00:00:00
have you ever got an infection before
00:00:02
what did your doctor prescribe did they
00:00:03
take a sample to test for the presence
00:00:05
of a specific bacteria or did they just
00:00:07
prescribe you something based on the
00:00:08
symptoms that you are experiencing
00:00:10
antibiotics play an important role in
00:00:12
the treatment of bacterial infections
00:00:14
one of the main concerns that you've
00:00:15
likely heard of before is the emergence
00:00:17
of antibiotic resistance how much of a
00:00:19
concern is this how many different
00:00:21
antibiotics are there how do they work
00:00:24
why would a doctor prescribe one
00:00:25
antibiotic instead of another now
00:00:28
antibiotics Target bacteria to Destro
00:00:30
upt their natural life cycle or kill
00:00:31
them outright while simpler than humans
00:00:33
and most higher ukar bacterias
00:00:35
themselves are still incredibly complex
00:00:37
creatures this complexity is in some
00:00:39
sense their downfall as if one component
00:00:41
of bacteria is thrown out of whack the
00:00:43
whole bacterium is in Jeopardy to that
00:00:46
end antibiotics all work by targeting
00:00:48
some function of a bacterium differing
00:00:50
primarily in their exact target within a
00:00:52
bacterium furthermore while antibiotics
00:00:55
are a genuinely incredible form of
00:00:57
medicine they can also lead to a number
00:00:58
of side effects the potential and
00:01:00
noteworthy side effects of these various
00:01:02
antibiotics will of course be discussed
00:01:04
but should not be considered
00:01:05
particularly common or guaranteed if you
00:01:07
take these meds they wouldn't be given
00:01:09
as a medication if they were after
00:01:11
all with that being said let's take a
00:01:13
look at our first antibiotic and the one
00:01:15
that started at all penicillin
00:01:17
penicillin initially referred to the
00:01:19
antibacterial substance produced by
00:01:21
penicillum fungi in solution but as
00:01:23
further analysis was done on said
00:01:24
substances an exact class of molecules
00:01:27
was discovered and described penicillin
00:01:30
has this penam ring which contains this
00:01:32
beta lactam Ring The penam Ring includes
00:01:35
both the DI hydrothol as well as the
00:01:37
beta lactam ring which is a four
00:01:39
membered ring cyclic amide which we call
00:01:41
a lactam it's called a beta lactam
00:01:44
because the nitrogen is connected to the
00:01:45
beta position hence it's a beta lactam
00:01:49
penicillin was first discovered in 1928
00:01:51
by biologist Alexander Fleming due to an
00:01:53
accidental contamination of a bacterial
00:01:55
sample in his lab Fleming was known to
00:01:57
go on extended vacations all the time so
00:02:00
his colleagues lamented a colony of
00:02:02
staus orius was contaminated with
00:02:04
penicilium fungus leading to the massive
00:02:06
death of bacteria surrounding the fungus
00:02:08
Fleming published his discovery of penic
00:02:10
helium's antibacterial properties but
00:02:12
didn't actually pursue further research
00:02:14
with the fungus however in 1939 a
00:02:16
research team headed by chemists Howard
00:02:18
Flory and erns chain began looking
00:02:20
further into penicilium antibacterial
00:02:22
effect due to the world war going on at
00:02:25
the moment the group attracted ample
00:02:26
funding specifically to upscale
00:02:28
penicillin production for medical use
00:02:30
flori and Chain's efforts quickly bore
00:02:32
fruit penicillin would first be used to
00:02:34
treat illness in 1941 and see mass
00:02:36
production by mid decade penicillin was
00:02:38
seen as a genuine wonder drug and
00:02:40
Fleming Flor and chain would be given
00:02:42
the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1945 for
00:02:44
its development since then the original
00:02:47
penicillin treatments along with a
00:02:48
number of modern penicillin based drugs
00:02:50
have saved countless lives and the
00:02:52
research field of antibiotics has become
00:02:54
