Lesson 4: Media and Information Sources | Media and Information Literacy

00:17:51
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-nec8mvrUo

Summary

TLDRThe video is part of a course on media and information literacy, covering the types of information sources, ways to find these resources, and methods to evaluate them. It categorizes information sources into primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary sources are first-hand materials like artifacts, diaries, and official documents; secondary sources are analyses and interpretations of primary sources, such as newspaper articles and biographies; tertiary sources compile information from both primary and secondary sources, like encyclopedias and directories. The video highlights the importance of libraries and the internet in accessing vast amounts of information and stresses the significance of evaluating information's credibility, accuracy, and relevance using criteria like the CRAP test. It also introduces indigenous media and the necessity of distinguishing between factual information and truth, emphasizing informed decision-making based on valid and truthful information.

Takeaways

  • 📚 Distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary information sources.
  • 🔍 Evaluate sources for credibility, accuracy, and relevance using the CRAP test.
  • 🌐 Utilize libraries and the internet effectively to access information.
  • 📜 Indigenous media plays a crucial role in cultural preservation and expression.
  • 📖 Facts and truths are distinct but often related concepts.
  • 📝 Primary sources include diaries, autobiographies, and official documents.
  • 📰 Newspaper articles are secondary sources due to their interpretative nature.
  • 📘 Encyclopedias act as tertiary sources collecting primary and secondary data.
  • 💻 The internet is a vast network providing quick access to information.
  • ✅ Ensure information is both factual and truthful for informed decision-making.

Timeline

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    The video lesson introduces the topic of media and information literacy, focusing on how to source and evaluate information. It describes information as processed data or knowledge derived from study, which can be thoughts, ideas, emotions, or learnings. Three main categories of information sources are highlighted: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary sources are original and firsthand materials; secondary sources involve analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of primary sources; and tertiary sources compile and summarize primary and secondary resources.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    The lesson continues by detailing examples of secondary and tertiary sources and emphasizes indigenous knowledge as a significant media source. Secondary sources include newspaper articles and literature reviews, whereas tertiary sources are encyclopedias and dictionaries. Libraries and indigenous media such as folk tales and dances are valuable sources of information. Libraries are described as repositories providing access to a vast amount of information and offering various services to assist users in finding and utilizing information effectively.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:17:51

    Finally, the lesson emphasizes the importance of evaluating information for its factual and truthful content. It discusses the differences between facts and truth, stating that facts are based on empirical research and are indisputable, while truths can include personal beliefs and philosophical ideas. Several evaluative criteria are provided, such as the CRAAP test, which stands for currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose, to help assess the reliability and validity of information consumed from various media sources.

Mind Map

Video Q&A

  • What are the three main categories of information sources?

    The three main categories are primary sources, secondary sources, and tertiary sources.

  • What are some examples of primary sources?

    Examples include artifacts, diaries, autobiographies, printed and handwritten letters, manuscripts, official documents, emails, journals, periodicals, artworks, architecture, patents, and audio/video recordings.

  • Why are newspaper articles considered secondary sources?

    Newspaper articles are considered secondary sources because they analyze, interpret, and evaluate information gathered from primary sources.

  • What distinguishes a biography from an autobiography?

    A biography is written by someone else about a person's life, while an autobiography is written by the person themselves.

  • How are encyclopedias and dictionaries classified in terms of information sources?

    Encyclopedias and dictionaries are classified as tertiary sources because they compile information from primary and secondary sources.

  • What role do libraries play in accessing information?

    Libraries serve as repositories for media and information and offer services like user support, technical services, computer services, and administrative assistance.

  • How can one evaluate the credibility of an information source?

    By assessing its validity, accuracy, reliability, and authority. One can also consider the source's purpose, currency, and relevance.

  • What is the CRAP test?

    The CRAP test evaluates information based on Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose.

  • What is indigenous media?

    Indigenous media is created by indigenous people for communication, cultural preservation, artistic expression, and political self-determination.

  • Why is evaluating information critical?

    Evaluating information ensures it is factual and truthful, aiding in making informed decisions based on accurate data.

