Racismo: Uma História - Episódio 02 Impactos Fatais(Legendado)

00:59:14
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jD-qQqGm8ww

概要

TLDRO vídeo revela os horrores do imperialismo, destacando como as ideologias raciais do século XIX justificaram massacres e genocídios, incluindo os primeiros campos de morte na Namíbia. Ele traça a evolução do racismo científico, desde a escravidão até a eugenia, culminando nas atrocidades nazistas. A narrativa enfatiza a destruição de culturas indígenas, a desumanização de povos colonizados e a continuidade da violência racial na história europeia, sugerindo que o Holocausto é parte de um continuum histórico de violência racial.

収穫

  • 🪦 O vídeo revela os horrores do imperialismo.
  • 📜 Ideologias raciais justificaram massacres e genocídios.
  • 🇳🇦 A Namíbia teve os primeiros campos de morte da história.
  • 📚 O racismo científico influenciou a política colonial.
  • 🌍 A destruição de culturas indígenas foi generalizada.
  • 🍽️ A fome na Índia resultou em milhões de mortes sob domínio britânico.
  • 🧬 A eugenia promoveu a esterilização forçada de grupos 'não aptos'.
  • 🕊️ O Holocausto é uma extensão das ideologias raciais do imperialismo.
  • 🗣️ A história do imperialismo é frequentemente esquecida.
  • 🔍 A memória dos horrores do passado deve ser preservada.

タイムライン

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    As areias do deserto da Namíbia revelam os restos de vítimas do primeiro campo de morte do mundo, onde milhares de africanos foram exterminados pelo exército alemão, muito antes do regime nazista. Este local é um lembrete sombrio de massacres e genocídios que ocorreram durante a era do imperialismo, um aspecto da história colonial que a Europa prefere esquecer.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    No século XIX, cientistas e filósofos europeus criaram teorias que justificavam as matanças em nome do império, que inspiraram horrores que consumiriam a Europa no século XX. O século começou com otimismo, com a Grã-Bretanha abolindo a escravidão, mas a visão de que os africanos eram inferiores persistiu, levando a uma nova forma de imperialismo.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Os abolicionistas acreditavam que poderiam elevar os povos negros e marrons ao nível dos ingleses brancos, mas essa missão resultou na destruição de culturas indígenas e religiões. A visão de civilização foi gradualmente substituída por uma ideologia que defendia a extermínio das chamadas 'raças escuras'.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    A colonização da Tasmânia pelos britânicos resultou em um genocídio dos povos aborígenes, que foram considerados 'savagens' e tratados como animais. A guerra negra entre colonos e aborígenes levou a massacres, sequestros e uma luta desesperada pela sobrevivência, resultando na quase extinção dos aborígenes.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    O governador da Tasmânia, George Arthur, tentou salvar os aborígenes da violência, mas suas tentativas falharam. Ele recorreu a um missionário para capturar os aborígenes restantes, prometendo proteção e integração, mas isso resultou em mais sofrimento e morte.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    Os aborígenes foram levados para a Ilha Flinders, onde foram forçados a adotar um modo de vida europeu. A vida na ilha levou a um declínio populacional devastador, com doenças e traumas resultantes da perda de suas culturas e comunidades.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    O que aconteceu na Tasmânia não foi um evento isolado; povos indígenas em todo o mundo enfrentaram a extinção. A opressão e o genocídio se espalharam pela África do Sul, América do Norte e América do Sul, enquanto a velha racismo ressurgiu após a abolição da escravidão.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    Os proprietários de plantações culpavam os ex-escravizados pela ruína de suas terras, perpetuando estereótipos raciais. A ideia de que os africanos eram 'preguiçosos' e 'savagens' começou a ganhar força, desafiando a visão humanitária que havia prevalecido até então.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    O racismo científico emergiu, com cientistas medindo crânios para justificar a superioridade racial. A teoria da evolução de Darwin foi distorcida para legitimar a dominação das 'raças superiores' sobre as 'inferiores', levando a uma aceitação da violência imperialista como um processo natural.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:50:00

    Na Namíbia, a revolta dos hereros contra o domínio alemão resultou em massacres e a criação de campos de concentração, onde milhares foram mortos. O genocídio na Namíbia prefigurou os horrores do século XX, com a burocratização da morte se tornando uma característica marcante.

  • 00:50:00 - 00:59:14

    O legado do genocídio na Namíbia e outros eventos históricos foi apagado da memória coletiva europeia, mas a verdade sobre esses crimes continua a emergir, desafiando a narrativa de que a violência nazista foi uma aberração na história europeia.

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ビデオQ&A

  • Qual é o tema principal do vídeo?

    O vídeo aborda os horrores do imperialismo e como as ideologias raciais justificaram genocídios.

  • O que aconteceu na Namíbia no início do século XX?

    Na Namíbia, os alemães estabeleceram campos de concentração onde os povos herero e nama foram exterminados.

  • Como o racismo científico influenciou a história?

    O racismo científico ajudou a justificar políticas genocidas e a desumanização de povos colonizados.

  • Qual foi o impacto das ideias de Darwin no racismo?

    As teorias de Darwin foram usadas para justificar a superioridade racial e a dominação imperial.

  • O que ocorreu durante a fome na Índia sob o domínio britânico?

    Milhões de indianos morreram de fome devido a políticas britânicas que priorizavam a exportação de alimentos.

  • Como a eugenia se desenvolveu no século XX?

    A eugenia se tornou uma ciência respeitada, promovendo a esterilização forçada de grupos considerados 'não aptos'.

  • Qual é a relação entre o imperialismo e o Holocausto?

    O Holocausto pode ser visto como uma extensão lógica das ideologias raciais que surgiram durante o imperialismo.

  • O que aconteceu com os aborígenes da Tasmânia?

    Os aborígenes da Tasmânia foram quase exterminados devido à colonização britânica.

  • Como a história do imperialismo é lembrada hoje?

    Muitos dos horrores do imperialismo foram esquecidos ou minimizados na narrativa histórica europeia.

  • Qual é a mensagem final do vídeo?

    A história do imperialismo e suas atrocidades não deve ser esquecida, pois continua a influenciar a sociedade atual.

