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Welcome to the course- Introduction to Urban
Planning. In this session today, in the process
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to understand the need and the objectives
of urban planning, we are going to look at
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urbanization and its relationship with sustainable
development. We have earlier covered Conceptual
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Understanding of Urban Areas.
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Today we will explore the Concept of Urbanization,
how we measure urbanization, why cities grow,
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look at the Global Urbanization Pattern and
review the relationship between urbanization
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and sustainable development. So accordingly
the coverage will include the following. Accordingly,
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the learning outcomes will include that after
completion of this session you should be able
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to explain the Concept of Urbanization, discuss
how urbanization is measured.
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You should be able to review the growth of
urban areas. Further, you should be able to
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discuss the Global Urbanization Pattern, and
provide facts. And finally you should be able
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to synthesize the relationship between urbanization
and sustainable development. In the previous
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lecture, we looked at varied definitions of
urban areas from different countries.
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Now let us try to understand the term urbanization
and how we measure it, when we review the
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process. According to the document of Department
of Social Affair of United Nation, published
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in 2019-
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We determine the degree or the level of urbanization
by taking the percentage of population residing
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in the urban areas. Urban areas, which are
defined according to the criteria used by
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the National Governments for distinguishing
between the urban and the rural areas, as
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we had already seen in the previous class.
In practice, urbanization refers both to the
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increase in the percentage of population residing
in the urban areas and to the associated growth
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in number of urban areas, in the size of cities
and in the total area occupied by the urban
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settlements. Now let us look into why cities
grow.
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As per the world population study, we see
that there are 3 components to how urban growth
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happens. First by Natural Increase, second
by Migration and third identified component
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is Reclassification. How these components
influence the growth of the cities varies
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depending on how population changes take place
in a country. And how the size of a given
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settlement changes and how there spatial planning
policies and the national definitions of urban
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space area and how the physical environment
and other countries specific local circumstances
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changes.
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Looking at the natural increase, the urban
population results when more people are born
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than the number of deaths which takes place
in urban areas. The balance of birth and that
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depends on level of fertility, affecting the
number of births and life expectancy at birth,
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affecting the number of deaths. And on the
distribution of population by age or other
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things being equal older population tend to
experience fewer births and more deaths.
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We see that, women living in urban areas typically
have greater access to education and modern
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methods of family planning. As a result, their
fertility is often lower compare to the women
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living in the rural areas. However, despite
a lower level of fertility there is often
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in excess of births over deaths in cities
due to a lower level of mortality and younger
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age distribution.
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We see that migration also affects the growth
of cities. Migration to cities from the rural
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areas or from the other countries contributes
to the urban growth whenever the number of
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in migrants exceeds the number of out migrants.
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We see that the migrants are often younger
on average compared to the population living
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in the areas of origin or the destination.
Therefore, migration tends to have an impact
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on the age distribution of both the sending
and receiving populations. Since most migrants
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in the urban areas are adults in working ages
or their children, migrant population tend
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to be younger than average. Therefore, migration
tends to increase the average age of the population
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in areas of origin of migration, while lowering
the average age in areas of destination.
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We further see that how we classify our urban
areas, also further changes the growth rate
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of the cities.
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Reclassification contributes growth of the
cities by enlarging the size of urban areas.
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We often see that when cities grow in area,
the administration incorporate neighboring
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settlements and the population which were
formally classified as rural in their planning
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boundaries are classified as urban.
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Also when village population grows that may
also result in reclassification of the settlements
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from the rural to the urban, thus it will
accelerate the pace of urbanization.
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Now let us see the urbanization trend.
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As per the World Urbanization prospects study,
undertaken in 2018, 55% of the world s population
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resided in the urban areas. Overall 4.2 billion
people resided in the urban settlements compared
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to 3.4 billion in the rural areas.
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It is noted that the world s population has
gone through a process of rapid urbanization
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since 1950. In 1950 more than two thirds,
that is 70% of people worldwide, lived in
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rural settlements. In 2007 it was observed
that for the first time in the history the
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Global Urban Population crossed the Global
Rural Population. Since then, the number of
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people in the cities have continued to grow
faster than the people in the villages.
