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[Music]
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hello everybody today we shall start the
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lecture number three and let me again
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clarify that this particular course we
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have taken for reinforced concrete road
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bridges and that is a very one part of
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that bridge engineering why we have
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taken this particular one as I have told
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earlier that this particular course
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reinforced concrete bridges particularly
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solid slab and our CCTV those are very
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common so we have taken a one-way you
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can say that which is popular at the
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same time we can say which is simple
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simple in a sense that we know
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reinforced concrete design so how we can
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apply to bridges coming to this
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particular one here another objective of
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this course that at least we should be
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able to design a bridge either a solid
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slab or a RCC T beam bridge considering
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that aspect there are many more things
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are there which you will find out in
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different books but we are mainly
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interested on the point of view design
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coming to this particular on here so
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this is our lecture 3 that we are taking
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a half an hour module that way you can
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see and we are introducing here the
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general features of design and vehicle
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loading that is our objective here the
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general features of design and vehicle
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loading these are important last class
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we have so new different kind of
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vehicles we have shown you the thing is
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that how shall we make it standardized
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which particular Lord shall we used for
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our design considering that aspect as I
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have told you this particular figure I
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have shown you many times
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and this one we are considering the deck
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so we require carriageway footpath and
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class barrier the thing is that this one
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that means vehicles the middle part the
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carriageway part you can consider this
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then we are having footpath we have
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considered footpath in both sides and
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you are having Grass barrier in both
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sides we can help railing also that we
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shall come different time that we shall
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come so our objective is that what will
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be the first thing that one as you know
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this is the direction of vehicle so
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vehicle is moving in this particular
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direction so whenever it is moving in
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this particular direction then and that
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is actually we call it span of the
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bridge now whenever we are considering
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the span of the bridge let us just make
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it very clear in that case whatever you
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can consider the first thing we are
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having say span of the bridge
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if you consider here again let me tell
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you we are considering here simply
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supported beams
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so this is our simply supported beam
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simply supported beam as you can see
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that I have given this point at the end
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that means and if you see that any book
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whenever so far we have solved this
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problem any analysis problem instruction
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assist abilities there you've considered
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this one that L we consider that L but
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in a physical system what we really
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require we require something more that
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means if this is the one the deck we are
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talking here mainly say who the solid
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slab we are talking here we shall have
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BRE so this is BRE this one another one
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so obviously this bearing will have
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certain kind of dimension so if you
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compare this first figure and if you
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compare this figure this is the actual
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reality so we can get obviously it is
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wise to make the dimension from the
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centerline of the bearing to the
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centerline of the other side from the
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left side to this one so that means we
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can consider this one as L or effective
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span whatever we shall calculate that
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our bending moment shear force we shall
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compute on the basis of that so we have
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another one this is another length that
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is the actual one you have to construct
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so these dimension that one we can
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consider that one say you can say the
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total span I can consider so our bending
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moment shear force our objective here to
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find out a physical dimension of this
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deck where all of them in this figure if
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you see all of them will come into
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picture that means this one that it will
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be carried by this deck your foot path
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both sides I have given this color
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different color to distinguish because
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otherwise it will come the same the
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thing is that foot path also made of
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concrete or may be different grade then
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this class barrier also another grade of
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concrete like that so that means we
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shall come forward later on that where
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is another important aspect that we have
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to consider that is what will be the
