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[Music]
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good day everyone welcome back to media
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and information literacy for our sixth
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lesson we will be discussing the
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different legal ethical and societal
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issues in media and information literacy
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for today we will be covering a variety
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of different topics that are related to
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digital citizenship the different issues
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in media and information literacy such
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as intellectual property and plagiarism
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data privacy other forms of cyber crimes
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cyber bullying fake information or what
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we refer to as fake news
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we will also be discussing computer
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addiction and digital divide towards the
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end of our lesson you will also be
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talking about netiquette there is no
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doubt that the world that we are living
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in right now is highly advanced in terms
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of technology which has of course been
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ingrained into our daily lives for
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example you have your cell phones your
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smartphones that they use to communicate
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talk to people before robots are only
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part of science fiction but right now we
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are living in a society that actually
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has a lot of robots that not only can we
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use in terms of industry production but
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also robots that we could interact with
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similarly the concepts of augmented
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reality and virtual reality have already
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been a great part of our discussion when
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it comes to technology and advancements
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aside from that all the information that
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you might need even those that you are
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not looking for could easily be accessed
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with a touch of your finger or a click
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of a button because of all of these
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technological advancements a lot of the
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things that we used to do have become so
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much easier to accomplish especially in
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terms of communication as well as
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forming and establishing connections
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with other people regardless whether
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they are close to you in terms of
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geography or not if you have seen the
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movie spider-man then you probably would
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know about this quote according to uncle
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ben who was one of the characters in the
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franchise he said that the great power
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comes great responsibility and with
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advancements that we have right now in
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our society in terms of technology we
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have harnessed so much power we could do
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so much because of it but one thing that
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you have to remember is that since you
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are holding so much power in your hand
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so much potential in your hand you also
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need to be responsible and accountable
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for what you do and how you use that
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power and that is basically what we're
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gonna talk about for today's lesson let
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us begin our discussion with unpacking
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the term digital citizenship digital
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citizenship according to unesco in 2016
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is simply your ability to find access
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use and create information effectively
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it is also described as your ability to
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engage with other users and with content
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in an active critical sensitive and
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ethical manner as well as navigating the
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online and ict environment safely and
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responsibly with you being aware of your
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own rights as users simply put digital
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citizenship refers to our responsible
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use of technology and all the
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advancements that it has brought upon us
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especially in this digital world digital
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citizenship also entails you knowing
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about the different issues in media and
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information literacy because if you are
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aware of all of these issues all of
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these potential problems then it would
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be easier for you to engage to
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participate in the discussion of
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responsible digital use let us take this
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one for example have you ever
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experienced having to come up with a
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very novel idea or a very good idea but
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then eventually
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someone else stole it from you that
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actually could already be an
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infringement of your intellectual
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property rights but what exactly is
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intellectual property intellectual
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property according to the world
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intellectual property organization in
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2016
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simply refers to the creations of the
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mind such as inventions literary and
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artistic works designs symbols names and
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images used in commerce so it is simply
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a novel idea something that is new
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something that hasn't been done before
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that could be attributed to a specific
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person there are also different types of
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intellectual property the first one is
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copyright next is the patent third is
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the trademark next one is industrial
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design and the last one is what we refer
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to as geographical indications and
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appellations of origin let us define all
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of these types one by one copyright is a
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legal term that is used to describe the
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rights that creators have over their
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literary and artistic works and often it
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gives the creator the sole right to
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publish and sell that work having filed
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for a copyright therefore gives that
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specific person especially the creator
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of that particular literary or artistic
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work the right to distribute his or her
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own work meaning no other person could
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use that particular literary or artistic
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work without the permission of the
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copyright owner especially if they
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intend to make money out of using that
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particular work of art or work of
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literature filing for a copyright is
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very important because it protects the
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form of material expression and is only
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available for works that are fixed
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tangible form meaning it has to be
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something that could be touched it could
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be felt by the hand however it is very
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important to remember that filing for a
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copyright is not always mandatory but it
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is recommended when someone violates
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this particular intellectual property
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right then it is called an infringement
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here are some of the famous copyright
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infringement claims in the world so for
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example league of legends actually filed
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for a copyright infringement claim
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against the creators of mobile legends
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because the creators of league of
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legends said that many of the aspects
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and features of mobile legends were
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actually derived from the
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game league of legends another very
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famous copyright infringement claim is
