Week 10 - Part 1
Summary
TLDRKelas ini membahas Zaman Pencerahan, transisi penting dari pemikiran tradisional ke pemikiran kritis. Tekanan dari penemuan ilmiah, seperti yang dilakukan oleh Galileo, menantang kebijakan gereja dan memperkuat keinginan untuk menyelidik kebenaran. Tokoh seperti Jordano Bruno dan David Hume mengilhami pendekatan baru dalam ilmu pengetahuan dan filosofi, sementara Adam Smith meremuskan ide ekonomi yang mendorong perdagangan bebas dan efisiensi. Kelas ini menekankan pentingnya skeptisisme dan empirisme dalam mengevaluasi kenangan masa lalu.
Takeaways
- ๐ Zaman Pencerahan merangsang pemikiran kritis.
- ๐ญ Galileo mengubah pandangan orang tentang alam semesta.
- ๐ฅ Jordano Bruno dihukum mati karena pandangan ilmiahnya.
- ๐ค David Hume mendorong skeptisisme dan empirisme.
- ๐ฐ Adam Smith mendefinisikan prinsip ekonomi modern.
- ๐ Penemuan menciptakan bahan bacaan baru dan meningkatkan pemikiran kritis.
- ๐ Alam semesta bukanlah satu-satunya tempat hidup, ide-ide baru muncul.
- ๐งช Penemuan teknologi memberikan alat untuk penyelidikan lebih dalam.
- ๐ก Kritik terhadap ajaran agama memperkaya dialog intelektual.
- โจ Pencerahan memberi kita kebebasan berpikir secara mandiri.
Timeline
- 00:00:00 - 00:05:00
Kelas ke-10 memfokuskan pada zaman pencerahan dan alasan, merujuk kepada bagaimana sebelum era ini, pengetahuan tidak banyak berubah kerana masyarakat bergantung kepada ajaran masa lalu. Dengan penemuan pencetakan oleh Gutenberg, orang ramai mula membaca dan berfikir secara kritikal, yang membuka jalan kepada pencerahan.
- 00:05:00 - 00:10:00
Galileo menjadi ikon bagi pencerahan dengan teorinya tentang pergerakan bumi mengelilingi matahari, yang mencabar pemikiran tradisional. Hal ini menyerlahkan bahawa pengetahuan yang diwarisi mungkin tidak selalu benar, mendorong masyarakat untuk mempersoal kembali apa yang diajarkan kepada mereka.
- 00:10:00 - 00:15:00
Jordano Bruno adalah contoh pemikir kritikal yang dihukum mati kerana teorinya yang berbeza, termasuk ide bahawa terdapat banyak bintang dan mungkin makhluk lain di planet lain. Walau bagaimanapun, ideanya dianggap benar dengan penemuan planet lain di luar sistem solar kita.
- 00:15:00 - 00:20:00
Perubahan besar bermula dengan Galileo yang menggalakkan pemikiran kritis dan empirisme, dimana orang tidak lagi menerima bulat-bulat ajaran tanpa persoalan. Pencerahan juga membawa kebangkitan skeptisisme, di mana individu mula mencabuli kepercayaan yang ada dan memandu mereka untuk mencari kebenaran sendiri.
- 00:20:00 - 00:25:00
Contoh pencerahan di Scotland, terutamanya melalui tokoh seperti David Hume, yang mengetengahkan skeptisisme radikal dan empirisme, mendorong orang untuk mencari bukti sendiri sebelum menerima sebarang kebenaran. Hume juga mempersoalkan keberadaan Tuhan berdasarkan bukti.
- 00:25:00 - 00:30:00
Hume meneruskan ide-ide yang rumit tentang apa yang mengandungi objek, mencabar konsep 'esensi', dengan menegaskan bahawa apa yang kita tahu tentang sesuatu hanyalah ciri-ciri luarnya, tidak pernah mencapai inti atau esensinya.
- 00:30:00 - 00:40:00
Adam Smith memperkenalkan ekonomi perdagangan bebas dan teori 'tangan tak terlihat', di mana pasaran menentukan nilai berdasarkan permintaan dan penawaran. Dia menekankan pentingnya mengurangkan harga agar lebih ramai orang dapat mengakses dan membeli, seterusnya meningkatkan kemakmuran dalam masyarakat.
Mind Map
Video Q&A
Apa itu Zaman Pencerahan?
Zaman Pencerahan adalah periode ketika pemikiran kritis dan skeptisisme dihargai, menggantikan kepercayaan lama yang diterima tanpa pertanyaan.
Siapa Jordano Bruno?
