路由器和交换机的主要区别是什么？

路由器使用IP地址转发流量，而交换机使用MAC地址进行流量转发。

什么是管理和无管理交换机？

管理交换机提供更多配置选项，如VLANs，而无管理交换机则仅提供基本的连接功能，没有配置选项。

接入点有什么功能？

接入点提供无线连接，是将无线网络与有线网络连接的桥梁，并不是路由器。

补丁面板的作用是什么？

补丁面板帮助组织和管理网络布线，方便更改连接而无需重新布线。

PoE指通过以太网线为设备供电，简化布线，常用于接入点和监控摄像头。

DMARC是划分服务提供商与用户内部网络责任的界限点。

什么是网络接口卡（NIC）？

NIC是用于提供与以太网或其他网络连接的设备，通常内置于设备中或作为扩展卡插入。

DSL 和电缆调制解调器有什么区别？

DSL 与电缆调制解调器使用不同的信号传输方式，DSL多用于电话线，而电缆调制解调器用于有线电视线路。

Network Devices - CompTIA A+ 220-1101 - 2.2

00:18:44

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cS5JPULDdY

Summary

TLDR该视频深入探讨了数据中心中的各种网络设备，包括路由器、交换机及其种类（管理和无管理）、接入点、补丁面板和防火墙等。路由器转发不同子网之间的流量，而交换机则在同一局域网内基于MAC地址转发信息。接入点则用于将无线信号与有线网络连接。视频也描述了补丁面板在电缆管理中的重要性，以及防火墙如何在网络中保障安全。此外，介绍了以太网供电（PoE）技术，能够通过以太网线为设备供电。最后，提到网络接口卡（NIC）在设备连接中的重要作用。

Takeaways

🖥️ 路由器用于转发不同子网的流量。
🔌 交换机基于MAC地址转发数据。
📶 接入点连接无线和有线网络。
🔧 管理交换机具备更多配置选项。
🛠️ 补丁面板方便网络电缆管理。
🔒 防火墙保护网络数据安全。
⚡ Power over Ethernet (PoE) 实现通过电缆供电。
📡 网络接口卡用于连接设备到网络。

Timeline

00:00:00 - 00:05:00
在数据中心中，有多种网络通信系统，包括路由器和交换机。路由器负责根据IP地址转发不同子网之间的流量，而交换机则基于MAC地址在局域网内部转发流量。路由器和交换机的理解对于考试学习至关重要，尤其是如何在不同网络使用这些设备的场景。
00:05:00 - 00:10:00
访问点提供无线网络连接，并作为有线和无线网络之间的桥梁。它不同于路由器，主要负责在无线网络与有线网络之间转发流量。通过使用配线架，可以便于连接和管理网络设备。当更换工作空间时，配线架使修改连接变得简单高效，避免了过多的电缆管理问题。
00:10:00 - 00:18:44
传统的防火墙能够基于IP地址和端口号控制流量，而现代防火墙还能理解应用层流量。随着技术的发展，像PoE这样的技术使得通过以太网电缆供电成为可能，许多设备如摄像头和无线接入点都能通过这种方式供电，而不同的PoE标准提供了从15W到71W的变更。

Mind Map

Video Q&A

路由器和交换机的主要区别是什么？
路由器使用IP地址转发流量，而交换机使用MAC地址进行流量转发。
什么是管理和无管理交换机？
管理交换机提供更多配置选项，如VLANs，而无管理交换机则仅提供基本的连接功能，没有配置选项。
接入点有什么功能？
接入点提供无线连接，是将无线网络与有线网络连接的桥梁，并不是路由器。
补丁面板的作用是什么？
补丁面板帮助组织和管理网络布线，方便更改连接而无需重新布线。
什么是PoE？
PoE指通过以太网线为设备供电，简化布线，常用于接入点和监控摄像头。
什么是DMARC？
DMARC是划分服务提供商与用户内部网络责任的界限点。
什么是网络接口卡（NIC）？
NIC是用于提供与以太网或其他网络连接的设备，通常内置于设备中或作为扩展卡插入。
DSL 和电缆调制解调器有什么区别？
DSL 与电缆调制解调器使用不同的信号传输方式，DSL多用于电话线，而电缆调制解调器用于有线电视线路。

