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On this occasion we will study Michelle's thoughts
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Hi you can see
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This is Fuuko at her desk surrounded by books
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and on the top right there are lanterns from China why
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Chinese lanterns can be found on the fuuko's desk
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later we will find out about that
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Now there is one sentence Fuuko that is very famous, namely
00:00:33
knowledge is
00:00:35
power
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Fuuko is not the first person to come up with this sentence
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long before that the father of modern science was Francis Bacon
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also had said the same thing but we will
00:00:54
see how
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sentence of knowledge is the power that Francis Bacon and Michelle Fuuko have
00:01:03
the interpretation
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Hi. Well, the first thing we need to ponder is
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Hi What is meant by absolute truth
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and what is more important is whether we have that absolute truth
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If the concept of absolute truth is removed then what is the meaning of knowledge
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The meaning was like this all this time
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Hi supporters of absolute truth or the cool term axiom
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the undeniable truth is knowledge
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Hi So.
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during this time of knowledge
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already used to
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sustain or claim something that is perceived as
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absolute truth But if we put away
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Hi meaning or
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understanding of absolute truth then what is the meaning of knowledge
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while all this time this knowledge has been used to support or claim absolute truth
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well what is knowledge
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Knowledge is something a group of people collects and decides to be true
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used by a powerful minority to impose
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their notion of what is true in the majority of So.
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actually
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who's the culminating party
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constructing that knowledge is a minority party
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and the result of this construction
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Often or in fact it is imposed on a larger group
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Hi Ho through that knowledge
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then
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he can be an instrument to determine the truth
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Hi so
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knowledge is nothing but power
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Hi Suppose this
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In the historical narrative there is an adage that says
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history was written by the victors and it is true
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Who is in power can freely write the course of history
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when
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Hitler came to power if he could make historical narratives
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about Jews being very bad and it was accepted by German society at that time
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so that
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this power then gives birth to the truth
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Hi
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it further determines what is normal and abnormal what is wrong and right
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who sin and is not sinful and who is mad and who does not disappear
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eh Fuku separates this in his work on the history of sexuality
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Before the century
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17th
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Before Queen Victoria came to power in England
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people can freely discuss sexual themes
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people are free too
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Revealing her private sexual life was tipped in public but once Queen Victoria came to power
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conversation with sexual nuance is considered as taboo, especially abnormal
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Conversations that reveal life
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bisexuality in public is considered abnormal
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so that
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power of Queen Victoria's people then
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clearly as if he could determine which one
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wrong which one is right and which is normal and which is not
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including those who sin and not sin and those who are crazy and
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not crazy
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Hi another example too
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in the French Revolution
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there is a nobleman named
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make
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Widya
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For the nobility
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French Mak Weduse is considered a lunatic
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an abnormal person because
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he is an obscene writer he writes
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novel works
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Sexual overtones
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but for the French people Mac with the set is
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Hero of the French Revolution
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why because he defended the people he defended the French Revolution in 1789
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Well
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that means Is the figure of this Dooset McQueen a crazy person or is he a hero
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it is determined by who is in charge. Who determines
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if in terms
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dialectic B files that burger sees the same thing at different sides and different times
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it will produce
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different explanations
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M. Fuq then Sparked
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a method called
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genealogy yes
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more precisely a genealogy of power
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earlier the film philosopher Fredry also sparked
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kinesiology method
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It is just
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Nietzsche's genealogy method is more often associated with
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morality or referred to as
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genealogy moral if mitsel
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trying to trace the course of history
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to reveal the current moral order through genealogy
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then Fuuko through genealogy tries to trace
