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In an increasingly interconnected world, the Internet of Things or IoT, is the
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invisible force that merges our daily lives with technology, radically transforming the
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way we interact with our environment. But what really is IoT? Let's imagine millions
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of connected devices, machines and objects, exchanging information among themselves,
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with us humans and with Artificial Intelligence entities, all through
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the Internet. It is not just about transmitting and collecting data, but about converting
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information into valuable knowledge, which drives intelligent decisions and transforms multiple
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aspects of our daily lives. From smart homes to automated factories,
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the IoT is redefining how we live, work and connect. It gives us control
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over what previously seemed unattainable, optimizes processes that we thought were impossible to improve, and
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helps us anticipate the unexpected. The IoT opens a horizon full of possibilities and opportunities.
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Welcome to Works of Science... today we will explore the fascinating world of IoT! Hello, how are you?
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I hope you are feeling very well! Welcome to the first Works of Science! program. First of all,
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I introduce myself, my name is Javier Aira, by profession I am a Doctor in Computer Engineering
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and I have worked for many years in different companies in the field of R&D, or Research
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and Development. I am interested in the environment and caring for the planet, and I humbly believe that science
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and technology can contribute a lot to these issues. The main objective of this channel
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is scientific dissemination. In each program, we are going to present a technological discipline
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and within that technological discipline, we are going to present five scientific works. We are going
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to try to ensure that these scientific works can be explained in a simple,
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simple way so that everyone understands it. We are going to leave the bibliographic sources and obviously I will
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be available for all the questions you need. In this first program,
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we are going to talk about the IoT, the Internet of Things or the Internet of Things (in English),
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a multidisciplinary discipline that has been growing by leaps and bounds in recent years.
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In this program, we are going to present five scientific works that I hope you like. First of all,
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I apologize if there is any sloppiness in the editing of the audio or video, I promise
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that over time we will improve these issues. But I won't bore you any more, let's start with the
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program! In the first scientific research that we have to present to you today,
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it is a work carried out by Doctor Fatma Talaat and a team from the
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Kafrelsheikh University in Egypt. What this study does is carry out an analysis of the different
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IoT sensors available, plus the different Artificial Intelligence techniques, specifically
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Machine Learning to respond to this issue of detecting and monitoring stress in
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people. It is a very complex work, very long, but it is super interesting. I hope you like it!
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Stress is an inevitable part of our lives, but did you know that we could now monitor it
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effectively using IoT technology and Artificial Intelligence? This study
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has explored how wearable sensors and IoT and artificial intelligence techniques,
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specifically Machine Learning, can monitor and detect
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stress. The main goal is to develop a system that can automatically provide
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prescriptions based on the patient's condition allowing doctors to monitor health
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without the need for direct interaction. The study proposes a new stress monitoring algorithm
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using wearable IoT sensors in synergy with Machine Learning. This project was established
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in four main phases. Let's summarize it in a way so that we can all understand it:
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the first phase called data acquisition consists of collecting data from
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wearable devices such as bracelets and smart watches that measure parameters such as
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heart rate, heart rate variability , or HRV, skin conductance
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, temperature, among others. Phase two which is called data and signal processing,
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The data from the devices is processed and peak enhancement of the signals is performed
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using filtering and normalization techniques to eliminate noise and interference. In
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the third phase, called prediction, the analysis and classification of the data is carried out using
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certain Machine Learning algorithms such as Random Forest, the decision tree,
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XGBoost and OSM Classifier. These algorithms were trained with labeled data to identify
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patterns associated with stress levels. In the fourth phase, which is called model evaluation,
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the performance evaluation of the models was carried out using grid search techniques
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to optimize the hyperparameters and validate the accuracy of the system. Among the
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Machine Learning algorithms evaluated, Random Forest proved to be the most suitable due to
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its high precision and performance. The potential of this system is enormous, not only could it detect
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conventional stress levels but it could also predict episodes of acute stress. This is
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especially useful for people with chronic conditions who need constant monitoring. In
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summary, stress monitoring using IoT and Artificial Intelligence represents a
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significant advance in the field of digital health. It would allow us to manage our lives more effectively
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and improve our quality of life. Well, I hope you liked this first
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research work. Regarding the second, it is a very interesting one that has to do with the work of
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Doctor Martin Wikelski. Doctor Wikelski is the director of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology
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in Germany. Dr. Wikelski is the pioneer in what is called the internet of animals,
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playing with this IoT or the internet of things. It is about monitoring
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animals from space. A fundamental tool to understand what is happening
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with animals in the world, understand patterns of migration behavior