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As per the World Urbanization study, it is
estimated that towards the end of the Agenda
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for Sustainable Development in 2030, the share
of the world s population living in the urban
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areas is expected to reach 60%.
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It is projected that by 2050 the world will
be more than two third s urban, 68%. Roughly
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the reverse of the Global Rural Urban Population
distribution of the mid-20th century.
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The study shows that Africa and Asia are urbanizing
more rapidly than the other regions of the
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world. The rate of urbanization measured as
the average annual rate of change of the percentage
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urban is the highest in Asia and Africa. These
2 regions are urbanizing faster with the proportion
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urban, increasing by 1.3 and 1.1% annually
between 2015 and 2020 respectively. While
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regions that already have relatively high
levels of urbanization are urbanizing at a
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slower pace, at less than 0.3% annually during
the same period.
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We see that most of the world s fastest growing
cities are in Asia and Africa. We also see
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that most of the cities are vulnerable for
at least one type of natural disaster.
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Here, we can see the range of disaster which
can happen to all the cities. We review India
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s growth so far.
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Looking at the last 5 years data from 1500
to 2016 our urbanization rate has been lower
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compared to the world: Japan, United States
and China. We see that the rural population
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is higher than the urban population in India
currently. However, it is projected that in
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India, urbanization is increasing and it is
estimated that by 2050 we will have more urban
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population than the rural population.
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In this table we see the decadal growth rate
of different global areas based on the census
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of 2001 and 2011. We see that this statutory
towns and non-statutory towns have both increased
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in a considerable rate. We see that we have
total 7932 towns as per census 2011. As per
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the increase in total number of towns we see
the decadal growth rate of 53.7. We see that
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statutory towns have shown 6.4 growth rate
and non-statutory towns have shown above 185
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growth rate. So we see that how drastically
our urban areas, urbanization is happening
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in our country.
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As per 2018 data we have 5 cities with above
10 million populations and it is projected
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that we will have 7 cities by 2030.
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4 cities which have population ranging from
5 to 10 million further it is projected that
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we will have 2 such cities by 2030. 52 cities
which have population ranging 1 to 5 million,
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it is projected that there will be 62 such
cities in 2030. Now let us see and comprehend
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the purpose of urban planning.
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Let us first understand the relationship between
the urbanization and sustainable development.
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Let us see what are the challenges and what
urban planning really needs to do in this
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direction.
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You must be seeing around that how your area
is changing. And how the nearby villages around
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you are transforming. And how people from
villages are moving to cities everyday looking
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for livelihood and better opportunities. And
we may even reflect, that even you and me,
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or our parents moved to cities or planned
to move at some point in time from the villages
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to witness the life we aspire for.
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We see that more and more area around us is
urbanizing. Urbanization is a complex socio-economic
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process. We may also connect with our previous
lecture, where, we discussed on characteristics
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of urban compared to rural and looked at definition
of urban areas. With that understanding and
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perspective we can see that when urbanization
happens, when these changes happen, the built
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environment changes.
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And shifts also happen in this spatial pattern.
We observe changes in our occupation, life
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style, culture and behavior. Therefore, the
urbanization process alters the demographic,
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the people around us and the social structure
of both urban and rural areas. A major consequence
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of urbanization process we see is the rise
in the number, land area and population size
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of the urban settlements compared to villages.
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Now let us look at the urbanization opportunities
and challenges and try to understand needs
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and objectives of urban planning. Urbanization
is shaped by spatial meaning, how the cities
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are placed in geographic context and urban
planning, what kind of planning interventions
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we undertake to shape our cities. As well
as, how much money we invest through public
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and private investment in building and infrastructure
in our place.
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We see that cities have increasing share of
economic activities and we see more innovations
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happening in cities. And cities develop as
centers, where transport, trade and information
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continuously flows. We see that the people
in cities also enjoy highest quality range
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of services compared to our rural areas.
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Because of urbanization we also see that demographic
and social structure of both urban and rural
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areas change.
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We have been historically linking urbanization
to economic development. In Europe and Northern
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America rapid urbanization during the nineteenth
and twentieth century was accompanied by industrialization
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and rapid economic growth. We often link the
two together because the transformation takes
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place because the economic development accelerates
urbanization.