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grade of concrete what is the grade of
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steel anyway first we are coming to our
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physical dimension so these dimension as
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you know the span is dependent
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that means span we can understand from
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the how much we have to actually
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negotiate how much we have to overcome
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the situation that but curve one that
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barrier that barrier that obstacle that
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how much we have to overcome and that
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one we call it the span so there is a
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first parameter that means we can say if
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it is a candle if it is a river I can
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say that this much I have to move
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forward so that way we can consider that
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one as a span and as you can see that we
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are having now two different spans one
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is we are called filling that effective
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span we can consider and I can call it
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another one you can continue that total
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span the total span of the bridge total
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length of the bridge that is one aspect
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so length wise if we consider this one
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that is your C x-axis I can say that
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means this particular one I can consider
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that I am moving along the x axis and
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this is your x axis it is customary to
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write down this one as Y vertical
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generally we write down as Y so if you
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take a cross section a a if you take a
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cross section then I shall find out this
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cross section the deck part where we are
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having this one say your Y X is the one
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that normal to the page and then we are
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having this one here said Jade so this
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is your direction that means your cross
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section will be in y jetplane
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longitudinal will be in your say XY
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plane so and the plan what we are
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getting that one will be in Jade
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explained so coming to this one here if
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we see this figure again let us come
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back to this figure again that where we
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are showing this but curved on the
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screen this figure if you come back here
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so that means these dimension whenever
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we are talking we are having two spans
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effective span and total span from the
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construction point B obviously you have
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to get the total span
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so there is the actual quantity actual
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dimensional to consider for analysis
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point of view it will come the effective
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span and now the question is that one
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what will be the DS length that means
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you're in the Jade axis so this is your
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x axis and this is your Jade axis so how
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much will be your that Jade axis that
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particular on your Thunder Y is the
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depth that one will come later on that
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one will come later on I mean to say
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considering the bending moment shear
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force and different other aspects also
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that we shall consider later on so this
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is the one we would like to find out
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where form we shall get the information
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question is that - we shall get the
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information the information we shall get
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it from this Indian roads Congress New
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Delhi they published this different
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codes like say Indian Standard Code we
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are having this IRC similarly you are
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having BIS and generally you are having
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eurocorp also and different other
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countries also having different codes
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coming to this part Quran here so
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standard specifications and code of
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practice for Road bridges this is our
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focus and then in section 1 and section
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2 IRC 5 that is section 1 general
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features of design IRC 6 6 & 2 that is
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actually loads and stresses so mainly we
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shall consider that vehicle note that we
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shall discuss today that way now our as
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per our objective for this particular
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course we shall only consider these two
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solid slab bridge and RCC T beam because
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I personally feel that if we can
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understand this one other one will be
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easier to understand so solid slab
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bridge and our CCTV now coming to this
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one here the single lane double lane
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triple length so this is the one that we
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have to consider single lane double lane
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and triple length let me clarify this
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one just a general idea say for example
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how shall we decide that
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we can decide this one here let us
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consider that you are having vehicle on
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the roads you are having vehicles on the
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road obviously that you should have
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another vehicle you should have another
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vehicle like this it is moving there is
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a you on road you will find out there is
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a gap but what we feel that I shall give
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something say 20 meter that means I
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shall get this 120 meter that I shall
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give that means between the two vehicles
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I shall give let us assume roughly say 5
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meter so that means this one is coming
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so 25 meter that means this one we are
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having 25 meter let us say the vehicles
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are moving at 60 kilometer per hour that