as important as it is robust penicillin
00:02:57
the class of molecules that is works by
00:02:59
affecting the form of form of the
00:03:00
bacterial cell wall the betal lactam
00:03:02
Ring of penicillin binds to and
00:03:04
inactivates the bacterial proteins that
00:03:06
assemble their cell wall this prevents
00:03:08
the formation of a proper cell wall and
00:03:10
leads to the eventual liis and cell
00:03:12
death of affected bacteria penicillin
00:03:14
itself is used to treat a variety of
00:03:16
bacterial infections ranging from simple
00:03:18
throat infections to
00:03:20
syphilis while side effects of
00:03:22
penicillin are uncommon by virtue of
00:03:23
being one of the first prominent
00:03:25
antibiotics said side effects are
00:03:27
wellknown and well documented so these
00:03:29
were one of the first antibiotics and
00:03:31
they're quite effective so for that
00:03:32
reason I'm going to put them into s tier
00:03:34
cuz they've saved a lot of lives next
00:03:37
molecule that we have is sexin sexin is
00:03:40
one of the most prominent medications in
00:03:42
the sephos sporin class of antibiotics
00:03:44
sephos sporin have a similar structure
00:03:46
to the penicillins except instead of
00:03:48
having this five-membered ring for the
00:03:50
penam they instead have this
00:03:51
six-membered ring which still has a
00:03:53
sulfur in it sephos sporin as a class
00:03:55
are derived from the fungi genus
00:03:57
acrimonium and get their name from the
00:03:59
genus's previous previous name seos
00:04:01
sporium given the similar structure of
00:04:03
sephos sporin and cilexin to penicillins
00:04:05
you might think that they function in a
00:04:07
similar Manner and you'd be right the
00:04:09
betal lactam Ring of sephos sporin binds
00:04:11
to the same active sites of the same
00:04:13
proteins as penicillin again
00:04:15
interrupting cell wall formation and
00:04:16
leading to bacterial cell death sexin
00:04:19
itself is used to treat various
00:04:20
infections and diseases such as
00:04:22
pneumonia skin infections and urinary
00:04:24
tract infections and is also one of the
00:04:26
most highly prescribed medications in
00:04:27
the world sexin side effects are mostly
00:04:31
gastrointestinal nausea vomiting and
00:04:33
diarrhea for example actual allergic
00:04:36
reactions to sexin are uncommon and
00:04:38
interestingly not strongly correlated
00:04:40
with Penicillin allergies in spite of
00:04:41
their similar structures so this one has
00:04:44
fewer allergies than penicilin it's also
00:04:46
saved a lot of lives so for that reason
00:04:49
I think we're going to have to put it
00:04:50
right into s tier which is still
00:04:52
appropriate cuz there's a sulfur in it
00:04:55
next we have
00:04:56
nitrofurantoin nitrofurantoin is a
00:04:58
synthetic antibiotic and used used
00:04:59
primarily for the treatment of UTI or
00:05:01
urinary tract infections nitrofurantoin
00:05:04
has this really curs looking hydren
00:05:06
Group which is connected to this
00:05:08
hydantoin group a hydantoin group is
00:05:11
often seen in chemistry in the context
00:05:13
of NN di bromo dimethyl hydantoin or
00:05:16
chloro bromo dimethyl hydantoin which is
00:05:18
often used in spas or hot tubs
00:05:22
nitrofurantoin also has a furan ring and
00:05:24
a Nitro group hence this name is fairly
00:05:26
apt it's a Nitro furan toin cuz it has a
00:05:29
hydantoin and there's a Nitro and a
00:05:31
furan once in the body around 75% of
00:05:34
nitrofurantoin is metabolized by the
00:05:36
liver with the remaining finding its way
00:05:38
into your urine and reaching
00:05:39
concentrations high enough to kill
00:05:41
bacteria once within a bacterium
00:05:43
nitrofurantoin is decomposed by
00:05:45
bacterial enzymes into a number of
00:05:46
highly reactive intermediates said
00:05:48
intermediates essentially attack the
00:05:50
internal structures of a bacterium
00:05:52
leading to its rapid death
00:05:54
nitrofurantoin has relatively few common
00:05:56