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Subtitles

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00:00:02
if you walk in a data center for any
00:00:04
organization you'll find many many
00:00:06
different types of systems that are used
00:00:08
for network communication sometimes
00:00:10
these are single use devices like this
00:00:12
switch or it may be a device that
00:00:14
combines functionality for example the
00:00:16
soho routers that we'd normally use in
00:00:18
our home are both switches routers and
00:00:20
wireless access points all in one device
00:00:23
for the purposes of your exam studies
00:00:25
you should understand what these devices
00:00:27
are and in what circumstances you should
00:00:29
use these devices on your network
00:00:32
a router is a device that forwards
00:00:34
traffic between different ip subnets the
00:00:37
router uses the ip address that's within
00:00:39
the packet to determine what the next
00:00:41
hop might be on its way to the final
00:00:43
destination because this routing takes
00:00:46
place at layer 3 of the osi model we
00:00:48
often refer to these as layer 3 devices
00:00:51
and if we have a router that can be
00:00:52
configured inside of a switch you'll see
00:00:55
those devices referred to as layer 3
00:00:57
switches although routers can certainly
00:01:00
connect ipsubnets that are using the
00:01:02
same topology it's also common to use
00:01:04
routers to connect different types of
00:01:06
networks together for example the
00:01:08
interfaces on a router might connect lan
00:01:10
wan copper and fiber connections all in
00:01:13
one single device
00:01:15
another common infrastructure device is
00:01:17
a switch if you're using a copper cable
00:01:20
to plug in a laptop or desktop computer
00:01:22
then you're commonly plugging directly
00:01:24
into a switch a router commonly forwards
00:01:27
traffic based on the destination ip
00:01:29
address that's within a packet a switch
00:01:32
determines where traffic should be
00:01:33
forwarded based on the destination mac
00:01:35
address inside of that frame this is
00:01:38
also a device that's able to forward
00:01:39
traffic at very high rates of speed
00:01:42
because a lot of those forwarding
00:01:43
decisions are based in the hardware of
00:01:45
the device itself many switches have an
00:01:47
application specific integrated circuit
00:01:49
or an asic which allows for very fast
00:01:52
throughput if you have a switch that's
00:01:54
in the core of an enterprise network
00:01:56
there could be tens or even hundreds of
00:01:58
interfaces on that switch and many
00:02:00
switches will also add additional power
00:02:03
to the switch connection using poe or
00:02:06
power over ethernet
00:02:08
and as we mentioned earlier if you
00:02:10
happen to have a switch that has the
00:02:11
ability to turn on additional routing
00:02:14
functionality we often refer to that as
00:02:16
a layer 3 switch or a multi-layer switch
00:02:20
if you were to purchase a switch for
00:02:22
your home from a local or online
00:02:24
retailer that switch probably doesn't
00:02:26
have a lot of functionality it is simply
00:02:28
connecting all of these devices together
00:02:30
if you've simply powered the switch up
00:02:32
and there's no configuration options on
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the switch at all then you're probably
00:02:36
using an unmanaged switch unlike
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switches that you might find in an
00:02:40
enterprise an unmanaged switch gives you
00:02:42
very few configuration options for
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example you can't configure any vlans on
00:02:47
an unmanaged switch all of the devices
00:02:49
that you're connecting to an unmanaged
00:02:51
switch would all effectively be on the
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same vlan there's also very little
00:02:56
integration with other protocols or
00:02:58
other devices in an earlier video we
00:03:00
described the simple network management
00:03:02
protocol or snmp network administrators
00:03:05
often use snmp to query these devices on
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their network to check for performance
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or any types of errors an unmanaged
00:03:12
switch commonly has no snmp capabilities
00:03:15
so although you could connect it to your
00:03:17
network there would be no way to pull it
00:03:19
or query that device for performance
00:03:21
information but if all you need is a
00:03:23
simple connectivity device that you can
00:03:25
use to connect all of your systems
00:03:27
together you can probably get an
00:03:28
unmanaged switch at a relatively low
00:03:31
cost
00:03:32
if you're purchasing a switch for an
00:03:34
office or a larger organization you're
00:03:36
probably going to get a switch that is a
00:03:38
managed switch this is one that provides
00:03:40
additional capabilities especially for
00:03:43
someone who needs to constantly monitor
00:03:45
and confirm that this device is working
00:03:47
as expected for example a managed switch
00:03:50
may allow you to configure different
00:03:51
