Utilitarianism

00:31:36
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03ESwNlyG8k

Resumo

TLDRUshbu video Jeremy Benthamning utilitarizm nazariyasini tushuntiradi, uning axloqiy to‘g‘ri va noto‘g‘ri xatti-harakatlarni qanday baholashini, baxt va azobning ahamiyatini o‘rganadi. Utilitarizm - bu harakatlardan kelib chiqadigan baxtning summasini oshirishga intiluvchi va azobning kamayishiga qaratilgan nazariya. Video Benthamning hedoniya, agregatsiya va natijaviylik kabi sub-nazariyalarini muhokama qiladi va utilitarizmning jozibadorliklari va zaif tomonlarini ta'kidlaydi.

Conclusões

  • 🎉 Utilitarizm - baxt va azob hisobiga asoslangan axloqiy nazariya.
  • 🧠 Bentham, utilitarizmni himoya qiluvchi eng yirik nazaratchilardan biridir.
  • 👍 Hedonizm - baxtni inson uchun yagona yaxshilik deb biladi.
  • ⚖️ Agregatsiya, outcomesni baholashda xodimlar umumiy baxtini ko‘rib chiqadi.
  • 🔍 Natijaviylik - harakatlarning natijalari axloqiy baholanadi.
  • 🔄 Utilitarizm barcha harakatlarni baholash imkoniyatini beradi.
  • 💡 Utilitarizmda axloqiy qarorlar chiqish joizdir.
  • ❓ Utilitarizmning kamchiliklari mavjud, ammo hayotiy tajribaga boy.
  • ➡️ Utilitarizm baxtni ustun qo‘yadi, shuning uchun ijtimoiy adolatni ta'minlaydi.
  • 🗣️ Bentham o'zining sub-nazariyalarini ochiq va ravshan ifodaladi.

Linha do tempo

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Videoda jet ski haydashning zavqlantiruvchi va baxtli tafsilotlariga e'tibor qaratilgan.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Utilitarizm nazariyasi haqida, Jeremy Benthamning birinchi nazariyasini taqdim etishdan boshlanadi.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Benthamning 'foydalilik printsipi' darsda muhokama qilinadi, u har qanday harakatning baxtga ta'sirini muhim deb ko'radi.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Utilitarizm, har doim umumiy zavqni ko'paytirish zarurligini belgilovchi nazariya sifatida ta'riflanadi.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Utilitarizmning birinchi qismi 'hedonizm', ya'ni odamlar uchun baxt va azobni tushunishga asoslangan.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:31:36

    Hedonizm, odamlar uchun yakuniy sa'y-harakatlar sifatida zavq va azobni belgilaydi, bu esa utilitarizmni to'ldiradi.

Mostrar mais

Mapa mental

Vídeo de perguntas e respostas

  • Utilitarizm nima?

    Utilitarizm har qanday harakatni baxt va azobga asoslangan baholash nazariyasidir.

  • Ushbu kurs kimning fikrlarini o‘rganadi?

    Kurs Jeremy Benthamning utilitarizm nazariyasini o‘rganadi.

  • Utilitarizmning asosiy tamoyillari nima?

    Asosiy tamoyillar: hedonizm, agregatsiya va natijaviylik (konsquentializm).

  • Hedonizm haqida nima bilishimiz kerak?

    Hedonizm inson uchun yaxshilik pleasure (baxt) ekanligini ta'kidlaydi.

  • Agregatsiya nima?

    Agregatsiya bu hamma odamlarning yaxshilik va yomonliklarini qo'shib hisoblash nazariyasi.

  • Natijaviylik (konsquentializm) qanday ishlaydi?

    Natijaviylik, har qanday harakatning axloqiy yaxshilik yoki yomonlikni baholashda natijalar muhimligini ta'kidlaydi.

  • Utilitarizmning kamchiliklari bormi?

    Ha, utilitarizmga qarshi bir qator tanqidlar mavjud.

  • Utilitarizmning jozibadorliklari nima?

    Berilgan mohiyatni baholashda oddiylik, har qanday xatti-harakatni baholash imkoniyati va odamlar o'rtasida tenglikni ta'minlaydi.

  • Bentham utilitarizmda kim?

    Jeremy Bentham utilitarizmning asoschilaridan biridir.