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Hi the course of history and historical order from time to time
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so that
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displays
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the current form of power
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That is why for many people geneology is a method of delegitimizing
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Current power
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And through methods
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genealogy This law concludes that normal and abnormal
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cannot be defined
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Well this has to do with personal life f *** uh
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During Fuku's lecture
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Being a gloomy person is very sad and he can't enjoy
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on campus days. In fact, he also had the intention of committing suicide
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but finally he realized the cause of
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has sadness and gloom
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this is because she loves her friend of the same sex she loves another man
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finally
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Father beat Fuku to his psychiatrist
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when
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in
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interrogation
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investigated
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by the psychiater that psychiater concluded
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that Fuku is not normally a taboo tribe because he loves
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Same-sex Nah from here suddenly sued
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Hi how can you say that I'm not normal or abnormal
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Meanwhile, in the ancient Greek era, our honorable father of science was like
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socrates Plato Aristotle all were gay all were men to same-sex love
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Then why in the past life was said to be temporarily normal
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now it is said to be abnormal Well here it is
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genealogy method
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which seeks to unveil the present order of power
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through history from time to time Why
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the power that could now display his form like this was Immortal there
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Well related too
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how some people are said to be heroes and some are said to be crazy
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uh had time to say often Anta
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the hero and the madman are separated by one thing
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Hi on the one
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Hi, the statue is made and the other one lives behind bars
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There are several concrete examples of the power of knowledge
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Professions like for example
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Psychiatrist
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Lecturer, doctor, engineer or technocrat, lawyer
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editors, traders, religious leaders, shamans and others, meaning that a series of professions above are vulnerable to causes
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the occurrence of monopoly
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knowledge
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Psychiatrist, for example, as if only psychiatrists have it
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full rights to be able to define whether this person is normal or abnormal
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or as if only he has the full right to
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Saying that this person has mental illness while others are not hai
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uh you can imagine when you were diagnosed
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or said by psychiatrists
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abnormal or
00:11:15
mental illness while you yourself feel you are normal
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Well
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fuuko wanted
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want in order
00:11:26
That individual can challenge the powers of knowledge like this
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The lecturer also, for example, why is it as if only a lecturer can determine which Miswa's writing is good and which is not
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as if only a lecturer can determine which student research is good and which is bad
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as if only a lecturer can determine which thesis is brilliant and which thesis is rubbish, for example
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the power of knowledge from a lecturer
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which in fact is often abused
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Hello Doctor, for example
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As if only a doctor has the right to determine that you are a healthy person or unhealthy, for example you
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Want to apply for a job
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Hi there, one of the conditions must be included
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physical health certificate
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well, as if only a doctor has the right to determine whether your body is healthy or not
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But have you ever thought that for example the doctor was the parent of your ex who didn't like you
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which is actually you healthy then made unhealthy huh
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or also a real lecturer
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Your thesis proposal is good, but because the lecturer doesn't like you for some emotional reason in the end
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your proposal was never formulated
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and as if he did have full power for it on
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not necessarily your proposal is bad as it says it could be a personal matter
00:13:09
Engineers seem to be the only engineers who can determine which buildings are good and which are bad
00:13:18
Hi, strong building design, not strong and so on. Likewise with lawyers or judges who seem
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uh who can determine right or wrong are them
00:13:33
In the world of literacy has become
00:13:37
Hi general grazia if the author often conflicts with the editor
00:13:43
so this editor seems like he can look like a lecturer yes he can
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determine which writing is good and bad he has full power to escape
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which manuscripts can be published and not published
00:14:01
Meanwhile, your manuscript may be worthy of publication just because the editor doesn't like you
00:14:08
your manuscript is deliberately not published things like this might happen
00:14:12
often without us even knowing it
00:14:17
And so on, the power of knowledge in professions
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This in Fuuko's perspective is vulnerable
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not only causes a monopoly on knowledge but also
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manipulation
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But it also leaves other people who come in contact with it vulnerable to exploitation and the like
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Well next time we will examine the concept of fuuko which is quite central, namely episteme
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The episteme comes from ancient Greek
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the f *** uh myself
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Defines an episteme as the total set of relations that are interconnected and exist within a certain period of time
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What does this mean?
