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nowadays most people are unfamiliar with
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the French philosopher HRI buron unless
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maybe they're French or have some
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interest in Continental philosophy but
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back in the early 20th century it's hard
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to overstate just how famous buron was
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he was more than an intellectual
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celebrity he was an intellectual
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Superstar known internationally and even
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among the non- philosophically educated
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public his lectures were at capacity
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he met US President woodro Wilson he
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worked with the League of Nations won a
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Nobel Prize for literature and it is
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said that when he came to do a lecture
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in New York it caused the very first
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traffic jam on Broadway he had his own
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stance who would send him fan mail and
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obsess over him to the point of finding
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out where he lives and going to his home
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and it's even said that he had fans who
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tried to get locks of his hair which see
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seems like a difficult task but in any
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case his Fame was quite incredible
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especially for a philosopher now one of
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the reasons he was well-liked by much of
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the public was his sense of humor and he
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went as far as writing a systematic
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philosophical analysis of laughter and
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comedy and it's quite a unique book
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because there's very few influential
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books on Comedy in the history of
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Western
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philosophy after all it's a difficult
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subject to philosophies about because
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the variety of things we laugh at seems
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to be so Broad and random that creating
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a single coherent theory behind it seems
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almost impossible and buran's attempt is
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really remarkable because the basic
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framework with which he views comedy is
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deceptively simple and yet he gets so
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much mileage out of it covering such a
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wide range of different kinds of comedy
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in ways that are still applicable today
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this book on laughter is probably the
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most systematic work on Comedy in the
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Canon of Western philosophy and I think
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you will find it as interesting as I did
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because we all laugh and yet almost
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never reflect on why something made us
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laugh before presenting his view of what
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the core of Comedy is bergon sets up the
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discussion by laying down three general
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principles of it first he says that not
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only are humans the only creatures who
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laugh but also that only the human
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provides material for laughter we don't
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typically find natural phenomena funny
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for instance in most cases we laugh at
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human behavior or things human beings
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say or things made by humans the obvious
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counter example is animals which we
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laugh at all the time but buron argues
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that even when we laugh at something an
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animal does it is only because we
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perceive in them some human quality
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secondly buron argues that comedy is
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based more on intellect than On Emotion
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because emotional investment tends to
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make things less funny for example if a
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person trips and falls in a funny way
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you're less likely to find it funny if
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you primarily feel pity for them or if
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someone makes a joke at your expense
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you're unlikely to laugh if it made you
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angry comedy must thus be to an extent
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emotionally detached this would explain
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also why things that aren't funny in the
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moment can often become funny in
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retrospect precisely when you're less
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emotionally invested in the scenario and
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third bergon says that laughter is
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fundamentally social and this seems
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intuitively right we are a lot more
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likely to laugh in groups than we are
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when we are alone this is the psychology
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behind sitcom laugh tracks which are
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meant to make you feel even if not very
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successfully like you're laughing with
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others even if you're watching TV alone
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so laughter is human intellectual and
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social this sets up the analysis but it
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doesn't yet tell us anything about what
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makes things funny to us to understand
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bergson's approach to Comedy we need to
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start with the metaphysics that it's
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based on namely the distinction between
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mere matter on the one hand and life on