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Rolagem automática:
  • 00:00:00
    what's riding a jet ski good for well
  • 00:00:03
    it's fun it's good for pleasure
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    what's pleasure good for nothing nothing
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    else pleasure is just good ok so we're
  • 00:00:22
    gonna start this course by talking about
  • 00:00:24
    a moral theory called utilitarianism and
  • 00:00:29
    the philosopher that we read for today
  • 00:00:31
    is one of the original most famous
  • 00:00:35
    proponents of utilitarianism his name is
  • 00:00:38
    Jeremy Bentham
  • 00:00:40
    so what is the theory which actions does
  • 00:00:44
    it say are morally good and which
  • 00:00:46
    actions are morally bad Bentham tells us
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    right at the beginning of the reading
  • 00:00:51
    for today
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    Bentham gives us a principle called the
  • 00:00:58
    principle of utility the principle is
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    gonna be a rule or a set of instructions
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    it's going to be a rather general vague
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    rule in some way but it's gonna be a set
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    of instructions for how to act and if
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    you follow these instructions then
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    you're going to be acting morally well
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    you're gonna be doing the morally right
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    things and if you don't follow these
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    instructions then you are at risk for
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    doing the morally bad stuff here's what
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    it says the principle of utility is
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    quote that principle which approves or
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    disapproves of every action whatsoever
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    according to the tendency it appears to
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    have to augment or diminish the
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    happiness of the party whose interest is
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    in question okay so what does that mean
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    the principle it's going to be a rule or
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    set of instructions which approves or
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    disapproves of every action whatsoever
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    so for any action that anyone does or
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    any action that anyone could potentially
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    or theoretically do this principle is
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    going to tell you whether it's a good
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    action or a bad action it's going to
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    classify every possible action and the
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    criteria that it's going to use is the
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    well according to the tendency it
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    appears way what's it it the tendency it
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    the action the tendency that the action
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    appears to have to augment or diminish
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    the happiness of the party whose
  • 00:02:29
    interest is in question that is if you
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    want to know if any action is good or
  • 00:02:34
    bad morally speaking well then you need
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    to see whether that action increases
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    augments or decreases diminishes whether
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    it increases or decreases the happiness
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    of the relevant people and we're going
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    to talk in a minute about who the
  • 00:02:52
    relevant people are right but this is a
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    principle that says that the moral
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    rightness or wrongness of actions is
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    determined by the effect that those
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    actions have unhappiness
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    here is a sort of more general statement
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    of utilitarianism and this is the one
  • 00:03:13
    that we're going to use throughout the
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    course okay so here's our statement of
  • 00:03:21
    utilitarianism that we're gonna operate
  • 00:03:23
    with utilitarianism is the theory that
  • 00:03:26
    we are morally required to do whatever
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    produces the greatest total of pleasure
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    - pain and we're talking about the
  • 00:03:34