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More people are attracted to cities that offer
varied opportunities for education and employment.
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Particularly in the Industry and Service Sectors.
Urbanization in turn has generally been a
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positive force for economic growth, poverty
reduction and human development. It is indicted
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that approximately 80% of the Global Gross
Domestic Product is generated in cities. However,
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our association of urbanization with economic
development has been challenged by recent
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trends in the developing regions, particularly
in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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As per the population study of the United
Nation, it is indicated that urbanization
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process is continued in Sub-Saharan Africa
between 1970 and 2000. But the economic development
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reduced in the region over that period. We
see that as suggested in the United Nation
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study that in most region including in Sub-Saharan
Africa the process of urbanization has occurred
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side by side of declining mortality and fertility
rates.
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So probably urbanization process indicates
the demographic transaction however, does
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not ensure the economic development. Those
are the things which we need to take care
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off while we look at the urbanization process.
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We further see that in our settlements we
notice enormous inequalities. Addressing inequalities
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is a key to achieve sustainable development.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:51)
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We see that in our slums, the dwellers face
greater exposure to environmental hazards
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such as pollution and suffer increased health
risk. In the past 15 years, countries have
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steadily improved urban slum condition by
improving the housing conditions, improving
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access to water, hand sanitation and improving
security against eviction. Countries have
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managed to move millions of people out of
substandard conditions and providing them
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with adequate housing.
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As a result of these interventions by various
governments, the proportion of world s urban
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population living in slums declined by 20%
between 2000 and 2015. In our cities we simultaneously
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see that the rate of new home construction
is often not at the same speed of the growth
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of urban population. The number of people
living in slums actually increased from 807
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million to 883 million over this period.
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As per United Nation s study of 2018, the
majority of those living in slums are located
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in 3 regions: Eastern and Southern- Eastern
Asia, Central and Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan
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Africa. Further the study indicates as per
the evidence from 100 of demographic and health
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surveys conducted in countries of Africa,
Asia and Latin America undertaken over last
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several years, that infants and children residing
in slums have substantially greater incidents
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of illness than their urban pears and a less
likely to survive their fifth birthday.
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The urban poor underdeveloped countries, also
faces marked disparities in health and wellbeing.
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In this picture we see Pilipino children in
front of their slum homes in Manila in Philippines.
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Furthermore, we see that through the study
that much of the increase in number of urban
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poor is taking place in locations that are
highly vulnerable to natural disasters and
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are expected to experience the greatest impact
of climate change.
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Such as low elevation coastal zones and arid
regions known as dry lands. Nearly 60% of
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cities with 3 lakh inhabitants today, are
at high risk of exposure to at least 1 type
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of 6 natural disasters including cyclones,
droughts, floods, earth quake, land sliding
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and volcanic eruptions and the number is growing.
We see that households, to counter this disaster
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due to climate variability to take care of
food and livelihood, migrate seasonally temporarily
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or permanently.
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Such migration is anticipated to increase
in future. We can reflect and see that the
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future growth of cities and how we allocate
land for different purposes and how we use
00:20:18
our natural resources, will determine our
success towards environmentally sustainable
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future. We often see that in our cities unplanned
and inadequately managed urban expansion takes
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place which leads to rapid sprawl, which means
fast spread of the city area.
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We see increasing pollution and we see increasing
environmental degradation. We also see that
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all this is often clubbed with unsustainable
way of how we produce and how we consume goods
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in our cities, we can see the way we are producing
and consuming goods today.
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Today s cities are growing twice as fast in
terms of land areas as they are in terms of
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population. Therefore, the projection estimates
indicate that future trends in urbanization
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could produce a near tripling in global urban
land area between 2000 and 2030. This will
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happen because as hundreds or thousands of
additional square kilometers are developed
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to urban levels of density now regularly.
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We can reflect that such urban expansions
growth threatens to destroy habitats in key
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biodiversity hotspots and contributes to carbon
emission associated with tropical deforestation
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and land use change. We further see that environmental
sustainability is additionally challenged
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by the consumption pattern that prevails in
the urban settings.