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the other two tendencies that are
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constantly interacting with life
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appearing to predominate in some
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phenomena and mere matter in others m
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matter is associated with mechanism
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inertia repetition stagnation whereas
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life is associated with the organic
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change creativity and adaptability and
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these dual Tendencies appear in
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everything from nature to human beings
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to entire societies and comedy for
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bergon at its core is explained by this
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distinction namely comedy is derived
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from situations in which where we should
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find life instead we find mere matter
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where we should find organic development
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we find mere mechanism this might sound
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very strange for now so let's take one
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of bergson's first examples the Eternal
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classic of Comedy a person falling down
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quote a man running along the street
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stumbles and Falls the passor by burst
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out laughing it is not his Sudden Change
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of attitude that raises a laugh but
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rather the involuntary element in this
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change his clumsiness in fact perhaps
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there was a stone on the road he should
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have altered his Pace or avoided the
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obstacle instead of that through a lack
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of elasticity through absent mindedness
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and a kind of physical obstinacy as a
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result in fact of rigidity or of
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momentum the muscles continue to perform
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the same movement when the circumstances
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of the case called for something else
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bantas describes the man falling as
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moment arily appearing as a kind of
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automaton an object if in this man life
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was the unchallenged guiding force he
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would exhibit a kind of organic
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elasticity and adaptability which
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adapting to changes in circumstance
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would change its movements so as to
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avoid tripping on the Rock but the man
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through absent-mindedness continued the
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same movement even when the
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circumstances called for a change this
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is precisely what makes the absent
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minded man similar to a mechanism he
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continues repeating emotion even when it
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is no longer called for like a humanoid
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robot who only has one way of moving its
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legs that is precisely one of the things
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that distinguish life from Mere matter
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the capacity to change so as to adapt to
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changes in the environment and the
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Turning of life into an object is the
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core of Comedy so far you're probably
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not convinced because obviously people
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falling down or tripping is not the only
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thing we laugh at so this explanation
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might seem quite limited right now but
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bergon actually uses it to explain a
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whole range of comic
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phenomena after all another central
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element of Comedy is repetition and
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repetition is precisely what mechanism
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is characterized by in contrast to life
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which is characterized by change and
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development repetition is the principle
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behind why we sometimes find lookalikes
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funny for in instance burkson writes
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quote analyze the impression you get
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from two faces that are too much alike
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and you will find that you are thinking
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of two copies cast in the same mold in a
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word of some manufacturing process or
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other this deflection of Life towards
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the mechanical is here the real cause of
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laughter and comic repetition can be not
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only visual repetition but repetition of
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sound or the repetition of a person's
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movements I'm Ed of the old comedy
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sketch dinner for one which I never
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found particularly funny but my dad
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loses his mind laughing every time he
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sees it and he laughs harder each time
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the butler trips over the carpet Tiger's
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head this is an example of clumsy
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absent-mindedness the incapacity of the
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butler to adapt his walk to the carpet
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Amplified by repetition repetition can
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also take the form of a habit which has
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become so ingrained that it resembles a
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machine for example the industrial
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worker in Charlie chaplain's movie
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modern times for whom using the wrench
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on the production line has become so
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ingrained that he can't stop turning