interfaces to be on completely different
00:03:53
ip subnets or what we call vlans or
00:03:56
virtual lans these switches might also
00:03:58
have configuration options to prioritize
00:04:00
traffic so you may be able to set voice
00:04:02
over ip traffic to have a higher
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priority than file transfer traffic it's
00:04:07
very common for organizations to have
00:04:09
multiple switches that they would
00:04:10
connect to their network and one way
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that you could prevent loops between all
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of those switches is by enabling
00:04:16
spanning tree protocol or stp to have
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stp as a configuration option on your
00:04:21
switch you would probably need to have a
00:04:23
managed switch some managed switches
00:04:26
will allow you to perform port mirroring
00:04:27
where you can take traffic from one port
00:04:29
that's on the switch and copy all of
00:04:31
that traffic to a different port on the
00:04:34
switch ideally to plug in a protocol
00:04:36
analyzer to be able to view all of those
00:04:38
packets traversing the network this is
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commonly used for troubleshooting or
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packet analysis and not something you
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would usually find on an unmanaged
00:04:46
switch and as we've mentioned a managed
00:04:48
switch can also include a number of
00:04:50
different capabilities such as enabling
00:04:52
simple network management protocol or
00:04:54
snmp
00:04:57
if you're in the office or you're
00:04:58
walking through another place of
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business look at the ceiling and see if
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you see a device like this this is an
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access point and provides wireless
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connectivity for the local network this
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is not a router that you might find in a
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soho device at your small office or home
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office this is a device that only
00:05:14
provides a link between the wireless
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network and the wired network you'll
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sometimes hear these devices referred to
00:05:21
as a bridge because they are simply
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bridging or extending that wired
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connection into a wireless connection
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this is not a device that is routing
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between subnets and it's not performing
00:05:32
any type of network address translation
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it's simply bridging people on the
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wireless network to the folks that are
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on the wired network an access point
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makes forwarding decisions based on the
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destination mac address which is
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identical to the way that a switch
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forwards information the access point
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examines the destination mac address and
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determines if that mac address is on the
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wireless network or if it should send
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that information to the wired network
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one of the challenges with connecting
00:05:58
many many people in a work environment
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to the network is that there are a lot
00:06:03
of cables that have to be managed in
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this diagram we have a number of people
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that are sitting at their desk on the
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floor of the building and you can see
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there are a lot of cables we have a
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cable from every desk that is going back
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to a central wiring closet on that floor
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in that wiring closet is a patch panel
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we first would connect all of those
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devices to this patch panel and that run
00:06:25
is a permanent run once somebody is