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We see these changes in pattern because now
the people living in cities earn more and
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tend to consume more per capita than people
in villages.
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Today cities account for between 71 to 76%
of CO2 emission and between 67 and 76% of
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global energy use. Nevertheless, living in
cities it appears to be more sustainable,
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yet the researches show that as high density
areas tend to consume less than low density
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urban area. The UN study indicates that as
per the data from Toronto, the energy consumption
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and greenhouse gas emissions are twice as
high on per capita basis in low densities
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sub-urban, development compared to the high
density urban core. However, there are also
00:22:48
links being established between density the
level of service in particular to health with
00:22:54
current pandemic which raises concerns for
health in cities and how we approach planning
00:23:01
for our cities. We shall be reviewing this
aspect in the later part of our course.
00:23:07
We see that while the loss of population in
a number of cities in west in Europe, Canada,
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New Zealand seems in general not to effect
negatively the quality of living of the population.
00:23:21
We see that a smaller population size can
actually also favor sustainable strategies
00:23:27
such as control of urban sprawl or the modernization
of public services or promote new collaborative
00:23:33
governance with stronger citizen and local
community participation.
00:23:37
So we saw how that urbanization is connected
with sustainable development, there are so
00:23:43
many things which are interdependent. And
what decision we make for our settlement and
00:23:49
how we change or approach and change our life
style, how we address inequality has direct
00:23:56
relationship with the sustainable development
for all.
00:23:59
So we see that if we manage urbanization well,
taking care of all factors as far as possible,
00:24:06
knowing well the population trends over a
long period of time, we can help to maximize
00:24:12
the benefits of agglomeration, meet the scales
of economy. At the same time, minimize the
00:24:20
environmental degradation and other potential
adverse impact of growing number of city dwellers.
00:24:28
Unplanned or inadequately managed urban expansion
in combination with unsustainable protection,
00:24:34
consumption pattern and lack of capacity for
public institution to manage urbanization,
00:24:39
can impair sustainability due to urban sprawl,
population and environmental degradation.
00:24:46
Planning for the delivery of services in the
urban and rural dwellers should include consideration
00:24:53
of different scenarios for the future growth
of urban centers and surrounding rural settlements.
00:24:58
We need to see how, which direction we are
going to take, what possibilities are there,
00:25:04
what our future would look like and accordingly
plan for.
00:25:09
Government policies for planning and managing
sustainable urban growth can help ensure that
00:25:15
the benefits of urbanization are shared equitably.
00:25:19
Sustainable Development Goal 11 is a commitment
to making cities inclusive, safe, resilient
00:25:27
and sustainable and participatory planning
can play an important role in the implementation.
00:25:33
Sustainable Urbanization requires that cities
generate adequate income and decent employment
00:25:39
opportunities. Provide the necessary infrastructure
for water and sanitation, energy, transportation
00:25:47
and communication.
00:25:48
Ensure equitable access to housing and services,
minimize the number of people living in slums,
00:25:54
preserve a healthy environment within the
city and surrounding areas.
00:25:58
To ensure that the benefits of urbanization
are shared and that no one is left behind,
00:26:04
policies to manage the urban growth need to
consider the needs of women, including equal
00:26:10
access to services, property rights and political
participation. Youth, including policies to
00:26:19
provide education employment, older persons
including policy to promote healthy aging.
00:26:25
Persons with disabilities, including policy
and law on accessible housing. Public infrastructure
00:26:31
and transportation and focus on urban poor
and other vulnerable groups including Indigenous
00:26:38
people, people of color, people of different
orientation. Fulfilling their needs allow
00:26:47
them to play a positive economic, social,
cultural role and so on. So if we will allow
00:26:54
people to feel their complete potential, they
would be really able to translate well in
00:27:01
our environment.
00:27:03
Planning, we see is a powerful tool to manage
Sustainable Urbanization. To ensure that the
00:27:09
benefits of urbanization are shared and no
one is left behind, policies to manage urban
00:27:15
growth need to ensure access to infrastructure
and social services for all, focusing on the
00:27:21
needs of urban poor and vulnerable groups
for housing, education, health care, decent
00:27:27
work and a safe environment.