side effects namely headaches and nausea
00:05:58
and it also turns one's urine Brown
00:06:00
although this is completely harmless
00:06:02
this is able to go and prevent a urinary
00:06:04
tract infection even if you take it
00:06:05
orally I think that's pretty impressive
00:06:08
now 75% of it does get metabolized by
00:06:10
the liver so maybe that's pretty high
00:06:12
but overall I think it's still okay
00:06:14
we'll put it into C tier cuz you have to
00:06:16
see the doctor cuz you have an infection
00:06:19
next we have metronidazol metronidazol
00:06:22
is a synthetic antibiotic and also an
00:06:24
antiprotozoan metronidazol has an idol
00:06:27
hence the AOL and naida ol because it's
00:06:30
a Nitro idzo when metronidazol under go
00:06:33
partial reduction it releases the Nitro
00:06:35
group that you see here into the cell
00:06:37
which attacks and damages DNA in the
00:06:39
form of a nitroso radical leading to
00:06:42
cell death said partial reduction occurs
00:06:44
primarily in anerobic bacteria and
00:06:46
protozoans leaving human cells but also
00:06:49
aerobic bacteria largely unharmed
00:06:52
metronidazol is used as a cream for
00:06:54
treating various skin infections and as
00:06:55
an oral medication for gum infections
00:06:57
and dental abscesses in terms of side
00:06:59
effects you have your usual nausea
00:07:01
vomiting and diarrhea along with the
00:07:03
lingering metallic taste in the mouth in
00:07:05
addition there are some studies looking
00:07:07
into metronidazol which have
00:07:09
demonstrated potential carcinogenic and
00:07:10
mutogenic effects as such it's an IC
00:07:13
group 2B carcinogen which means that
00:07:15
it's possibly carcinogenic to humans so
00:07:18
metronidazol you have some nasty side
00:07:20
effects and you might be a carcinogen so
00:07:21
for that reason we're going to put you
00:07:23
right into D tier I'm pretty sure that
00:07:25
they also use this one for fish tanks
00:07:28
this massive looking molecule is aiyin
00:07:31
aiyin is one of the most prominent and
00:07:33
prescribed members of the macroy class
00:07:35
of antibiotics a macroy is this large
00:07:37
cyclic lactone which you often see in
00:07:40
fragrances and some bioactive molecules
00:07:43
they tend to have these sugar motifs
00:07:44
coming off which is an amino sugar in
00:07:46
the top case and a regular sugar in the
00:07:48
bottom case the first Maite discovered
00:07:50
and utilized as an antibiotic was arthy
00:07:53
a natural compound produced by the
00:07:54
bacteria saccharopolyspora
00:07:57
arthra aiyin here is based on the
00:07:59
original aryin it's just been modified
00:08:02
in a couple positions to make it a more
00:08:03
effective antibiotic aiyin works by
00:08:07
binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit a
00:08:09
component of ribosomes found in bacteria
00:08:11
and other procaryotes this blocks the
00:08:13
actual function of their ribosomes
00:08:15
preventing these bacteria from
00:08:16
functioning and leading to their
00:08:18
eventual death aiyin is used to treat
00:08:20
chest infections along with various
00:08:22
upper respiratory infections in terms of
00:08:24
side effects it's the usual nausea
00:08:26
vomiting and diarrhea so while this does
00:08:29
have some side effects this one's been
00:08:31
optimized a little bit and it also
00:08:32
starts with an A so why don't we put it
00:08:34
into a tier clavan acid is interesting
00:08:37
as it's not technically an antibiotic
00:08:39
but it helps in the function and
00:08:40
efficacy of various betal lactam
00:08:42
antibiotics we still have this betal
00:08:44
lactam we have this like dihydro oxisol
00:08:48
ring which has an exocyclic double bond
00:08:50
which is very atypical there is some
00:08:52
slight structural similarity to the
00:08:54
penam ring but instead of having the
00:08:56
sulfur we have an oxygen and instead of
00:08:57
having the two methyl groups we have
00:08:59
have a different substitution pattern
00:09:01
claval anic acid is produced Naturally