Jordano Bruno adalah seorang imam Katolik yang dihukum mati karena ide-ide ilmiahnya yang bertentangan dengan gereja.
Apa yang dipelajari David Hume?
David Hume mendorong pemikiran skeptis dan empiris, menekankan pentingnya bukt i dalam memahami konsep-konsep seperti Tuhan.
Apa yang dikatakan Adam Smith tentang ekonomi?
Adam Smith mengusulkan bahwa perdagangan bebas dan produksi massal dapat meningkatkan kekayaan dan kompleksitas dalam masyarakat.
Mengapa Galileo meninjau pandangannya tentang gerakan Bumi?
Galileo melihat nasib Jordano Bruno dan menandatangani dokumen untuk menghindari hukuman mati, meskipun dia percaya Bumi bergerak.
Apa itu skeptisisme radikal?
Skeptisisme radikal adalah pendekatan untuk mencari bukti yang mendalam untuk memverifikasi klaim, tidak hanya menerima informasi dari pihak lain.
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Berbagai Metode Sterilisasi
- 00:00:02welcome to our 10th class of the
- 00:00:04semester everyone 10th class Time sure
- 00:00:08does fly Today we were going to talk
- 00:00:10about the age of reason enlightenment
- 00:00:13Why are we going to do that Well let me
- 00:00:14explain why we're going to do that We're
- 00:00:16doing this because up until now we've
- 00:00:19been talking about the time before
- 00:00:21science
- 00:00:23Well we talked about Galileo pointing
- 00:00:25the finger up but now in terms of our
- 00:00:27chronology we're actually at the point
- 00:00:29we're getting to the point
- 00:00:31where he points his finger up and gives
- 00:00:34us signs Galileo does that Remember that
- 00:00:36Okay So what are we really saying Well
- 00:00:39what we're saying is that before this we
- 00:00:41were sort
- 00:00:43of committed to simply learning what
- 00:00:47other people in the past had learned So
- 00:00:50it passed on from us from them to us and
- 00:00:52from us to our children But the
- 00:00:54knowledge didn't really change much The
- 00:00:57reason the knowledge didn't really
- 00:00:59change much is because we didn't really
- 00:01:01do a lot of investigating We just
- 00:01:03assumed that if they knew it was right
- 00:01:05so we know it now and we think it's
- 00:01:07right But then you'll remember from last
- 00:01:09week's
- 00:01:10class along comes Gutenberg and he gives
- 00:01:14us printed press He allows us to read
- 00:01:16for ourselves And that in because we
- 00:01:18have now reading material it it
- 00:01:20encourages us to read for ourselves
- 00:01:22which meant we became more critical
- 00:01:24thinkers We started to say hey our
- 00:01:27parents and teachers and uh religious
- 00:01:30leaders and government officials told us
- 00:01:31this but when I read it I see something
- 00:01:34differently I understand it differently
- 00:01:36So that gave us this critical reasoning
- 00:01:38ability that along with new technologies
- 00:01:42like telescopes and microscopes and that
- 00:01:44sort of thing gave us the ability to see
- 00:01:46things in more depth clearly and get
- 00:01:50closer to the truth When Galileo points
- 00:01:53that finger up and he tells us that hey
- 00:01:56the earth moves around the sun
- 00:02:00who everyone goes wow this is incredible
- 00:02:04It turns out that what people have been
- 00:02:05telling us in the past hasn't been right
- 00:02:07Therefore they might still be telling us
- 00:02:09things that aren't right This doesn't
- 00:02:11mean they were bad in the past They just
- 00:02:13didn't know as much So this ushers in
- 00:02:16what we today call the
- 00:02:19enlightenment the age of reason Now what
- 00:02:22do we mean by enlightenment Well you
- 00:02:23remember John Newton the guy who used to
- 00:02:27bring the slaves from Africa all the way
- 00:02:30to the Americas He
- 00:02:35thought he was doing the right thing But
- 00:02:37then one day his consciousness got
- 00:02:40raised He started to say "Hey maybe I'm
- 00:02:43wrong in what I'm doing." And he changed
- 00:02:47his idea And he wrote that beautiful
- 00:02:50poem which we now sing it as a song
- 00:02:52called Amazing Grace He said "I once was
- 00:02:56blas was blind but now I
- 00:03:01see I once was blind but now I see
- 00:03:05Couldn't
- 00:03:06see now I can see
- 00:03:11Enlightenment So that's what we're
- 00:03:13talking about The ability to see things
- 00:03:15beyond what we've been taught before Now