    greatest total for everyone in the
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    universe for all of the people or maybe
  • 00:03:40
    all of the creatures that can experience
  • 00:03:42
    pleasure and pain that's the theory okay
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    if we're going to assess this theory
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    we're gonna if we're gonna be able to
  • 00:03:50
    tell whether it's a good theory or a bad
  • 00:03:53
    theory whether it accurately captures
  • 00:03:55
    the real moral fabric of the universe or
  • 00:03:59
    whatever then we're going to need to
  • 00:04:01
    understand the sort of sub theories that
  • 00:04:04
    this theory is made up out of so now I'm
  • 00:04:08
    going to go through those the first sub
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    theory is called hedonism
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    okay hedonism is the theory that what is
  • 00:04:19
    good for each of us as an end is
  • 00:04:21
    pleasure and what is bad for each of us
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    as an end is pain okay there's a lot
  • 00:04:27
    here that needs to be explained let's
  • 00:04:29
    start with this phrase as an end so
  • 00:04:35
    something can be good for a person or
  • 00:04:38
    something can be good either as a means
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    or as an end so if something is good as
  • 00:04:46
    a means then it's good for getting
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    something else it's good as a way of
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    acquiring some other thing and that
  • 00:04:54
    other thing is good and the first thing
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    is only good because the first thing
  • 00:04:58
    gets you that second other thing right
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    so for example when I ask students
  • 00:05:05
    what's something that's good as a means
  • 00:05:08
    is the example that I always get and
  • 00:05:10
    it's a good example is money here here's
  • 00:05:14
    some money right money is good as a
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    means because well money is only good
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    for spending you spend money to get
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    stuff just having the piece of paper or
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    the coin or the numbers in your
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    electronic bank account just having that
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    isn't good by itself it's not good as an
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    end something as good as an end if it's
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    good by itself just to have it not
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    because it gets you something else but
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    money is only good for getting other
  • 00:05:42
    things so what's money good for well
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    it's good for getting coffee okay is
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    coffee good as an end know coffee is
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    only good for some other stuff that
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    coffee gets you like it gets you energy
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    right coffee is good also as a means for
  • 00:05:59
    staying awake
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    what's staying awake good for well
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    staying awake is good for studying
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    what's studying good for studying is
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    good for getting a good score on the
  • 00:06:10
    LSAT
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    what's getting a good score on the LSAT
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    is good for well it's good for getting
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    into law school what's getting into law
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    school good for well in the long run
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    it's good for getting a big fancy law
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    job and making lots of money so now
  • 00:06:25
    we're back to money and again what is
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    money good for
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    money another thing that money is good
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    for if you get enough of it because you
  • 00:06:32
    went to law school right
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    another thing that money is good for is
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    jet skis here's a jet ski there that's
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    the jet ski right what's a jet ski good
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    for again all of these all of these
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    things are only good as a means a jet
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    ski is good for riding the jet ski it's
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    not just good for you know leaving it
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    there you know in a room by itself to
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    collect dust a jet ski is only good for