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  • 00:00:05
    from deep within the dunes of africa's
  • 00:00:07
    namib desert
  • 00:00:09
    a terrible secret is beginning to emerge
  • 00:00:15
    these are the remains of victims of the
  • 00:00:17
    world's first death camp
  • 00:00:20
    a place where thousands of africans were
  • 00:00:22
    exterminated by the german army 30 years
  • 00:00:25
    before the nazis came to power
  • 00:00:30
    these remains have lain here forgotten
  • 00:00:33
    for over a hundred years
  • 00:00:35
    but this terrible place is not unique
  • 00:00:41
    scattered across the world are the sites
  • 00:00:43
    of the massacres and genocides of
  • 00:00:45
    imperialism
  • 00:00:47
    [Music]
  • 00:00:48
    where millions died in an aspect of
  • 00:00:50
    colonial history that europe often
  • 00:00:52
    chooses to forget
  • 00:00:56
    these people were victims of the truth
  • 00:00:58
    that lies behind the myth of the white
  • 00:01:01
    man's burden
  • 00:01:04
    throughout the 19th century european
  • 00:01:07
    scientists writers and philosophers
  • 00:01:10
    developed ideas to justify the mass
  • 00:01:12
    killings of the age of empire
  • 00:01:16
    these same theories went on to inspire
  • 00:01:19
    some of the horrors and the savagery
  • 00:01:21
    that would consume europe in the 20th
  • 00:01:23
    century
  • 00:01:46
    the 19th century was to end with the
  • 00:01:48
    worst crimes of empire
  • 00:01:50
    but it began with a great moment of
  • 00:01:52
    optimism
  • 00:01:55
    in the 1830s in the great plantations of
  • 00:01:58
    the caribbean
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    britain prepared to become the first
  • 00:02:02
    nation to end slavery
  • 00:02:06
    three-quarters of a million slaves
  • 00:02:08
    across the caribbean were about to be
  • 00:02:10
    freed
  • 00:02:12
    and as britain vast in her sense of
  • 00:02:14
    national benevolence
  • 00:02:15
    it was presumed that the grateful slaves
  • 00:02:18
    would transform themselves into a
  • 00:02:20
    hard-working and christian peasantry
  • 00:02:28
    [Music]
  • 00:02:33
    [Music]
  • 00:02:44
    the battle against slavery had been led
  • 00:02:47
    from the pulpit by an alliance of
  • 00:02:49
    christian abolitionists and missionaries
  • 00:02:52
    they had fought the campaign from their
  • 00:02:54
    churches and meeting halls
  • 00:03:01
    in the 1830s it was their views that
  • 00:03:05
    dominated the national debate on race
  • 00:03:11
    when slavery was finally abolished
  • 00:03:14
    there would have been an enormous sense
  • 00:03:16
    of elation and achievement on the part
  • 00:03:18
    of the abolitionist don't forget this
  • 00:03:19
    was a 50-year campaign from 1787 onwards
  • 00:03:23
    involving hundreds of thousands of
  • 00:03:25
    ordinary british people petitions etc
  • 00:03:27
    so that when slavery was abolished the
  • 00:03:29
    abolitionists had won a
  • 00:03:32
    i think they also felt that that
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    question
  • 00:03:34
    am i not a man and a brother
  • 00:03:36
    was answered
  • 00:03:41
    the abolitionist response to that great
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    question
  • 00:03:44
    was that although men and brothers
  • 00:03:47
    black people were lesser men and lesser
  • 00:03:50
    brothers
  • 00:03:52
    i think in that moment the dominant
  • 00:03:55
    perspective is of a hierarchical
  • 00:03:59
    racial order
  • 00:04:00
    but one in which it's a question of
  • 00:04:02
    culture and civilization they certainly
  • 00:04:05
    do not think
  • 00:04:07
    that black people are equal to them at
  • 00:04:09
    this time they think maybe at some time
  • 00:04:12
    in the future they will be equal
  • 00:04:15
    the mission to raise up the black and
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    brown peoples of the world to the
  • 00:04:19
    supposedly superior level of white
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    englishmen was not to be confined to the
  • 00:04:23
    former slaves
  • 00:04:25
    this was to be the great task that would
  • 00:04:27
    justify the expansion of the british
  • 00:04:30
    empire
  • 00:04:31
    the abolitionists satisfied one aspect
  • 00:04:34
    of their tutelage and governance of
  • 00:04:37
    black people
  • 00:04:38
    in that they
  • 00:04:39
    fought and won for the freedom of black
  • 00:04:41
    people
  • 00:04:42
    the next step was to send your
  • 00:04:44
    stormtroopers your missionaries into
  • 00:04:47
    africa and the caribbean to finish off
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    the job as it were you know these are
  • 00:04:51
    heathens who have to be brought in into
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    the fold of christianity
  • 00:04:55
    that notion of giving civilized values
  • 00:04:58
    and modes of behavior to other peoples
  • 00:05:01
    that's the ideology that underpin the
  • 00:05:02
    empire
  • 00:05:05
    in the empire that the missionaries and
  • 00:05:07
    abolitionists set out to create
  • 00:05:10
    indigenous peoples would see their
  • 00:05:11
    cultures destroyed
  • 00:05:13
    and their religions eradicated
  • 00:05:16
    and yet all this seems almost benign
  • 00:05:18
    when compared with the grim reality of
  • 00:05:21
    what imperialism became
  • 00:05:23
    because during the 19th century
  • 00:05:25
    their dream was gradually overwhelmed by
  • 00:05:28
    another vision
  • 00:05:29
    one that claimed that the dark races
  • 00:05:32
    could not be civilized
  • 00:05:33
    and should instead be exterminated
  • 00:05:41
    the event that began the slow collapse
  • 00:05:44
    of the missionaries vision
  • 00:05:45
    took place in a then little known
  • 00:05:47
    outpost of britain's vast and expanding
  • 00:05:50
    empire
  • 00:05:54
    this is tasmania on the southern coast
  • 00:05:56
    of australia
  • 00:05:58
    what the british did on this small
  • 00:06:00
    island was to resonate down through the
  • 00:06:03
    victorian age
  • 00:06:11
    when the british started to settle in
  • 00:06:13
    tasmania in 1803
  • 00:06:15
    they encountered the ancient aboriginal
  • 00:06:17
    peoples of the island
  • 00:06:19
    only five thousand strong they had lived
  • 00:06:22
    in complete isolation for ten thousand
  • 00:06:24
    years
  • 00:06:25
    on the very edge of the habitable world
  • 00:06:31
    the settlers saw these people through
  • 00:06:33
    ideas brought with them from europe
  • 00:06:36
    quite early you get expressions of
  • 00:06:38
    disgust
  • 00:06:40
    and shock
  • 00:06:41
    about the way the tasmanians lived
  • 00:06:45
    to the europeans it appeared that the
  • 00:06:47
    tasmanians
  • 00:06:49
    were without culture they were without
  • 00:06:51
    religion they were godless
  • 00:06:54
    so they looked upon the tasmanians as
  • 00:06:57
    people who'd been left behind by history
  • 00:07:00
    and they also related to a very popular
  • 00:07:03
    idea of the late 18th century that is
  • 00:07:06
    the great chain of being
  • 00:07:08
    that the various races of humankind were
  • 00:07:11
    arranged in hierarchical order
  • 00:07:14
    and that the tasmanians were uniquely
  • 00:07:16
    savage and primitive and therefore
  • 00:07:19
    can be treated almost as animals
  • 00:07:26
    the british set about building a new
  • 00:07:28
    capital and settling the surrounding
  • 00:07:30
    countryside
  • 00:07:31
    land that for millennia had been the
  • 00:07:33
    prime hunting ground of the aboriginals
  • 00:07:39
    out in these fields and pastures
  • 00:07:42
    far from the control of the authorities
  • 00:07:44
    the settlers were free to displace and
  • 00:07:47
    abuse the aboriginals
  • 00:07:52
    from the 1820s huge amount of aboriginal
  • 00:07:55
    land has been taken up and there is this
  • 00:07:58
    enormous struggle between aboriginal
  • 00:08:00
    people
  • 00:08:01
    and whites of course it's very hard to
  • 00:08:04
    document a lot of the settle of violence
  • 00:08:06
    because they know that it is against the
  • 00:08:09
    law to kill aboriginal people they are
  • 00:08:11
    being told that aboriginal people are
  • 00:08:13
    british subjects
  • 00:08:15
    but they certainly reveal in their
  • 00:08:17
    diaries and journals the desire to kill
  • 00:08:20
    aboriginal people
  • 00:08:22
    what became known as the black war was a
  • 00:08:24
    hidden conflict the landscape itself was
  • 00:08:27
    the only witness
  • 00:08:29
    the british settlers killed any
  • 00:08:31
    aboriginals they encountered
  • 00:08:33
    whole groups of massacred kidnapping and
