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this is the fifth and last screencasts
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about the history and globalization of
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English it will deal with what's called
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late modern English in the period from
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around 1800 until the present day
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basically the way words are pronounced
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the way words are spelled and the
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grammar of English stay close to
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unchanged in this period but what sort
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of marks the change from early modern
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English to late modern English is the
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changes in vocabulary and two things are
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especially important here
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number one the Industrial Revolution
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which means that new words enter the
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English language for these new things
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and ideas of the period and secondly the
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British Empire where many foreign words
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are adopted into English and sort of
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made English by contact with many
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foreign people for example the Tecna
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developments of the 19th century many of
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them actually started in Britain
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including the steam engine so there were
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steam-powered inventions in many areas
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for example looms to create fabric for
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clothes but also locomotives so
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transport and so on and the u.s. also
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pushed forward English made it dominant
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because it became an industrial nation
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of its own so new technologies new
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sciences new ideas mean new words oxygen
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nuclear vaccine and bacteria from
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different kinds of science locomotive
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engine electricity telephone different
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kinds of technology usually these words
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were loan words from Latin or from Greek
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but some were sort of original English
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creations although they were based on
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Latin or Greek roots and that's exactly
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what we see here in the picture is a one
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of the earliest steam engines so
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colonialism this policy where you try to
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create
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colonies around the world and also well
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what became known as the British Empire
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if we look at this map all the pink
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areas were at one time or another part
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of the British Empire so almost every
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single continent there is part of it
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that has been British at some point the
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Empire was at its biggest at its peak in
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1921 after the first world war when
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around 25 percent of the world was part
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of the British Empire this process
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begins in the 16th century
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at that time somewhere between five and
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seven million people spoke English but
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over the next 300 years that number
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would grow 50 times and at its peak
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scent of english-speaking people lived
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outside of Britain the and there was
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this colonial mentality idea that the
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English language and English culture
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represented civilization so English was
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seen as a good thing something to spread
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to these undeveloped countries of the
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world and so why was that well one thing
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was profit money money money the British
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wanted to make money off of their
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colonies but the colonized people could
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also profit from becoming part of this
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trade system if they learned English
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another thing was order and political
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unity government always becomes easier
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if people speak the same language
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this also resulted in the creation of
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what's called pidgin languages and it
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has nothing to do with birds
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pigeons are sort of reduced languages
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that are used to communicate between
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people with no language in common for
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example African slaves and
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english-speaking sailors and traders
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these pidgin languages are only spoken
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languages but once they become
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established in an area and the these
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languages start to get their own native
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speakers they're called Creoles sort of
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simplified versions of English for
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example a language spoken by a small
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group of people on the american east
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coast called Gullah so this new world
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the English started colonizing North
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America in 1607 well there was one
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attempt earlier on Roanoke Island which
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was a disaster but the British met
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Native Americans so new words entered
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the English language racoon moose tomato
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squash words for animals and kinds of
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food that the British had never seen
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before but parts of the new world of
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course had already been settled by the
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Spanish and the French and the Dutch and
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immigration to North America was not at
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all limited to English speakers after
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the 13 colonies declared their
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independence from Britain this process
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continued and well often newcomers to
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America were they saw that it was best
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to start speaking English though because
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that helped with integration Thomas
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Jefferson who was president of the u.s.
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from 1801 to 1809 wrote four years after
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he'd been president the new
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circumstances under wit under which we
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are placed call for new words new
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phrases and for the transfer of old
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words to new objects an American dialect
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will therefore be formed and Jefferson
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was right as American settlers spread
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westward this is exactly what started to
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happen new plants new animals new food
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mint new words and
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oops sort of expression
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that started in America these
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Americanisms were also created like
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skedaddle lickety-split shebang
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humdinger to strike it rich to keep the
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bucket these were not expressions that
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the British had they started in America
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and also new words came from Spanish
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alligator guitar mosquito tobacco and
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these language inventions were then
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taken back to Britain
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so around 4,000 words are actually used
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differently in the US and Britain today
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but American usage is actually becoming
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more and more common in Britain also of
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course the British had other colonies
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Australia New Zealand South Africa India
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and new words entered the English
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language from each of these places koala
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Kiwi jungle curry apartheid and and also
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they had colonies in East Africa West
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Africa Southeast Asia all over though
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English was generally seen as the
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language of power of business
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administration and education so where
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before England had been dominated by
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french-speaking people now it was
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actually english-speaking people
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dominating other people out in the
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colonies the English had become the new
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elite in the 20th century well of course
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first of all the British Empire falls
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apart after the Second World War where
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many colonies start to become
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independent but the 20th century has
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also seen a move toward political
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correctness in language for example
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feminism has started to point out the
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sex
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of words like mailman and fireman and
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chairman also minority groups such as
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homosexuals lesbians have caused the
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English language to be reexamined for
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example there has been a suggestion that
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it should make sense to talk about her
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story in stead of history because
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history is written by men and also a
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certain rebranding or reclaiming taking
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back of some words by these marginalized
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groups in society words like
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queer gay queen are now sort of a way to
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show and express your identity when you
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belong to these groups even though they
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were used to talk down to these people
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before also the twentieth century has
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seen technological innovation the
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Information Age has created new
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vocabulary computer terminology like
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internet bite cyrus based software and
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so on but also this sort of internet
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slang has entered mainstream language
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noob troll spam and so on and also loan
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words from English have entered other
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languages like Danish for example sport
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and weekend so English today is not just
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the language of the English in fact
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there are English speakers across the
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globe and more and more people are
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speaking English for example
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because it is by far the main language
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on the Internet
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this means that English has become
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what's called a lingua franca a language
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which is used to connect people who
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actually have other languages as their
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own so it's sort of a common language
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between people so to sum up late modern
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English has seen new vocabulary due to
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the Industrial Revolution due to the
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British Empire English has spread to the
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new world with the American dialect and
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the dialects of other colonies Australia
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New Zealand South Africa India and
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English has changed in the 20th century
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as well meaning that English today is so
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much more than what it was when it
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started