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    riding what's riding a jet ski good for
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    well it's fun it's good for pleasure
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    it's good for happiness
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    that's what riding a jet ski is good for
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    what's pleasure good for nothing nothing
  • 00:07:14
    else pleasure is just good pleasure or
  • 00:07:17
    happiness that's the thing so says the
  • 00:07:21
    hedonist at least that's the thing
  • 00:07:23
    that's good as an end it's just good for
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    you to feel pleasure it doesn't get you
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    something else it doesn't get you coffee
  • 00:07:32
    or jet skis or something like that
  • 00:07:35
    pleasures just good that's what it is
  • 00:07:39
    for something to be good as an end it's
  • 00:07:41
    just intrinsically good it's not good
  • 00:07:43
    for getting something else the hedonist
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    is someone who thinks that the one and
  • 00:07:49
    only one thing that's good for a person
  • 00:07:53
    as an end is pleasure and the one and
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    only one thing that's bad for a person
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    as an end is pain that's the hedonist
  • 00:08:04
    theory here's something that's extremely
  • 00:08:07
    important to note and I can't possibly
  • 00:08:09
    overemphasize this hedonism is not
  • 00:08:12
    competing with utilitarianism these are
  • 00:08:15
    two different moral theories they're not
  • 00:08:17
    even answering the same question
  • 00:08:20
    utilitarianism is a theory that answers
  • 00:08:23
    the question what should I do what
  • 00:08:27
    actions are right and what actions are
  • 00:08:29
    wrong morally speaking hedonism is not
  • 00:08:33
    about action at all it's not about what
  • 00:08:36
    you should or shouldn't do it's about
  • 00:08:38
    what circumstances are good
  • 00:08:41
    for an individual person okay I had to
  • 00:08:46
    sort of cram it in there at the end but
  • 00:08:47
    what is good for an individual person as
  • 00:08:49
    an end that's the question that hedonism
  • 00:08:52
    is answering and what is good for
  • 00:08:55
    someone thing is just a very different
  • 00:08:58
    question from what ought people do right
  • 00:09:03
    maybe what they do doesn't depend just
  • 00:09:05
    on what's good for a single person if
  • 00:09:09
    you want to understand this question
  • 00:09:11
    just think about what people selfishly
  • 00:09:14
    want or what they should selfishly want
  • 00:09:17
    hedonism tells you what's selfishly good
  • 00:09:21
    for an individual person now that might
  • 00:09:25
    be different from what's the morally
  • 00:09:27
    right thing to do maybe that person or
  • 00:09:30
    some other people should do some things
  • 00:09:32
    that will make this person worse off
  • 00:09:36
    individually selfishly right hedonism
  • 00:09:38
    just tells you what's good for one
  • 00:09:40
    person okay the next sub theory or sub
  • 00:09:45
    thesis to utilitarianism is what we're
  • 00:09:48
    gonna call aggregation okay this is
  • 00:09:55
    aggregation the theory that an outcome
  • 00:09:58
    is better if the sum of what is good for
  • 00:10:01
    each person - what is bad for each
  • 00:10:04
    person is greater okay what what's going
  • 00:10:11
    on here well the first thing to notice
  • 00:10:13
    is that this theory aggregation it's
  • 00:10:16
    answering a different question than
  • 00:10:18
    utilitarianism is answering and it's
  • 00:10:20
    answering a different question than
  • 00:10:22
    hedonism is answering aggregation is a
  • 00:10:27
    theory not about individual people but
  • 00:10:31
    about whole outcomes whole circumstances
  • 00:10:35
    that involve lots and lots of people say
  • 00:10:38
    that you are a hedonist you agree you
  • 00:10:40
    think that well what's good for a person
  • 00:10:42
    is just the most pleasure pleasure is
  • 00:10:46
    the only thing that's good for a person
  • 00:10:47
    and pain is the only thing that's bad
  • 00:10:50
    for a person say that you agree with the
  • 00:10:53
    hedonist about that well
  • 00:10:55
    about what's good or bad as an end okay
  • 00:10:57
    so you agree about that and then you
  • 00:10:59
    want to know okay but there's more than
  • 00:11:02
    one person there are whole groups of
  • 00:11:04
    people how do you evaluate the goodness
  • 00:11:08
    or badness of a whole situation a whole
  • 00:11:10
    scenario well that's this question what
  • 00:11:14
    makes an outcome good a whole outcome
  • 00:11:17
    aggregation is one answer and it says
  • 00:11:20
    you add addition that's how you figure
  • 00:11:24
    out how good or bad a whole outcome is
  • 00:11:27
    you've got how good or bad the outcome
  • 00:11:29
    is for the individual people say you've
  • 00:11:31
    got you know four people and they've got
  • 00:11:36
    happiness or pleasure scores right in
  • 00:11:39
    the first person gets a four amount of
  • 00:11:41
    pleasure right and the next person gets
  • 00:11:43
    a six and the next person gets a
  • 00:11:45
    negative two because that next person
  • 00:11:48
    they have a little bit of pleasure but
  • 00:11:50
    they have a ton of pain and the pain
  • 00:11:51
    outweighs the pleasure and then the last
  • 00:11:53
    person gets I don't know a three or
  • 00:11:55
    whatever right so you've got your four