- 00:03:18just to remind you things were not very
- 00:03:21good for critical thinkers in the past
- 00:03:25before
- 00:03:26Galileo people used to get killed for
- 00:03:29thinking things that were not um
- 00:03:32believed at that time So let's take a
- 00:03:34look at the case of Jordano Bruno just
- 00:03:36to give you an
- 00:03:38example Here's Jordan
- 00:03:40Bruno He was a Catholic
- 00:03:43priest and he was religious He believed
- 00:03:47all the things that the religious people
- 00:03:49believed the the the Christian in this
- 00:03:51case it would have been Catholic
- 00:03:52Christian believed but he had an
- 00:03:56inquisitive mind and he kept looking at
- 00:03:58the stars at night and he said you know
- 00:04:00those stars kind of look now remember he
- 00:04:03didn't have telescope either so he's
- 00:04:05just looking with his eyes he said those
- 00:04:07stars look kind of like our sun only in
- 00:04:09miniature and he said you know maybe
- 00:04:11those stars are like our sun that's all
- 00:04:16he just came up with the idea he didn't
- 00:04:18know if he was right or on But he came
- 00:04:19up with the idea And then he said "And
- 00:04:22if we on Earth live close to our sun
- 00:04:26maybe there are other planets out there
- 00:04:29close to those suns those
- 00:04:32stars." And finally he said "If we're
- 00:04:35living on one of these planets now close
- 00:04:38to a sun maybe there are other creatures
- 00:04:41or beings or people living on those
- 00:04:43planets close to a sun." This was his
- 00:04:45idea and this is what it would look like
- 00:04:48He said "I believe there are innumerable
- 00:04:52sons
- 00:04:53exist Innu innumerable earths revolve
- 00:04:56around these and living beings inhabit
- 00:04:59these worlds Okay Well today we know
- 00:05:03that those suns do exist and they are
- 00:05:06stars Well we call them stars now but
- 00:05:08our sun is a star So he was right He was
- 00:05:11completely right on number one What
- 00:05:13about number two There are earths
- 00:05:16revolving around these suns Well guess
- 00:05:18what We've now found many many many
- 00:05:22exoplanets That's what we call planets
- 00:05:25that orbit other suns So he was right
- 00:05:28Two out of three And the last thing he
- 00:05:30said was living beings inhabit these
- 00:05:32worlds H we haven't figured that one out
- 00:05:36yet So was he right We don't know
- 00:05:39Science has never fig been able to see
- 00:05:43um or or have evidence of any living
- 00:05:46creatures outside of Earth Does that
- 00:05:48mean they're not there No It just means
- 00:05:51we haven't seen them yet But does that
- 00:05:53mean they're there No Maybe we're the
- 00:05:55only ones Point is Jordano Bruno was
- 00:05:59right about number one right about
- 00:06:00number two and maybe right about number
- 00:06:03three That's pretty good for a guy
- 00:06:06without
- 00:06:07telescope So what happened to him He got
- 00:06:10called to the church and he was put on
- 00:06:13trial for having ideas that were against
- 00:06:16the church's
- 00:06:19ideas He was
- 00:06:22convicted tied to a
- 00:06:24stake and burned while he was
- 00:06:29alive Yep That's what they did to him
- 00:06:33Why Because he thought differently than
- 00:06:36them
- 00:06:38This is what was going on before the
- 00:06:40Enlightenment You were forced to think
- 00:06:43exactly like people that came before
- 00:06:48you Today if you go to Rome you can
- 00:06:51actually stand and on the spot you can
- 00:06:54actually sit on the spot have a coffee
- 00:06:55sitting here where they burned him And
- 00:06:58now there's a statue of him And it kind
- 00:07:01of reminds us that oops we should be a
- 00:07:03little bit more careful about who we
- 00:07:05convict
- 00:07:08And just to remind you even further the
- 00:07:10same thing almost happened about 30
- 00:07:12years later to
- 00:07:15Galileo Only Galileo knew what happened
- 00:07:17to Jordano Bruno So he agreed to sign
- 00:07:20the document saying the earth does not
- 00:07:23move But remember what he said after he
- 00:07:26signed it He turned and he
- 00:07:28saidimova and yet it
- 00:07:31moves He knew it moved He knew the earth
- 00:07:35moved but he didn't want to get killed
- 00:07:36like uh Jordano Bruno So this is what
- 00:07:40was happening before Galileo After