00:09:03
by the bacterium streptomyces claval
00:09:05
liaras and works by interfering with
00:09:07
betal lactamases in the bacteria betal
00:09:09
lactamases are enzymes found in bacteria
00:09:12
that have evolved resistance to betal
00:09:13
lactam based antibiotics such as
00:09:15
penicillins or
00:09:17
cephalosporins these betal lactamases
00:09:19
inactivate betal lactam based
00:09:21
antibiotics preventing them from
00:09:22
actually functioning and killing the
00:09:24
target bacteria plavan acid however
00:09:27
permanently binds to the active site of
00:09:28
these betalactamases totally
00:09:30
inactivating them and thus allowing the
00:09:32
actual betal lactam antibiotics to do
00:09:34
their job claval enic acid is most often
00:09:37
paired with Amoxicillin a penicillin
00:09:39
type antibiotic and typically in the
00:09:41
form of its potassium salt potassium
00:09:43
clavane to that end claval anic acid
00:09:45
mostly treats and has side effects of
00:09:47
whatever antibiotic it's paired with as
00:09:49
on its own it has little effect on the
00:09:50
body so while this isn't technically an
00:09:53
antibiotic it is pretty awesome so even
00:09:55
though we're going to put it into F tier
00:09:56
you just have to remember that it's
00:09:58
because it's not an antibiotic iotic on
00:09:59
its own this one would not work without
00:10:01
another antibiotic as such it's got to
00:10:03
go into F tier venamy vamin is a type of
00:10:07
glycopeptide antibiotic and a big boy
00:10:10
I'm not even sure where to start on this
00:10:12
thing there's so many rings it's all
00:10:15
cycled this is like a protein had a
00:10:17
nightmare and then there's suddenly
00:10:19
random chlorinations on the ring there
00:10:21
is a lot going on to
00:10:23
vamy vamy is produced primarily by the
00:10:26
bacteria Amic colopsis Orient Talis and
00:10:29
works by disrupting the construction of
00:10:31
the bacterial cell wall bacterial cell
00:10:33
walls are comprised of peptidoglycan
00:10:35
subunits that coal bond with each other
00:10:37
to form a solid cell wall vamy
00:10:40
interferes with the formation of these
00:10:41
calent bonds leading to an improperly
00:10:43
formed and faulty bacterial cell wall
00:10:45
and eventually Lis that means they die
00:10:49
Vancomycin is used primarily to treat
00:10:51
methylosinus stacus orius or MRSA this
00:10:55
is essentially a staff infection with a
00:10:57
high resistance to numerous antibio
00:10:59
iotics vamy has the usual nausea
00:11:02
vomiting and diarrhea for side effects
00:11:04
but interestingly it has its own
00:11:05
condition associated with its us venamy
00:11:08
flushing reaction also known as red man
00:11:10
syndrome occurs when the drug is
00:11:11
administered too rapidly leading to the
00:11:13
release of large amounts of histamine in
00:11:15
the body resulting in rash redness and
00:11:17
discomfort throughout your body so this
00:11:19
one has some pretty harsh side effects
00:11:21
although it does have kind of a cool
00:11:23
structure it's a m so why don't we put
00:11:25
it into C tier I mean the effects are
00:11:27
pretty bad too so I think it's fair that
00:11:29
we put Vancomycin into C tier this is
00:11:31
cicin cicin is a fully synthetic
00:11:34
antibiotic hence the cyclopropane and
00:11:36
the Florine and a member of the floro
00:11:38
quinolone class this is a quinolone and
00:11:41
it's four because it's in the four
00:11:42
position rather than the two position
00:11:44
almost all quinolone based antibiotics
00:11:46
that exist tend to be
00:11:49
fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin and other
00:11:51
fluoroquinolones work by interfering
00:11:53
with and inactivating bacterial DNA gy
00:11:55
raises this prevents proper cell
00:11:57
division for bacteria Le leading to the
00:11:59
eventual dying off of a bacterial Colony
00:12:01
ciprofloxacin is used to treat a variety
00:12:03
of infections ranging from pneumonia to
00:12:05
menitis the usual nausea vomiting and
00:12:08