  • 00:11:57
    people you know how good this scenario
  • 00:12:00
    is for each person well it's best for
  • 00:12:04
    this person with the six and it's worst
  • 00:12:06
    for this person with the negative two
  • 00:12:09
    according to hedonism if you want to
  • 00:12:12
    figure out these numbers you want to
  • 00:12:13
    figure out how good things are for
  • 00:12:15
    individual people well the only thing
  • 00:12:17
    that you include in this calculation is
  • 00:12:18
    the pleasure or pain but what if you
  • 00:12:21
    want to know how good or bad this
  • 00:12:24
    situation is not just for individual
  • 00:12:26
    people but all together aggregation says
  • 00:12:30
    you just add them up so 4 plus 6 is 10
  • 00:12:35
    minus 2 is 8 plus 3 is 11 okay so this
  • 00:12:41
    whole scenario according to aggregation
  • 00:12:44
    is 11 points good
  • 00:12:46
    whatever that means if you can if you
  • 00:12:48
    can quantify goodness right if you can
  • 00:12:51
    quantify pleasure or pain and if you
  • 00:12:54
    were to compare this to some other
  • 00:12:56
    scenario right that was 4 6 negative 2
  • 00:13:00
    and then just 2 then this would come out
  • 00:13:02
    to 10 this scenario an aggregation would
  • 00:13:05
    therefore say that this situation
  • 00:13:08
    is better than this situation all you do
  • 00:13:11
    is add notice that addition is not the
  • 00:13:15
    only potential option the aggregation is
  • 00:13:18
    says addition is the way to go but
  • 00:13:20
    instead maybe you think that the way to
  • 00:13:23
    figure out how good a situation is is to
  • 00:13:25
    take the average or another option is to
  • 00:13:29
    say that a situation is only as good as
  • 00:13:32
    it is for the worst off person right so
  • 00:13:35
    if there's someone who's at a negative -
  • 00:13:38
    according to this hypothetical
  • 00:13:41
    competitor theory - aggregation if
  • 00:13:43
    someone is at a negative - then that
  • 00:13:46
    whole situation is it a negative - and
  • 00:13:48
    it doesn't matter how good it is for a
  • 00:13:50
    few people it's that worst off person
  • 00:13:52
    that matters for how good the whole
  • 00:13:54
    outcome or whole situation is okay
  • 00:13:58
    that's aggregation reminder it's
  • 00:14:01
    answering a different question than
  • 00:14:02
    hedonism which is answering a different
  • 00:14:04
    question than utilitarianism hedonism is
  • 00:14:07
    a theory about what's good for people
  • 00:14:09
    aggregation is a theory about what's
  • 00:14:12
    good for whole outcomes or whole
  • 00:14:14
    situations and utilitarianism well
  • 00:14:16
    that's a theory about what to do not
  • 00:14:20
    about how good something is but about
  • 00:14:24
    what's the right thing to do now I
  • 00:14:27
    haven't explained yet how these fit into
  • 00:14:31
    utilitarianism I said before that
  • 00:14:33
    they're sub theses or sub theories of
  • 00:14:37
    utilitarianism we'll get to that in a
  • 00:14:39
    sec
  • 00:14:42
    before that we need the third component
  • 00:14:45
    the third sub theory of utilitarianism
  • 00:14:51
    okay consequentialism that's the third
  • 00:14:54
    sub thesis or sub theory of
  • 00:14:58
    utilitarianism it says we are morally
  • 00:15:01
    required to do what produces the best
  • 00:15:04
    outcome notice consequentialism is
  • 00:15:09
    phrased at least at the start similarly
  • 00:15:13
    to how utilitarianism is phrased right
  • 00:15:15
    there both theories about what we are
  • 00:15:17
    morally required to do morally required
  • 00:15:21
    to do they are both answers to the same
  • 00:15:24
    question and that question is this what
  • 00:15:29
    should we do
  • 00:15:29
    so consequentialism just like
  • 00:15:33
    utilitarianism is a moral theory it's
  • 00:15:37
    just that consequentialism is a rather
  • 00:15:39
    more vague moral theory and
  • 00:15:42
    utilitarianism is a more specific
  • 00:15:44
    version of consequentialism you have a
  • 00:15:49
    choice
  • 00:15:49
    you have to make a decision about how
  • 00:15:52
    you're going to behave are you going to
  • 00:15:54
    attend some event that you promise to
  • 00:15:57
    attend or are you going to stop on the
  • 00:16:00
    way to I don't know do some drugs that
  • 00:16:03
    you like doing or something like that
  • 00:16:05
    right this is the decision that you have
  • 00:16:07
    to make well consequentialism says that
  • 00:16:11
    the only thing that matters in deciding
  • 00:16:15
    which is the right thing to do is what
  • 00:16:17
    the results of your action will be maybe
  • 00:16:20
    you promised to go to this event but you
  • 00:16:24
    really want to stop and do the drugs
  • 00:16:26
    well what are the outcomes of those
  • 00:16:31
    various courses of action going to be
  • 00:16:33
    right if no one is going to notice that
  • 00:16:37
    you don't go to the event that you
  • 00:16:38
    promised to go to no one's going to
  • 00:16:40
    notice that you break your promise right
  • 00:16:42
    it's not gonna eat away at you inside
  • 00:16:44
    it's not gonna make you break more
  • 00:16:46
    promises in the future well then maybe
  • 00:16:49
    the best outcome is for you to stop and
  • 00:16:52
    do the drugs I mean you know so long as
  • 00:16:55
    doing those drugs don't have some
  • 00:16:58
    terrible outcome themselves if that's
  • 00:17:00
    the case then consequentialism says
  • 00:17:03
    are morally required to stop and do
  • 00:17:06
    drugs instead of going to this event
  • 00:17:09
    whatever it is that you promise to do
  • 00:17:11
    now that's a somewhat fanciful scenario
  • 00:17:15