- 00:07:43Galileo you get more and more people
- 00:07:46thinking critically looking for
- 00:07:49themselves engaging in empiricism and
- 00:07:52that gives us an incredible amount of
- 00:07:54knowledge particularly when it comes to
- 00:07:57this thing we call philosophy It gave us
- 00:08:00the
- 00:08:01enlightenment Here is an example of the
- 00:08:04enlightenment that happened in
- 00:08:06Scotland It happened all over Europe but
- 00:08:10in Scotland there was a quite a few
- 00:08:12people there that were doing this kind
- 00:08:13of work So it's a little bit more famous
- 00:08:16The Scottish Enlightenment in
- 00:08:18Edinburgh
- 00:08:20Well what does it mean this
- 00:08:24Enlightenment You see
- 00:08:26traditionally before the Enlightenment
- 00:08:28you weren't supposed to be skeptical You
- 00:08:30were just supposed to take what your
- 00:08:32teachers told you and believed it But
- 00:08:34with the enlightenment comes the rise of
- 00:08:37skepticism Now skepticism doesn't mean
- 00:08:40you don't believe No it just says "Oh
- 00:08:42wait a minute here This person is
- 00:08:44telling me this thing Let me see for
- 00:08:46myself." I'm not saying you're wrong I
- 00:08:49just want to check it out for
- 00:08:53myself Okay So for
- 00:08:56example if Klein goes to buy a
- 00:08:59car and I say "Clle that kind of car is
- 00:09:04a good
- 00:09:05car." Okay he has no reason to believe
- 00:09:08that I'm lying Maybe I'm telling the
- 00:09:10truth But Klein will probably say "Let
- 00:09:13me go look at it
- 00:09:15myself Am I comfortable with when I sit
- 00:09:18in it Do I like the color Do I um um uh
- 00:09:24does does the motor look like the kind
- 00:09:26of motor that I want Does it take too
- 00:09:28much gas He's gonna even though I said
- 00:09:30it's a good car he want he's probably
- 00:09:33going to be skeptical about it See this
- 00:09:35is something people didn't do long ago
- 00:09:37before the Enlightenment They just
- 00:09:39accepted what their elders told
- 00:09:43them Now you've got this rise of
- 00:09:46skepticism Let me see it for myself
- 00:09:49Another term for this is
- 00:09:53empiricism You can only learn something
- 00:09:56if you examine it
- 00:09:58yourself
- 00:10:00Empiricism Okay In Scotland you might
- 00:10:04remember that there was this guy named
- 00:10:06James Hutton running around Do you
- 00:10:09remember
- 00:10:10him He was the guy who was the father of
- 00:10:13geology He was the one that realized
- 00:10:16that the earth is more than 6,000 years
- 00:10:18old He focused on
- 00:10:21rocks but he hung around with a group of
- 00:10:24a whole bunch of other people all pretty
- 00:10:26smart people and they used to talk about
- 00:10:28their interests So he taught them about
- 00:10:30geology but other people taught them
- 00:10:32about philosophy or economics or
- 00:10:35engineering all the stuff they were
- 00:10:36interested
- 00:10:38in So Hutton was a member of the
- 00:10:40Scottish Enlightenment His friend was a
- 00:10:43guy named David Hume Now Hume was he
- 00:10:47listened about geology and he listened
- 00:10:49about engineering but his expertise was
- 00:10:52philosophy He was a
- 00:10:55thinker Now he became so famous
- 00:10:58worldwide because of his ideas that now
- 00:11:00you can see statues of
- 00:11:04them When you go to Edinburgh you can
- 00:11:08touch his toe like everyone else does
- 00:11:09there It's supposed to be good luck
- 00:11:13Okay Well what did Hume teach us Well
- 00:11:17this gets kind of complicated So put on
- 00:11:20your seat belts because this gets a
- 00:11:21little bit
- 00:11:23strange He said we need to be skeptical
- 00:11:26of what people tell us But not just
- 00:11:28skeptical we need to go to the root of
- 00:11:32it Radical skepticism The word radical
- 00:11:36means to get to the root of So if you
- 00:11:39know to speak a um a Latin based
- 00:11:41language um you'll know that uh uh
- 00:11:45radicha well even in English uh
- 00:11:49radish what is r a d radish it means
- 00:11:52root so that's why we call a radish um
- 00:11:56what we do because it means the root and
- 00:11:59we eat the roots radish is a root okay
- 00:12:02so going to the root of it you don't
- 00:12:04just want to paul client doesn't want to
- 00:12:07just hear me say yes it's a good car