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and different parameters that scientists are interested in and that can act accordingly
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for their preservation. I hope you like it! Monitoring animals from space,
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understanding their movements, their behaviors and how they interact with the world is no longer science
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fiction, it is a reality. Thanks to the animal internet, it is a revolutionary concept
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that has been led by Doctor Wikelski. Today I tell you about ICARUS, acronym for International
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Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space, a pioneering project that uses space technology to
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monitor animals in real time. This system connects animal behavior to technology
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through satellites. They basically place small sensors on animals from migratory birds to
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marine mammals to track their movements from anywhere on earth. The main objective
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is to better understand their movement patterns and how these are linked to the environment
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, helping to predict natural disasters, epidemics and climate change. This is where
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the ICARUS project comes in. This project has put receivers into orbit on the
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international space station, which connect with transmitters on animals. The transmitters are
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tiny devices designed to be lightweight and animal-friendly, yet
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powerful enough to send signals to the space station. These signals contain information
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such as GPS location, body temperature, flight
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or swimming behavior, and even the animals' acceleration. The most incredible thing is that all this information
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is collected to create a global network allowing scientists and conservationists to
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closely follow migratory species, understand their routes and how they respond to environmental changes. This
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not only helps the conservation of endangered species, but also has applications
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for predicting natural phenomena. The sensors used in the ICARUS project are designed
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to be lightweight and long-lasting. The first prototypes were placed in birds
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and its use has been extended to turtles, mammals and other animals. These sensors measure speed,
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altitude, direction and other key data about animal behavior. Each of these teams,
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They have advanced GPS and a long-lasting battery. Among the most notable conclusions
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of the ICARUS project is the confirmation that animal movements can
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give us critical clues about the state of our planet. With this project, it has been shown that
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by monitoring animals from space, we can not only protect endangered species,
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but also understand how their behavior is linked to the well-being of the planet. Well,
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I hope you liked this work by Doctor Wikelski. Regarding the third,
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I tell you that it is a research carried out by Doctor Alp Toymus and a team from
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KOK University in Turkey. It has to do with the application of IoT in the medical context. Dr. Toymus
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developed a system, or specifically an ultrasonic sensor, that allows measuring
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bladder volume in people. This study is very novel. The study has shown
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results that were very interesting and even some healthy people were used
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to make the measurements. I hope you like it! Bladder volume monitoring is
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crucial for early detection and management of lower urinary tract dysfunctions. Lower urinary tract dysfunction
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affects millions of people annually worldwide and its
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prevalence is increasing. Common causes include prostatic hyperplasia and
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neurological disorders. Bladder catheterization is the most accurate method of measuring bladder volume,
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but it is invasive and not suitable for routine examinations. Bladder ultrasound is a
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non-invasive alternative, but does not allow continuous monitoring and requires
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expensive equipment. More accurate and accessible technologies are needed for out-of-hospital monitoring
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. The work of Doctor Alp Toymus presents a device that allows
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continuous and autonomous monitoring of bladder volume with high precision. This is especially
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useful for patients with lower urinary tract dysfunctions, as it provides
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real-time data without the need for invasive procedures. Now, let's delve a little deeper
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into the technical aspects of this device. It uses flexible ultrasonic transducers
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that are supported by air, which significantly improves transducer sensitivity
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and allows accurate measurements at low operating voltages. These translators adapt to
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the shape of the body ensuring optimal contact and accurate measurement of bladder volume.
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In addition, the very small control electronics allow the device to be compact
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and portable. The wireless transmission capacity is another important aspect,
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as it allows continuous and autonomous monitoring of bladder volume, without the need
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for cables. To validate the proper functioning of the device, tests were carried out with
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healthy volunteers with people selected based on the different shapes and sizes of their bladders.
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The objective was to check if the device adapted to a wide variety of morphologies.
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Volunteers wore the device continuously while bladder volume was measured
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in real time. The data obtained was transmitted wirelessly to
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be analyzed. These results were compared with traditional methods and it was shown that
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the device has high precision, but with an advantage, being continuous and non-invasive.
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In summary, the combination of flexible ultrasonic transducers, efficient and compact control electronics
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, and wireless transmission capability make the device
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a revolutionary tool in urinary health monitoring. Regarding
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the fourth research work, I tell you that it is a project of my authorship.
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It is a technological solution that I developed while at the University of Castilla La Mancha,
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Albacete (Spain). It is a scientific work that I developed together with Teresa Olivares and Francisco
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Delicate Martínez who were my thesis directors at that time. The project is called
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SpectroGLY and is a comprehensive IoT solution that allows monitoring and detecting glyphosate in water.