diarrhea are associated with cxis in use
00:12:11
along with tendinitis and tendon
00:12:12
ruptures in elderly
00:12:14
users so I've never taken this one so I
00:12:16
won't be too harsh here it starts with a
00:12:18
C it's going right into C tier another
00:12:21
one starting with a c is Clint deyin
00:12:23
Clint deyin is a type of lincosamide
00:12:25
antibiotic and one of the most prominent
00:12:27
and prescribed members of this class
00:12:29
clindamycin has a paroline as well as
00:12:31
this amide Linker to a tho sugar
00:12:34
derivative there's also an alpha chloro
00:12:36
next to this NH which makes me a little
00:12:37
bit concerned because chloro alanes tend
00:12:39
to alcate stuff which is something you
00:12:41
usually don't want in your body
00:12:43
lincosamide is a semisynthetic
00:12:44
antibiotic derived from linyin a
00:12:47
compound produced by the bacteria
00:12:48
streptomyces lensis kendomycin and other
00:12:52
lincosamides work in a manner similar to
00:12:53
the macroides discussed earlier they
00:12:55
inactivate the 50s subunit of bacterial
00:12:58
ribosomes preventing proper cellular
00:13:00
function and leading to cell death I
00:13:02
wouldn't be surprised if this chloro
00:13:03
group results in the alation of that
00:13:05
subunit and if you know anything about
00:13:07
that I'd be interested to hear it down
00:13:08
in the comments cendy has a number of
00:13:11
uses it's useful in treating acne and
00:13:13
other skin infections can be used in Le
00:13:15
of penicillins if the patient is
00:13:16
allergic to penicillins and can be taken
00:13:18
in conjunction with quinine to treat
00:13:19
malaria as sometimes taking multiple
00:13:21
medications together can result in
00:13:23
adverse effects that you want to avoid
00:13:26
Lindy has the usual antibiotic side
00:13:28
effects not too much else to add there
00:13:30
so this one can be used when people are
00:13:32
allergic to penicillin that's pretty
00:13:33
based so why don't we put it right into
00:13:35
s TI I mean plus there's also an S here
00:13:37
so I think that makes sense but the
00:13:38
chlorine there the chlorine is
00:13:40
definitely a little bit sus oxy cycan
00:13:43
oxycline is a semisynthetic antibiotic
00:13:45
from the class of tetracyclines it's a
00:13:48
tetracycline because there's 1 2 3 four
00:13:50
rings and there's a number of different
00:13:53
functional groups decorating this ring
00:13:54
such as this phenol this Ketone this
00:13:56
dimethyl amine this amide and a couple
00:13:58
enols definitely a wild molecule and a
00:14:01
lot of interesting derivatives of these
00:14:03
have been prepared the namesake compound
00:14:05
tetracycline is naturally synthesized by
00:14:07
various species of Geno streptomyces and
00:14:10
doxycy is produced by removing one
00:14:12
hydroxy group then adding another one in
00:14:14
a different location on the overall
00:14:16
skeleton doxycycline Works in a similar
00:14:18
manner to the aforementioned macerates
00:14:20
and lincosamides only instead of
00:14:22
attaching to and deactivating the 50s
00:14:24
subunit of bacterial ribosomes it
00:14:26
instead attaches to the 30s subunit this
00:14:28
prevents proper protein synthesis of the
00:14:30
target bacteria which inhibits bacterial
00:14:32
Colony growth and eventually kills the
00:14:34
infection doxy cycling is used to treat
00:14:37
a wide variety of conditions and
00:14:38
infections and even has antiparasitic
00:14:40
properties as well though doxy cycling
00:14:42
doesn't actively Target parasites there
00:14:44
are numerous species of parasites that
00:14:46
have developed mutualistic relationships
00:14:47
with certain bacteria and need them for
00:14:49
proper reproduction so doxycycl is
00:14:52
basically able to take out their friends
00:14:54
and that stops them from growing toxy
00:14:56
cycling has no major or noteworthy side
00:14:58
effects aside from the typical nausea
00:14:59
and vomiting along with headaches so
00:15:01
doxy cyclan seems pretty awesome it also