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    rape became commonplace
  • 00:08:38
    the aboriginals regularly attacked the
  • 00:08:40
    settlers as they fought desperately to
  • 00:08:42
    defend their land
  • 00:08:43
    and as the death toll rose
  • 00:08:45
    fear fused with hatred
  • 00:08:48
    in such circumstances
  • 00:08:51
    it was very easy
  • 00:08:53
    on both sides no doubt
  • 00:08:56
    to regard the other side as being
  • 00:08:58
    totally subhuman i've got no doubt that
  • 00:09:01
    the aborigines thought the europeans
  • 00:09:03
    were
  • 00:09:04
    people totally without morality
  • 00:09:07
    or without any restraint
  • 00:09:09
    equally the the europeans uh
  • 00:09:12
    slipped very quickly
  • 00:09:14
    into a view that these people were
  • 00:09:16
    animals and savages so that conflict in
  • 00:09:19
    such a
  • 00:09:21
    racially divided society
  • 00:09:23
    so easily tips over into
  • 00:09:26
    an extreme feeling of hatred
  • 00:09:30
    the death toll of the black war had
  • 00:09:32
    terrifying implications for the
  • 00:09:34
    tasmanian aboriginals
  • 00:09:36
    the british who arrived in ever
  • 00:09:38
    increasing numbers could replace their
  • 00:09:40
    dead
  • 00:09:41
    but the aboriginals only five thousand
  • 00:09:43
    strong before the war could not
  • 00:09:46
    and by the end of the eighteen twenties
  • 00:09:48
    they were at risk of being completely
  • 00:09:50
    annihilated
  • 00:09:51
    the only man who had any hope of halting
  • 00:09:54
    the violence was the colonial governor
  • 00:09:57
    george arthur
  • 00:09:58
    now the governor of tasmania is an
  • 00:10:01
    evangelical he
  • 00:10:03
    knows wilberforce
  • 00:10:05
    and he is aware
  • 00:10:07
    that
  • 00:10:08
    his future and his reputation
  • 00:10:12
    depends on how he deals with this
  • 00:10:14
    problem above all else now he's already
  • 00:10:17
    been warned in the late 1820s by the
  • 00:10:20
    british government
  • 00:10:22
    that
  • 00:10:23
    the rapidly declining numbers suggests
  • 00:10:25
    that these people
  • 00:10:27
    might be
  • 00:10:28
    exterminated
  • 00:10:30
    and were this to happen
  • 00:10:32
    it would be an indelible stain
  • 00:10:35
    on the reputation of the british empire
  • 00:10:39
    but by implication it would be
  • 00:10:40
    disastrous for his career
  • 00:10:48
    governor arthur set out to save the
  • 00:10:50
    aboriginals from the violence of the
  • 00:10:51
    settlers
  • 00:10:53
    and to convince them of his good
  • 00:10:54
    intentions he produced a poster that was
  • 00:10:57
    attached to trees in their homelands it
  • 00:11:00
    showed a fantasy of interracial unity
  • 00:11:05
    the poster spoke of british justice
  • 00:11:07
    promising equality before the law
  • 00:11:10
    the white killer of an aboriginal would
  • 00:11:12
    be hanged if an aboriginal killed a
  • 00:11:15
    settler he would be hanged
  • 00:11:21
    the poster also propagated the lie that
  • 00:11:24
    the british wanted to integrate with the
  • 00:11:26
    aboriginals
  • 00:11:28
    it was both a fiction and a complete
  • 00:11:30
    failure
  • 00:11:31
    because out in the bush the killings on
  • 00:11:33
    both sides continued
  • 00:11:36
    and in 1830 governor arthur embarked
  • 00:11:38
    upon a new policy
  • 00:11:40
    he ordered the army to sweep across the
  • 00:11:42
    area of european settlement in an
  • 00:11:45
    attempt to capture the remaining
  • 00:11:46
    aboriginals
  • 00:11:48
    he offered a bounty for every aboriginal
  • 00:11:50
    taken alive
  • 00:11:52
    but the operation was a complete failure
  • 00:11:54
    only two were captured
  • 00:11:56
    an old man and a young boy
  • 00:12:02
    [Music]
  • 00:12:07
    after years of guerrilla warfare the
  • 00:12:09
    last few hundred of the original five
  • 00:12:11
    thousand aboriginals had learnt to hide
  • 00:12:14
    themselves in the bush
  • 00:12:16
    determined to save them and determined
  • 00:12:18
    to take their land for white settlement
  • 00:12:21
    governor arthur changed tactics
  • 00:12:23
    he now turned away from the army and
  • 00:12:26
    looked instead to a missionary
  • 00:12:28
    george augustus robinson
  • 00:12:35
    he was the leader of a band of
  • 00:12:37
    aboriginal converts
  • 00:12:39
    and was now hired to go into the bush
  • 00:12:41
    and bring in the remaining aboriginals
  • 00:12:45
    robinson took a message
  • 00:12:48
    that the government wanted to come to
  • 00:12:51
    some sort of an agreement
  • 00:12:54
    a negotiation a peace treaty
  • 00:12:57
    and that is i believe undoubtedly the
  • 00:13:00
    way the aborigines saw it
  • 00:13:03
    they too saw this as a way to end a
  • 00:13:06
    conflict
  • 00:13:07
    which they had realized they could never
  • 00:13:10
    win
  • 00:13:11
    they could never get rid of the
  • 00:13:12
    europeans
  • 00:13:14
    if they stayed and fought they would be
  • 00:13:16
    wiped out
  • 00:13:18
    and robinson and his intermediaries
  • 00:13:20
    convince them
  • 00:13:22
    that they should temporarily
  • 00:13:25
    go to an island where they'll be looked
  • 00:13:27
    after and fed
  • 00:13:30
    and that they will ultimately come back
  • 00:13:33
    to their homelands
  • 00:13:42
    the island was called flinders island
  • 00:13:45
    and 300 tasmanian aboriginals who have
  • 00:13:47
    been collected by robinson were
  • 00:13:49
    transported here
  • 00:13:53
    [Music]
  • 00:13:56
    robinson came with them in the official
  • 00:13:58
    role of chief protector of aboriginals a
  • 00:14:02
    job for which he was paid a total of
  • 00:14:03
    eight thousand pounds
  • 00:14:05
    a small fortune in the 1830s
  • 00:14:09
    a settlement was constructed for them
  • 00:14:11
    complete with houses farmland and the
  • 00:14:13
    chapel
  • 00:14:15
    robinson called it point civilization
  • 00:14:19
    and a local artist was brought in to
  • 00:14:21
    paint the portraits of the last of the
  • 00:14:23
    tasmanians
  • 00:14:26
    ginny had been captured by robinson
  • 00:14:29
    following the near annihilation of her
  • 00:14:30
    people by the settlers
  • 00:14:34
    had been a chief until his community had
  • 00:14:36
    been wiped out by a european virus
  • 00:14:39
    another local leader mana lagena had
  • 00:14:42
    been lured to flinders island with the
  • 00:14:44
    promise that the uradi had been a chief
  • 00:14:46
    until his community had been wiped out
  • 00:14:48
    by a european virus
  • 00:14:50
    another local leader mana lagena had
  • 00:14:53
    been lured to flinders island with a
  • 00:14:55
    promise that the convicts who had
  • 00:14:56
    attacked his people would be brought to
  • 00:14:58
    justice
  • 00:15:01
    and there was chaganini whose husband
  • 00:15:04
    had been murdered in front of her
  • 00:15:07
    all of them had seen their culture
  • 00:15:09
    almost wiped out
  • 00:15:11
    what little was left robinson now set
  • 00:15:14
    out to erase
  • 00:15:15
    because point civilization was not
  • 00:15:18
    merely a settlement
  • 00:15:20
    it was essentially a factory to
  • 00:15:22
    transform so-called savages into
  • 00:15:24
    civilized christians
  • 00:15:27
    to become a successful christian he
  • 00:15:30
    believes you have to settle down you
  • 00:15:32
    have to live in a village
  • 00:15:34
    he wants to send the children to school
  • 00:15:37
    he wants to teach them to to plow and to
  • 00:15:40
    sew and to become agriculturalists
  • 00:15:47
    forced to adopt an alien way of life
  • 00:15:50
    and confined to an island hundreds of
  • 00:15:52
    miles from home they began to succumb to
  • 00:15:55
    european diseases
  • 00:15:56
    and what the local doctor called
  • 00:15:58
    dejected spirits
  • 00:16:02
    they die one by one by one
  • 00:16:06
    children are not being born and there
  • 00:16:09
    must have been this enormous
  • 00:16:11
    sense of trauma
  • 00:16:13
    amongst them
  • 00:16:14
    a people that had once been strong
  • 00:16:17
    and healthy
  • 00:16:18
    suffering this enormous decline within a
  • 00:16:22
    generation
  • 00:16:25
    george robinson the supposed savior of
  • 00:16:28
    the aboriginals
  • 00:16:29
    was reduced to sketching out his plan
  • 00:16:32
    for their future graves
  • 00:16:35
    frequently he
  • 00:16:37
    he cries with the
  • 00:16:40
    mourners he weeps himself he's so moved
  • 00:16:43
    by
  • 00:16:44
    their fate
  • 00:16:46
    but ultimately he says well it is better
  • 00:16:48
    that they die here uh having learnt the
  • 00:16:51
    message of of the gospels rather than be
  • 00:16:54
