Immunity: Active vs Passive

00:04:38
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPoffYhtOXY

Resumo

TLDRThe video discusses the immune response to pathogens, focusing on lymphocytes that produce antibodies. It distinguishes between active immunity, where the body creates its own memory cells through previous infections or vaccinations, and passive immunity, where ready-made antibodies are supplied from an external source temporarily. The explanation includes how memory cells ensure a quicker response in subsequent infections, the implications of vaccinations, and contrasts these two types of immunity with specific examples.

Conclusões

  • 🦠 Lymphocytes produce antibodies to combat pathogens.
  • ⏳ Active immunity develops memory cells for quick response.
  • 🍼 Passive immunity provides temporary antibodies from external sources.
  • 💉 Vaccinations stimulate memory cell production safely.
  • 🧬 Memory cells ensure faster responses to reinfections.
  • 👶 Newborns rely on passive immunity from mothers.
  • ⚛️ Antibodies created internally in active immunity.
  • ⚠️ Passive immunity cannot provide lasting protection.

Linha do tempo

  • 00:00:00 - 00:04:38

    When a pathogen enters the body, lymphocytes produce antibodies to eliminate it. However, because each pathogen requires a specific type of antibody, the body takes time to identify which lymphocyte to activate, allowing the pathogen to reproduce and cause illness. Eventually, the correct lymphocyte is found, leading to the pathogen's destruction, and the body generates memory cells that help recognize the pathogen in the future. Memory cells enable a quicker response to subsequent infections by the same pathogen, providing active immunity and preventing illness from recurring.

Mapa mental

Vídeo de perguntas e respostas

  • What are lymphocytes?

    Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight off pathogens.

  • What is the role of memory cells?

    Memory cells are lymphocytes that remember a specific pathogen and enable a quicker immune response during future infections.

  • What is active immunity?

    Active immunity is when the body produces its own antibodies and memory cells after exposure to a pathogen.

  • What is passive immunity?

    Passive immunity is when antibodies are provided to the body from an external source, such as through breastfeeding.

  • How do vaccinations work?

    Vaccinations expose the body to a weakened or dead form of a pathogen to stimulate memory cell production without causing illness.

  • Can passive immunity be permanent?

    No, passive immunity is temporary as it relies on external antibodies that do not last indefinitely.

  • How does the body respond to a second infection?

    The response is faster due to memory cells produced during the first infection, which allow for immediate antibody production.

  • What is an example of passive immunity?

    An example of passive immunity is a baby receiving antibodies through breast milk.