00:15:04
has not only antibacterial effects but
00:15:07
it has implicit antiparasitic activities
00:15:09
as well that's pretty awesome
00:15:12
sulfamethoxazol sulfamethoxazol is a
00:15:14
synthetic antibiotic and a sulfonamide
00:15:17
this is the sulfonamide group
00:15:18
sulfonamides are a class of compounds
00:15:20
that typically possess antibiotic
00:15:22
properties this is a derivative of
00:15:24
analine and we also have this methyl
00:15:26
isoxazole ring sulfamethoxazol is used
00:15:29
to treat a wide variety of conditions
00:15:30
such as urinary respiratory and
00:15:32
intestinal infections sulfamethoxazol
00:15:35
works by disrupting the synthesis of
00:15:36
folate also known as vitamin B9 as it
00:15:39
resembles and competes with the
00:15:40
precursor compound par aminobenzoic acid
00:15:43
by the way you can buy this from bulk
00:15:44
supplements and it can be made into
00:15:46
benzocaine using ethanol folate is
00:15:49
necessary for DNA synthesis and since
00:15:51
most bacteria produce their own folate
00:15:53
the disruption of this process prevents
00:15:54
these bacteria from properly functioning
00:15:57
sulfamethoxazol is safe in humans in
00:15:59
part due to the fact that we don't
00:16:00
produce vitamin B9 ourselves meaning
00:16:03
that the intended pharmacological effect
00:16:05
can't happen in our bodies side effects
00:16:07
nonetheless exist and are the usual
00:16:09
nausea vomiting along with appetite loss
00:16:12
this doesn't even Target people so
00:16:14
that's pretty awesome for that reason I
00:16:15
think we're going to have to put it into
00:16:16
s tier also if you want some TC lore my
00:16:20
great grandma was actually in the
00:16:21
hospital for many months when she was
00:16:23
quite young as she had a leg infection
00:16:26
and this was before antibiotics were
00:16:27
widely available but eventually
00:16:29
antibiotics reached western Canada and
00:16:32
she was able to get treated and made a
00:16:33
full recovery after this happened she
00:16:36
then gave birth to my grandma and so if
00:16:38
it weren't for sulfa drugs I wouldn't be
00:16:39
here the only downside with sulfa drugs
00:16:42
is people tend to get allergies to them
00:16:44
but I'm not sure if that's super common
00:16:46
I just know that they aren't typically
00:16:47
prescribed right away anymore but they
00:16:49
are prescribed in specific instances
00:16:51
saving my great- grandma's life though
00:16:52
is pretty based so that's going to have
00:16:53
to go right into s tier this structure
00:16:56
reminds me of a compound I've seen
00:16:57
before but I can't quite remember which
00:16:59
one it was trimethoprim is a fully
00:17:01
synthetic antibiotic it has this
00:17:03
interesting 123 trimethoxybenzene Motif
00:17:06
and it also has this pyodine ring
00:17:09
trimethoprim treats many of the same
00:17:11
conditions as sulfamethoxazol and both
00:17:13
compounds are frequently bundled
00:17:15
together in the same medication
00:17:17
similarly to sulfamethoxazol
00:17:18
trimethoprim works by interfering in
00:17:20
bacterial DNA synthesis in this case
00:17:23
disrupting the synthesis of dihydrofolic
00:17:25
acid to tetrahydrofolic acid this is a
00:17:27
vital step in producing the nucleoside
00:17:29
thyadine and its disruption prevents
00:17:31
proper function and reproduction of
00:17:32
bacteria unlike sulfamethoxazol
00:17:35
trimethoprim can interfere with proper
00:17:37
thymidine synthesis in humans but
00:17:39
fortunately its inhibitory effects on
00:17:40
human synthesis is only about 160,000 of
00:17:43
its effect in bacteria trimethoprim has
00:17:46
the usual antibiotic side effects you
00:17:48
know them all at this point so
00:17:50
trimethoprim pretty cool a little bit of
00:17:52
inhibition for human enzymes so for that
00:17:54
reason we're going to put it into like a
00:17:56
tier but it's still pretty awesome this
00:17:58
is the last antibiotic that we're going
00:18:00
to be talking about today streptomycin
00:18:03