    killed in the bush by the settlers he
  • 00:16:56
    finds a way to ease his own conscience
  • 00:17:00
    so that robinson's own beliefs you see
  • 00:17:02
    protect him against
  • 00:17:03
    a full
  • 00:17:05
    accounting of what he was partly
  • 00:17:07
    responsible for
  • 00:17:13
    of the 300 aboriginals lured to flinders
  • 00:17:16
    island by the mid eighteen forties
  • 00:17:19
    around two hundred and sixty were dead
  • 00:17:27
    ginny
  • 00:17:29
    manila
  • 00:17:30
    ghena and waradi
  • 00:17:33
    had all succumbed
  • 00:17:40
    trigonini was one of the few survivors
  • 00:17:43
    she lived on growing into old age when
  • 00:17:46
    she finally died in 1876
  • 00:17:49
    she was regarded by some as being the
  • 00:17:51
    last full-blooded tasmanian
  • 00:17:54
    a people whose story could be traced
  • 00:17:56
    back ten thousand years
  • 00:17:58
    had within the span of a single lifetime
  • 00:18:01
    been almost exterminated
  • 00:18:09
    what had happened in tasmania was far
  • 00:18:12
    from being a unique event
  • 00:18:18
    across the world indigenous peoples were
  • 00:18:21
    being pushed the brink of extinction
  • 00:18:25
    in the south african cape the koisan
  • 00:18:28
    peoples have been driven from their land
  • 00:18:30
    enslaved and killed in their thousands
  • 00:18:32
    by british settlers and the boars
  • 00:18:35
    the same forces had also attacked the
  • 00:18:37
    ancient stan bushmen of the kalahari
  • 00:18:40
    hunting them down as if they were
  • 00:18:41
    animals
  • 00:18:43
    in newfoundland the native beer thuck
  • 00:18:46
    peoples have been completely wiped out
  • 00:18:48
    by europeans
  • 00:18:50
    and in south america
  • 00:18:52
    wars of extermination sanctioned by the
  • 00:18:54
    argentinian government
  • 00:18:56
    were raging against the pampas indians
  • 00:18:59
    everywhere it seemed white settlers were
  • 00:19:02
    destroying indigenous peoples
  • 00:19:15
    and in these very same years the old
  • 00:19:18
    racism that had been born in the age of
  • 00:19:20
    slavery began to re-emerge
  • 00:19:26
    in the aftermath of abolition
  • 00:19:28
    competition from new sugar producers
  • 00:19:30
    began to undermine britain's once mighty
  • 00:19:32
    sugar plantations
  • 00:19:35
    and as their estates rotted the former
  • 00:19:37
    slave owners began to blame their ruin
  • 00:19:40
    on the people who had once made them
  • 00:19:42
    rich
  • 00:19:45
    when the caribbean plantations started
  • 00:19:47
    to lose money in a big way
  • 00:19:50
    they fell back to the stereotype of the
  • 00:19:52
    lazy negro
  • 00:19:55
    the planters were then able to say to
  • 00:19:57
    the abolitionists and to britain look we
  • 00:20:00
    are now in ruin
  • 00:20:01
    because we no longer have
  • 00:20:03
    the freedom to coerce blacks to work we
  • 00:20:06
    no longer have the freedom to to drive
  • 00:20:07
    them to work these people are
  • 00:20:09
    intrinsically lazy
  • 00:20:11
    you know you were arguing that they were
  • 00:20:12
    human beings a man and a brother but in
  • 00:20:14
    fact they're not they're still at the
  • 00:20:16
    level of beasts
  • 00:20:20
    whereas up to the end of the 1830s
  • 00:20:24
    it's been
  • 00:20:25
    pretty unpopular
  • 00:20:27
    to talk about africans in those ways and
  • 00:20:30
    the respectable talk of the
  • 00:20:32
    humanitarians about africans has been
  • 00:20:35
    you know far more prevalent
  • 00:20:38
    by the mid 1840s that's beginning to
  • 00:20:40
    shift
  • 00:20:42
    those who argued that abolition had been
  • 00:20:44
    a failure due to the laziness and
  • 00:20:47
    savagery of the slaves
  • 00:20:49
    now claim that the christian vision of a
  • 00:20:51
    civilizing empire was also doomed
  • 00:20:55
    you might say that the moral momentum
  • 00:20:57
    ran out of the abolitionist movement
  • 00:21:00
    people found that
  • 00:21:02
    other races were not
  • 00:21:04
    becoming
  • 00:21:05
    civilized there was something
  • 00:21:08
    difficult
  • 00:21:10
    they fought back
  • 00:21:13
    they didn't seem to learn as fast as we
  • 00:21:16
    would appreciate
  • 00:21:17
    to make them more pliable for us
  • 00:21:21
    christian optimism about the spread of
  • 00:21:23
    civilization and the christianization of
  • 00:21:27
    people of color around the world began
  • 00:21:29
    to drain away
  • 00:21:33
    if the non-white races seem to reject
  • 00:21:35
    the message of the missionaries
  • 00:21:37
    some in britain began to ask if they
  • 00:21:39
    could be civilized at all
  • 00:21:42
    one of those who thought not was the
  • 00:21:44
    eminent writer and historian thomas
  • 00:21:46
    carlisle
  • 00:21:48
    in 1849 carlisle published an essay
  • 00:21:51
    entitled
  • 00:21:52
    occasional discourse on the negro
  • 00:21:54
    question
  • 00:21:56
    in which he appealed for a return to
  • 00:21:58
    some form of slavery
  • 00:22:00
    it was printed and reprinted in
  • 00:22:02
    magazines across the world
  • 00:22:04
    and helped transform the 19th century
  • 00:22:06
    debate about race
  • 00:22:09
    carlisle's voice is a kind of prophetic
  • 00:22:11
    voice
  • 00:22:12
    you know which booms out from his
  • 00:22:16
    study in
  • 00:22:18
    in cheney walk in chelsea and he writes
  • 00:22:21
    these you know extraordinarily powerful
  • 00:22:23
    prophetic
  • 00:22:25
    pieces which were read you know with
  • 00:22:28
    gusto
  • 00:22:29
    by victorians and they i mean one can
  • 00:22:32
    imagine them all sitting around their
  • 00:22:33
    fires reading the latest periodical
  • 00:22:35
    that's come out with this
  • 00:22:37
    flow of
  • 00:22:38
    rhetoric in this case in the occasional
  • 00:22:41
    discourse on the negro question the flow
  • 00:22:43
    of rhetoric is about the necessity for
  • 00:22:46
    inequality inequality is the proper way
  • 00:22:50
    to run a society those who know
  • 00:22:53
    should rule those who don't know men
  • 00:22:55
    should rule women
  • 00:22:57
    white people should rule black
  • 00:22:59
    educated people should rule
  • 00:23:01
    the masses
  • 00:23:05
    the depths to which these ideas became
  • 00:23:08
    embedded within mid victorian society
  • 00:23:10
    was revealed by one of the most
  • 00:23:12
    controversial events of the whole 19th
  • 00:23:14
    century
  • 00:23:19
    in 1865 the people of morant bay a tiny
  • 00:23:23
    settlement in east jamaica
  • 00:23:25
    attacked a courthouse during a minor
  • 00:23:27
    demonstration
  • 00:23:32
    in return the governor general imposed
  • 00:23:35
    martial law and ordered his soldiers to
  • 00:23:38
    go on a killing spree
  • 00:23:40
    it was a killing time
  • 00:23:42
    nearly 500 people were just executed 600
  • 00:23:45
    people just flogged some of them to the
  • 00:23:47
    point of death and a thousand homes
  • 00:23:49
    torched
  • 00:23:50
    enormous
  • 00:23:52
    um
  • 00:23:53
    disparity in terms of the retaliation
  • 00:23:56
    against these people and you know when
  • 00:23:57
    all this was being done the so-called
  • 00:23:59
    rebels didn't put up a fight
  • 00:24:01
    you know when their houses were being
  • 00:24:03
    burned they didn't they weren't
  • 00:24:05
    terrorists they weren't murderers you
  • 00:24:08
    know all they wanted was for the
  • 00:24:10
    judiciary to treat them with with us
  • 00:24:12
    with a sense of justice
  • 00:24:14
    the man who ordered the killings was
  • 00:24:16
    governor edward air and when news of
  • 00:24:19
    what he had done reached britain
  • 00:24:20
    the liberal establishment was shocked
  • 00:24:23
    and the cause is taken up
  • 00:24:26
    by the old
  • 00:24:27
    abolitionists who've kept going and kept
  • 00:24:30
    going and kept going
  • 00:24:31
    and the old anti-slavery societies kind
  • 00:24:34
    of wrench themselves back into action
  • 00:24:36
    and mobilize themselves again and all
  • 00:24:37
    the ladies who've been doing it for
  • 00:24:39
    decades when the men have gone off and
  • 00:24:41
    done more interesting things you know
  • 00:24:44
    there they are with the machinery still
  • 00:24:45
    in place that can be mobilized when you
  • 00:24:47
    need to
  • 00:24:49
    their tactic was to put governor ayer on
  • 00:24:51
    trial for mass murder but in court he
  • 00:24:54
    was acquitted due in part to a huge wave
  • 00:24:56
    of popular support
  • 00:24:58
    he had
  • 00:24:59
    the whole of house of lords
  • 00:25:01
    parliamentarians bishops priests the
  • 00:25:03
    establishment the aristocracy backing
  • 00:25:05
    him saying that he was justified