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things with it regardless of how the
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circumstances change to the point of
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using it on a person's face bergon also
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brings attention to how when we watch a
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person speaking if we notice a certain
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mannerism or gesture that they
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unintentionally repeat again and again
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again it starts becoming funny and this
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is precisely because this repetition
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resembles a mechanism making the person
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appear as an automaton repeating a
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certain predetermined movement
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impersonations of people are funny
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precisely because they bring attention
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to these repetitions anyone who does an
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impersonation of xek will of course keep
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sniffling touching their nose and
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pulling on their shirt none of these
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gestures are funny on their own but it's
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precisely their repetition that by
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resembling mechanism makes them funny
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the mannerisms resemble unconscious
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matter as just like the man tripping and
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falling they result from a certain kind
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of
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absent-mindedness as burkson writes
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quote I find that a certain movement of
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head or arm a movement always the same
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seems to return at regular intervals if
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I notice it and it succeeds in diverting
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my attention if I wait for it to occur
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and it occurs when I expect it then
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involuntarily I laugh why because I have
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now before me a machine that works
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automatically this is no longer life it
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is automatism established in life and
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imitating it it belongs to the comic
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this is also the reason why gestures at
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which we never dreamt of laughing become
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laughable when imitated by another
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individual so one of the laws of Comedy
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that bergson announces is that the
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attitudes gesture and movements of the
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human body are laughable in exact
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proportion as that body reminds us of a
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mere machine furthermore this explains
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one of the oldest and most widespread
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subjects of Comedy the bodily functions
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this burgon says is especially humorous
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when our attention is very suddenly LED
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away from conscious life into the
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unconscious body imagine for instance a
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person giving a serious speech and
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unintentionally in the middle of it they
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fart or their stomach makes a loud noise
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people find these kinds of situations
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funny burkson argues precisely because
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we are suddenly taken away from the
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person's intentional conscious speech
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down to the unconscious matter of the
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bily functions from life to Mere matter
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recently I saw a Twitter thread of funny
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movie and TV show scenes they use
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dummies as a substitute for a person's
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body which people tend to find really
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funny and I think it's a perfect
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illustration of bergson's theory we find
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it funny precisely because of the way a
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living person is momentarily turned into
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a mere
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object and then bergon talks about
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caricatures a caricature is kind of like
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an exaggeration of the materiality of a
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person's face you take the physical
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features that form in spite of the
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person and push them to their limits so
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to speak the result is like a depiction
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of what the face would look like if the
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rigid matter completely took over as
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bergon puts it by finding and
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exaggerating the Face's natural
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tendencies beneath the skindeep harmony
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of form the caricaturist divines the
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deep-seated recalcitrance of matter
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comedic clothes also function by this
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interplay between life and matter or the
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rigid and the organic what we often find
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humorous in clothes is the phenomenon of
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rigid matter unsuccessfully trying to
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follow the Supple movements of a living
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body burkson writes that quote in every
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human form our imagination sees the
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effort of a soul which is shaping matter
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a soul which is infinitely Supple and
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perpetually in motion this Soul imparts
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a portion of its winged likeness to the
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body it animates the immateriality which
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thus passes into matter is what is
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called gracefulness matter however is
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obstinate and resists where matter thus