streptomycin is a natural antibiotic
00:18:05
produced and isolated from streptomyces
00:18:07
Gus we have a tetrahydrofuran ring here
00:18:10
which is sugar derived we have another
00:18:11
sugar derivative here but instead this
00:18:13
is a six membered ring these Rings here
00:18:15
remind me a little bit of an ocl
00:18:17
probably because they're derived from
00:18:18
that but maybe not this other one here
00:18:21
kind of looks just like glucose but it's
00:18:22
an amino sugar instead of your typical
00:18:24
sugar in addition we have these two
00:18:26
guanine groups a little bit cursed
00:18:28
streptomycin is the most prominent and
00:18:30
prescribed aminoglycoside a broad class
00:18:32
of antibiotics targeting a broad variety
00:18:34
of bacterial conditions streptomycin and
00:18:37
other aminoglycosides work in a similar
00:18:39
manner to tetracyclines targeting the
00:18:41
30s subunit of bacterial ribosomes and
00:18:43
thus preventing protein synthesis in
00:18:45
bacteria streptomycin itself is used in
00:18:47
treating fairly serious conditions like
00:18:49
tuberculosis endocarditis and the plague
00:18:52
yes that plague interestingly
00:18:55
streptomycin is often used as a natural
00:18:57
pesticide as well preventing blight and
00:18:59
infections on various crops in terms of
00:19:01
side effects aside from the usual nausea
00:19:03
headaches and vomiting streptomycin has
00:19:05
been shown to be toxic to kidneys and
00:19:07
ears leading to kidney malfunction and
00:19:09
deafness in severe cases that's pretty
00:19:11
bad um bad starts with a b and we
00:19:13
haven't put anything in B tier yet so
00:19:15
we're going to put that into B tier cuz
00:19:16
you better be careful if you take that
00:19:18
one antibiotics have saved lots of lives
00:19:22
and appropriately using them is an
00:19:23
important way to make sure that they
00:19:24
stay effective for future Generations if
00:19:27
your doctor prescribes an antibio IC
00:19:28
make sure you take it to completion
00:19:30
because if you just take it for a couple
00:19:32
days and you start feeling better you'll
00:19:33
wipe out a couple of the bad bacteria
00:19:36
but the ones that remain will be more
00:19:37
resistant to the antibiotics that you're
00:19:39
taking and since you sto taking them
00:19:40
those ones can proliferate so if you
00:19:42
want to do your part to prevent
00:19:44
antibiotic resistance make sure you take
00:19:45
the full course of antibiotics that way
00:19:48
all of the bad bacteria get wiped out
00:19:50
and your immune system is able to deal
00:19:51
with the ones that are a little bit
00:19:52
resistant since they're not fending off
00:19:54
against all the other ones with that
00:19:56
being said antibiotics can be misused
00:19:58
used and the overuse of antibiotics has
00:20:00
lead to some resistance in hospitals and
00:20:02
other medical settings thanks for
00:20:04
watching if you like chemistry videos
00:20:06
like this and you want to see more you
00:20:07
should probably hit that subscribe
00:20:09
button if you want to learn more about
00:20:10
some unique antibiotics my editor for
00:20:12
this video recently made a video of his
00:20:14
own exploring just that which you should
00:20:17
totally check out hey I'm Siggy snake
00:20:20
well working on and researching this
00:20:21
video for TC I learned a lot about early
00:20:24
antibiotics and the interesting history
00:20:25
surrounding them I just put out a vid of
00:20:27
my own looking at Grandma saidin S one
00:20:29
of the first antibiotics developed along
00:20:32
with the unusual scientific climate that
00:20:34
led to its development in the Soviet
00:20:35
Union it's a really unique Topic in my
00:20:37
opinion and something you should check
00:20:39
out if you enjoyed this video make sure
00:20:41
you go and check out siggy's video I
00:20:43
really like the work that he's been
00:20:44
doing for this channel as well as for
00:20:45
his own with that thanks for watching
00:20:48
and I hope you have a great day