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means in a 60,000 meter
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in a 60,000 meter this is for that means
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one hour that means I am considering a
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particular one so all the vehicles will
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move to move from this particular
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vehicle and the last vehicle it moves so
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it will take one hour because I am
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assuming all of their moving at 60
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kilometer per hour so that means here if
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we consider 60,000 divided by 25 that
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means it will come 2 4 0 0 this is the 1
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number of vehicles you will find out
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this information in IRC relevant code
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generally that is done by the
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transportation engineering group but you
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can immediately you can see that it is
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coming 2400 that number of vehicles it
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can be 3000 3500 like that we can
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consider that so this is a very very
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comfortable one if you go little more
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then obviously it will be crowded like
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that now this is a very very decision
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factor say for example I am assuming
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that I shall give for each lane I shall
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give three thousand vehicles in an hour
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if I consider that if I stand in one
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place and if we just keep on counting
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then I shall say that I should not get
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more than three thousand vehicles
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passing if it goes more than what means
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it is becoming crowded on the basis of
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that we shall decide that at a
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particular point we shall decide that
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how many vehicles are coming and on the
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basis of that we shall decide that
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number of lanes so number of lanes means
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single lane
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mm that means two vehicles can pop move
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them like that it can go so this
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is the one we consider that one we have
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to decide that one how shall we consider
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with a single lane double lane or triple
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lane if we see that in a remote village
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Road then we do not have that much of
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vehicles so what we can do we can go to
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single then only and if we go to single
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lane there may say very rare situation
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it may come that one another vehicle has
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come so you have to give that side so
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that other can move so this is the one
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Clause 112 of IRC 5 that is the one we
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consider again so as I have told you
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earlier this is the one that dick which
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is actually taking care of all the load
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vehicles then pedestrian that footpath
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and also your same class barrier like
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that you are considering
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so here for a high level bridges
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constructed for the use of road traffic
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only the width of carriageway shall not
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be less than 4 point 2 5 meter for a
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single lane bridge and 7 point 5 meter
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for a two-lane bridge and shall be
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increased by 3 point 5 meter for every
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additional lane of traffic for a
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multiple lane bridge so that means here
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if we really consider that so we are
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having 3 numbers for point 2 5 meter
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7 point 5 meter and you are having 3
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point 5 meter so this is one very
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Pacific single lane when it is only
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single length so obviously it is wise to
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give little more because 3.5 may be
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sufficient for one lane but whenever we
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are giving only one length so obviously
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I have to give little more this is for
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double lane and this is for additional
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lanes
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so we can consider this on here
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so on the basis of that we can calculate
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that how much will be your debt length
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of the width of the bridge so we can
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decide on the basis of that we can
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decide on the width of the bridge and
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then we can find out so that means the
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carriageway you shall decide on the
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basis of that the category of the bridge
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we shall decide on now additional
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dimensions for footpath whether you are
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giving one footpath in one side whether
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you are giving in both sides because
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pond is another important aspect and on
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the basis of that we decide that whether
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we shall go for whether we shall go for
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that works a footpath in both sides so
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whether we shall do it is not wise to
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give sailing only we give but the thing
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and it is better to give grass barrier
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so that the vehicle will never go out of
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the bridge so that way we consider there
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what we just sell provide for either one
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length two lengths or multiple of two
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lengths this is very very important here
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please note this word multiple of two
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lengths
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the thing is there generally we don't
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give whenever the vehicles are we are
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considering vehicles then whenever we
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are considering vehicles that moving in
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opposite direction then obviously that
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it should be if it is a single lane that
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we know the single lane means we have to
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wait we have to give pass to other one
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if somebody comes on the other side