  • 00:25:08
    he was justified in imposing severe
  • 00:25:10
    order in these people because that's the
  • 00:25:12
    only language they could understood
  • 00:25:14
    because they're black people were brutes
  • 00:25:17
    airs defense was orchestrated by the
  • 00:25:19
    high priest of the new racism
  • 00:25:21
    thomas carlyle
  • 00:25:25
    but behind him stood many members of the
  • 00:25:27
    british literary elite
  • 00:25:29
    all of whom made known their support for
  • 00:25:31
    governor eyre and his actions at morant
  • 00:25:33
    bay
  • 00:25:35
    the art critic and writer john ruskin
  • 00:25:40
    the author of vanity fair william make
  • 00:25:43
    peace thackery
  • 00:25:44
    the reverend charles kingsley writer of
  • 00:25:47
    the children's classic the water babies
  • 00:25:50
    and charles dickens the most celebrated
  • 00:25:53
    author of the century
  • 00:25:56
    the notion of treating other people with
  • 00:25:58
    some degree of justice and rule of law
  • 00:26:02
    finally went out of the window
  • 00:26:04
    and was demolished in uh in the 1860s
  • 00:26:07
    over more nba you know from then on we
  • 00:26:09
    knew that the empire was about ruling
  • 00:26:11
    people
  • 00:26:12
    with the maximum degree of cursion
  • 00:26:29
    some of the new ideas about race in the
  • 00:26:31
    high victorian age drew their evidence
  • 00:26:34
    from the world of the dead
  • 00:26:36
    based on the study of corpses and
  • 00:26:38
    skeletons the burgeoning science of
  • 00:26:41
    anatomy laid the foundations for a new
  • 00:26:44
    scientific racism
  • 00:26:48
    in britain the most important race
  • 00:26:50
    scientist was a now forgotten edinburgh
  • 00:26:53
    surgeon
  • 00:26:54
    ruined by a body snatching scandal in
  • 00:26:56
    the 1820s he had fled britain in
  • 00:26:59
    disgrace
  • 00:27:00
    but in the 1840s dr robert knox
  • 00:27:04
    resurfaced with a publication of a new
  • 00:27:07
    book
  • 00:27:09
    race is everything
  • 00:27:11
    literature science art in a word
  • 00:27:14
    civilization
  • 00:27:15
    depends on it
  • 00:27:17
    for robert knox in that book race is
  • 00:27:20
    everything
  • 00:27:21
    it determined your character it
  • 00:27:22
    determined your position in civilization
  • 00:27:25
    it determined your destiny can the black
  • 00:27:27
    racers become civilized
  • 00:27:29
    i should say not
  • 00:27:31
    he saw racial conflict and extermination
  • 00:27:35
    happening all around the world
  • 00:27:37
    it was natural
  • 00:27:38
    for him to believe that racial types
  • 00:27:41
    were bound to struggle
  • 00:27:43
    and that
  • 00:27:44
    the
  • 00:27:45
    superior races would dominate the
  • 00:27:47
    naturally inferior ones
  • 00:27:49
    the saxon race will never tolerate them
  • 00:27:51
    never amalgamate never be at peace it is
  • 00:27:54
    a war of extermination
  • 00:27:56
    one or other must fall
  • 00:27:59
    robert knox was not a lone voice
  • 00:28:03
    in america a group led by the renowned
  • 00:28:05
    craniologist samuel george morton had
  • 00:28:08
    begun to collect the skulls of different
  • 00:28:10
    races
  • 00:28:11
    and compare them
  • 00:28:14
    skulls were chosen to be measured
  • 00:28:15
    because it was reckoned that the skull
  • 00:28:18
    was the container of the most important
  • 00:28:20
    part of the human body the brain
  • 00:28:22
    the bigger the skull the bigger the
  • 00:28:24
    brain the shape of the skull the shape
  • 00:28:26
    of the brain
  • 00:28:28
    the american school of race scientists
  • 00:28:30
    concluded that the races as measured
  • 00:28:33
    through their skulls were so different
  • 00:28:35
    as to be separate species
  • 00:28:40
    tasmanians africans american indians
  • 00:28:44
    were not the lower races of men they
  • 00:28:46
    were perhaps not fully human at all
  • 00:28:49
    [Music]
  • 00:28:56
    one writer compared the extermination of
  • 00:28:59
    these races by white settlers
  • 00:29:01
    as being like the melting of snow before
  • 00:29:04
    the advancing rays of the sun
  • 00:29:10
    but the theory that was to have the most
  • 00:29:12
    powerful impact upon race
  • 00:29:14
    came not from the anatomists or the
  • 00:29:16
    skull measures
  • 00:29:18
    but from the work of one of the 19th
  • 00:29:20
    century's greatest minds
  • 00:29:28
    the origin species really threw a
  • 00:29:29
    bombshell first of all into science it
  • 00:29:31
    really invented the science of biology
  • 00:29:34
    and then into religion and into society
  • 00:29:37
    and what darwin did in some ways was to
  • 00:29:39
    give an alibi for being
  • 00:29:41
    and what darwin did in some ways was to
  • 00:29:43
    give an alibi for being a judge
  • 00:29:45
    if evolution had changed the races and
  • 00:29:48
    the species of the world
  • 00:29:50
    why hadn't it done the same to humans
  • 00:29:53
    many believe that darwin's laws had done
  • 00:29:56
    just that
  • 00:29:57
    natural selection they claimed
  • 00:30:00
    neatly explained and justified the
  • 00:30:03
    global expansion of the great british
  • 00:30:07
    race
  • 00:30:08
    life favors a hierarchy of specialists
  • 00:30:12
    [Music]
  • 00:30:15
    and you find that throughout the plant
  • 00:30:17
    in the animal world
  • 00:30:19
    [Music]
  • 00:30:22
    there are bugs on top of bugs on top of
  • 00:30:24
    bugs each one surviving at another's
  • 00:30:26
    expense each one filling a niche that
  • 00:30:29
    another can't occupy
  • 00:30:30
    [Music]
  • 00:30:36
    people darwin said are the same way
  • 00:30:39
    they are expansive organisms in other
  • 00:30:42
    words english
  • 00:30:43
    are just like other organisms they are
  • 00:30:46
    successful because they are good at
  • 00:30:49
    expanding
  • 00:30:50
    [Music]
  • 00:30:51
    those who understood colonialism and
  • 00:30:53
    human competition in terms of darwin's
  • 00:30:55
    theories became known as the social
  • 00:30:58
    darwinists
  • 00:31:00
    men like the radical biologist thomas
  • 00:31:02
    henry huxley and the famous economist
  • 00:31:06
    herbert spencer
  • 00:31:08
    and social darwinism foresaw very
  • 00:31:10
    different fates for the various races of
  • 00:31:13
    mankind
  • 00:31:15
    evolution was in operation
  • 00:31:19
    it was advancing the
  • 00:31:22
    most recently evolved
  • 00:31:24
    the most successfully evolved that is
  • 00:31:26
    the
  • 00:31:27
    northern europeans the british
  • 00:31:30
    but evolution also suggested
  • 00:31:32
    that there had to be losers
  • 00:31:35
    in this great cosmic process
  • 00:31:38
    and the losers were those peoples who
  • 00:31:40
    could not compete
  • 00:31:43
    and once put into competition with
  • 00:31:45
    superior races were doomed to disappear
  • 00:31:49
    and this was likely to happen
  • 00:31:51
    to all the native peoples in north
  • 00:31:53
    america in the pacific and in africa
  • 00:31:57
    across the world the crimes of
  • 00:31:59
    imperialism now came to be taken as
  • 00:32:01
    proof that the social darwinists were
  • 00:32:03
    right
  • 00:32:12
    in north america
  • 00:32:14
    centuries of disease and war had
  • 00:32:16
    devastated the native americans
  • 00:32:18
    whole nations had been all but
  • 00:32:20
    annihilated
  • 00:32:22
    in parts of the australian mainland the
  • 00:32:25
    peoples of the outback were it seemed
  • 00:32:27
    going the same way as their cousins in
  • 00:32:29
    tasmania
  • 00:32:30
    and across africa the scramble for
  • 00:32:33
    empire had brought the might of europe
  • 00:32:36
    to bear against innumerable peoples
  • 00:32:38
    killing literally millions
  • 00:32:44
    [Music]
  • 00:32:48
    the social darwinists predicted a future
  • 00:32:50
    in which these races like many animal
  • 00:32:53
    species would only be remembered as
  • 00:32:55
    curios
  • 00:32:56
    stuffed exhibits in anthropological
  • 00:32:58
    museums
  • 00:33:00
    the white man's burden and the christian
  • 00:33:02
    dream of benign imperialism were
  • 00:33:04
    rendered obsolete
  • 00:33:07
    old missionaries who still talked about
  • 00:33:10
    the equality of humanity and talked
  • 00:33:13
    about everyone descended from adam and
  • 00:33:15
    eve
  • 00:33:16
    and talked about that the truth the only
  • 00:33:19
    truth came from the bible
  • 00:33:21
    was seen as being extraordinarily
  • 00:33:23
    old-fashioned who simply had failed to
  • 00:33:25
    come to terms with the great scientific
  • 00:33:28
    thinking of the age
  • 00:33:31
    and these racial theories were not only
  • 00:33:34