- 00:12:09Klein's going to want to go to the car
- 00:12:11and look at it himself Get to the root
- 00:12:14of it Do I really like this Okay he be
- 00:12:17he's an
- 00:12:18empiricist He knows that only seeing it
- 00:12:21for himself will bring bring him closer
- 00:12:23to understanding if the car is good for
- 00:12:25him Okay so that's what Hume tried to do
- 00:12:28with all the big issues And boy did he
- 00:12:29take on the big issues For example he
- 00:12:31took on is God real Does God exist Do
- 00:12:36the gods exist
- 00:12:39So what does he do He looks for evidence
- 00:12:42of God Why Because he wants to be
- 00:12:45radically
- 00:12:47skeptical Someone else would say to him
- 00:12:49"Oh yes no God exists." And he say "Okay
- 00:12:50fine Let me find it for myself." He's an
- 00:12:55empiricist He wants to see or hear or
- 00:12:59touch or smell some sort of evidence for
- 00:13:03God Okay And you can probably guess what
- 00:13:06happened He didn't come up with anything
- 00:13:10He received no sense
- 00:13:13data There's no sense data for God he
- 00:13:16said So therefore I can't say anything
- 00:13:20about it If people said to him what do
- 00:13:24you think of God He would say well
- 00:13:25there's nothing I can say because
- 00:13:27there's no evidence upon the base it
- 00:13:32So theism means God belief in gods
- 00:13:37Atheism means there's nothing that can
- 00:13:39be said about God I can't find God So he
- 00:13:43said "I am an
- 00:13:45atheist Nothing that can be said about
- 00:13:48God." Okay
- 00:13:51Now because there was nothing that he
- 00:13:54could he could base his understanding of
- 00:13:56God on people said "Well what do you
- 00:13:59believe God is there?" He said "No I
- 00:14:01don't believe God is there because
- 00:14:02there's nothing I can base on him but
- 00:14:04ultimately I don't know." Okay I might
- 00:14:07not believe it's there but I don't know
- 00:14:09for sure Nobody knows for sure because
- 00:14:11we can't see taste or measure or get any
- 00:14:14sense data from God
- 00:14:19Okay he took it even
- 00:14:21further and he says you know it's very
- 00:14:24very hard for me to really understand
- 00:14:27what objects are
- 00:14:29either because I can't really find an
- 00:14:33object Now let me
- 00:14:36explain So if you're looking at the
- 00:14:39screen right now you'll see that I have
- 00:14:42Anyone want to guess what this is
- 00:14:46An apple
- 00:14:49Christian that was beautifully
- 00:14:52said An apple It's clearly an apple
- 00:14:56Right
- 00:14:56Christian Okay
- 00:15:00so describe apple to me Define it to me
- 00:15:04Explain to me what apple
- 00:15:07is Write it down or unmute
- 00:15:15Describe Apple
- 00:15:26Can you write down any Go on Christian I
- 00:15:28was going to say I'm thinking about it
- 00:15:29because I feel like there's going to be
- 00:15:31a trick coming
- 00:15:33There's no trick Um but the way I would
- 00:15:36do it is I would say it's it's a red
- 00:15:38fruit uh that's round that grows from
- 00:15:41trees It has seeds inside and a core
- 00:15:44that you don't eat So you eat around
- 00:15:46that Uh they're usually depending on
- 00:15:49what you get either sweet some can be a
- 00:15:52little bitter uh they're juicy when you
- 00:15:54bite into
- 00:15:57them Wow that was great Christian Okay
- 00:16:01but Christian exactly Applause Christian
- 00:16:04You're gonna have to help me remember
- 00:16:05because you said so many things that I'm
- 00:16:06going to forget some of them Okay All
- 00:16:08right
- 00:16:10So what Hume would say is Christian Okay
- 00:16:15good What you've done is you've given me
- 00:16:19words or fe that are features of the
- 00:16:23apple Redness is a feature Sweetness
- 00:16:28juiciness I think you said crunchiness
- 00:16:30I'm not sure are features The fact that
- 00:16:33there are seeds inside is a feature of
- 00:16:35the apple In other words the apple these
- 00:16:38things describe the apple It's almost
- 00:16:39like putting labels on
- 00:16:41it But have we really gotten close to
- 00:16:45understanding the essence of
- 00:16:49apple What is
- 00:16:57appleness Here's where Christian is
- 00:16:59thinking I knew there was a trick It's
- 00:17:02not really a trick He's just saying
- 00:17:03"Help me get closer to
- 00:17:08appleness instead of just these labels."