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double lane means I do not have any
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problem that I shall use one my left
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lane and the other side of the lane will
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be used the who is coming from the
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opposite side now if we go for three
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lanes then you are having one ambiguity
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of one lane one lane left lane you can
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consider that lane for the person who is
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going upward direction you can say that
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one on the right hand side the furthest
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right hand side you can consider that
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one the person who is coming that only
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you can say in that you can say like
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this
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that this is the vehicle and this is the
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one so this one going up this one coming
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down now these four son the vehicle who
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will use it so that's why it is told
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that you use that not multiple of two
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lengths so it should be multiple if you
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use say odd number of lanes three lanes
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then it should be one direction only and
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you will find out in particular in the
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highway the three languages are
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constructed
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Trillian bridge constructed but that is
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for one direction all traffic
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unidirectional
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it is never used for both so that's why
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you will find out highways that you will
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find out trillion bridges you'll find
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out for upper up up as well as for down
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that two trillion bridges you will find
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out particularly in the highways you'll
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find out and that is the one and that is
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for one direction so that means one
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exclusively for the up up direction
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another one excluded for the down
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direction that way you can consider
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three languages with two directional
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traffic shall not be considered that is
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the one you will find out the
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carriageway on east side of the world
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shall provide at least tool and software
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with their of cell individually comply
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with the minimum requirements stipulated
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above the width of central purged median
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when providers shall not be less than
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1.2 meters so if we have something say
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medial portion so it should not be less
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than 1.2 meter cross section of Tulane
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and multi languages cell satisfy the
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following that means for all minor
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bridges of total length up to sixty
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meter as I have told you that the
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different categories of that one based
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on the span we have discussed out of
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that we have discussed that one so sixty
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meter you can consider that one as a
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minor beach with between the outermost
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process of the base shall be equal to
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the full roadway width of the approaches
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subject to a minimum of 10 meter 10
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meter for Hill roads other distros and
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2l meter for other cases so this is your
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that guideline so as you can see that
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means our objective here whenever you
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are deciding that with the width will be
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such their Road so it should not be more
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than the bridge with if it happens then
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obviously there will be a congestion of
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traffic during movement so there so I
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that always you should have the next
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should not be actually the less than the
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body that is the one we should not have
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for two languages having total length
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more than sixty meters that is we call
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it actually your say major which you can
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say the width of the bridge shall
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provide
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for seven point five meter category plus
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a minimum of 1.5 meter with white
00:23:01
footpath on either side wherever
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required so you have to give minimum say
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at least say 1.5 meter foot but
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sometimes they restrict but that is not
00:23:09
the right choice so the thing is that
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here as I have told you many times that
00:23:15
breeds actually one important aspect the
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road part you can easily expand it but
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whereas the bridge part once it is done
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you'll not be it is very difficult until
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unless you expand it so there is a
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certain kind of expansion actually
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possible that one nowadays many that
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state highways or national law is they
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are doing that what color one so that's
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how it is always wise to go for certain
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kind of diamonds and that word core one
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in this case I have told you one point
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five meter wide footpath sometimes they
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make 60 point seven five or one meter
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that is not a wise decision for two
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languages having total length more than
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sixty meter in urban situations the
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overall width between the outermost
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phases of the bill shall be equal to the
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full roadway width of the approaches so
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whatever you are having that full Road a
00:24:10
width of the approaches now the thing is
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that whenever you are talking say full
00:24:14
roadway width in that case what happen
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actually that seven point five meter
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that is for the double lane and that is
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very very common and then you can go for
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your say 11 meter no that way we can