    applied in new colonies but also in the
  • 00:33:36
    oldest parts of the empire
  • 00:33:40
    [Music]
  • 00:33:42
    in the traditional story of imperialism
  • 00:33:45
    british india has usually been
  • 00:33:46
    represented as an example of benign
  • 00:33:48
    imperial rule
  • 00:33:50
    the british raj we are told was run by
  • 00:33:52
    men who were competent professional and
  • 00:33:54
    wise
  • 00:33:55
    men who brought order and prosperity to
  • 00:33:58
    a chaotic land
  • 00:33:59
    but there is an aspect of indian history
  • 00:34:01
    that has been written out of this
  • 00:34:03
    account of the imperial past
  • 00:34:07
    [Music]
  • 00:34:09
    in the mid 1870s the great decam plain
  • 00:34:12
    of india was affected by the climatic
  • 00:34:15
    phenomenon we now know as el nino
  • 00:34:18
    and within months millions of peasants
  • 00:34:20
    had begun to starve
  • 00:34:23
    the monsoons had failed people had eaten
  • 00:34:25
    their food reserves india stood on the
  • 00:34:28
    precipice of a great human tragedy
  • 00:34:31
    at this point the viceroy of india
  • 00:34:34
    lord linden was totally absorbed in what
  • 00:34:37
    was probably the largest party in world
  • 00:34:39
    history
  • 00:34:41
    uh celebrating the
  • 00:34:42
    coronation
  • 00:34:44
    of queen victoria's empress of india
  • 00:34:47
    this is one of the great catering feats
  • 00:34:50
    in history since it meant whining and
  • 00:34:52
    dining
  • 00:34:53
    uh more than 60 thousand sat traps and
  • 00:34:56
    princes and retainers
  • 00:34:58
    and
  • 00:34:59
    friends of the british empire
  • 00:35:01
    in india over the course of a long week
  • 00:35:10
    as lord lytton and the ruling elite of
  • 00:35:12
    the raj feasted at banquets and posed
  • 00:35:14
    for official photographs
  • 00:35:16
    millions were slowly dying in the
  • 00:35:18
    countryside
  • 00:35:20
    and the viceroy justified his inaction
  • 00:35:22
    with arguments gleaned from the social
  • 00:35:24
    darwinists
  • 00:35:27
    this was a very very crass use of a
  • 00:35:30
    darwinian evolutionary notion of
  • 00:35:33
    survival of the fittest whereby a famine
  • 00:35:36
    could be actually seen as an instrument
  • 00:35:40
    of of darwinian winnowing yes that
  • 00:35:43
    people who were unfit
  • 00:35:45
    would effectively perish as a result of
  • 00:35:47
    this and to intervene to stop them
  • 00:35:49
    perishing was really to interfere with
  • 00:35:52
    almost a rule of nature
  • 00:35:57
    what made the famine especially deadly
  • 00:36:00
    was that the british had dismantled
  • 00:36:02
    ancient systems that had for centuries
  • 00:36:04
    prevented food shortages from turning
  • 00:36:06
    into famines
  • 00:36:09
    if you'd had a poor monsoon and there
  • 00:36:10
    was a food shortage many people still
  • 00:36:13
    had enough they may have had less but
  • 00:36:15
    they would have had enough because they
  • 00:36:16
    grew their own food or they would have
  • 00:36:18
    had access to it from from other groups
  • 00:36:20
    in the community who would share it with
  • 00:36:22
    them during a time of crisis
  • 00:36:25
    all this had been wiped away when the
  • 00:36:27
    british forced the poorest peasants to
  • 00:36:29
    grow cash crops like wheat and rice for
  • 00:36:31
    export
  • 00:36:32
    thereby ushering them into a global
  • 00:36:34
    market
  • 00:36:36
    and in the 1870s that market condemned
  • 00:36:38
    them to death
  • 00:36:41
    by 1877
  • 00:36:43
    millions in southern and central india
  • 00:36:45
    were starving
  • 00:36:47
    in desperation parents sold their
  • 00:36:49
    children for scraps of food
  • 00:36:51
    many thousands committed suicide and in
  • 00:36:54
    some places the people were forced into
  • 00:36:56
    cannibalism
  • 00:37:00
    and all the while the food that could
  • 00:37:02
    have saved them was piled up on the
  • 00:37:04
    docks of madras ready to be shipped to
  • 00:37:06
    britain and america
  • 00:37:11
    but to lord lytton it was no more than
  • 00:37:14
    an unfortunate byproduct of the iron
  • 00:37:16
    laws of social darwinism
  • 00:37:20
    if you read the letters of lord litton
  • 00:37:23
    what is so striking about them is not
  • 00:37:25
    simply their fanatical devotion to uh to
  • 00:37:28
    the market and then and and market
  • 00:37:30
    forces
  • 00:37:31
    it's not simply their
  • 00:37:34
    you know parsimony and desire to spend
  • 00:37:36
    as little as possible
  • 00:37:38
    but the
  • 00:37:39
    enormous calm
  • 00:37:41
    with which they accept the fact that
  • 00:37:43
    millions of indians would die because
  • 00:37:44
    these are indians they believe are the
  • 00:37:46
    useless part of the population the
  • 00:37:48
    poorest of the poor people condemned to
  • 00:37:50
    death by nature
  • 00:37:56
    when finally litten was pressured into
  • 00:37:58
    action
  • 00:37:59
    his solution proved just as deadly as
  • 00:38:02
    the famine itself
  • 00:38:05
    lord lydon sets up a system of outdoor
  • 00:38:08
    relief that looks more like nazi
  • 00:38:10
    concentration camps than anything
  • 00:38:12
    representing uh decent human charity
  • 00:38:15
    first of all there's the obligatory test
  • 00:38:18
    you can't be relieved that is given a
  • 00:38:20
    job or food within 10 miles of residence
  • 00:38:22
    you must walk and you must walk
  • 00:38:24
    sometimes distances of hundreds of
  • 00:38:26
    kilometers and tens of thousands of
  • 00:38:28
    people die in the course of that then
  • 00:38:30
    you're put to work doing heavy labor
  • 00:38:32
    very heavy labor breaking stone working
  • 00:38:34
    on the railroads
  • 00:38:36
    and you can find them to swallowed camps
  • 00:38:38
    where your daily diet is in caloric
  • 00:38:41
    terms less than that provide to inmates
  • 00:38:43
    of buchenwald and other nazi
  • 00:38:45
    concentration camps they become
  • 00:38:47
    literally and simply death camps
  • 00:38:50
    and perhaps worst of all children were
  • 00:38:51
    now too weak and small to do the
  • 00:38:53
    necessary uh work children became the
  • 00:38:57
    the main victims of flinton's
  • 00:38:58
    cool-hearted policy
  • 00:39:03
    [Music]
  • 00:39:08
    eight million indians died in the
  • 00:39:11
    famines of the
  • 00:39:12
    1870s but they were not the only famines
  • 00:39:15
    of the british raj and they were not the
  • 00:39:17
    last
  • 00:39:18
    famines returned in the 1880s and the
  • 00:39:21
    1890s
  • 00:39:22
    and in all almost 30 million indians
  • 00:39:25
    starved to death under british rule a
  • 00:39:28
    story airbrushed out the glorious
  • 00:39:30
    accounts of the raj and the men who
  • 00:39:32
    ruled over it
  • 00:39:36
    [Music]
  • 00:39:56
    social darwinism had justified genocidal
  • 00:39:59
    policies in the colonies
  • 00:40:01
    and in the same years it also fueled new
  • 00:40:03
    fears amongst the british elite
  • 00:40:05
    fears of other dangerous races living in
  • 00:40:08
    their midst
  • 00:40:09
    the working classes of their own cities
  • 00:40:14
    [Applause]
  • 00:40:16
    race and class are actually very close
  • 00:40:17
    to each other if you look at books about
  • 00:40:20
    race around darwin's time they often
  • 00:40:22
    talk about the cockney race the english
  • 00:40:25
    country race that's cut the scottish
  • 00:40:27
    race
  • 00:40:29
    they were drawings of the head of a
  • 00:40:31
    typical member of the cockney race and
  • 00:40:34
    the word was used quite seriously
  • 00:40:37
    there were maps made of where the
  • 00:40:39
    criminal races lived
  • 00:40:42
    these were the rookeries this was the
  • 00:40:44
    east end the uh the melting pot of all
  • 00:40:46
    the horrors have been about infect the
  • 00:40:48
    rest of the population
  • 00:40:53
    race scientists and social reformers
  • 00:40:56
    visited prisons to study the criminal
  • 00:40:57
    races at first hand
  • 00:40:59
    and among them was charles darwin's
  • 00:41:01
    cousin francis galton
  • 00:41:04
    gorton was terrified by the fact that
  • 00:41:06
    the underclass were reproducing faster
  • 00:41:08
    than the middle classes
  • 00:41:10
    darwinian law had it seemed been turned
  • 00:41:12
    on its head
  • 00:41:14
    the least fit was surviving
  • 00:41:16
    reversing this situation became his
  • 00:41:18
    mission darwin that looked backwards
  • 00:41:21
    where we come from
  • 00:41:22
    galton turned the telescope around and
  • 00:41:25
    looked forward where were we going and
  • 00:41:27
    he devoted much of the rest of his life