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It means that every era has its construction
00:15:20
itself or the law says each period has a regime
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the truth itself
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As mentioned earlier in the ancient Greek era, being gay was not taboo
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but in today's era it has become taboo
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it is because of existence
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episteme the total set of interconnected relations
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and exist within a certain time
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In the era
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The Spartans of the ancient Greek warriors
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Those Spartan soldiers guys
00:15:58
for the reason when they mix with women or have sex with women
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they believe
00:16:07
their strength was no longer pure
00:16:11
Hi so they are
00:16:13
tend to relate to the same sex but in this era
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Becomes
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gay or oriented
00:16:22
Same-sex is considered taboo and abnormal
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but according to the book it is due to episteme
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Because each period has its own poison of truth
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So that knowledge is actually a discourse or discourse that can be debated over and over again
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that knowledge is something that is never final
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if knowledge is something that is never final then truth is also because of truth
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always sustained by
00:16:59
knowledge to legitimize
00:17:02
According to law, every domain cannot be separated from discourse or discourse
00:17:11
Hi, what is discourse
00:17:13
the broad understanding of discourse is something that is written or said or communicated using signs
00:17:21
and have implications for a broader realm
00:17:24
If I may, Simplify the discourse is an idea that is constantly being communicated
00:17:32
But Fuuko defines discourse specifically
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According to the law
00:17:39
discourse are writings in a field of technical knowledge. Yes, these are specialized fields
00:17:46
have special or technical knowledge and have special or technical vocabulary
00:17:55
For example, the medical world has special terms that are often not understood by ordinary people
00:18:04
Am
00:18:06
There are terms of anesthesia and so in the legal world there are also technical terms such as
00:18:13
free Doi like inkrah and so on that ordinary people do not understand
00:18:19
in Sociology there are also terms like
00:18:23
alienation dialectic
00:18:25
in the world of engineering there is a term
00:18:29
trajectory and so on. Well that is a finished discourse
00:18:35
Writings in the field of technical knowledge that have their own specialization
00:18:42
So that's why
00:18:46
Suppose
00:18:47
we as ordinary people who take care of taxes, for example, are often confused with terms
00:18:53
accounting
00:18:54
taxation terms
00:18:56
if we are already confused with these terms we can only automatically
00:19:00
obey the system we can obey those who
00:19:05
understand more about that
00:19:07
we who are legal laymen are confused with legal terms when we are caught in legal problems and we end up
00:19:14
can only depend entirely on lawyers on legal counsel
00:19:22
The law further says technical specialists are always working to shape their fields and
00:19:29
dominant ideas
00:19:32
these technical fields increasingly have power over humans
00:19:37
Also these discourses build the structure of our society. Well, for example
00:19:41
discourse about insanity produced by psychologists or other experts
00:19:48
The discourse on Gilani, like it or not, also contains a discourse on normalization if then crazy can be defined
00:19:55
there must be
00:19:57
normalcy or sanity which can also
00:20:00
defined and
00:20:02
Hi
00:20:03
technical terms from these specialized fields
00:20:08
increasingly influencing society at large
00:20:15
An example is the taxonomic system
00:20:20
The western animal taxonomic system
00:20:24
classified in
00:20:26
criteria such as vertebrate or unicellular animals or not. And others the like
00:20:34
So Fuuko was surprised when he discovered the Chinese taxonomy system in the kingdom era
00:20:41
which is very different from the current Western taxonomic system
00:20:46
in the old kingdom era
00:20:49
in China
00:20:51
My animals are divided into the animal kingdom
00:20:55
Iwan was a commoner, an exalted animal as well as a hunted animal and this was very different from
00:21:01
current Western taxonomy or modern taxonomy
00:21:05
for scientists now
00:21:06
Chinese taxonomy is considered ridiculously unscientific and irrational because it violates our principles and order of modern scientific order
00:21:14
but in fact it shows the limitations of our own thinking to be this way
00:21:20
if then we can't really accept the old taxonomic system
00:21:26
the limitations of our own minds why can't we accept it
00:21:30
meaning that we have been created by an institution to accept one taxonomic system and reject other systems
00:21:39
Hey, another example of why we can't accept the Sunda Empire narrative
00:21:45
for us, the Sunda Empire is absurd and ridiculous
00:21:51
well actually when we reject the Sundanese Empire narrative itself shows
00:21:57
limitations of our episteme to accept it Because from elementary to high school we are taught
00:22:04
These kingdoms are Majapahit
00:22:07
Singosari and others there is no such thing as the Sunda Empire kingdom
00:22:12
So we are unconsciously created by institutions
00:22:18
because we are created by institutions we unconsciously reject things that are not taught
00:22:26
or not socialized by the institutions that created us
00:22:30
Well that's why we come back to behind one
00:22:33
Postmodern epistemology is the loss of subject and consciousness or
00:22:39
its the individual means
00:22:41
man is actually now created by institutions But he does not realize that he was created
00:22:48
I also take for example my students who have graduated who say that
00:22:54
After graduating from sociology, how come it seems like I can't get anything, well, he doesn't realize that
00:23:03
actually
00:23:04
His mindset is sociological
00:23:08
because the socialization is very subtle from time to time
00:23:13
gradually people become unaware that he's been printed
00:23:19
And the same student who said that
00:23:23
Hi it turns out he has a pretend mindset
00:23:26
very good relativism
00:23:28
in seeing what is right what is wrong what is accepted and rejected by society he is more careful to justify
00:23:36
he is more receptive to differences
00:23:39
multiculturalism pluralism
00:23:42
But he didn't realize that he was actually created by an institution
00:23:49
Then how does that power perpetuate itself?
