Photosynthesis Light reaction, Calvin cycle, Electron Transport 3D Animation

Plants require carbon dioxide, water, and energy for growth, utilizing a process called photosynthesis to convert these inputs into glucose, while producing oxygen as a byproduct. The energy for this process comes from sunlight, which consists of photons that travel in waves and are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Photosynthetic organisms primarily use visible light, capturing specific wavelengths through pigments that reflect green and yellow light, while absorbing red and blue light for energy. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, specifically in thylakoids and the stroma, involving light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy, producing ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide. The Calvin cycle includes carbon fixation, reduction of carbon compounds, and regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate, ultimately leading to the production of glucose and other carbohydrates. This process not only provides energy for plants but also supports life on Earth by producing oxygen and serving as the foundation for food webs.