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that of freddie mercury and david bowie
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versus the creator of the song ice ice
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baby because
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they claim that some of the beats in the
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song are similar to the beats of the
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other another copyright infringement
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claim is this particular picture of
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barack obama so this was taken by a
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photographer and it became very very
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popular throughout the internet and then
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a modern artist actually used this
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photograph to create his or her own work
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of art here in the philippines one very
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famous copyright infringement claim is
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that of huawei vs willing wheelie the
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shows okay so according to the producers
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and the creators of huawei willingwilly
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actually has the same format same
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concept as that of the original show
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part of the discussion of copyright and
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copyright infringement claims is the
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term plagiarism i know that as students
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you are very much familiar with what
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this term is all about plagiarism is
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simply defined as an act or an instance
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of using or closely imitating the
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language and thoughts of another author
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without authorization meaning without
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consent from that author it could also
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be the representation of that particular
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author's work as one's own meaning you
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are claiming it as your own as by not
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crediting the original author so failure
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to give credit where credit is ju is
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actually an act of plagiarism here are
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some examples of common acts of
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plagiarism some of you might think that
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these are simple and could easily be
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dismissed but actually it's not remember
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that plagiarism is an act of crime
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remember that it is an app of cheating
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and stealing first copying media
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especially images from other websites to
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paste them into your own papers or
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websites is already an act of plagiarism
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especially if you are not giving credit
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to who it belong to another example is
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making a video using footage from others
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videos or using copyrighted music as
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part of your own soundtrack that could
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also be an act of plagiarism performing
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another person's copyrighted music for
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example you are playing a cover and then
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claiming it as if it's your own song
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then that could be an act of pleasure
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you're saying composing a piece of music
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that borrows heavily from another
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composition is also an act of teachers
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and many of you are probably wondering
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what if that particular piece of media
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is already available on the internet as
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a resource then that is where
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the next concept is gonna come in and
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that is the concept of fair use we have
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this thing called fair use so that you
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don't always get to be accused of
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stealing someone else's work or
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plagiarizing someone else's work so what
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is fair use it is basically a legal
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principle in which one can use a
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copyrighted work without a license for
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the following purposes number one for
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commentary
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for criticism of that particular word
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for reporting about that particular work
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research you could include it and of
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course for teaching purposes just like
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what i am doing right now so many of the
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images that i have been using for my
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lectures are lifted from the internet
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because that's the only source that i
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could get them from however since i'm
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using it to teach my students i am still
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under the clause of fair use but if i am
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making money out of it for example i am
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selling all of these materials and
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making money out of it then that could
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be already grounds for copyright
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infringement claims there is also what
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we refer to as the spectrum of right so
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it begins of course with copyrights
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wherein the use or reuse of that
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particular media or medium requires the
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permission from the copyright owner
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there is also this thing called creative
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commons which i guess you have all
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encountered wherein wherein some rights
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of the owner are reserved reuse is
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permitted without permission under
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specifications shared in the license so
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there are specific clauses to it that
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could enable someone to reuse that
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particular piece of work there are also
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artists and creators who make their
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works available for everyone meaning
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there are no rights reserved or there
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are no restrictions to the use of that
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particular work and these are all under
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public domain if it's under public
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domain then you could freely use that
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particular word without permission from
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the creator or the author another kind
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of intellectual property is the patent
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you probably would have heard of it in
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terms of inventions and that is correct
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because a patent is described as an
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exclusive right granted for an invention
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which could be a product or a process
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that provides in general a new way of
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doing something or offers a new
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technical solution to a problem filing
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for a patent provides the right to
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consent on the invention or a way for
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others to use it therefore filing for a
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patent means that you are establishing
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credibility as the inventor as a creator
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of that particular product or process
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but you are also making it available for
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others to duplicate or replicate on
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their own that is the reason why when
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you are filing for a patent you are also
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giving the technical information about
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the invention to the public here are
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some of the famous patents around the
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world so for example this one the patent
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that has been filed by thomas edison for
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the light bulb the concept of the drone
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was filed by edward g van der lipp it is
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actually apple who holds the patent for
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the smartphone that we know now or the
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touch screen phone another intellectual
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property right is the trademark so this
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one you probably would see this on
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specific goods or services this is a
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distinguished sign that identifies in
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different shades from one enterprise to
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another it is a signature mark what
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makes that product what makes that god
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what makes that services different from
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the others some trademark symbols
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include of course the letter r enclosed