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consider for the three lane generally
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then but that one again should be
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actually unidirectional that particular
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one we should consider here so coming to
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this but Quran here so that full roadway
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whatever you are talking say seven point
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five meter or whatever one you are
00:24:45
considering that one that should be omit
00:24:50
for multi-lane bridges in both urban and
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non-urban situations the overall width
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between the outermost faces of the
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bridge shall be the same as the full
00:25:01
roadway width of the approaches wherever
00:25:04
footpaths are provided there with shall
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not be less than one
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one parameter the width of the median in
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the bridge portion shall be kept same as
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that in the approaches so that
00:25:14
particular one we should keep it in our
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mind for bridges on expressways the
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prohibitions of that are shall be
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satisfied the Carriger would shall not
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be less than the width of the
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carriageway in the approaches plus hard
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shoulders so these are the guidelines
00:25:33
whatever given in IRC pipe so this is
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most important on for and that I have
00:25:40
given here that pattern on here for
00:25:42
expressways so with respect to the
00:25:44
earlier clause that we shall consider so
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the idea is very simple that we can
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consider this one this is very simple
00:25:54
that means you you can consider that one
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here that your you can consider that two
00:26:01
Road with that we can find out so it is
00:26:04
very simple four point two five meter
00:26:05
once more let me tell you seven point
00:26:08
five meter and then three point five
00:26:10
meter that is the guiding factor on the
00:26:12
basis of you have to do it and then your
00:26:14
width of the approach Road that is
00:26:16
actually very very important here now
00:26:18
coming to this one here just to infer
00:26:23
mean this is the one we call it actually
00:26:24
your sacred failure gas video can help
00:26:28
this type of dimension this one I have
00:26:30
taken from IRC five and then we are
00:26:33
having that this is a very very standard
00:26:35
dimension that record on one city you
00:26:38
can do it
00:26:38
you can use it for all your project if
00:26:41
you want to do it so these are the
00:26:43
things you can go under and this is your
00:26:45
real input here you have considered this
00:26:48
one say here that you can take out this
00:26:50
one that means the bridge and because
00:26:52
the Dahlia possibilities are really the
00:26:55
vehicles will come vehicles will make
00:27:01
come to the footpath but in this case
00:27:04
that vehicle will never come to the
00:27:05
footpath so that may pedestrians can go
00:27:08
in a comfortable manner without any
00:27:10
anxiety so that way you can consider
00:27:12
here this is your single head this is
00:27:16
the double head or vertical post double
00:27:19
head double side there may be both
00:27:20
that is possible that means this is you
00:27:23
know one side this is also on one side
00:27:25
and this one whenever you are using the
00:27:27
both sides that particular one vehicles
00:27:29
are moving that you can consider that so
00:27:33
coming to this one here before that I
00:27:36
thought I shall tell you this what is
00:27:39
called just a minute so this part code
00:27:42
on here so now we have got this
00:27:45
information that I know the span that
00:27:48
how much we have to negotiate how much
00:27:50
we have to overcome how much obstacle we
00:27:52
have to move on the basis of the span is
00:27:54
decided the next one we are getting this
00:27:57
one here say that your in this person
00:28:01
foot path whether this is given or not
00:28:02
then class barrier then you are having
00:28:05
really on the basis of that the deck
00:28:07
width will be decided and then we can
00:28:10
find out this dimension that we can find
00:28:13
out that means our first part that we
00:28:16
can say that we can find out the
00:28:17
dimension we can go and get it that
00:28:20
question is coming here depending on the
00:28:23
span the super structure will be decided
00:28:26
and as I have told you that one that
00:28:28
here we are considering a simple one
00:28:30
that RCC salt slab the one I am showing
00:28:33
and second one we shall consider our
00:28:36
CCTV because that you can find out if we
00:28:39
go little more then we require that the
00:28:41
depth is coming quite high and that one
00:28:44
is not at all acceptable from the
00:28:45
economic point of view that we can
00:28:47
consider so coming to this packard on
00:28:51
here this is the one general
00:28:52
considerations we are doing here the
00:28:55
second part we shall consider that one
00:28:58
obviously it is coming that one here
00:29:00
just quickly let me come back there that
00:29:04
I can tell you so for this particular
00:29:07
case we have considered only say here I
00:29:11
have given the general features of
00:29:13
design for IRC 5 that mainly we have
00:29:15
considered the second part we shall
00:29:18
consider that on your say loads and
00:29:21
stresses that we we shall consider in
00:29:24
the second part of our that to this
00:29:27
topic and Indian Road Congress having so
00:29:31
many codes
00:29:33
and we shall also consider here that
00:29:36
other codes ooh you I shall show you
00:29:39
that other course particularly say euro
00:29:41
code and most of the cases you will find
00:29:43
out that B is that good of Indian
00:29:48
standard or say you're that IRC that is
00:29:52
mainly followed that once say they have
00:29:54
followed that you know code and you will
00:29:55
find out that he wants our objective
00:29:58
here that step-by-step we are moving
00:30:01
towards that design that not only from
00:30:04
the only you know from the planning
00:30:06
stage that means how to decide that what
00:30:10
type of span what type of bridge we
00:30:12
shall decide that is the first part and
00:30:15
on the basis of that we required the top
00:30:18
portion so far I have given you the plan
00:30:20
of the bridge that means if you look
00:30:22
from the top of the bridge I shall get
00:30:24
the span of the bridge and width of the
00:30:27
beach so far I have not told you what
00:30:30
will be the depth of the bridge that one
00:30:32
will come into picture when we know that
00:30:34
loading or what type of loading are
00:30:36
coming different kinds of loading will
00:30:38
come into picture mainly we shall
00:30:40
consider the self weight of the bridge
00:30:42
and the other one we shall consider you
00:30:45
know that one that you will say that
00:30:47
vehicle loading that we shall consider
00:30:49
so in the next one we shall consider
00:30:52
that loads and traces particularly your
00:30:55
same vehicle loading because there are
00:30:57
so many vehicles are going the custom is
00:30:59
that what will be the load due to the
00:31:02
vehicle that is one important part that
00:31:04
we have to consider so that everybody
00:31:07
all designers will follow that one and
00:31:09
that is obviously very very important
00:31:11
here say for example just to give you
00:31:13
idea from Indian Standard Code that is
00:31:17
875 whenever we talk say residential
00:31:20
building then obviously we consider say
00:31:22
for example 200 kg per square meter or
00:31:25
250 K physical parameter D maybe 300 kg
00:31:28
per square meter depending on the
00:31:29
situation if it is a balcony then it is
00:31:32
400 kg per square meter or 4 kilo Newton
00:31:35
per square meter if it is a staircase 4
00:31:37
kilo Newton per square meter we say that
00:31:40
one that balcony is crowded let us say
00:31:43
you are having a balcony if you are then
00:31:45
balcony then
00:31:46
it is in the roadside there is a
00:31:48
possibility that occasional it may
00:31:50
happen that people are all crowded on
00:31:54
the balcony to see what is going on
00:31:55
there well there is a processor and that
00:31:57
is something going on so that way they
00:32:00
can understand so that way there one is
00:32:02
that normal loading another one we call
00:32:04
it's a crowded so for balcony then we
00:32:07
can have say welcoming for Clemente or
00:32:09
first kilometer then similarly
00:32:10
highfalutin first kilometer similarly in
00:32:13
the footpath also we should have that
00:32:15
how much load we shall consider for the
00:32:16
footpath how much load we shall consider
00:32:18
for the your vehicles so that is the one
00:32:22
and which we shall get it from this code
00:32:24
that IRC six six and two loads and
00:32:29
stresses by Indian Road Congress New
00:32:35
Delhi again so we have only taken this
00:32:37
one that we are having bearing code then
00:32:39
we are having concrete code like that we
00:32:42
are having different code but we shall
00:32:44
introduce the codes which are liquid for
00:32:46
our this particular course okay with
00:32:49
this let me conclude this particular one
00:32:51
then we shall go to the next one that is
00:32:53
loads and stresses thank you very much