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  • 00:00:01
    [Music]
  • 00:00:09
    when a pathogen invades the body
  • 00:00:11
    lymphocytes are capable of producing
  • 00:00:13
    antibodies which can result in the
  • 00:00:15
    destruction of the pathogen but the
  • 00:00:18
    problem is there are lot of different
  • 00:00:20
    types of
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    lymphocyte bodies and each pathogen
  • 00:00:25
    needs a very specific antibody to
  • 00:00:27
    destroy it so there's a little bit of
  • 00:00:29
    time while the body tries to figure out
  • 00:00:31
    which
  • 00:00:31
    lymphocyst this particular pathogen in
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    the meantime the pathogen can go on
  • 00:00:36
    reproducing inside of the body and
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    causing all sorts of damage effectively
  • 00:00:39
    making somebody sick eventually the body
  • 00:00:43
    does find which
  • 00:00:51
    lymphocyte bodies and this will result
  • 00:00:53
    in the destruction of the pathogen the
  • 00:00:55
    person will get better again but the
  • 00:00:57
    other thing that will happen is memory
  • 00:00:58
    cells will be prod uced and memory cells
  • 00:01:01
    are this version of the lymphocyte that
  • 00:01:03
    stick around in the body and can
  • 00:01:05
    recognize the pathogen if it ever comes
  • 00:01:06
    back
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    again so let's imagine the pathogen does
  • 00:01:11
    re-enter the body maybe 6 months later
  • 00:01:14
    or a few years later the memory cell
  • 00:01:17
    will immediately recognize it
  • 00:01:18
    immediately start producing the cells
  • 00:01:20
    that need to produce the antibodies the
  • 00:01:23
    pathogen will be destroyed very quickly
  • 00:01:25
    and it will happen before the person is
  • 00:01:27
    able to get sick so memory cells provide
  • 00:01:30
    something called active immunity it is
  • 00:01:33
    active within your body now to
  • 00:01:36
    understand what we mean by active
  • 00:01:38
    immunity we've got to contrast it with
  • 00:01:40
    passive immunity and let's look at an
  • 00:01:42
    example of a newborn baby newborn babies
  • 00:01:44
    have got relatively weak immune systems
  • 00:01:46
    just because they're quite
  • 00:01:48
    undeveloped and so it may not be able to
  • 00:01:51
    produce the necessary lympho sites to
  • 00:01:54
    produce the antibodies itself but one
  • 00:01:57
    alternative would be to provide the baby
  • 00:02:00
    with antibodies directly and this is
  • 00:02:02
    something that does happen mothers
  • 00:02:04
    provide antibodies to babies through
  • 00:02:06
    breastfeeding for example and they can
  • 00:02:08
    result in the destruction of the
  • 00:02:12
    pathogen if however sometime later this
  • 00:02:15
    pathogen comes back the antibodies have
  • 00:02:17
    now gone which means this pathogen can
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    then start to reproduce start to make
  • 00:02:23
    the person sick and then they've got to
  • 00:02:24
    rely on building up their own memory
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    cells so antibodies that are entering
  • 00:02:30
    the body from outside provide something
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    called passive immunity this passive
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    immunity is only temporary because it's
  • 00:02:38
    only providing antibodies that won't
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    last
  • 00:02:41
    forever let's look at a few comparisons
  • 00:02:44
    memory cells are produced in active
  • 00:02:46
    immunity but not in passive immunity and
  • 00:02:49
    antibodies come from inside of the body
  • 00:02:51
    produced by the body's own white blood
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    cells in active immunity but with
  • 00:02:55
    passive immunity they come from
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    outside it might result from from
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    invasion of a pathogen or vaccination to
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    provide active immunity and we'll
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    discuss vaccinations in just a moment
  • 00:03:07
    but passive immunity will result from
  • 00:03:09
    injections for example um rabies can be
  • 00:03:13
    treated by an injection of antibodies
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    and also for example breast milk
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    provides antibodies to a baby now
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    vaccinations now if we want someone to
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    be immune to something they need to have
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    the memory cells produced well let's
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    imagine we could provide those memory
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    cells before a person gets
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    sick well we can do that if the person
  • 00:03:35
    is exposed to a weakened or a dead form
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    of the pathogen this will provide
  • 00:03:40
    exactly the same immune response to the
  • 00:03:43
    normal pathogen but of course with the
  • 00:03:45
    advantage that the person doesn't get
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    sick and of course in some diseases can
  • 00:03:49
    be fatal it means there's no risk of
  • 00:03:51
    death here so memory cells are produced
  • 00:03:53
    and active immunity is provided and
  • 00:03:56
    vaccinations can be provided either
  • 00:03:58
    through injection or they can just be
  • 00:04:00
    introduced
  • 00:04:01
    orally let's look at a little bit of
  • 00:04:03
    exam help something you may get asked on
  • 00:04:05
    this explain how the response by
  • 00:04:07
    lymphocytes to a second infection by a
  • 00:04:09
    pathogen can be much faster than the
  • 00:04:11
    first this is dead easy lymphocytes
  • 00:04:14
    produce memory cells and they produce
  • 00:04:17
    them during the first infection and this
  • 00:04:20
    provides something called active
  • 00:04:21
    immunity so there we've given three
  • 00:04:23
    marking points and you only need to get
  • 00:04:24
    two so nice and easy
Etiquetas
  • lymphocytes
  • antibodies
  • active immunity
  • passive immunity
  • memory cells
  • vaccinations
  • immune response
  • pathogens
  • breastfeeding
  • infections