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  • 00:00:00
    [Music]
  • 00:00:18
    good day everyone welcome back to median
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    information literacy for the fourth
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    lesson we will be talking about media
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    and information sources for today we
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    will discuss the following the first one
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    are the different types of information
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    sources we'll also talk about how to
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    find resources of information and last
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    but not the least we'll talk about how
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    we could evaluate information in media
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    let us first go back to the definition
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    of information if you could still recall
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    information is simply described as
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    process data and or knowledge derived
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    from study experience instruction
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    signals or symbols this could be ideas
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    thoughts feelings emotions or even
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    learnings that we want to communicate or
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    we have been communicated with in terms
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    of sourcing information there are three
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    main categories
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    from which we could derive it we have
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    what we call primary sources
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    secondary sources and tertiary sources
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    primary sources are simply described as
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    an original
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    uninterpreted or first-hand material
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    created by person or persons involved in
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    a particular activity or an event so
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    basically they are first-hand witnesses
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    to the particular event that could be a
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    source of import nation as for secondary
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    sources these are simply information
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    obtained through the analysis
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    interpretation and evaluation of primary
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    source materials therefore if you have
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    already in your hand primary references
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    and you analyze
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    interpret or evaluate those primary
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    resources your own interpretation
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    analysis and evaluation is already
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    considered a secondary source of
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    information tertiary sources on the
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    other hand involve information that
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    collects organizes and summarizes
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    primary and secondary source material so
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    it's basically the combination of the
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    use of primary and secondary sources one
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    example of a primary source is an
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    artifact an artifact is simply a
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    material object that has been used by
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    people from a long time ago so these are
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    material objects that are representative
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    of their way of life or their culture
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    artifacts may include personal
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    accessories jewelries tools and other
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    objects that they have used in their
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    everyday lives diaries and
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    autobiographies could also be considered
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    as another example of primary sources
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    diaries or personal recollections of a
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    person whereas autobiographies are
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    simply
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    stories of life written by that
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    particular person printed and
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    handwritten letters could also be
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    considered as primary sources of
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    information especially if they are
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    signed another example is manuscripts
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    which is simply the printed or
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    handwritten text format of a speech or a
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    dialogue for example music sheets or
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    compositions of songs could also be
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    considered as primary sources of
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    information official and original
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    documents that could be personal in
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    nature could also serve as primary
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    sources of information in fact your
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    birth certificate is considered to be a
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    primary source of your personal infor
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    may shot that is the reason why you
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    probably would have noticed that every
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    time that you apply for something
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    especially if it's something that is
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    related to government transactions they
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    would probably be looking for your birth
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    certificate or asking for a copy of your
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    birth certificate other examples of
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    primary sources also include emails
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    journals periodicals and conference
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    proceedings artworks and architecture
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    could also be considered as examples of
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    primary sources you probably might be
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    wondering why because these objects are
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    reflective of culture are reflected of
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    the time when it was first produced
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    patents are also considered to be an
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    example of primary sources similarly
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    audio and video recordings could also be
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    considered as primary sources of
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    information how about secondary sources
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    of information newspaper articles are
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    already considered secondary sources of
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    information because these have been
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    written by people who have gathered
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    information
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    from other sources or other people that
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    have witnessed the specific event that
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    they are talking about so it's not
  • 00:05:17
    necessarily them that have seen it
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    firsthand that's why we could consider
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    newspaper articles as secondary sources
