison is about eight
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eiffel towers
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in august 1995 dredging work began in
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the orrison sound that would eventually
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create the artificial island of perbahol
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the island was formed almost exclusively
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of dredged seafloor material which is
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great to simply want to build a landmass
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that could accommodate people in small
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structures but made drilling a tunnel
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through it absolutely impossible and
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we'll get into a bit more detail on that
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in the next section now the first step
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was to build a perimeter that the island
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would eventually fill and to do this 1.8
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million tons of large quarried stones
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were brought in from sweden this
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perimeter was carefully set using gps
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and measured 12 kilometers in length
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when completed then came the mammoth job
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of actually dredging enough seafloor
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material to create the island this was
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done with some absolutely colossal
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pieces of machinery most notably the
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largest dip dredger in the world the
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chicago with a shovel capable of digging
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up 22 cubic meters of seabed in a single
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scoop that's about 776 cubic feet by the
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way the material was then transferred
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onto floating barges and moved to the
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island area where smaller diggers piled
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the seabed up in order to create the
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island pebble home is four kilometers
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long with an average width of 500 meters
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and a height of 20 meters and this being
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built by the rather thoughtful
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scandinavians the entire island has been
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designated as a nature reserve seen very
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much as a natural experiment the island
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has thrived since its creation and is
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now home to over 500 separate plant
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species to add a little spice or sting
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rather
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in 2005 environmental researchers
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discovered the venomous hobo spider on
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the island a creature only found in
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certain spots of denmark it's believed
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to have traveled there by train which
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seems rather appropriate considering its
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name
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hobo
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[Music]
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as i just mentioned the fact that pear
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beholm was built entirely with seafloor
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material meant that engineers needed to
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find another way of inserting four
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kilometers worth of tunnel under the
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orison sound the word inserting might
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sound a little strange when talking
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about a tunnel but essentially that's
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exactly what happened with tunneling out
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of the question the drogdon tunnel was
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actually formed of multiple concrete
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tunnel segments built at a danish
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facility that were then placed inside a
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tunnel trench that had been dredged from
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the danish coast to the island of pebble
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holm in the middle of the sound this
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trench was 11 meters deep 46 meters wide
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and had a total of 2 million cubic
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meters of seabed excavated from it to
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kill two birds with one stone or several
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billion stones if you really want to be
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finicky the material removed from the
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trench also made up part of paper home
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and was transferred there via
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purpose-built pipelines the 20 segments
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were outrageously big each measuring 175
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meters long 38 meters wide and 8.5
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meters high they included five tunnel
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sections two for cars two for rail
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transportation and one for emergency use
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each piece weighed a massive 55 000 tons
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that's four times the weight of the
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brooklyn bridge in case you're
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interested and also included forty
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thousand tons of reinforced steel bars
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which acted as the frame which was then
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filled with concrete all 20 segments
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used a combined 7.5 trillion liters
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worth of concrete as 1.9 trillion
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gallons which is enough to build a
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pavement round the entire earth
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twice the segments were all sealed shut
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which allowed them to be floated out
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into the sounds i know this sounds
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unbelievable but it did really happen
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they were then lowered into the trench
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with the entire stretch then backfilled
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to create a tunnel that hadn't actually
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been tunneled if i'm making any sense
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here i think i am and perhaps
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unsurprisingly considering the
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complexities it was while building the
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tunnel that the project faced its most
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dramatic moments an eagle-eyed worker on
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one of the barges suddenly noticed
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something metallic in a pile of rock
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that had been brought up from the sea
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floor taking a closer look he was
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horrified by what he saw the chicago had
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dredged up an unexploded bomb from world
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war ii and had dumped it unknowingly on
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the barge miraculously it hadn't gone
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off and the site was quickly evacuated
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the danish navy was called in to defuse
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the bomb and
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everyone breathed a sigh of relief but
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things weren't over another bomb was
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soon discovered and the decision was
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taken that no area could be dredged
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until it had been swept for bombs first
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astonishingly a total of 16 allied bombs
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from the second world war were
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discovered during the construction of
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orison bridge but fortunately all of
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them were defused safely
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[Music]
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the orison bridge took nine years to
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build and despite finding far too many
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unexploded bombs for comfort it was
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finished three months ahead of schedule
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rare on megaprojects it officially
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opened to the public during several open
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days between the 9th and 12th of june in
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the year 2000 and was inaugurated with
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plenty of gusto on the 1st of july of
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that same year it cost a total of 30.1
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billion danish crooner about 4.5 billion
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at the time which equates to roughly 6.9
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billion dollars today broadly speaking
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the orrison bridge has been a great
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success and in its busiest year in 2017
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on average just over 20 000 cars passed
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over the bridge every day and roughly 14
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000 rail commuters passed across the
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orison sound since its opening nearly
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250 million people have crossed the
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orison bridge either by car or rail it
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is however not cheap to drive on the
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toll cost for a single trip currently is
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50
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though there are considerable discounts
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for frequent users with this kind of
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pricing it's not surprising that the
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bridge will have effectively paid for
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itself by the year 2030. this is a
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wonderful bit of engineering which broke
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countless records for size and distance
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it was a project that faced serious
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hurdles because of its location but one
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which engineers and designers were able
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to safely navigate around as i said
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right at the start of today's video this
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is one mega project that really gives
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you a sense of grand achievement and
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where humans have pushed the boundaries
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of what's possible and as we've seen
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this is a bridge that's so much more
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than just a bridge so i really hope you
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enjoyed this video if you did please
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don't forget to check out side projects
00:13:39
it's the sister channel of this channel
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mega projects where we cover things on a
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smaller scale that are no less
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interesting find a link to it below and
00:13:47
thank you for watching
00:13:48
[Music]
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[Music]
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