- 00:17:11The labels were accurate Can anyone try
- 00:17:15Christian do you want to unmute and see
- 00:17:16if you can
- 00:17:22Um as this is the class about science I
- 00:17:26would say perhaps delving into the which
- 00:17:30I don't personally know but the chemical
- 00:17:33makeup of what an apple is what makes an
- 00:17:35apple an apple
- 00:17:38Beautiful So you're going down to the to
- 00:17:40the molecules to the atoms and all that
- 00:17:42kind of stuff right Christian So what
- 00:17:45you're saying is okay redness is sort of
- 00:17:48an exterior feature Sweetness is a
- 00:17:50little bit you know it's a little bit
- 00:17:52broad but if I get deeper and deeper and
- 00:17:53deeper then Hume will be happy right
- 00:17:56well Hume didn't know about those things
- 00:17:58either because this was way before we
- 00:18:00knew about all these little these
- 00:18:02details but he still would say yeah but
- 00:18:06these are just
- 00:18:08features of the apple In other words you
- 00:18:11cannot get an
- 00:18:16appl Okay I know this sounds weird Now
- 00:18:20Christian said this is a class on on
- 00:18:21science I know I understand why you said
- 00:18:24that but in this particular moment we're
- 00:18:26talking about philosophy And philosophy
- 00:18:28has the tendency to blow people's minds
- 00:18:30because you go "Oh this is so
- 00:18:31complicated in your brain." All right
- 00:18:37So let me give you another example that
- 00:18:40will really make you feel weird
- 00:18:43Okay I'll use me
- 00:18:45because what the heck I'm
- 00:18:48safer I I'm I've done this enough now so
- 00:18:52it doesn't doesn't uh freak me out so
- 00:18:54much Okay If I asked
- 00:18:59you to help explain Gus what is Gus
- 00:19:05In other words who am
- 00:19:09I
- 00:19:10Ashwin David you're pretty good at being
- 00:19:13funny Jackie
- 00:19:15Chan I wish I was Jackie Chan I have no
- 00:19:18idea why you said I'm Jackie Chan but I
- 00:19:20wish I was Jackie
- 00:19:21[Laughter]
- 00:19:23Chan I'd love to be able to do all those
- 00:19:26moves
- 00:19:33anyone Oh I see there's a movie called
- 00:19:36Who Am I I didn't know that
- 00:19:40Okay
- 00:19:42Okay All right Christian you want to
- 00:19:44take a stab at
- 00:19:46it Dylan Karen Paul
- 00:19:53anyone Oh the collector Oh I see So
- 00:19:55Ashwin is saying "I'm a collector
- 00:19:58Someone who collects things." Okay true
- 00:20:00I'm a person Yeah Nick Even though
- 00:20:03sometimes I don't feel
- 00:20:05human I think Nick is right I'm a person
- 00:20:08Okay good So what
- 00:20:13else I'm a teacher right Would you agree
- 00:20:18with that Nick I hope you
- 00:20:20do Okay Um uh a stone breaker You guys
- 00:20:26are being funny Okay Excellent All these
- 00:20:30things are example You could also say
- 00:20:32I'm a husband I'm a grandfather I'm a
- 00:20:35father Okay All these kind of things
- 00:20:37that I
- 00:20:40am But Hume would say "No you're not
- 00:20:44really getting to dustness What you're
- 00:20:46getting at is
- 00:20:48labels A man a
- 00:20:51collector a complex system of molecules
- 00:20:54and stardust Absolutely You're being
- 00:20:57more detailed now than the rest of us
- 00:20:59David This is what Christian tried to do
- 00:21:01with the apple Exactly what you're
- 00:21:02trying to do now Molecules and stardust
- 00:21:05Absolutely But when we get right down to
- 00:21:08gustness because if you were to take
- 00:21:10those dust particles apart the gust
- 00:21:12doesn't exist If you take the molecules
- 00:21:14apart gust doesn't exist We're trying to
- 00:21:16get at gustness This thing that makes me
- 00:21:20me Hume said we
- 00:21:23can't can't get there
- 00:21:27Well you see Nick Hume would say "No
- 00:21:30there's no such
- 00:21:32thing." Beautiful question
- 00:21:35Nick So if there's no such thing as
- 00:21:39gustness okay all we could do is say
- 00:21:42features of gustness including very
- 00:21:45detailed features like carbon and uh
- 00:21:48molecules What What else did David say
- 00:21:50Complex system of stardust all that kind
- 00:21:52of stuff Absolutely true But that
- 00:21:55doesn't get us close to understanding
- 00:21:59dustness It gets us close to
- 00:22:01understanding what makes up Gus but not
- 00:22:04the whole
- 00:22:09thing So Christian says I would only
- 00:22:12call appleness or gustness as features
- 00:22:14of other things Oh I see What you're
- 00:22:16doing is you're reversing it Christian
- 00:22:18Oh that's interesting Yeah