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Glyphosate is an agrochemical, specifically a herbicide that is used by agribusiness.
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to eradicate undesirable weeds. Well, what this solution does is detect waste. This
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agrochemical, based on hundreds of scientific works in the world, is showing its
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consequences for both people's health and the environment in general. I hope you
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like it. Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world and is used in
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agribusiness to control weeds and increase productivity. However, its contamination
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in water has become a serious health problem for people and the environment.
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Detecting glyphosate in water is very complex since it requires expensive equipment,
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highly trained personnel, and a laboratory environment. This is where SpectroGLY comes in. SpectroGLY is
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a low-cost portable spectrometer capable of detecting glyphosate residues at
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very low concentrations. Its main advantage is being compact and easy to use compared to
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traditional equipment. This system integrates a digital traffic light to identify toxic concentration ranges
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of glyphosate and quickly alert about water quality. At the core of SpectroGLY
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is its multispectral sensor that measures the absorption of visible and near-infrared light
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, thus allowing glyphosate to be accurately detected in just a few minutes. In addition, it includes
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an LED shutter, like a flash, that allows samples to be homogenized. SpectroGLY incorporates
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complementary sensors such as temperature, humidity and an accelerometer.
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These sensors allow calculations to be adjusted precisely, depending on the operating context.
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In terms of connectivity, SpectroGLY supports WiFi and LoRaWAN, which allows it to be used in
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rural areas or cities. It also has a mobile application and an IoT platform in the cloud,
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which allow you to monitor and analyze the results from anywhere in the world. In conclusion,
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SpectroGLY has great potential to be a key tool to protect public health
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and the environment, moving us closer to a safer future and providing
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agile responses to water pollution. Well, we have reached the last
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scientific work on today's program. Regarding this, I tell you that it is a research
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carried out by Doctor Lei Hou and team at Teesside University, Middlesbrough,
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United Kingdom. It is a novel autonomous wheelchair and an ecosystem of IoT sensors that provides
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a response in the medical context to people who have mobility and health problems. At the same
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time, it is an interesting and complex research work that we have to present to you now,
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let's get to it! This project promises to significantly improve the quality of life of
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people with reduced mobility. As I mentioned in the introduction to this work, it is
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an autonomous wheelchair, combined with an advanced health monitoring system,
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a clear example of how technology and innovation come together to transform lives. This
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wheelchair is equipped with a series of very interesting technologies, first of all it has
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a kit of sensors and actuators. It includes proximity sensors, cameras and LIDAR technology,
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allowing the chair to detect obstacles and move safely. It also has
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a motion controller. Thanks to this controller, information from the sensors
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is processed in real time, allowing the chair to make intelligent decisions about direction
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and speed. It also has a user interface, the best thing is its ease of use,
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users can control it through a mobile app or simply using
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voice commands. But that's not all, this chair also takes care of the health of the users, it has
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biometric sensors that constantly measure vital signs such as heart rate,
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blood pressure and blood oxygen levels. It also has IoT connectivity, since
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all this information is processed and sent in real time to the cloud, where health professionals
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can analyze the data. There is also an alert and notification system if something
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out of the ordinary is detected. The system sends alerts to both the user, doctor and
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caregivers, which adds an extra layer of security. Now, how does all this work?
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I'm going to try to summarize it and break it down into three main aspects; The first
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has to do with autonomous navigation with the help of artificial intelligence algorithms,
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the chair maps the environment, plans safe routes and avoids obstacles in real time, another large block
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has to do with the processing of health data, biometric sensors collect data that,
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through automatic learning or Machine Learning, detects patterns and possible health problems.
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All this is stored in the cloud and accessible from anywhere in the world! Another big block
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has to do with security and privacy. Data protection is essential,
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so everything is encrypted and only accessible by authorized people. In summary, this project
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not only stands out for its innovation, but for the real impact it can have on the lives of many
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people, another example of how technology can improve the quality of our lives.
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Well, we have reached the end of the first WoS [Works of Science] program. I hope you liked the
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content and scientific research we present! In the description
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of the video I am going to leave you the bibliographical references, a URL and an introduction to
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each of the works we present. On the other hand, if you have any questions or comments,
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including any scientific work that you want us to present on the channel, you are more than welcome!
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Thank you very much in advance! Finally, I invite you to subscribe, to like
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this video if you found it interesting and I will see you in the next program, which we are going to talk about
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Artificial Intelligence, where we are also going to present five scientific works. Well,
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I hope you are well, see you next time and I send you a warm hug!