    but the point is just that according to
  • 00:17:17
    consequentialism it's the outcome that
  • 00:17:20
    matters and there's going to be lots of
  • 00:17:22
    competitors to consequentialism and
  • 00:17:24
    we're going to talk about at least two
  • 00:17:27
    of those prominent competitors later in
  • 00:17:29
    the course notice though that this is
  • 00:17:34
    pretty vague because we don't know what
  • 00:17:37
    the best outcome is we don't know what
  • 00:17:40
    makes an outcome good and what makes an
  • 00:17:43
    outcome bad so even if we went through
  • 00:17:45
    all of the philosophical arguments and
  • 00:17:47
    we convinced ourselves that
  • 00:17:49
    consequentialism was correct it was the
  • 00:17:52
    correct moral theory what we should do
  • 00:17:55
    is the thing what we must do is the
  • 00:17:57
    thing that produces the best outcome
  • 00:17:59
    we're then left with the question okay
  • 00:18:01
    well which is the best outcome that
  • 00:18:05
    moves us to this question we've bought
  • 00:18:07
    into this theory now we have to answer
  • 00:18:09
    this question aggregation is one answer
  • 00:18:11
    to that question it says you want to
  • 00:18:14
    figure out what's what makes an outcome
  • 00:18:16
    good just figure out what makes it good
  • 00:18:18
    for individual people and then just add
  • 00:18:20
    it up
  • 00:18:21
    you don't privilege some people over
  • 00:18:22
    others you just add it all up you just
  • 00:18:24
    find the sum well that's a good theory
  • 00:18:27
    maybe that's right maybe addition is the
  • 00:18:29
    right way to go which is what
  • 00:18:31
    aggregation says well in that case we
  • 00:18:33
    want to know what exactly is it that
  • 00:18:35
    we're adding
  • 00:18:36
    well we're adding the goodness and the
  • 00:18:39
    badness for each person okay well what's
  • 00:18:43
    good or bad for a person you want to
  • 00:18:47
    answer that question here it is what is
  • 00:18:50
    good for an individual person as an end
  • 00:18:52
    not merely as a way to getting something
  • 00:18:55
    else
  • 00:18:55
    well hedonism is the answer that and
  • 00:18:58
    hedonism says what's good for individual
  • 00:19:00
    people is pleasure and what's bad for
  • 00:19:03
    individual people is pain so you see
  • 00:19:07
    this is a moral theory but it's a vague
  • 00:19:10
    one and in order to make it more
  • 00:19:12
    specific we need to answer this question
  • 00:19:14
    and that's what aggregation
  • 00:19:16
    but even this theory is somewhat vague
  • 00:19:18
    about what's good for an individual
  • 00:19:20
    person so in order to make this theory
  • 00:19:23
    that we're building more specific we
  • 00:19:25
    need to answer this question and
  • 00:19:26
    hedonism is an attempted answer to that
  • 00:19:28
    one and you could mix and match all of
  • 00:19:31
    these you could be a consequentialist
  • 00:19:33
    you could think that what makes an
  • 00:19:35
    action good or bad is the outcome the
  • 00:19:39
    result of that action but then you might
  • 00:19:42
    think that the right way to tell how
  • 00:19:44
    good an outcome is is to you know pick
  • 00:19:47
    the tallest person in that outcome and
  • 00:19:49
    see how good the outcome is for the
  • 00:19:51
    tallest person that would be a
  • 00:19:52
    competitor theory to aggregation and
  • 00:19:54
    then even if you took that sort of
  • 00:19:57
    theory or aggregation you're still going
  • 00:19:59
    to need an answer to this question and
  • 00:20:00
    there's all sorts of other answers other
  • 00:20:02
    than hedonism we're gonna talk about
  • 00:20:03
    alternatives to all these theories in
  • 00:20:05
    the next few weeks the point is just
  • 00:20:08
    this if this is how you answer each of
  • 00:20:12
    these questions then you get
  • 00:20:14
    utilitarianism here let me prove it
  • 00:20:17
    here's what utilitarianism says
  • 00:20:20
    utilitarianism is the theory that we are
  • 00:20:23
    morally required ok so it's an answer to
  • 00:20:25
    this question we're morally required to
  • 00:20:27
    do whatever produces it's about the
  • 00:20:31
    product that shows us that
  • 00:20:34
    utilitarianism is a version of
  • 00:20:36
    consequentialism the only thing that
  • 00:20:38
    matters is the product or the outcome or
  • 00:20:41
    the result of some action not anything
  • 00:20:43
    else about that action like whether it
  • 00:20:45
    follows the moral law or something like
  • 00:20:47
    that written down somewhere that doesn't
  • 00:20:50
    matter to utilitarianism and that
  • 00:20:52
    doesn't matter to consequentialism all
  • 00:20:54
    that matters is the product so produces
  • 00:20:56
    that's consequentialism the theory that
  • 00:20:59
    we are morally required to do whatever
  • 00:21:00
    produces the greatest total the total
  • 00:21:05
    the total of something minus something
  • 00:21:07
    else that's the sum that's addition
  • 00:21:09
    that's aggregation and it's the greatest
  • 00:21:12
    total of what pleasure - pain that's
  • 00:21:17
    hedonism pleasure and pain
  • 00:21:20
    utilitarianism is the combination of
  • 00:21:22
    these three sub theories which are all
  • 00:21:25
    answers to different questions
  • 00:21:27
    hedonism aggregation and
  • 00:21:30
    consequentialism okay now we have just
  • 00:21:35
    one more thing to do which is to quickly
  • 00:21:37
    go back into the text by Bentham that we
  • 00:21:40
    read for today and see where he states
  • 00:21:44
    these sub theories or sub theses by the
  • 00:21:49
    way he's not really gonna state this one
  • 00:21:51
    in the part that we read for today but