- 00:22:20like I would if you were describing a
- 00:22:23pair you know it's apple like you can
- 00:22:25use appleness you can't use appleness as
- 00:22:29a feature or descriptor of an apple
- 00:22:32itself like there appeness doesn't exist
- 00:22:35gustness doesn't exist Christianness
- 00:22:37doesn't exist for the thing that it is
- 00:22:43but I could say um uh oh uh like Someone
- 00:22:49in here has mentioned Gus is Jackie Chan
- 00:22:52I did karate for a little bit so I could
- 00:22:56relate that like oh if Gus is Jackie
- 00:22:59Chan that's a little bit of
- 00:23:01Christianness because I also did martial
- 00:23:03arts We we we share those features
- 00:23:06Christian and I
- 00:23:07right Beautiful So another way of saying
- 00:23:10is Christian is male I'm male We share
- 00:23:14those but we're not the same
- 00:23:19We have features of each others in us
- 00:23:21Okay this is really cool Christian Um
- 00:23:23have you ever taken philosophy Christian
- 00:23:24because that would you you um I've I've
- 00:23:28not but I've had friends uh a lot of my
- 00:23:31friends did through high school Um so I
- 00:23:34was at the center of many uh many
- 00:23:37conversations in which they just kind of
- 00:23:40I I was uh what they called the rubber
- 00:23:43ducky you know I just kind of sat there
- 00:23:44and they talked at me and then I just
- 00:23:46gave opinions when needed Excellent Well
- 00:23:49it it served you well because you see
- 00:23:51your mind is thinking
- 00:23:53philosophically Okay Beautiful Aman says
- 00:23:56his brain is not braining now So that's
- 00:23:58perfect Aman that shows us that you're
- 00:24:00engaging in philosophical thought
- 00:24:03Because that's what really engaging
- 00:24:05deeply in philosophy does is it is it to
- 00:24:08use your beautiful wording It stops your
- 00:24:10brain from
- 00:24:11[Laughter]
- 00:24:13braining So Joyce says you can't
- 00:24:16experience gust You can't get gustness
- 00:24:19until you experience him
- 00:24:22Okay Is it possible to experience
- 00:24:25gustness So is it possible to experience
- 00:24:28the apple Well we can eat it So then we
- 00:24:32can add taste to
- 00:24:34it But do we really get to the apple All
- 00:24:37right I think we've pretty well gotten
- 00:24:39to what Hume is trying to say Basically
- 00:24:42he's trying to say that uh what
- 00:24:44Christian already said
- 00:24:46before Christian Gus
- 00:24:50Apple don't
- 00:24:53exist You can't get at it All we can do
- 00:24:58is get at features of it Now if we were
- 00:25:02to
- 00:25:03use David's idea a complex system then
- 00:25:08we put all those things together complex
- 00:25:10system all those features together and
- 00:25:13we say "Oh there it is There it is
- 00:25:14There's Apple There it is There it is
- 00:25:16There's Gus There's Christian There's
- 00:25:18whoever." Yes But it requires this
- 00:25:22coming together of all these features
- 00:25:25But you never really have a one whole
- 00:25:31Christian Wow So Hume is not just a
- 00:25:36theist Can't say anything about God He's
- 00:25:38also saying he's a
- 00:25:41appleist Again not to say that the apple
- 00:25:44doesn't exist in real life Of course I
- 00:25:46can feel it But he's saying we can't get
- 00:25:49to a full complete understanding of it
- 00:25:53We can't get to its essence It lacks
- 00:25:57essence
- 00:25:58Wow I want to remind you that we talked
- 00:26:02a couple of weeks ago about how some of
- 00:26:05the early
- 00:26:06Dowists philosophers and some of the and
- 00:26:09what the Buddha said that there is no
- 00:26:13such thing as a self
- 00:26:17And I also explained that science seems
- 00:26:19to be supporting the idea that there's
- 00:26:21no self We don't know 100% yet but we're
- 00:26:24trying to do experiments and we can't
- 00:26:25find the self Well Hume came up with the
- 00:26:29same
- 00:26:31idea 2,000 years after the
- 00:26:34Buddha He was a little late to the party
- 00:26:37but he got there And 300 years before
- 00:26:40science is really trying
- 00:26:42to And they all seem to be saying the
- 00:26:45same thing Now again does this mean you
- 00:26:48don't exist Well no It's you know the
- 00:26:51apple does exist here Okay What we're
- 00:26:55meaning philosophically it the essence
- 00:26:57is not there There's nothing that makes
- 00:26:59an apple It's just this complex system
- 00:27:01of things coming together that creates
- 00:27:04this apple Kind of like you might
- 00:27:06remember the story or the analogy I gave