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in a circle which is what we refer to as
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a registered trademark pm which stands
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for unregistered trademark and sm which
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stands for unregistered
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service trademark some of the valuable
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trademarks in the world include that of
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mcdonald's apple and of course google
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next up we have industrial design this
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intellectual property right protects
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only the appearance or aesthetic
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features of a product such as its shape
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the surface its patterns lines or even
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the color so take for example the
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following these are some of the most
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famous industrial designs in the world
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number one is of course coke or
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coca-cola's glass bottle you would
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notice that the design of the bottle is
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very distinct to the company and could
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easily be attributed to
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another example is the red soles of the
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shoes of the highly popular luxury brand
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christian louboutin
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and of course last but not the least is
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the vespa because of their industrial
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design intellectual property right it is
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easy for us to spot a vespa because no
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other scooter or motorbike manufacturers
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actually produce the same design as that
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of a vespa it's very distinct it's a
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very unique last but not the least we
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have the geographical indications and
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appellations of origin simply put these
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are signs that we usually use on
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products possessing qualities or status
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or characteristics that could be
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essentially attributable to that
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location of origin so meaning this
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particular product because of certain
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qualities to it is only specific to that
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particular place or country for example
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to illustrate geographical indications
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and appellations of origin we have of
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course strawberry jam you would know
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that if it already has that bag yo
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special or even the name of the place
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you know that it's really good because
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we all know that here in the philippines
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strawberries good strawberries at that
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would often come from baglio similarly
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we have of course the dried mangoes of
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cebu here in the philippines all of
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those intellectual property rights are
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covered by the intellectual property
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code of the philippines or republic act
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8293 any infringement on intellectual
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property rights could be brought to the
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attention of our intellectual property
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office here in the philippines so on
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your screen right now you could see some
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of the examples of works and the
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validity period of infringement claims
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that you could make let us now move on
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to another issue in media and
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information literacy have you ever tried
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googling yourself or searching for
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yourself on google some of you might
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have noticed that even without you
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sharing those pieces of information
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explicitly on the internet they are
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there other people could easily access
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it with a simple search on a search
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engine some of you might have also
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experienced having their facebook
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accounts hack or someone else trying to
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log in into your personal facebook
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accounts if that is the case then most
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likely your data privacy has been
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compromised there are actually a lot of
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different issues related to data privacy
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which includes hacking for example
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phishing and identity theft when we say
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hacking it simply involves activities
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that seek to compromise digital devices
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such as computers smartphones tablets
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and even entire networks so it's someone
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trying to access
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your own device your personal device
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remotely with the intention of course of
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doing something bad about what they're
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going to be able to access it could be
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described as an attempt to exploit a
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computer system or a private network
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inside a computer and could also refer
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to unauthorized access to or control
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over computer network security systems
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for some illicit purposes so for
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something that is bad something that is
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not aligned with the original intention
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of that particular computer network
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system and so on and so forth just
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recently there have been issues and news
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about facebook getting hacked a few
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years ago there was also someone that
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tapped into different government
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websites here in the philippines and a
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few months ago you probably would
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remember that one of the biggest banks
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here in the philippines got hack and
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their clients lost hundreds of thousands
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in their accounts another issue on data
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privacy and is actually a very common
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one because many people have actually
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fallen victim to this is what we refer
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to as data phishing or phishing it is
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simply described as a type of social
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engineering attack often used to steal
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user data including login credentials
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and credit card numbers it is called
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fishing because it is likened to actual
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real phishing there's many ways in which
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a victim is being reeled into the act
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itself however unlike other kinds of
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online turrets fishing does not really
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require particularly sophisticated
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technical expertise this is also the
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reason why it is very common because it
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is very easy to do there are many
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different ways to attract your victims
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or to trap your victims so take for
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example on your email accounts you
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probably received a lot of phishing
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emails such as this one another common
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issue in data privacy is identity theft
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it occurs when a criminal obtains or
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uses personal information of someone
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else to assume their identity or access
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to their accounts or the purpose of
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committing fraud receiving benefits or
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gaining financially in some way one
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popular example of identity theft is
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what this one u.s hacker did um this
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particular hacker actually assumed the
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identity of several rich people in
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america and victimized many others in
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the process despite all of these common
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data privacy issues and concerns you
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also have to remember that your data
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privacy is protected by a particular law
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so the national privacy commission is
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entrusted with enacting the data privacy
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act of 2012 for republic act 10 17 30.