  • 00:21:53
    he is gonna give a statement of these
  • 00:21:54
    two which you know sort of add up to
  • 00:21:57
    utilitarianism which he states in the
  • 00:22:00
    form of the principle of utility
  • 00:22:04
    okay this is something that Bentham says
  • 00:22:08
    in Section four of what we read for
  • 00:22:10
    today the community is a fictitious body
  • 00:22:14
    though I've underlined the words that he
  • 00:22:17
    italicizes in the original text the
  • 00:22:19
    community is a fictitious body composed
  • 00:22:22
    of the individual persons who are
  • 00:22:24
    considered as constituting as it were
  • 00:22:27
    its members okay so the community
  • 00:22:31
    whatever that is a group of people or
  • 00:22:33
    whatever is something made up out of the
  • 00:22:37
    individual people it's a collection of
  • 00:22:39
    people the interest of the community
  • 00:22:41
    then is what the some oops I Mis wrote
  • 00:22:46
    this it's a the some really that the
  • 00:22:52
    some of the interests of the several
  • 00:22:55
    members who compose it okay which theory
  • 00:23:01
    is this which sub thesis of
  • 00:23:03
    utilitarianism is Bentham stating right
  • 00:23:06
    here okay pick one it's one of these
  • 00:23:09
    three and actually a minute ago I just
  • 00:23:12
    said that he doesn't state
  • 00:23:13
    consequentialism so you can even cross
  • 00:23:16
    this one out which of these two then is
  • 00:23:18
    he stating right here did you get it
  • 00:23:25
    it's aggregation all right this is a
  • 00:23:28
    statement of what's in the interest of
  • 00:23:32
    the community what's good for a whole
  • 00:23:34
    group well that is similar to in the
  • 00:23:39
    relevant respect what makes an outcome
  • 00:23:42
    and outcome involving lots of people
  • 00:23:43
    good what's good for a whole group of
  • 00:23:46
    people according to Bentham right here
  • 00:23:50
    is you take the interests of the several
  • 00:23:53
    members who compose that group and you
  • 00:23:55
    you what you add them you find the sum
  • 00:24:00
    that's aggregation the theory that an
  • 00:24:03
    outcome is better if the sum of what is
  • 00:24:05
    good for each person - what is bad for
  • 00:24:08
    each person is greater this is the
  • 00:24:12
    statement of the version of something
  • 00:24:14
    like aggregation that we get
  • 00:24:16
    the reading and here's something else
  • 00:24:19
    that he says in the very next paragraph
  • 00:24:21
    in the very next section which is
  • 00:24:23
    section 5 in the the bit that we read
  • 00:24:25
    for today
  • 00:24:28
    okay Bentham says it is vain to talk of
  • 00:24:32
    the interest of the community without
  • 00:24:34
    understanding what is the interest of
  • 00:24:36
    the individual okay what's that that
  • 00:24:40
    sentence is this arrow right here right
  • 00:24:43
    that sentence is the move from
  • 00:24:45
    aggregation to not-yet hedonism but some
  • 00:24:48
    answer to this question right we've got
  • 00:24:50
    an account right here of what makes a
  • 00:24:53
    whole outcome good for a whole group of
  • 00:24:56
    people right it's just the sum the total
  • 00:24:59
    of how good that outcome is for everyone
  • 00:25:02
    you just add them all up that's
  • 00:25:03
    aggregation but then Bentham says it is
  • 00:25:07
    vain to talk of the interest of the
  • 00:25:08
    community it's it's it's frivolous or in
  • 00:25:12
    vain to talk about what's good for a
  • 00:25:15
    whole group of people without
  • 00:25:16
    understanding what is the interest of
  • 00:25:18
    the individual without knowing what's
  • 00:25:20
    good for an individual person what's
  • 00:25:21
    good or bad for individual people right
  • 00:25:24
    what is good for an individual as an end
  • 00:25:27
    so now he said we need an answer to this
  • 00:25:29
    question and he's going to give us that
  • 00:25:31
    answer his answer in the next sentence a
  • 00:25:34
    thing is set to promote the interest or
  • 00:25:37
    to be for the interest of an individual
  • 00:25:39
    okay here's what's good for a person
  • 00:25:41
    here it comes when it tends to add to
  • 00:25:44
    the sum total of his pleasures or what
  • 00:25:48
    comes to the same thing to diminish the
  • 00:25:51
    sum total of his pains what's good for a
  • 00:25:56
    person and that's it the only thing
  • 00:25:59
    that's good for a person is pleasure and
  • 00:26:01
    the only thing that's bad for a person
  • 00:26:03
    is pain this is the closest we get in
  • 00:26:07
    Bentham at least in the thing that we
  • 00:26:09
    read for today to a statement of
  • 00:26:11
    hedonism and it's pretty close to
  • 00:26:13
    hedonism as we're going to define it and
  • 00:26:15
    understand it in this course okay so all
  • 00:26:19
    we've done today
  • 00:26:20
    we haven't gotten any arguments all
  • 00:26:22
    we've done today is get an introduction
  • 00:26:26
    of the theory that Bentham is going to
  • 00:26:28
    defend it's the theory that what makes
  • 00:26:31
    an action good or bad is just how that
  • 00:26:34
    action influences the total of pleasure
  • 00:26:38
    - pain of all the people everywhere
  • 00:26:41
    that's utilitarianism and we saw how
  • 00:26:44
    it's made up out of these three parts
  • 00:26:46
    what's gonna happen in the next few
  • 00:26:48
    weeks of the course is we're going to
  • 00:26:50
    we're gonna see some attacks on each of
  • 00:26:53
    these theories and we're gonna notice
  • 00:26:55
    that these arguments against
  • 00:26:57
    utilitarianism they hone in on just one
  • 00:27:01
    of these three sub theses and so by