  • 00:41:29
    to the idea of understanding homo
  • 00:41:31
    sapiens us as a species and trying to
  • 00:41:34
    direct where homo sapiens was going to
  • 00:41:36
    go in order to become more sapient more
  • 00:41:39
    wise in the future more of a genius and
  • 00:41:41
    less of what he saw more stupid more
  • 00:41:44
    ignorant and more
  • 00:41:46
    decayed
  • 00:41:50
    galton designed a new science of human
  • 00:41:52
    selective breeding
  • 00:41:54
    he dreamed of encouraging the middle
  • 00:41:55
    classes to have more children and
  • 00:41:57
    inhibiting breeding amongst the lower
  • 00:41:59
    and criminal classes
  • 00:42:01
    and he named his new science eugenics
  • 00:42:05
    in the last decades of the 19th century
  • 00:42:08
    it became widely respected
  • 00:42:10
    attracting an array of high-profile
  • 00:42:12
    supporters
  • 00:42:14
    they included many of the great figures
  • 00:42:16
    of the late 19th early 20th century
  • 00:42:17
    people like george vernon choice g wells
  • 00:42:19
    uh winston churchill all of them
  • 00:42:22
    absolutely convinced eugenicists
  • 00:42:25
    [Music]
  • 00:42:32
    in the first years of the 20th century
  • 00:42:35
    all the racial theories developed in the
  • 00:42:36
    victorian age eugenics social darwinism
  • 00:42:40
    and scientific racism
  • 00:42:42
    came together in a forgotten outpost of
  • 00:42:44
    colonialism
  • 00:42:48
    this is namibia
  • 00:42:49
    but at the dawn of the 20th century it
  • 00:42:52
    was the german colony of south west
  • 00:42:54
    africa
  • 00:42:55
    and home to an ancient people called the
  • 00:42:57
    herrero
  • 00:42:59
    in 1904 they rebelled against brutality
  • 00:43:02
    of german rule
  • 00:43:04
    what followed was to prefigure the worst
  • 00:43:06
    crimes of the 20th century
  • 00:43:11
    the germans committed innumerable
  • 00:43:13
    massacres and atrocities but they were
  • 00:43:15
    unable to hunt down and destroy all the
  • 00:43:17
    herrero people across such a vast
  • 00:43:20
    landscape
  • 00:43:21
    and when the nama another namibian
  • 00:43:23
    peoples rose up the germans turn instead
  • 00:43:26
    to a recent invention
  • 00:43:28
    the concentration camp
  • 00:43:30
    [Music]
  • 00:43:35
    in these camps the herrero and nama were
  • 00:43:38
    imprisoned and enslaved
  • 00:43:40
    thousands will work to death
  • 00:43:43
    others raped beaten or simply murdered
  • 00:43:46
    by the guards
  • 00:43:57
    the most infamous and deadly of the
  • 00:44:00
    camps was at a place called shark island
  • 00:44:07
    island was established
  • 00:44:09
    for the express purpose
  • 00:44:11
    of killing people
  • 00:44:13
    anybody placed on that island everybody
  • 00:44:15
    knew they were going to die
  • 00:44:20
    people knew that the german officers
  • 00:44:22
    knew that
  • 00:44:23
    if i were to have to use the language of
  • 00:44:26
    the nazi period
  • 00:44:28
    then i would certainly see shark island
  • 00:44:30
    as a death camp
  • 00:44:34
    the people were
  • 00:44:37
    banged together in shack island from all
  • 00:44:39
    over namibia heroes tamaras
  • 00:44:45
    and they had cool blooded mother there
  • 00:44:50
    my own family my ancestors
  • 00:44:53
    that i would also keep
  • 00:44:55
    there
  • 00:44:57
    in this desolate place
  • 00:44:59
    on the southern edge of africa three and
  • 00:45:01
    a half thousand people were exterminated
  • 00:45:04
    with the speed and efficiency that was
  • 00:45:06
    to become the hallmark of 20th century
  • 00:45:08
    slaughter
  • 00:45:10
    the genocides which took place in
  • 00:45:12
    namibia in 1904 to 1909 they are the
  • 00:45:15
    precursor to what happens
  • 00:45:17
    in the nazi period they are the
  • 00:45:19
    precursor they have
  • 00:45:21
    the same
  • 00:45:23
    symptoms in the sense that you can see
  • 00:45:25
    the bureaucratization of mass killing
  • 00:45:28
    and this for me is the central thing is
  • 00:45:30
    not just killing
  • 00:45:31
    for killing no
  • 00:45:33
    it's a combination between
  • 00:45:36
    killing and bureaucracy
  • 00:45:40
    today
  • 00:45:41
    shark island is a campsite for
  • 00:45:44
    tourists the africans who were frozen
  • 00:45:47
    and starved to death here have been
  • 00:45:49
    almost erased from memory
  • 00:45:55
    [Music]
  • 00:46:00
    but a century after the namibian
  • 00:46:02
    genocide the true horror of what
  • 00:46:04
    happened on shark island is beginning to
  • 00:46:07
    re-emerge
  • 00:46:09
    [Music]
  • 00:46:15
    in a recently discovered mass grave
  • 00:46:18
    just a few kilometers from the site of
  • 00:46:19
    shark island
  • 00:46:21
    lie some of the victims of the 20th
  • 00:46:23
    century's first genocide
  • 00:46:32
    [Music]
  • 00:46:41
    other victims were denied even the
  • 00:46:43
    meager dignity of a mass grave
  • 00:46:47
    they became the raw material of racial
  • 00:46:49
    science
  • 00:46:56
    their skulls
  • 00:46:57
    and even severed heads were sold to
  • 00:47:00
    museums in europe and used to prove the
  • 00:47:03
    inferiority of africans
  • 00:47:05
    [Music]
  • 00:47:09
    the trade in skulls was so accepted that
  • 00:47:12
    it was even depicted on a postcard
  • 00:47:24
    in the aftermath of the genocide
  • 00:47:26
    german racial scientists continued to
  • 00:47:28
    use namibia as a field laboratory and
  • 00:47:31
    the african peoples who had survived as
  • 00:47:33
    their subjects
  • 00:47:38
    in 1908 a eugenicist called eugene
  • 00:47:41
    fisher traveled to the small town of
  • 00:47:43
    riobov
  • 00:47:44
    home to a people of mixed boar and
  • 00:47:46
    african heritage who called themselves
  • 00:47:48
    the rear both bastards
  • 00:47:52
    fisher and his assistants spent months
  • 00:47:55
    photographing measuring and examining
  • 00:47:58
    the inhabitants of this town
  • 00:48:00
    people whose descendants still live here
  • 00:48:06
    the person at the
  • 00:48:08
    bottom there
  • 00:48:10
    is my grandfather
  • 00:48:13
    malcolm mcnabb
  • 00:48:15
    and above him is his brother charles
  • 00:48:18
    mcnabb
  • 00:48:21
    my grandfather used to talk a lot about
  • 00:48:24
    what they did
  • 00:48:26
    measurements the eyes the nose the lips
  • 00:48:29
    the ears
  • 00:48:30
    etc
  • 00:48:34
    they was not aware
  • 00:48:36
    of the nature of the
  • 00:48:39
    experiment
  • 00:48:40
    [Music]
  • 00:48:44
    lying in the vaults of an archive in
  • 00:48:46
    modern day namibia eugene fisher's
  • 00:48:49
    original files and photographs remain as
  • 00:48:51
    he left them a century ago
  • 00:48:54
    they reveal his methods and also his
  • 00:48:57
    aims
  • 00:48:58
    here oregon fisher has lined the
  • 00:49:00
    different pictures up next to each other
  • 00:49:02
    to try to trace
  • 00:49:03
    very specific facial features like the
  • 00:49:05
    eyes or the noses and the reason he's
  • 00:49:07
    done this is to try to show how very
  • 00:49:10
    specific african facial features like
  • 00:49:12
    high cheekbones and the drawn out eyes
  • 00:49:14
    that represent the african genes
  • 00:49:17
    are very prominent and become more
  • 00:49:19
    prominent through the degenerations
  • 00:49:23
    organ fischer came to namibia to prove
  • 00:49:25
    one basic point and that was that racial
  • 00:49:28
    mixing was always bad and that the
  • 00:49:30
    african gene is dominant over the white
  • 00:49:33
    gene
  • 00:49:36
    [Music]
  • 00:49:41
    fischer's work in rearboth sealed his
  • 00:49:43
    reputation as one of germany's leading
  • 00:49:45
    racial scientists
  • 00:49:47
    it also brought in recognition from a
  • 00:49:50
    nation that was then experiencing the
  • 00:49:52
    greatest influx of immigration the world
  • 00:49:54
    had ever seen
  • 00:49:57
    in the first years of the 20th century
  • 00:49:59
    the ethnic makeup of america was being
  • 00:50:02
    transformed as millions of immigrants
  • 00:50:04
    poured into her great cities
  • 00:50:08
    many of those who feared that mass
  • 00:50:09
    immigration would lead to widespread
  • 00:50:11
    racial mixing look to the ideas of
  • 00:50:13
    eugenics an increasingly powerful
  • 00:50:16
    science
  • 00:50:17
    eugenics flourished mutated and went out
  • 00:50:20
    of control when it got to the united
  • 00:50:22
    states
  • 00:50:23
    and the irony is that the eugenics
  • 00:50:26
    movement in the united states which
  • 00:50:29
    which
  • 00:50:30
    certainly descended directly from galton
  • 00:50:34
    had the great advantage of having a lot
  • 00:50:36
    of money huge amount of money