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succeeds in dulling the outward life of
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the soul in petrifying its movements and
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thwarting its gracefulness it achieves
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at the expense of the body and effect
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that is comic comic movement is
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therefore also described by burkson as
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the opposite of
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gracefulness so far we've been talking
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about physically based comedy but
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buran's application of the theory does
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not end there he also spends a lot of
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time talking about comedic characters
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first of all all these are typically
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characterized by
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absent-mindedness just like the person
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falling over in order for us to find a
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person ridiculous in a laughable way
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they have to be unaware of their own
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Ridiculousness as if they were aware of
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it they would try to change it or at
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least to hide it burkson writes that
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quote a comic character is generally
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comic in proportion to his ignorance of
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himself the comic person is unconscious
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Homer Simpson for inance
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is funny in part because he's unaware of
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the things that make him funny and this
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lack of self-consciousness this absent
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mindedness is a defect of life that's
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why ignorance is such a common
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characteristic of a comic character
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another common feature of a comic
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character is stubbornness and what is
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stubbornness if not precisely that
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resistance to change that characterizes
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matter a stubborn character will
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repeatedly behave in a particular way
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even when the change circumstances no
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longer call for it in this case it is
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not their physical movement that
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resembles an automaton but their
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personality secondly Comic characters
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tend to be relatively simple and less
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prone to character development than
00:14:45
dramatic characters instead they're
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typically manifestations of a type Comic
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characters are typical and these
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features make them appear less like
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organic life and more like mechanism
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like machines Comic characters tend to
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repeat almost like they're
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mass-produced because of this bergon
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says that comedy is diametrically
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opposed to tragedy which is more about
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exploring inner life a good tragic
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character is precisely not typical a
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tragic character is unique complex and
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prone to development in other words
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Exemplar of life in tragedy if a main
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character appears typical we consider
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them bad written in comedy on the other
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hand Comic characters are supposed to be
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manifestations of a type which is why
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character tropes are a lot more
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permissible in comedy than they are in
00:15:40
drama this also goes back to the
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principle about comedy being emotionally
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detached a tragic character has a very
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active and unique inner life and it is
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this inner life which makes us feel for
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them with the comic character it's the
00:15:56
opposite as we are less likely to laugh
00:15:58
at a character if they arouse our
00:16:00
feelings too strongly another way of
00:16:02
putting this is that tragedy is about
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inner life whereas comedy is about
00:16:07
external appearances that's why burkson
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argues that for a dramatic or tragic
00:16:13
writer self-reflection and introspection
00:16:15
are the most important talents whereas
00:16:18
for a comic writer observation is a lot
00:16:21
more important which makes sense when we
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think of the phenomenon of observational
00:16:26
comedy such comedy functions not So Much
00:16:29
by revealing something unknown but by
00:16:32
making us alert and bringing our
00:16:34
attention to something which was
00:16:36
unconscious or unintentional concerning
00:16:39
comedic types think of all the memes
00:16:41
about Drake that go Drake is the type of
00:16:45
guy to X Y and Z they're funny precisely
00:16:48
because they refer to a certain type of
00:16:50
guy it reduces Drake a particular
00:16:53
individual to a certain type that we all
00:16:56
know and that we see repeated in in
00:16:58
numer able cases this also applies to
00:17:01
the current day usage of wo jaacks a
00:17:03
wojack does not refer to a particular
00:17:06
individual but to a type of person and
00:17:09
that's what makes them work as comedic
00:17:11
means Comic characters are not defined
00:17:14
by what makes them unique but what makes
00:17:16
them typical they too fall under the
00:17:19
broad comedic category of repetition
00:17:22
that's also why impersonation is
00:17:24
inherently comic and this applies to
00:17:26
real life as well if you for instance
00:17:29
see someone wearing the cargo shorts
00:17:31
plus Zelda shirt combo you might find it
00:17:34
funny because it refers to such a
00:17:36
particular type of person one that
00:17:38
you've seen before it's as if a person
00:17:41
who should be a unique individual
00:17:43
appears in a predetermined mold as if
00:17:46
they were mass-produced that's also why
00:17:49
cultural stereotypes are such a common
00:17:52
subject of comedy and comedy also
00:17:54
extends by
00:17:56
association such that in addition to the
00:17:58
the mechanization of the individual's
00:18:01
personality comedy extends to the
00:18:03
mechanization of society as a whole and
00:18:06
even the mechanization of nature think
00:18:09
The Flintstones for instance bergon also
00:18:12
doesn't forget forms of Comedy based on
00:18:14
language puns and word playay for
00:18:16
instance and he views it with the same
00:18:19
approach he sees this kind of Comedy as
00:18:21