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connected from their desk to the patch
00:06:28
panel we don't tend to move that cable
00:06:31
going forward on the other side that
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patch panel can be connectors like rj45
00:06:35
connectors and we would then extend
00:06:37
those rj45 connectors to interfaces that
00:06:39
may be on a switch inside of that wiring
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closet this allows us to connect folks
00:06:44
that are on their desk all the way back
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to the main infrastructure of a
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particular network there may be times
00:06:50
when somebody is moving between desks or
00:06:53
perhaps they have a new person that's
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hired who's sitting in a new desk in
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those scenarios you may have to move
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someone from a connection on one switch
00:07:01
to a connection on another switch if
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this was all one single cable then you
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would have to start moving cables inside
00:07:07
of your wiring closet to try to properly
00:07:10
place where they should be connected but
00:07:12
with the patch panel in place you simply
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disconnect from one switch and you
00:07:16
connect that particular port on the
00:07:18
patch panel to a different switch this
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is a much shorter cable it's a cable
00:07:22
that's already labeled so you know
00:07:23
exactly which desk it's going to and
00:07:25
it's a change that you can make
00:07:27
relatively quickly
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here is the rj45 side of a patch panel
00:07:32
that's in someone's wiring closet if you
00:07:34
look closely behind the patch panel you
00:07:36
can see all of the cable runs that are
00:07:38
coming from the desks and then you can
00:07:39
see the rj45 connectors on the front
00:07:42
that are ultimately connecting to a
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switch
00:07:44
this means that nothing is going to
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change with the wiring between a user's
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workstation and the closet because all
00:07:50
of that is punched down and permanently
00:07:52
connected to the back of this patch
00:07:53
panel when you need to make a change you
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simply move the cable that's on the
00:07:57
front of the patch panel which certainly
00:07:59
limits the scope of any problems that
00:08:01
might occur during one of these changes
00:08:03
if you have a patch panel like this
00:08:05
which uses rj45 connectors you don't
00:08:07
even need any special cabling to make
00:08:09
that change you simply unplug the cable
00:08:11
move it to where it needs to be and plug
00:08:13
it into the new interface
00:08:15
here's the connection between a patch
00:08:17
panel and a switch this is the patch
00:08:19
panel on the top there are cables you
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can't see that go back to the desk and
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then there are smaller cables on the
00:08:25
front that connect from the patch panel
00:08:27
and extend that connection into an
00:08:29
interface on the switch
00:08:32
a traditional firewall is able to allow
00:08:34
or disallow traffic through your network
00:08:36
based on ip addresses and port numbers
00:08:39
since those tcp and udp ports operate at
00:08:42
layer 4 of the osi model it's common to
00:08:44
refer to firewalls like this as an osi
00:08:47
layer 4 device these days it's
00:08:49
increasingly common to see firewalls
00:08:51
that understand application layer
00:08:54
traffic and in those cases the firewall
00:08:56
would be a layer 7 device
00:08:58
some firewalls can also act as an
00:09:01
endpoint for an encrypted tunnel which
00:09:03
means that you can connect two sites
00:09:05
together across a public network like
00:09:07
the internet but all of the traffic
00:09:09
between those sites is encrypted
00:09:11
some firewalls can also act as a proxy
00:09:13
so if someone is browsing a site on the
00:09:15
internet the firewall will stop that
00:09:17
communication it will perform the
00:09:19
browsing for the user receive the
00:09:21
response from that device over the
00:09:23
internet examine and make sure that
00:09:25
nothing inside of that traffic may be
00:09:27
dangerous or malicious and then send the
00:09:29
results of that query back to the user
00:09:32
and in many cases and this is probably
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the case for the small soho type routers
00:09:37
you use at home this firewall can also
00:09:39
act as a router this device is making
00:09:42
forwarding decisions based on the
00:09:43
destination ip address therefore it's
00:09:46
acting as an osi layer 3 device in many
00:09:49
