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foreign
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[Music]
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what is quality management
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quality is the degree to which the
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project fulfills requirements quality
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management includes creating and
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following policies and procedures in
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order to ensure that a project meets the
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defined needs it was intended to meet
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from the customer's perspective
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here are some perspectives of project
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quality management
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customer satisfaction
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quality is all about meeting the
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expectations and requirements of the
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customer and stakeholders and creating a
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product that fulfills those needs and is
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fit for its intended use
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prevention
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quality is achieved by planning
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designing and building it into a product
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or process from the Inception
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management responsibility
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the project team must ensure the success
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of quality efforts and the
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organizational management must provide
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the financial resources needed for
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Quality efforts to succeed
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continuous improvements
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quality and process Improvement relies
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on the ongoing plan do check and act
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cycle
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understanding quality and grade
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quality
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quality is the degree to which the
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characteristics of a product meet the
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demands or expectations of the project
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in other words quality is conformance to
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the requirements including the product
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and customers requirements
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great
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grade is a category or rank assigned to
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products or services having these same
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functional use but different technical
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characteristics for example there are
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different grades of paint different
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grades of metal and even different
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grades of travel
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difference between quality and grade low
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quality does not equal to low grade low
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quality is usually not acceptable but on
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the other hand low grade is never a
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problem and it is acceptable
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a product or service regardless of its
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grade must be of high quality
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Ames is a globally recognized and an
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accredited institution we offer
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certifications diploma MBA and PHD
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programs in project management through
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an online and self-paced learning system
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for registration and details please
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visit www.ames.education
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understanding accuracy and precision
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accuracy it represents how close a
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measured value is to the actual or True
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Value accuracy is the measure of
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exactness
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and precision it represents how close
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the measured values are to each other
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Precision is an assessment of
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correctness
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difference between accuracy and
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precision
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measured values may or may not be near
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the actual or True Value but if the
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scatter is lesser the measurements are
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said to have a high precision
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when measurements are close to the
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Target value they are accurate scatter
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does not have any significant role here
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processes and activities in order to
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satisfy the project needs the processes
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and activities of project quality
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management determine quality policies
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objectives and responsibilities
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there are three core project quality
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management processes plan quality
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management perform quality assurance and
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control quality
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we will now understand each of these
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processes in more detail
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first process plan quality management
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it is the process of identifying quality
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requirements and or standards for the
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project and its deliverables and
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documenting how the project will
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demonstrate compliance with relevant
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quality requirements
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key benefit
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this process provides guidance and
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Direction on how quality will be managed
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and validated throughout the project
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inputs for plan quality management
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the inputs to create the plan quality
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management are scope Baseline
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stakeholder register requirements
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documentation risk register Enterprise
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environmental factors and organizational
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process assets
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tools and techniques for plan quality
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management
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tools and techniques to create the plan
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quality management are cost benefit
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analysis cost of quality seven basic
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quality tools benchmarking the design of
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experiments statistical sampling and
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additional quality tools
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the seven basic quality tools
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kauru Ishikawa was a Japanese
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organizational theorist and well known
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for his quality management Innovations
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he developed seven basic visual tools of
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quality so that the average person could
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analyze and interpret data these seven
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tools are a cause and effect diagram
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flowcharts check sheets Pareto diagrams
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histograms control charts and Scatter
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diagrams
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these tools are used worldwide by
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companies managers of all levels and
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employees
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the first basic Quality Tool the cause
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and effect diagram
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the cause and effect diagram is also
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called the fishbone diagram this tool
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discovers the possible causes for an
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effect or problem
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this diagram acts as a first step in
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problem solving by creating a list of
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possible causes let's see how the
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fishbone diagram works
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first clearly identify and Define the
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problem or effect for which the causes
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must be identified place the problem or
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effect at the right or the head of the
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diagram then identify all the broad
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areas of the problem then write the
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possible causes in each of the broad
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areas each cause that has been
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identified should Now look for more
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causes now view the diagram and evaluate
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the main causes and finally set goals
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and take action on the main causes
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second basic Quality Tool flowchart
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it is a graphical representation of a
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process and it shows the relationships
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among process steps it can help a
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project to identify the points where
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quality problems might occur and may
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cause failures
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preventive or corrective measures can be
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taken to avoid problems
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the third basic Quality Tool
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check sheet a check sheet is a
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structured form that's prepared to
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collect and analyze data which leads us
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to organize facts about a potential
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quality problem it's more useful when
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repeated data is collected from the same
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person or effect for example a check
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sheet is used to collect data about the
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frequencies or Consequences of defects
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the fourth basic Quality Tool perito
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charts
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these are used to identify and
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prioritize problems to be solved they
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are actually histograms aided by the 80
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20 rule introduced by Wilfredo parita
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the 80 20 rule as it applies to Quality
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says that 80 of the problems or outputs
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come from 20 of the courses or inputs in
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the 80 20 rule you prioritize the 20 of
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the factors to produce the best results
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Pareto charts are displayed as
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histograms that rank order the most
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important factors by their frequency