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aside from all of these common data
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privacy issues there is also a thing
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that we refer to as cyber crime cyber
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crime or computer crime is any criminal
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activity that involves the use of a
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computer a network device or a network
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as an instrument of further illegal aids
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to do something illegal to commit a
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crime in itself some other forms of
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cyber crimes include piracy and illegal
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downloads cyber squatting or staying in
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a particular domain for a long periods
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of time without even paying for that
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domain or service online drug
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trafficking cyber libel or cyber
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defamation online harassment such as
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cyber stalking internet trolling etc
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internet pornography similarly alongside
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that we also have online predators and
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other sex crimes here in the philippines
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cyber crimes are punishable because of
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the cyber crime prevention act which was
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enacted by the dict or the department in
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information communications technology
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and of course with the help of the
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national bureau of investigation the
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cyber crime prevention act or the public
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app
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10175 aims to address legal issues
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concerning online interactions in the
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internet in the philippines another
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alarming issue in terms of technology
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media and information is what we call
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cyber bullying this particular act is
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simply described as the use of digital
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means of communication that could hurt
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or harass a person such as intentionally
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sending hurtful texts or sns messages
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posting embarrassing photos or videos
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and spreading malicious rumors online
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here in the philippines it has been
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reported several times already that
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online bullying
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remains prevalent especially towards
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school-aged children so many of the
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people
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involved in cyber bullying and online
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harassment are actually young kids
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usually age 13 to 17. not only does this
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affect victims mentally and leave them
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traumatized for a long period of time
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but this could also have devastating
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effects that could also lead to death
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another very common issue and is
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actually quite alarming especially at
00:23:39
this time and age is the dissemination
00:23:42
of fake information fake or information
00:23:44
or what we often refer to as fake news
00:23:48
are simply stories or hoaxes created to
00:23:52
deliberately
00:23:53
misinform or deceive readers so there is
00:23:56
an intention to provide misinformation
00:24:00
and mal information and there is an
00:24:03
intention to trick its readers its
00:24:06
audience to believe into something else
00:24:09
now these are usually created to either
00:24:13
influence people's views push a
00:24:15
political agenda or cause confusion and
00:24:18
can often be a profitable business for
00:24:21
online publishers so it's very prevalent
00:24:24
here in the philippines especially right
00:24:27
now during the election season there are
00:24:29
also many different types of false
00:24:31
information this includes of course
00:24:33
clickbaits you would probably experience
00:24:36
this when visiting different websites or
00:24:39
web pages there are also what we refer
00:24:42
to as propaganda something that is not
00:24:45
real yet they are perpetuating it as the
00:24:47
truth satires and parodies could also be
00:24:50
considered as false information
00:24:53
especially if they are presented in a
00:24:56
manner that is similar to how truthful
00:24:59
facts are presented information that are
00:25:02
also presented in a false context could
00:25:05
already be considered as false
00:25:08
information manipulated content or
00:25:10
content that has been edited that has
00:25:13
been photoshopped are all forms of false
00:25:16
information misleading headlines are
00:25:19
also providing false information
00:25:22
similarly bias and slanted use are also
00:25:25
considered false information another