environments the firewall is the device
00:09:51
that is connected directly to the
00:09:52
internet and so using that also as a
00:09:55
router allows you additional
00:09:56
functionality for forwarding traffic
00:10:00
if you're using a desktop computer or a
00:10:02
laptop computer you may be accustomed to
00:10:04
connecting to a power source to be able
00:10:06
to use those devices but some devices
00:10:08
allow you to power that system through
00:10:11
the ethernet cable that's already
00:10:12
connecting to the device we refer to
00:10:14
that type of power as power over
00:10:16
ethernet or poe this allows you to run a
00:10:20
single wire to the device that will not
00:10:22
only be able to transfer data but also
00:10:24
used as the power source for that device
00:10:27
you often see poe used with access
00:10:29
points cameras and anything else where
00:10:32
power may be difficult to run to that
00:10:34
device
00:10:35
often this power is coming directly from
00:10:37
the switch and in those cases we refer
00:10:39
to that as an in span if your switch
00:10:42
doesn't support poe then you'll need
00:10:44
something in the middle of that
00:10:45
connection that will add power to the
00:10:47
ethernet cable we refer to these as poe
00:10:50
injectors and this is often referenced
00:10:53
as a mid-span this is a poe injector on
00:10:56
my network that powers a camera you can
00:10:58
see the connection from the cameras
00:11:00
plugging into the poe or the data
00:11:02
connection and then i have another cable
00:11:04
that's connecting back to a switch that
00:11:06
doesn't support poe once my switch and
00:11:09
camera are connected and i power up the
00:11:11
injector the camera now has the power it
00:11:13
needs to be able to operate
00:11:15
most switches will identify what
00:11:17
interfaces can support something like
00:11:20
poe on this switch for example you can
00:11:22
see that it's a common eight port
00:11:24
ethernet switch and you can see that
00:11:26
anywhere it has the blue color across
00:11:28
the top it will support poe so ports 1
00:11:32
through 8 will support poe port 9 looks
00:11:34
like it's commonly used as an uplink
00:11:36
port and since it does not have that
00:11:38
blue line this interface does not
00:11:40
support poe
00:11:42
different devices need different types
00:11:44
of power and there are different
00:11:46
standards for poe depending on what type
00:11:48
of switch you might be using the
00:11:50
traditional or original style of poe is
00:11:54
specifically called the ieee 802.3 af
00:11:57
from 2003. this is the original poe
00:12:01
specification that has now been rolled
00:12:03
into the standard 802.3 ethernet
00:12:06
standard this provides 15.4 watts of dc
00:12:09
power with 350 milliamps as the max
00:12:13
current we improved poe through the
00:12:15
years and in 2009 we introduced ieee
00:12:18
802.380
00:12:20
this has also been wrapped into the
00:12:22
802.3 standard and it provides
00:12:25
additional power 25.5 watts of dc power
00:12:29
with a maximum milliamp current of 600
00:12:32
milliamps and one of the more modern poe
00:12:35
standards is the poe plus plus or the
00:12:38
ieee 802.3bt
00:12:41
when we're providing 51 watts with 600
00:12:43
milliamps of max current we refer to
00:12:45
this as a type 3 type 4 poe plus plus is
00:12:49
71.3 watts with 960 milliamps as the max
00:12:53
current this was a standard designed to
00:12:55
work with 10 gigabit per second ethernet
00:12:58
and provide power for those 10 gig
00:13:00
devices
00:13:02
before there were switches we commonly
00:13:04
used hubs to be able to connect all of
00:13:06
the devices on our network sometimes
00:13:08
you'll hear a hub referred to as a
00:13:10
multi-port repeater that's because hubs
00:13:12
are not very intelligent devices any
00:13:15
data that's going into one interface on
00:13:17
this hub will automatically be copied
00:13:19
and sent to all of the other interfaces
00:13:22
on this hub as you can imagine this is
00:13:24
not the most efficient way to
00:13:26
communicate and on top of that we're not
00:13:28
able to run any full duplex
00:13:29
communication to a hub so all of the
00:13:32
devices plugged into this hub will
00:13:33
operate at half duplex
00:13:35
since everything is being retransmitted
00:13:38
to every other interface on this device
00:13:41
as you put more of a load and add more
00:13:43
devices to the network the performance
00:13:46
of this device tends to get slower and
00:13:48
slower that's one of the reasons we
00:13:50
decided to change from a hub-based
00:13:52
network to something more intelligent
00:13:54
like a switch-based network these
00:13:56
devices are a bit outdated for our
00:13:58
modern networks and if you do find a hub
00:14:00
you'll find that they are only available
00:14:02
in 10 megabit and 100 megabit speeds
00:14:05
these are not devices that you would
00:14:06
find new these are probably only
00:14:08
available on a secondary or used market
00:14:12
if you're using the same cable for your
00:14:14
cable television as your internet
00:14:16
connection then you probably have a
00:14:18
cable modem in your home this allows you
00:14:21
to communicate over what we call
00:14:23