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over time
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the fifth basic Quality Tool histograms
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they are a special form of bar chart and
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are used to describe the central
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tendency dispersion and shape of a
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statistical distribution
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unlike the control chart the histogram
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does not consider the influence of time
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on the variation that exists within a
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distribution
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the sixth basic Quality Tool control
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chart
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a graphical display of the results over
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time of a process is used to assess
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whether the process is in control or it
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is out of control a control chart always
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has the following a central line for the
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average an upper line for the upper
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control limit and a lower line for the
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lower control limit these lines are
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determined from the historical data
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in this chart you may observe that the
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central line is surrounded by two more
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lines and they are known as the upper
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specification limit and the lower
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specification limit
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the upper and lower specification limits
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are provided in the contract and one
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cannot cross them
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the upper and lower control limits are
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determined by the project manager by
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comparing current data to these limits
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you can draw conclusions about whether
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the process variation is consistent or
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is unpredictable
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if
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99.73 of all the points fall between the
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upper and lower control limits the
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project is considered as under control
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the rule of seven
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if seven or more consecutive data points
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fall on one side of the mean then an
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investigation must be initiated to find
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out the reason for it even if these
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points fall within the control limit
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this is known as the rule of seven
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and the seventh basic Quality Tool a
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scatter diagram
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it is a graph that shows the
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relationship between two variables
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scatter diagrams can show a relationship
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between any element of a process
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environment or activity on one axis and
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a quality defect on the other axis
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if the variables are correlated the
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points will fall along a line or curve
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the better the correlation the tighter
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the points will hook the line
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outputs of plan quality management
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outputs to create the plan quality
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management are quality management plan
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quality metrics quality checklists
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process Improvement plan and project
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document updates
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second process perform quality assurance
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quality assurance is sandwiched between
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plan quality management and control
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quality this is how it is done
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first you plan the quality processes
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policies techniques methods and metrics
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then using the tools in quality control
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you measure the results by using the
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identify tools techniques and methods to
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see whether they comply with the
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identified metrics
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finally in quality assurance you
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identify whether the process is working
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and if there are ways to improve it
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key benefits quality assurance is
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predominantly concerned with improving
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processes and it leads to improved
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results
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inputs for perform quality assurance
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inputs for the perform quality assurance
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process come from plan quality
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management and the control quality
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processes they are quality management
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plan process Improvement plan quality
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metrics quality control measurements and
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project documents
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tools and techniques for perform quality
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assurance
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perform quality assurance is concerned
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with process Improvement the same tools
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and techniques of plan quality
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management and control quality can help
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in this perform quality assurance
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process
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the difference is that they're
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predominantly process oriented rather
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than product or project oriented
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in addition to the previously discussed
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tools and techniques the following
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quality management tools are used
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Affinity diagrams prioritization
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matrices Matrix diagrams quality Audits
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and process analysis
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outputs of perform quality assurance
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the intended outcome of quality audit
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and process Improvement activities is to
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reduce the cost of quality and or to
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increase customer satisfaction
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the outputs of perform quality assurance
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are change requests project management
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plan updates project document updates
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and organizational process asset updates
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third process control quality
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it is a process of inspecting and
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verifying the product and services in
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order to assess the performance of the
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project and create recommendations for
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changes
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here are the benefits of control quality
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validate the deliverables meet the
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requirements as specified by the
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stakeholders identify causes of poor
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product quality and recommend actions to
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eliminate problems related to Quality
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inputs for perform Quality Control
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process
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here are the inputs of perform quality
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process
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project management plan quality metrics
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quality checklists work performance data
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approved change requests deliverables
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and organizational process assets
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tools and techniques for perform Quality
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Control process
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to perform quality control we use the
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following tools and techniques the seven
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basic quality tools statistical sampling
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inspection and approved change requests
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review
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outputs of perform quality control
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the results or outputs of the Quality
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Control process which are used as inputs
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for other processes are validated
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changes validated deliverables change
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requests project management plan updates
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project document updates and
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organizational process assets updates
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differences between quality assurance
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and quality control
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before concluding this chapter let us
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discuss the key differences between the
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quality assurance and the quality
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control
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in quality assurance you plan to avoid
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the defect and in quality control you
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try to find defects and correct them
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while making the product
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quality assurance is all about
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prevention and quality control is all
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about the detection
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quality assurance is a proactive process
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while quality control is a reactive
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process
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quality assurance is a process-based
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approach while quality control is a
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product based approach
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quality assurance involves processes
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managing quality and quality control is
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used to verify the quality of the
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product
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quality audit is an example of quality
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assurance on the other hand the
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inspection and testing are the examples
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of Quality Control process
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the goal of the quality assurance
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process is to develop a process so that
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defects do not arise when you're
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producing the product whereas the
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quality control identifies the defects
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after the product is produced but is not
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yet released or is still in the
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production phase