playing around with language as if it
00:18:24
was a mechanism in its living form
00:18:26
language is used to communicate
00:18:28
something something or Express something
00:18:30
but word play takes advantage of what is
00:18:33
unintentional in language its
00:18:35
materiality in other words treating
00:18:38
words like mere objects hence bergon
00:18:41
formulates this law of language-based
00:18:43
Comedy a comic effect is obtained
00:18:46
whenever we pretend to take literally an
00:18:48
expression which was used figuratively
00:18:51
or once our attention is fixed on the
00:18:53
material aspect of a metaphor the idea
00:18:56
expressed becomes comic which I think is
00:18:59
perfectly illustrated by this scene
00:19:02
you're in big trouble though pal I eat
00:19:04
pieces of [ __ ] like you for breakfast
00:19:06
you eat pieces of [ __ ] for
00:19:09
breakfast no so burson's General method
00:19:13
of identifying what makes for Comic
00:19:15
material is to begin by analyzing the
00:19:18
characteristics we associate with life
00:19:21
and then deriving the Opposites of these
00:19:23
characteristics whenever life exhibits
00:19:26
these opposites it makes for Comic
00:19:28
material
00:19:29
life exhibits change and development so
00:19:32
when instead it appears as stagnation
00:19:34
inertia or repetition it becomes Comic
00:19:37
Life exhibits gracefulness so when it
00:19:40
appears as rigidity or clumsiness it
00:19:42
becomes Comic Life exhibits
00:19:45
Consciousness and intention so when it
00:19:48
appears as absent-mindedness an accident
00:19:51
it becomes comic now as an
00:19:54
evolutionarily minded thinker bergon
00:19:57
also believes that laughter and comedy
00:19:59
must have developed because it serves
00:20:01
some purpose or function after all
00:20:03
laughter appears in all human cultures
00:20:07
and the purpose it serves for bergson is
00:20:09
also tied to the distinction between
00:20:11
life and matter he argues that the
00:20:14
Central purpose of laughter is precisely
00:20:16
to combat
00:20:18
absent-mindedness almost as if by
00:20:20
laughing at a person we awaken life
00:20:23
where previously matter was predominant
00:20:26
by laughing we call attention to the
00:20:28
absent mindedness that led the clumsy
00:20:30
person to trip and fall for instance and
00:20:33
thereby motivate them to be more
00:20:35
attentive and mindful when they continue
00:20:37
walking down the street the way burkson
00:20:40
puts it comedy happens when life forgets
00:20:42
itself and the purpose of laughter is
00:20:45
therefore to wake it up again it's
00:20:47
because of this main purpose that
00:20:49
laughter is inherently social and
00:20:51
concerns mainly what is human this
00:20:54
applies also to the comic aspects of a
00:20:56
person's personality but by laughing at
00:20:59
a person for being ridiculous for their
00:21:01
ignorance stubbornness or vanity we
00:21:04
bring attention to these traits make
00:21:06
them aware of them and thereby motivate
00:21:09
people to change them Society is a
00:21:11
complicated thing and in order for it to
00:21:14
function well and harmoniously members
00:21:17
of a society need to be alert and
00:21:19
mindful and capable of adapting
00:21:21
themselves to their surroundings and
00:21:23
other people because of this Society is
00:21:26
generally suspicious of that which is
00:21:28
too rigid and inelastic and Bon sees
00:21:32
laughter as the means by which society
00:21:34
combats such rigidity I expect that many
00:21:37
will be suspicious of this explanation
00:21:40
because it takes a very small step to
00:21:42
use this to then justify bullying and
00:21:45
humiliation but Bron definitely
00:21:47
acknowledges that laughter isn't always
00:21:50
beneficial and can be callous and even
00:21:53
cruel the waking up of life is only its
00:21:56
general purpose its reason for existing
00:21:59
but that definitely does not mean that
00:22:01
all cases of laughter serve that purpose
00:22:04
buron does also recognize the fact that
00:22:06
comedy is to an extent culturally
00:22:09
contingent and its details are shaped in
00:22:11
large part by our culture and
00:22:14
socialization certain things become
00:22:16
funny not because they are inherently
00:22:19
humorous but because we learn to
00:22:21
associate them with something humorous
00:22:23
then they become indirectly humorous
00:22:26
inversely there are things which were
00:22:28
previously humorous that by learning to
00:22:31
associate with serious matters we stop
00:22:34
finding funny bergson's view is that
00:22:37
although the core of what constitutes
00:22:39
the comic is universal its shape can be
00:22:42
extended or contracted by social factors
00:22:46
it's clear when reading this book that
00:22:48
bergon has an early 1900 sense of humor
00:22:51
when he uses examples like a man being
00:22:54
shot out of a cannon or clowns bumping
00:22:57
into each other at the circus and yet
00:23:00
his analysis is still widely applicable
00:23:02
to the things we laugh at today I don't
00:23:04
doubt that you can come up with a bunch
00:23:06
of examples that aren't satisfyingly
00:23:08
explained by bergson's Theory regardless
00:23:12
this book is an impressive work given
00:23:14
how systematic and coherent it is when
00:23:17
treating such a multifaceted topic and I
00:23:20
haven't even touched on his discussion
00:23:22
of comedy's relation to children's toys
00:23:25
or dream logic or his beautiful analysis
00:23:27
of art as as a whole even if you
00:23:30
disagree with bergson's approach reading
00:23:32
this book is a great opportunity to
00:23:34
reflect on why we laugh at things it's
00:23:37
not a very long book and as far as 20th
00:23:40
century French philosophy goes it's very
00:23:43
clearly written with vivid language and
00:23:46
tons of examples for illustration so for
00:23:49
anyone who is interested in comedy
00:23:51
enough to reflect on it there's no
00:23:53
excuse not to read it we can end the
00:23:56
video on this quote which summarizes is
00:23:58
the relation between life and comedy
00:24:01
were events unceasingly mindful of their
00:24:03
own course there would be no
00:24:05
coincidences no conjunctures and no
00:24:08
circular series everything would evolve
00:24:11
and progress continuously and were all
00:24:14
men always attentive to life were we
00:24:16
constantly keeping in touch with others
00:24:18
as well as with ourselves nothing within
00:24:21
us would ever appear as due to the
00:24:23
working of strings or Springs the comic
00:24:26
is the sight of a person which Reveals
00:24:28
His likeness to a thing that aspect of
00:24:31
human events which through its peculiar
00:24:33
in elasticity conveys the impression of
00:24:36
pure mechanism of automatism of movement
00:24:39
without life consequently it expresses
00:24:42
an individual or Collective imperfection
00:24:45
which calls for an immediate corrective
00:24:48
this corrective is laughter a social
00:24:51
gesture that singles out and represses a
00:24:53
special kind of absent-mindedness in men
00:24:56
and in
00:24:57
events and now I'd like to thank my
00:24:59
patrons who support me so gracefully and
00:25:02
mindfully that they are never laughable
00:25:05
404 error just UND do it Andre Oliva
00:25:08
Beetle scratches Ben E blue blue blue
00:25:12
Celsius enjoyer circadia confirmatio
00:25:15
namay Matthew Dominic Daniel swing
00:25:18
Daniel zner drain gang Eevee Ros Eric
00:25:23
Owens felon mask Florida sucks franois U
00:25:27
wo harb moths Hong Kong Aesthetics Ian
00:25:30
Fowler John de Pani Katy Perry is John
00:25:34
Benet Ramsey Kelly H Camp Clement feice
00:25:38
M Lim Marius labantu Max bendick Max
00:25:42
Murphy najib safadin Nathaniel Lark
00:25:45
Nathaniel Owen obam nards Paul Winford
00:25:49
pdxj Morris PCAT post Elvis proon Rachel
00:25:54
Anne radical Q Sky stack smer Victor
00:25:58
Redco wsui yesterday's rice Yang kwanga
00:26:03
as well as all of these wonderful
00:26:05
patrons this video topic was voted for
00:26:08
by my patrons and if you support me on
00:26:11
patreon you will be able to participate
00:26:13
in deciding what the next video will be
00:26:15
about as well as receiving access to
00:26:17
video scripts occasional supplementary
00:26:20
notes and reading material Bon's on
00:26:23
laughter has been one of the most fun
00:26:24
works of philosophy I've read for this
00:26:27
channel so I really recommend it to
00:26:29
everyone some might be disappointed at
00:26:31
the fact that I didn't talk about
00:26:33
bergson's philosophy more generally but
00:26:36
I might make another video on him in the
00:26:38
future because I do find his philosophy
00:26:41
of time and memory to be fascinating
00:26:44
it's just harder to make a video out of
00:26:47
anyway I hope you enjoyed it and I hope
00:26:49
you're having a good day thank you
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