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    of information they have already
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    included their analysis their
  • 00:05:30
    interpretation of that particular event
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    when writing or producing newspaper
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    articles another good secondary source
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    of information is literature reviews if
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    you would still remember literature
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    reviews are simply an analysis a
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    synthesis of different related
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    literature textbooks and biographies are
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    considered to be secondary sources so
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    please do take note of the difference
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    between autobiographies and biographies
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    biographies are stories of lives of one
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    particular person that has been written
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    by another person and like autobiography
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    wherein that particular person is
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    already talking about his or her own
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    life moving on encyclopedia in
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    dictionaries however are already
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    considered tertiary sources why remember
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    that encyclopedias already present a
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    collection of different pieces of
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    information that could have stemmed or
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    came from primary and secondary sources
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    similarly with dictionary as well so
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    these two reference materials unlike
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    textbooks could be considered as
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    tertiary sources guidebooks and manuals
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    are also considered tertiary sources
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    similarly directory such as the yellow
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    pages and
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    school year books could be considered as
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    tertiary sources you probably might be
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    wondering where can we even find media
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    and information sources first and
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    foremost indigenous knowledge could be a
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    great source of media and infor may show
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    according to wilson at all in 2015
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    indigenous media is a form of media that
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    is conceptualized produced and
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    circulated by indigenous people
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    as vehicles for communication
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    specifically for cultural preservation
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    cultural and artistic expression
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    political self-determination and
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    cultural sovereignty some examples of
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    indigenous media include folk tales folk
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    songs and folk dances so take for
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    example here in the philippines our
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    myths and legends could be considered as
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    folktales harana kundiman uyayi could
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    already be considered as folk songs and
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    are very good examples of indigenous
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    media because they are representative of
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    our own culture and other people outside
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    the philippines could learn about our
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    culture through these things folk dances
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    on the other hand could include
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    technically
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    etc you also have to remember that there
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    is also one very good place wherein you
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    could find a vast amount of information
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    and that is the library so for the
  • 00:08:25
    longest time libraries have already
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    served as a very good repository for
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    media and information which makes it a
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    very good source of media and
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    information as well
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    ifla in 2003 described libraries as
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    places
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    and means of access to information
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    ideas and works of imagination so this
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    is basically a place where you can find
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    lots and lots of ideas thoughts feelings
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    that have been expressed in written or
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    printed form the library does not simply
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    serve as a place wherein you could read
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    books or where you could stay if you
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    want some peace and quiet there are also
  • 00:09:10
    different kinds of library services
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    offered for example user services
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    include functions and linking people to
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    the information they are looking for so
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    if you need to look for a specific piece
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    of information the library could help
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    you out with that libraries also offer
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    technical services wherein they could
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    function in gathering cataloging and
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    preparing library materials recently
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    libraries also offer computer services
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    wherein they could maintain databases
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    software programming web design and
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    computer maintenance in the library
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    itself last but not the least libraries
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    also include administrative services
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    which includes managing the library and
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    services conveying contracts supervising
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    library employees and preparing budgets
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    necessary for the operations of the
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    library libraries could also be
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    classified into different times we have
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    the school libraries which would often
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    refer to small libraries that could be
  • 00:10:13
    found in the primary and secondary level
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    schools academic libraries on the other
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    hand are often found in universities or
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    colleges academic libraries more often
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    than not offer more advanced resources
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    compared to school libraries libraries
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    that are found in a local or in a city
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    could be considered as public libraries
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    now these libraries are accessible to
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    people living near or within that area