00:23:56
However, according to the law, power must be spread
00:24:03
Initially
00:24:05
power is centralized held by the king and the royal elite but because
00:24:14
This centralized power created opposition and rebellion from the people
00:24:20
So then this power must spread to sublimes, not to become concentrated
00:24:29
so how not to be opposed?
00:24:34
Then drafted laws regulating the rights and obligations of the people and the King
00:24:43
Sad
00:24:45
The existence of this law actually
00:24:48
make power spread more and more
00:24:53
sublime
00:24:54
which in practice actually
00:25:00
The law is yes
00:25:01
mostly still pointy downward blunt upwards actually
00:25:07
but then a constitution is made to appear
00:25:11
power is not centralized even though power is still centralized
00:25:17
With the making of a constitution, power enters the social body of society
00:25:25
Uh
00:25:27
Suppose this is an easy example
00:25:31
Until now you didn't kill that person because you understood that killing is
00:25:37
barbaric acts or because you fear being punished for killing someone
00:25:42
yes
00:25:44
Until now you have not been corrupt because you know Corruption is a despicable act or because you are afraid
00:25:53
Imprisoned when it was discovered this corruption was a different dual
00:25:58
then you don't kill people for fear of being punished
00:26:03
threatened with such articles
00:26:06
you are not corrupt because you are afraid of being punished with the threat of articles such as these means that power has sublimated
00:26:14
spread and enter your social body
00:26:17
Hi
00:26:18
porn
00:26:19
So you are made
00:26:21
submit in a manner
00:26:25
It's invisible like that
00:26:31
Next
00:26:33
the method of power undergoes a transformation
00:26:36
it is no longer guaranteed by rights but by technique
00:26:41
he didn't go through the law but
00:26:45
normalization
00:26:46
He is not by punishment but control
00:26:51
Hi, so after the emergence of this law there are further implications, namely
00:26:59
Power which increasingly sublimates if
00:27:02
Earlier, the power to concentrate in the King was made by law of power to spread
00:27:09
with the practice of the later powers
00:27:13
to become more and more
00:27:15
sublime is not only diffuse but sublime and
00:27:19
the more sublime the form of power is, the harder it is to end up resisting
00:27:24
comes the management
00:27:26
normalization management control management
00:27:30
there is a definition of a good citizen as if you don't do this and that
00:27:35
You are a bad citizen if you follow the rules of the country to do these things. You are a good citizen
00:27:44
The terms bio politics and biopower have also emerged
00:27:48
This new form of power is far more subtle and it is much easier to ignore it but much more difficult to resist
00:27:58
Hi if
00:28:00
power is focused on one party and will be very easy to fight
00:28:05
but once this power spreads and sublimes it will be difficult to resist
00:28:10
unclear then who 8
00:28:16
Now, power also manifests in discipline, so that is discipline
00:28:22
the most refined form of power
00:28:27
What is bodily discipline
00:28:31
Body discipline is a precise control mechanism over the body
00:28:35
through discipline the body is trained to become a skilled body
00:28:39
but also constantly tested and corrected so that skill dexterity and
00:28:45
readiness This ends up becoming a mechanism that simply goes into operation within the body itself
00:28:52
discipline while improving
00:28:54
skills of strength and utilization of the body but also mastering and placing the body into a relationship of submission to power
00:29:03
discipline on the one hand enlarges the power of the body in terms of usability economics
00:29:08
but on the other hand it diminishes its power in political terms
00:29:14
Hi, a simple example is please watch a movie
00:29:19
modern times of Charlie Chaplin
00:29:22
there Charlie Chaplin acted as a factory worker and
00:29:27
as a factory worker he was subjected to bodily discipline
00:29:31
He every day does the same job so
00:29:35
this body automatically does the job
00:29:39
being constantly trained
00:29:41
on the one hand it the better off he becomes
00:29:45
skilled labor or factory workers, yes, he becomes faster
00:29:49
get the job done now, the better in terms of economic use
00:29:55
but
00:29:57
with him can only be like that he is not
00:30:00