00:27:29
As the world continuous to urbanize, sustainable
development depends increasingly on the successful
00:27:37
management of urban growth, that is why we
need urban planning, especially in low-income
00:27:42
and lower middle income countries where the
most rapid urbanization is expected between
00:27:48
now and 2050. Integrated policies to improve
the lives of both urban and rural dwellers
00:27:55
are needed.
00:27:56
Strengthening the linkages between urban and
rural areas and building on their existing
00:28:01
economic, social and environmental ties are
required. We see that urbanization has generally
00:28:08
been a positive force for economic growth,
poverty reduction and human development.
00:28:14
In cities we see diversity and well educated
people because of their entrepreneurship,
00:28:20
technological innovation and we see business
thriving in cities. Urban areas also service
00:28:27
center for development were the nearness of
commerce we have all the areas what we need
00:28:34
close by, we have government close to us,
we have transportation and infrastructure
00:28:41
necessary for sharing knowledge and we also
have access to information.
00:28:46
Urban dwellers are often younger, more literate
and more highly educated and are more likely
00:28:52
to have access to the decent work, adequate
housing and social services and can enjoy
00:28:59
enhance opportunities for cultural and political
participation, as well as gender equality.
00:29:05
Economy of scale in urban areas and technological
innovations can facilitate the sustainable
00:29:12
provision of infrastructure such as roads,
piped water and electricity, as well as basic
00:29:18
services such as education and health care,
all of which are essential to achieve the
00:29:24
Sustainable Development Goals for the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development.
00:29:29
Further we see that we need policies that
aim to restrict rural and urban migration.
00:29:36
We see that we need approach for Sustainable
Urbanization, that cities generate adequate
00:29:45
income and decent employment opportunities
for the people. Provide the necessary structure
00:29:50
for water and sanitation, energy transport
and communication, ensure equitable access
00:29:56
to housing and services, minimize the number
of people living in slums and preserve a healthy
00:30:01
environment within the city and the surrounding
areas.
00:30:04
So we see that the need and objective of planning
when we review the sustainability and urbanization
00:30:12
aspect and we look at various concerns for
economic access, social access, cultural access,
00:30:21
equity, quality of life, access to services,
we see that our need and objective range from
00:30:28
sustainable development. Need to nurture innovation
ensure economic development, poverty reduction
00:30:36
and human development reduce inequality.
00:30:40
We see the need for making cities inclusive
for women, youth, older people differently
00:30:45
abled people, poor, vulnerable groups, Indigenous
people, people of diverse culture, color and
00:30:53
orientation. There is need to ensure better
health, housing, livelihood education, and
00:30:57
safe environment. We need to make our cities
resilient, we need to contain migration, we
00:31:04
need to look at sustainable resource management,
attain environmental sustainability, provide
00:31:13
necessary access to services to all, including
water supplies, sanitation and energy transportation
00:31:20
and communication.
00:31:21
We also need to look at allowing community
to realize the full potential in economic,
00:31:27
social and cultural role to be played.
00:31:29
So summarizing, we see that today we covered,
looked at the concept of urbanization. We
00:31:36
looked at how we measure urbanization, we
also looked at how urbanization is happening
00:31:45
and we reviewed the global urbanization pattern,
we also looked at the urbanization pattern
00:31:50
in our country. We reviewed how the urbanization
and sustainable development are discussed
00:32:00
together and we looked at a range of problems.
00:32:02
So taking those ranges of problems we see
and now put in picture all the problems which
00:32:10
the urban planning needs to address.
00:32:13
So far in this session our references included,
United Nation s study on world population.
00:32:23
Our coverage was limited with the scope to
make you aware of the topic, there are enormous
00:32:28
readings and movies available to explore.
Few are suggested here, this is not an extensive
00:32:34
list, you may feel free to suggest more from
your experience.
00:32:38
Please feel free to ask questions, let us
know about your concerns, do share your opinions,
00:32:45
experiences and suggestions. Looking forward
to interacting and co-learning with you while
00:32:50
exploring cities and urban planning. So that
is all for today s session, thank you.