  • 00:50:40
    [Music]
  • 00:50:42
    some of that money was used to establish
  • 00:50:44
    the eugenics records office
  • 00:50:47
    ran by the infamous charles davenport
  • 00:50:50
    in order to defend the health and purity
  • 00:50:52
    of the white race davenport and his
  • 00:50:55
    followers sought to identify those
  • 00:50:57
    classes and those races in america whom
  • 00:51:00
    they considered genetically unfit
  • 00:51:03
    identified and monitored the scientists
  • 00:51:06
    would then take control of their lives
  • 00:51:08
    and their fertility
  • 00:51:13
    once you were identified as a certain
  • 00:51:15
    class it meant what school you could go
  • 00:51:17
    to
  • 00:51:18
    what cemetery you could be buried in
  • 00:51:20
    where you could live was a matter of
  • 00:51:22
    life and death
  • 00:51:24
    marriage laws were established in dozens
  • 00:51:26
    of states around the united states
  • 00:51:28
    saying that people could not marry
  • 00:51:29
    outside of their group blacks could not
  • 00:51:31
    marry whites
  • 00:51:32
    indians could not marry blacks
  • 00:51:35
    in virginia if you married the wrong
  • 00:51:36
    person meaning interracial marriage they
  • 00:51:39
    would unmarry you they would invalidate
  • 00:51:41
    your marriage
  • 00:51:44
    27 states passed eugenics marriage laws
  • 00:51:48
    an eugenicist spread their message using
  • 00:51:50
    the new medium of cinema
  • 00:51:59
    [Music]
  • 00:52:05
    the propaganda was intended to protect
  • 00:52:08
    the genetic health of the white race
  • 00:52:13
    [Music]
  • 00:52:18
    this would be achieved by eradicating
  • 00:52:20
    those deemed unworthy through forced
  • 00:52:23
    mass sterilization
  • 00:52:28
    they went about methodically tracking
  • 00:52:31
    ancestry
  • 00:52:32
    and target and targeting bloodlines for
  • 00:52:35
    extinction that's eugenics the effort to
  • 00:52:38
    create a white master
  • 00:52:41
    blonde
  • 00:52:42
    blue-eyed
  • 00:52:44
    master race by wiping out
  • 00:52:47
    other bloodlines until they were left
  • 00:52:49
    only with themselves
  • 00:52:52
    and people who resembled themselves
  • 00:52:55
    [Music]
  • 00:52:58
    and what's important here
  • 00:53:00
    is that these people
  • 00:53:02
    thought they were saving humanity
  • 00:53:04
    these people thought they were liberals
  • 00:53:06
    they were reformers
  • 00:53:08
    [Music]
  • 00:53:11
    eugenics was a worldwide movement in
  • 00:53:14
    sweden an official program forcibly
  • 00:53:16
    sterilized sixty thousand people mental
  • 00:53:19
    patients and members of the ethnic
  • 00:53:21
    minorities
  • 00:53:22
    in britain the eugenic society received
  • 00:53:24
    widespread support from across the
  • 00:53:26
    political spectrum
  • 00:53:30
    [Music]
  • 00:53:38
    but it was in germany that the radical
  • 00:53:40
    ideas of the american eugenics movement
  • 00:53:43
    found its most receptive audience
  • 00:53:48
    anything connected to america would seem
  • 00:53:51
    to be modern progressive scientific
  • 00:53:53
    democratic reasonable so it must be good
  • 00:53:56
    america was the future the force of the
  • 00:53:58
    future
  • 00:53:59
    secondly i think that many european
  • 00:54:01
    eugenesis including the germans like the
  • 00:54:03
    tone adopted by american eugenicists
  • 00:54:06
    which was very radical and sort of
  • 00:54:08
    no-nonsense and they didn't use
  • 00:54:10
    euphemisms they said exactly what they
  • 00:54:12
    meant
  • 00:54:13
    the americans provided more than just
  • 00:54:15
    inspiration
  • 00:54:17
    american foundations also bankrolled the
  • 00:54:20
    development of german eugenics
  • 00:54:22
    this was the kaiser wilhelm institute of
  • 00:54:25
    anthropology and human heredity
  • 00:54:28
    in the 1930s the men and women who
  • 00:54:30
    worked here received grants from the
  • 00:54:32
    american rockefeller foundation
  • 00:54:35
    and the leading scientist here was the
  • 00:54:38
    man who made his name in namibia
  • 00:54:40
    oregon fisher
  • 00:54:44
    under the nazis fisher was empowered to
  • 00:54:46
    sterilize the racially mixed people of
  • 00:54:48
    germany's rhineland four hundred of them
  • 00:54:51
    all children
  • 00:54:54
    the majority of those sterilized by the
  • 00:54:55
    nazis before 1939 however were the
  • 00:54:58
    mentally ill
  • 00:55:01
    but when the nazis began their war they
  • 00:55:03
    abandoned sterilization in favor of
  • 00:55:05
    adult euthanasia the nazi euphemism for
  • 00:55:09
    murder
  • 00:55:11
    the victims of this program were amongst
  • 00:55:13
    the first people gasped by the nazis
  • 00:55:16
    but the program wasn't restricted to the
  • 00:55:18
    mentally ill
  • 00:55:21
    when
  • 00:55:22
    they have killed the target figure of
  • 00:55:25
    mental patients they want to kill which
  • 00:55:27
    is roughly 70 000 people they slightly
  • 00:55:29
    exceeded it
  • 00:55:30
    so the first thing they do then is to
  • 00:55:32
    contact the ss who have large numbers of
  • 00:55:34
    what they deem to be sick
  • 00:55:37
    concentration camp prisoners in other
  • 00:55:39
    words people who might have got wear
  • 00:55:40
    glasses or you know be myopic or have a
  • 00:55:44
    wooden leg or something so they want
  • 00:55:46
    them out of the way so these people
  • 00:55:47
    oblige and they take
  • 00:55:49
    15 or 20 000 people from the
  • 00:55:51
    concentration camps and kill them on
  • 00:55:53
    behalf of the ss it's a bit like sort of
  • 00:55:55
    contract work
  • 00:55:57
    and then when the um
  • 00:55:59
    ss and other people have decided they're
  • 00:56:01
    going to go for the big project which is
  • 00:56:03
    to kill the jewish population of europe
  • 00:56:06
    and in particular that of pogon which is
  • 00:56:07
    the biggest population they're concerned
  • 00:56:09
    with then those people push themselves
  • 00:56:12
    forward and say well hey we can do this
  • 00:56:14
    we've done it we have a record of doing
  • 00:56:16
    this we murder people
  • 00:56:18
    and they become
  • 00:56:19
    the core personnel in all the big
  • 00:56:21
    extermination camps
  • 00:56:24
    these killing centers were the second
  • 00:56:26
    network of concentration camps and death
  • 00:56:29
    camps in german history
  • 00:56:32
    and the experts in eugenics or race
  • 00:56:35
    hygiene as the germans called it were
  • 00:56:37
    involved not just in their day-to-day
  • 00:56:39
    running but also in the highest levels
  • 00:56:41
    of planning
  • 00:56:44
    it's worth reminding ourselves that the
  • 00:56:46
    bonsai conference which is the one that
  • 00:56:48
    set up the plan for the final solution
  • 00:56:50
    almost half the people around that table
  • 00:56:53
    had doctorates phd's in race hygiene or
  • 00:56:56
    genetics as we're saying today
  • 00:56:58
    so that really is a genuine link between
  • 00:57:01
    the galtonian agenda and the horrors
  • 00:57:04
    which happened in germany
  • 00:57:09
    the german experts and race hygiene who
  • 00:57:12
    assembled here at the vanci villa
  • 00:57:14
    outside berlin dreamed of racial
  • 00:57:16
    genocide just like their spiritual
  • 00:57:18
    predecessors the race scientists and the
  • 00:57:21
    social darwinists of the age of empire
  • 00:57:26
    but the colonial genocides inspired and
  • 00:57:28
    justified by the 19th century theorists
  • 00:57:31
    have been written out of europe's
  • 00:57:33
    history
  • 00:57:35
    the horrors of the shark island death
  • 00:57:38
    camp the destruction of the tasmanian
  • 00:57:41
    aboriginals
  • 00:57:46
    the 30 million victims of the indian
  • 00:57:48
    famines
  • 00:57:51
    all have been forgotten
  • 00:57:56
    the eurasia of this memory encourages
  • 00:57:59
    the belief that nazi violence was an
  • 00:58:01
    aberration in european history
  • 00:58:04
    though the holocaust itself was
  • 00:58:06
    motivated by the fanatical anti-semitism
  • 00:58:09
    of the nazis
  • 00:58:10
    it can also be seen as part of a longer
  • 00:58:13
    historical continuum
  • 00:58:15
    one that identifies it as a logical
  • 00:58:18
    extension of scientific
  • 00:58:20
    racism but this history
  • 00:58:23
    like the bones in the namibian deserts
  • 00:58:26
    refuses to remain buried forever
  • 00:58:44
    [Music]
  • 00:58:51
    [Music]
  • 00:58:54
    so
  • 00:58:57
    [Music]
  • 00:59:05
    [Music]
  • 00:59:13
    you
タグ
  • imperialismo
  • genocídio
  • racismo
  • eugenia
  • história
  • Namíbia
  • Tasmânia
  • fome na Índia
  • Holocausto
  • ciência racial