He has other skills, he doesn't have any other positions in other places, he doesn't have the power in terminology
00:30:09
political
00:30:10
When this factory closed, he was confused about what to do because of the only order he had
00:30:16
tighten the bolts in the film so this is what is meant by
00:30:21
discipline of the body so on the one hand it functions economically but on the other hand it is
00:30:28
reduce the political capacity or political power of individuals
00:30:34
An example of bodily discipline is the boxing factory worker, the bodybuilding athlete. So you can see How
00:30:41
bodybuilding athlete boxers do it
00:30:45
strictly trying to shape his body. Now that is bodily discipline
00:30:50
the more his body is good the more he is often a bodybuilding champion however
00:30:56
on the other side
00:30:58
ability only to be a bodybuilder or bodybuilder
00:31:03
politically, his political power is getting smaller but economically he is getting bigger
00:31:09
hello hello I once took the example of a badminton link and it's Line and if we see
00:31:15
playing badminton is like a robot so it is as if he has been training every part of his body to
00:31:21
chasing satelkok eh
00:31:24
and his body moved efficiently to catch up
00:31:28
satelkok is very efficient, now this is the result of our already disciplined body
00:31:34
years even a dozen years by the team and
00:31:37
On the one hand, he increasingly wins badminton, he becomes a badminton legend
00:31:44
On the other hand, politically, he only has the ability as a badminton athlete
00:31:52
Next are members of the military and police. Well if we look at the agencies
00:31:58
the bodies of the good members of the military and police are actually bodies belonging to the state because
00:32:05
their bodies are shaped by the state to run
00:32:09
Here
00:32:10
interests of the state defense and security functions
00:32:13
Even those who are also on a diet exercise body discipline
00:32:19
Making food according to the dose and so on, exercise is discipline for the body
00:32:26
actually the person who is on a diet is the Oni game controlled by a discourse but
00:32:31
Often he doesn't realize yes. I just want to be thin. But he is
00:32:37
forgot to think critically Why do you want to be skinny Oh it turns out that because there is that construction
00:32:43
the fat is not good
00:32:47
that fat
00:32:48
many diseases and so on. Well that is it
00:32:52
even ourselves when we work in the service sector for example
00:32:57
how should we relate to our customers? Welcome. Happy shopping again. It is body discipline
00:33:04
the longer we work there, the more trained our bodies are, the more flexible Hi, but on the other hand, our ability is just that
00:33:13
when it becomes difficult to change professions we end up becoming dependent on it
00:33:19
that profession
00:33:21
Hi
00:33:22
Well
00:33:25
The final thought we will examine
00:33:28
here is a question
00:33:30
panopticon as a finished control mechanism
00:33:34
modern society actually
00:33:37
Experiencing very tight control by the state but modern society is not aware of it
00:33:46
Hi, like how was the power made subliminal
00:33:53
The Panopticon itself is a form of prison building initiated by Jeremy Bentham
00:34:01
The shape is a guard tower that can watch over prisoners from all over
00:34:06
like the picture on the right this is a panopticon eh
00:34:15
Hey those prisoners will feel like they're always being watched
00:34:20
Though not necessarily
00:34:21
the supervisor in the panopticon has not yet supervised this. This is why the panopticon is total control
00:34:29
total surveillance
00:34:31
I am sad
00:34:33
Hi, even though Panopticon doesn't necessarily supervise it, but other people always feel that they are being watched, always feel anxious
00:34:42
And this is one of the power mechanisms of today's panopticon control mechanisms such as CCTV
00:34:49
then the police post, now this is the correct police post, the glass is black
00:34:54
If we are on the road, we see a police post suddenly orderly driving right?
00:35:00
but it is not certain that the police are actually inside the substation
00:35:04
the police
00:35:05
well this is the correct panopticon
00:35:08
The panopticon must make other people feel that they are always being watched even though He is not
00:35:13
oversee Chan this is part of the power instrument or instrument control as soon as it first hits
00:35:23
Hi Ho, we can continue the discussion in the comments column, thank you