broadband communication because there
00:14:25
are multiple frequencies of traffic
00:14:27
being used over a single wire this means
00:14:30
that we can have video signals for our
00:14:32
television we can connect our phone
00:14:34
lines into this cable modem and of
00:14:36
course it can be used for internet data
00:14:39
there's a standard for sending data over
00:14:41
these cable networks and that standard
00:14:43
is called docsis that stands for data
00:14:45
over cable service interface
00:14:47
specification many cable modems can
00:14:50
support higher speeds up to one gigabits
00:14:52
per second and the total speeds
00:14:54
available to you will be dependent on
00:14:56
your service provider there are usually
00:14:57
multiple services available on these
00:14:59
networks and when you connect the cable
00:15:01
you can either connect to the data
00:15:02
that's on the internet side this
00:15:04
particular cable modem also has analog
00:15:06
telephone connections for any voice
00:15:09
communication
00:15:11
if you're not using your cable company
00:15:12
for internet connectivity you may be
00:15:14
using the traditional telephone company
00:15:16
to provide that connection and usually
00:15:18
that's done through a dsl modem often
00:15:21
this is technically an adsl modem which
00:15:24
stands for asymmetric digital subscriber
00:15:26
line and it uses the same telephone
00:15:29
lines that we've always used for our
00:15:31
analog telephone the reason that dsl is
00:15:34
asymmetric is because the speeds for
00:15:36
downloading is usually much faster than
00:15:38
the speeds for uploading there's also
00:15:41
often a distance limitation with dsl
00:15:43
before the signal gets so weak that
00:15:45
you're not able to receive any of the
00:15:47
data that's usually around 10 000 feet
00:15:50
from the central office or the co
00:15:53
it's common to see speeds with dsl that
00:15:55
range from 52 megabit down and 16
00:15:58
megabit up but you can find larger and
00:16:00
faster dsl implementations depending on
00:16:03
the capabilities from your provider if
00:16:05
you are closer to the co you also tend
00:16:08
to get much faster throughput than if
00:16:09
you're farther away
00:16:12
and if you're not connecting to the
00:16:13
internet using copper cable or telephone
00:16:15
lines then you may be connecting with
00:16:17
fiber to connect to the fiber network
00:16:19
you need an ont or an optical network
00:16:22
terminal which is a device that's
00:16:24
usually connected outside of your home
00:16:25
or your premise this is connecting an
00:16:28
isp fiber network and converting it into
00:16:31
signals like copper ethernet that can be
00:16:33
used inside of your home this ont is
00:16:35
usually connected to the outside of your
00:16:38
building and it usually delineates the
00:16:40
isp's network from your own internal
00:16:43
network we refer to this delineation as
00:16:46
a demarcation point or a d mark
00:16:49
sometimes this dmarc is located in your
00:16:51
data center itself or if you're at home
00:16:53
it's located on the outside of your home
00:16:56
it's important that a dmarc exists so
00:16:58
you know what the responsibilities are
00:17:00
for each different party you know that
00:17:02
any of the wiring on the inside of your
00:17:04
house is your responsibility up to the
00:17:07
point of that d mark and then anything
00:17:09
outside of that d mark is the
00:17:11
responsibility of the service provider
00:17:14
this is a closer look of this ont this
00:17:16
is the fiber connection coming in from
00:17:18
the street you can see the fiber label
00:17:20
is placed there you can see this device
00:17:22
has outputs for data which is an
00:17:24
ethernet connection you can plug in
00:17:26
analog telephone to this device as well
00:17:28
and there's an f connector here for the
00:17:30
cable connection that you plug into your
00:17:32
television
00:17:34
if you are connecting to a copper
00:17:36
ethernet connection you're using a
00:17:38
network interface card to provide that
00:17:40
connectivity or a nic all of the devices
00:17:43
we've discussed so far that are
00:17:44
connecting to a wired ethernet
00:17:46
connection have a network interface card
00:17:48
inside of them this is a network
00:17:50
interface card you would plug into a
00:17:52
server and this card has four separate
00:17:54
ethernet connectors on the back but if
00:17:56
you have a laptop or a desktop computer
00:17:58
with an ethernet interface that also is
00:18:01
a network interface card there are also
00:18:04
network interface cards for other types
00:18:06
of topologies if you're plugging into a
00:18:08
wide area network serial connection or
00:18:10
you have a wireless interface those also
00:18:13
have network interface cards these are
00:18:15
sometimes built into the motherboard or
00:18:17
it may be a separate adapter that you
00:18:19
can plug into an expansion slot and
00:18:21
increase the capabilities of your device
00:18:23
so whether you need copper connectivity
00:18:25
fiber connectivity or anything in
00:18:27
between you will need a network
00:18:29
interface card on your device to make
00:18:31
that connection to the rest of the
00:18:33
network
00:18:43
you