  • 00:27:05
    noticing that these attacks on
  • 00:27:07
    utilitarianism are really attacks on one
  • 00:27:10
    of these three we can see that
  • 00:27:12
    utilitarianism maybe could be modified
  • 00:27:14
    or changed into a different theory where
  • 00:27:17
    you keep some of this but you get rid of
  • 00:27:19
    other parts okay but before we get to
  • 00:27:22
    the attacks that's coming in the next
  • 00:27:24
    few weeks of the course we should say
  • 00:27:27
    something about what's good about
  • 00:27:29
    utilitarianism why it's an attractive
  • 00:27:31
    theory in the first place and there are
  • 00:27:34
    four things there's four things about
  • 00:27:36
    utilitarianism that make it an
  • 00:27:38
    interesting attractive moral theory the
  • 00:27:41
    first is that it provides an independent
  • 00:27:43
    test for received moral wisdom right you
  • 00:27:48
    get some moral teaching from your
  • 00:27:51
    parents or your grandparents or your
  • 00:27:53
    preacher or someone like that
  • 00:27:56
    utilitarianism is a test that you can
  • 00:27:59
    apply if it's the right test that's a
  • 00:28:01
    separate question but it's good at least
  • 00:28:03
    that it's an independent test that you
  • 00:28:05
    can apply to those moral claims that
  • 00:28:07
    moral wisdom that you get from other
  • 00:28:09
    people to see if it's really moral right
  • 00:28:12
    this doesn't depend on the fact that
  • 00:28:15
    your parents or grandparents or preacher
  • 00:28:18
    or president or whomever made these
  • 00:28:22
    moral claims try to give you this moral
  • 00:28:24
    wisdom that's the first thing that's
  • 00:28:26
    attractive about this as a moral theory
  • 00:28:29
    the second thing that's attractive about
  • 00:28:32
    it is that it gives us a straightforward
  • 00:28:35
    test it's an easy test to apply to moral
  • 00:28:40
    claims the moral claims that you get all
  • 00:28:42
    you have to do is figure out and this
  • 00:28:45
    part might be a little bit difficult
  • 00:28:46
    figure out how much pain or pleasure
  • 00:28:49
    results from various actions and then
  • 00:28:51
    you just sort of as it were do the math
  • 00:28:53
    so it's a
  • 00:28:55
    rather straightforward test to apply the
  • 00:28:59
    third thing that makes utilitarianism
  • 00:29:01
    and attractive moral theory is that it
  • 00:29:04
    renders a verdict on any potential
  • 00:29:07
    action it's not just like some moral
  • 00:29:12
    theory that's made up of a few laws that
  • 00:29:14
    say do this or don't do that those kinds
  • 00:29:18
    of theories the theories that are made
  • 00:29:19
    up of some specific commandments they're
  • 00:29:22
    gonna render judgments on certain
  • 00:29:24
    actions but there's gonna be other
  • 00:29:25
    actions that have nothing to do with
  • 00:29:27
    those commandments nothing to do with
  • 00:29:28
    what's mentioned in those commandments
  • 00:29:30
    that they're just gonna throw up their
  • 00:29:32
    hands and not be able to give you an
  • 00:29:34
    answer as to whether those are morally
  • 00:29:35
    good or morally bad utilitarianism in
  • 00:29:38
    theory can render a judgment about the
  • 00:29:42
    goodness or badness the rightness or
  • 00:29:43
    wrongness of any possible action for any
  • 00:29:47
    action there are going to be some
  • 00:29:50
    outcomes and those outcomes might be
  • 00:29:52
    significant they might affect lots of
  • 00:29:54
    things where they might affect very very
  • 00:29:56
    few things but for any outcome you can
  • 00:29:59
    just try to measure what the total of
  • 00:30:02
    pleasure - pain is for everybody that
  • 00:30:04
    results and so if you can do that
  • 00:30:06
    utilitarianism is gonna give you an
  • 00:30:08
    answer as to whether that action is good
  • 00:30:10
    or bad and the last advantage that
  • 00:30:13
    utilitarianism has is that the three sub
  • 00:30:16
    theses that it rests on are all
  • 00:30:19
    plausible pain and pleasure are pretty
  • 00:30:23
    good candidates of the things that are
  • 00:30:25
    good for people as an end the jet-ski
  • 00:30:28
    theory of what's good for a person as an
  • 00:30:31
    end is very implausible right because
  • 00:30:34
    jet skis are just kind of obviously only
  • 00:30:35
    good for riding right it's not just good
  • 00:30:38
    to have jet skis locked away somewhere
  • 00:30:40
    where you never get to see them and you
  • 00:30:41
    never get to ride them that's not good
  • 00:30:43
    for you if you have a jet ski like that
  • 00:30:44
    but pleasure if you just have pleasure
  • 00:30:48
    that seems to be just good for you so
  • 00:30:51
    hedonism as plausible aggregation is
  • 00:30:53
    plausible aggregation says that the
  • 00:30:56
    pleasure or pain of any one counts
  • 00:30:59
    equally you just add them up you don't
  • 00:31:02
    privilege one person's pleasure or pain
  • 00:31:03
    over anyone else that's part of
  • 00:31:05
    aggregation aggregation is plausible and
  • 00:31:07
    concept
  • 00:31:08
    centralism at least on the surface
  • 00:31:10
    consequentialism is plausible what
  • 00:31:13
    determines whether an action is good or
  • 00:31:14
    bad is well what happens as a result of
  • 00:31:17
    that action all of that counts in favor
  • 00:31:19
    of utilitarianism and in the next few
  • 00:31:22
    weeks we're gonna see some points that
  • 00:31:24
    count against utilitarianism
  • 00:31:33
    okay is my voice still here yeah okay
Etiquetas
  • Utilitarizm
  • Jeremy Bentham
  • Hedonizm
  • Agregatsiya
  • Natijaviylik
  • Axloqiy nazariya
  • Baxt
  • Azob
  • Philosophy
  • Moral theory