Classification of Living Beings || Class 10 Science Chapter 2 in Nepali || New Syllabus || SEE Exam

The chapter discusses the classification of living organisms, focusing on the two main kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia. Initially, organisms were classified into two categories, but later expanded to five based on Robert Whittaker's system.

Organisms are classified into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Organisms are further divided into unicellular and multicellular categories.

The kingdom Monera includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms, while the kingdom Protista includes both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are multicellular organisms, with Plantae being autotrophic and Fungi being heterotrophic.

In the Plantae kingdom, plants are characterized as multicellular, eukaryotic, immobile, and containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis. They are classified into flowering and non-flowering plants, with reproduction occurring through sexual and asexual means.

The chapter details the classification of plants into divisions based on the presence of vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Algae, bryophytes, and tracheophytes are the main divisions, with further subdivisions based on characteristics like seed production.

Bryophytes are described as non-vascular plants that require water for reproduction and have a life cycle involving alternation of generations between gametophyte and sporophyte stages.

Tracheophytes are vascular plants that include ferns (pteridophytes), gymnosperms, and angiosperms. They are characterized by the presence of true roots, stems, and leaves, and can reproduce sexually and asexually.

Gymnosperms produce seeds without fruits, while angiosperms produce seeds within fruits. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots based on seed structure and other characteristics.

The chapter also covers the classification of animals into various phyla, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata, each with distinct characteristics and examples.