00:25:28
issue that we face right now with advent
00:25:31
of technology the computer and the
00:25:33
internet is the addiction to it commonly
00:25:36
referred to as computer addiction it is
00:25:39
our over dependence or a damaging need
00:25:42
to do something on a computer or the
00:25:44
internet and could be described simply
00:25:47
described as the excessive use of
00:25:49
computers to the extent that it
00:25:52
interferes with your daily life already
00:25:54
so you have become too dependent on
00:25:57
using the computer and it has negatively
00:26:01
affected your daily life and functioning
00:26:04
however you have to remember that
00:26:06
computer addiction does not just stem
00:26:09
from using too much computer there are
00:26:11
several triggers for it one computer
00:26:14
games could result to computer addiction
00:26:16
your addiction to computer games could
00:26:18
actually lead to your eventual computer
00:26:20
addiction online shopping which i guess
00:26:23
is very popular to a lot of you social
00:26:26
media as well your addiction to social
00:26:28
media your dependence to social media
00:26:30
could lead to computer addiction video
00:26:32
streaming and online gambling there are
00:26:35
also several effects of computer
00:26:37
addiction for example you might lose a
00:26:40
lot of sleep because of your overuse of
00:26:43
the computer it might also develop into
00:26:45
anxiety depression and may cause even
00:26:49
relationship problems another very
00:26:52
important issue that we have to discuss
00:26:54
is the so-called digital divide because
00:26:57
this does not only happen here in the
00:26:59
philippines but it is already happening
00:27:02
around the world digital divide is
00:27:04
simply described as the digital
00:27:06
inequality or gap between groups in
00:27:09
terms of knowledge usage and access to
00:27:12
ict due to several circumstances such as
00:27:16
the location the income and even the age
00:27:19
so take for example during this pandemic
00:27:22
you would notice that the digital divide
00:27:24
has been very very prevalent this is
00:27:28
true of course to the fact that we had
00:27:29
to depend to technology in order for us
00:27:32
to connect and continue many of our
00:27:34
everyday transactions including for one
00:27:37
and occasion so take this one for
00:27:39
example here in the philippines not a
00:27:42
lot of our students have access to the
00:27:44
internet a stable internet connection
00:27:46
not a lot of them have access to a
00:27:49
gadget that they could use for schooling
00:27:51
so even if they do want to continue with
00:27:54
their education since they don't have
00:27:56
the gadget for it they couldn't access
00:27:58
it even if they have the gadget for it
00:28:00
they were not able to do so another good
00:28:03
example that illustrates digital divide
00:28:07
in terms of age especially during the
00:28:09
transition from traditional classroom to
00:28:12
the online classroom is the difficulty
00:28:14
of many old teachers to use their
00:28:17
laptops their computers and conduct
00:28:20
their classes online and obviously since
00:28:22
they are not born in the so-called
00:28:24
computer generation it's difficult for
00:28:27
them to even manipulate the device that
00:28:31
they have including of course the many
00:28:33
platforms that are being presented to
00:28:36
them and are being asked of them to use
00:28:38
now that you are aware of the many
00:28:40
different issues concerning the use of
00:28:43
media information and technology it
00:28:46
would be easy for you to practice
00:28:48
responsible digital citizenship also
00:28:51
part of being a responsible digital
00:28:54
citizen requires you to also follow
00:28:57
different netiquette so what is
00:29:00
netiquette it is simply defined as a set
00:29:03
of rules for proper and acceptable
00:29:05
online behavior it also denotes the
00:29:08
proper attitude that one should have and
00:29:11
observed when communicating online
00:29:13
netiquette is actually a portmanteau of
00:29:15
the words network etiquette according to
00:29:18
xi in 1994 there are 10 core rules of
00:29:22
netiquette first one is remember the
00:29:25
human remember that even if you are
00:29:27
using the computer you are still
00:29:29
interacting with another person second
00:29:32
adhere to the same standards of behavior
00:29:34
online that you would follow in real
00:29:37
life so what you want to do or what you
00:29:40
are expected to do while interacting
00:29:43
face to face in real life with other
00:29:46
people that's how you should also act
00:29:48
when you are interacting with people
00:29:50
online it is also important to know
00:29:53
where you are in cyberspace having
00:29:56
knowledge of where you are also allows
00:30:00
you to determine how to interact how to
00:30:03
act inside that cyberspace you also need
00:30:07
to respect other people's time and their
00:30:10
bandwidth so if it's not possible for
00:30:13
them to join you in this particular
00:30:15
endeavor because of limitations to their
00:30:18
connection then do not force it
00:30:20
according to the core rules of
00:30:21
netiquette you also need to present
00:30:23
yourself well when you are online so you
00:30:27
need to make yourself look good online
00:30:30
if you have that knowledge then it's
00:30:33
best that you share your expert
00:30:35
knowledge but of course remember that
00:30:37
when you are sharing knowledge and
00:30:38
information stick to what is true stick
00:30:41
to what is factual as a netizen you also
00:30:44
have that responsibility to help keep
00:30:47
flame wars under control so what do we
00:30:50
mean by flame wars if you know that two
00:30:52
people are already fighting online then
00:30:55
don't add fuel to the fire okay so
00:30:58
simply put do not engage in something
00:31:00
that is very unproductive also when you
00:31:03
are online please do not promote
00:31:05
divisiveness especially among members of
00:31:09
the community or members of a particular
00:31:11
group you also have to respect other
00:31:13
people's privacy the same way that you
00:31:16
want them to respect your own having
00:31:18
access to media information and
00:31:21
technology is already power like what we
00:31:24
have mentioned earlier so as someone who
00:31:26
is in constant use of these advancements
00:31:30
do not abuse that power be responsible
00:31:34
be accountable last but not the least be
00:31:36
forgiving of other people's mistakes
00:31:39
here are my sources and references for
00:31:41
this lecture thank you
00:31:48
you