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    they're also what we refer to as special
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    libraries special libraries or libraries
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    that could be found in the most unusual
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    places so take for example in this
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    picture that i have presented this is a
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    library inside a mall another very good
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    source of media in information is of
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    course the internet shelly and campbell
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    in 2012 defined the internet as the
  • 00:11:10
    global network of computers
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    that allows computer users around the
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    world to share information for a variety
  • 00:11:18
    of purposes a click of a button or a
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    touch of a finger you could now access
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    so many pieces of information in a very
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    small amount of time so all you all you
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    need is a keyword or a key phrase and
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    the internet will show you where to get
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    more pieces of information about it
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    right now it is not very difficult for
  • 00:11:40
    us to access and acquire information in
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    media therefore it has become imperative
  • 00:11:48
    that we are aware of how to evaluate and
  • 00:11:52
    assess the information and media that we
  • 00:11:56
    are seeing or looking at what does it
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    mean it only means that we have to be
  • 00:12:02
    aware of how to properly distinguish
  • 00:12:06
    information in media remember that in
  • 00:12:09
    accessing information and media we
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    always need to stand by facts and the
  • 00:12:15
    truth these two words are often used
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    together but they are actually two
  • 00:12:20
    different things facts are pieces of
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    information that are based on empirical
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    research and quantifiable measures so
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    it's something that has been produced
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    because of research therefore it's
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    something that is indisputable it's
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    something that you cannot refute it
  • 00:12:40
    definitely occurred in the past it
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    really happened because there are
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    witnesses to it or it has been backed up
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    by science or governed by research facts
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    are also proven through calculation and
  • 00:12:53
    experience however facts are malleable
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    by context what does it mean it could be
  • 00:13:00
    interpreted in different ways depending
  • 00:13:03
    on the context wherein it is presented
  • 00:13:06
    truths on the other hand may include
  • 00:13:09
    fact but it can also include personal
  • 00:13:12
    beliefs or philosophical ideas other
  • 00:13:15
    people have simply described truth as a
  • 00:13:18
    fact that you believe applies to
  • 00:13:20
    situations truths are also kind of a
  • 00:13:23
    norm something that has been accepted
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    widely by many people to simply put it
  • 00:13:30
    fact and personal reason equal a basic
  • 00:13:34
    truth now why are we even discussing
  • 00:13:36
    these two things because it is very
  • 00:13:39
    important that when we access
  • 00:13:41
    information in media it is both factual
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    and truthful in fact according to hannah
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    aaron factual truth is always related to
  • 00:13:49
    other people it concerns events and
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    circumstances in which many are involved
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    it is established by witnesses and
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    depends upon testimony it's something
  • 00:14:00
    that could be proven and could be
  • 00:14:03
    supported by witnesses it exists only to
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    the extent that it is spoken about so if
  • 00:14:11
    people are not talking about it then
  • 00:14:14
    there might not be some factual truth to
  • 00:14:17
    it even if that particular thing occurs
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    in the domain of privacy it is political
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    by nature this is the reason why we have
  • 00:14:28
    to be very much concerned with how we
  • 00:14:31
    handle and process information and media
  • 00:14:35
    we always need to stand by what is
  • 00:14:37
    factual and what is truthful a good
  • 00:14:40
    combination of the two could result to a
  • 00:14:44
    very good evaluation of information in
  • 00:14:47
    media in the assessment of information
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    there are several questions that you
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    could ask yourself to help you evaluate
  • 00:14:55
    first question that you could ask is who
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    or what is the source of the information
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    where is it coming from are these
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    sources actually credible in
  • 00:15:07
    establishing the credibility of the
  • 00:15:10
    source of information you have to ensure
  • 00:15:12
    its validity
  • 00:15:14
    its accuracy and its reliability how
  • 00:15:18
    valid is the information presented or
  • 00:15:20
    how valid is the source of the
  • 00:15:21
    information how accurate is it and how
  • 00:15:25
    reliable they could be the second
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    question that you can ask is what is the
  • 00:15:29
    medium used to convey or to relay that
  • 00:15:32
    piece of information is it from the
  • 00:15:34
    television is it from the newspaper or
  • 00:15:36
    is it acquired or related with the use
  • 00:15:39
    of the internet or the computer third
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    question that you could ask is knowing
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    its purpose what is the purpose of the
  • 00:15:47
    information what does it intend to do is
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    it to inform people is this information
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    conveyed to persuade other people to
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    educate to gain profit to influence or
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    is this piece of information simply
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    propaganda another question that you
  • 00:16:04
    could ask is how is this specific
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    information made how is this information
  • 00:16:10
    presented to you is it in a form of a
  • 00:16:13
    text is it in a form of a multimedia is
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    it presented in an online platform last
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    but not the least as an audience as a
  • 00:16:21
    consumer of information and media you
  • 00:16:24
    also have to ask yourself is it valuable
  • 00:16:28
    to you how does it add to your life your
  • 00:16:30
    learning to your thoughts to your
  • 00:16:32
    beliefs simply put how does it benefit
  • 00:16:35
    you as an audience in short when you are
  • 00:16:38
    presented with information in media you
  • 00:16:40
    could simply just ask yourself is it
  • 00:16:43
    crap c-r-a-a-p
  • 00:16:45
    now what do these letters stand for
  • 00:16:48
    c-r-a-a-p stands for c currency the
  • 00:16:51
    timeliness of the information is this
  • 00:16:54
    piece of information even up-to-date
  • 00:16:57
    relevance means how does this
  • 00:16:59
    information fits into your needs again
  • 00:17:03
    how would it help you how does it
  • 00:17:05
    contribute to you and to what you
  • 00:17:07
    already know the first letter a stands
  • 00:17:09
    for authority or the source of the
  • 00:17:12
    information again establish credibility
  • 00:17:15
    of the source the next letter a stands
  • 00:17:17
    for accuracy basically it's the
  • 00:17:19
    reliability and correctness and the
  • 00:17:22
    concreteness of the information could it
  • 00:17:25
    be supported by evidence last but not
  • 00:17:28
    the least again evaluate its purpose
  • 00:17:31
    what is the reason why this information
  • 00:17:34
    exists in the first place what is the
  • 00:17:37
    intention of this piece of information
  • 00:17:40
    or media that's it for our discussion
  • 00:17:42
    here are my sources and references
Tags
  • Media Literacy
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