- 00:27:08you about Niagara Falls Niagara Falls we
- 00:27:12see it as one thing but you can also say
- 00:27:15it's billions and billions of drops of
- 00:27:18water falling over and then it appears
- 00:27:20as one thing Or the other analogy I gave
- 00:27:23you was a cartoon If you look at one
- 00:27:27cartoon slide at a time it's not alive
- 00:27:30When you move it very quickly you flip
- 00:27:33the book quickly or you run the tape
- 00:27:35quickly or the digit
- 00:27:37digital whatever program quickly then
- 00:27:40the cartoons appear to be
- 00:27:43alive So selfness
- 00:27:47appleness godness seem to appear
- 00:27:50according to Hume um once we put the
- 00:27:54complex system
- 00:27:56together Wow Does that help your brain
- 00:28:00start braining Amen Amen I don't know if
- 00:28:02it does
- 00:28:03but it's hard It's hard to get our
- 00:28:05brains around
- 00:28:09this
- 00:28:12Okay See I love it when you say things
- 00:28:14like that because to me that shows me
- 00:28:16that you're getting it because if
- 00:28:18students just say "Yep no problem No
- 00:28:20problem." Then I go "Are you really
- 00:28:21thinking?" Because if you're really
- 00:28:22thinking about this it's not easy
- 00:28:26So
- 00:28:29okay David Hume one of the enlightenment
- 00:28:32people you can see how he is not just
- 00:28:35relying on how what people told him in
- 00:28:37the
- 00:28:38past He's saying "Nope I want to see it
- 00:28:41for myself." Other people would say "Oh
- 00:28:43that's an apple." Simple Okay Then along
- 00:28:47comes this guy Adam Smith Now if any of
- 00:28:50you are taking business or have you
- 00:28:53taken any course on economics you
- 00:28:55probably know this guy Has anyone heard
- 00:28:57of him
- 00:29:00before Well he hung
- 00:29:02around David Hume father of economics
- 00:29:06right Okay He hung around David Hume and
- 00:29:12um James Hutton and James
- 00:29:15Watts All these brilliant people all in
- 00:29:18the same place all at the same time They
- 00:29:20encouraged each other and we end up
- 00:29:22getting incredible ideas from them The
- 00:29:25enlightenment But what did Adam Smith do
- 00:29:28He said "I want to help the world get
- 00:29:31more stuff." Why more stuff Because
- 00:29:35stuff money wealth equals energy which
- 00:29:39allows complexity to
- 00:29:42emerge It's what we've been talking
- 00:29:43about the whole semester In order for
- 00:29:45complexity to emerge to in order for
- 00:29:48complexity to emerge you need energy to
- 00:29:51go into a system within the Goldilocks
- 00:29:54conditions Not too much not too little
- 00:29:57So Adam Smith said "How do we increase
- 00:30:02complexity?" Not his words he used
- 00:30:04different words but how do we bring in
- 00:30:06more complexity Well we got to bring in
- 00:30:07more energy How do we do that Bring in
- 00:30:09more money create wealth So he wrote a
- 00:30:12famous book called The Wealth of Nations
- 00:30:15And in it he says we have to encourage
- 00:30:17people to trade because when they trade
- 00:30:20they make
- 00:30:21money If I sell you something now I sell
- 00:30:25you something I don't need and I make
- 00:30:27money I can use that money then to do
- 00:30:29something else Make more money and you
- 00:30:31can use what I sold you to make more
- 00:30:33money because maybe you needed one of
- 00:30:35those So it's a win-win proposition just
- 00:30:38like we saw last week when we talked
- 00:30:40about the Silk
- 00:30:43Roads But how do you make money Well he
- 00:30:47said you have to allow people to
- 00:30:49trade
- 00:30:51freely So I should be allowed to trade
- 00:30:53with Colin when Colin should be allowed
- 00:30:55to trade with Erica freely But we all
- 00:30:58live in Canada now Well we should be
- 00:31:00able to trade with people from other
- 00:31:02countries too The more trade we can do
- 00:31:05the better This you might heard as being
- 00:31:08labeled as free
- 00:31:10trade Don't restrict trade Don't say no
- 00:31:13you can't trade with those
- 00:31:15people because you lessen people's
- 00:31:18ability to make wealth Okay So he wanted
- 00:31:22free
- 00:31:24trade Okay That's one thing he wanted
- 00:31:27The other thing he did was he said "We
- 00:31:30have to figure out how to make things
- 00:31:33cheaper so that more people can buy them
- 00:31:37If I need a computer but it costs
- 00:31:40$20,000 I can't buy it So then I can't
- 00:31:43do a job that it requires a computer so
- 00:31:46I'm making less money But if the
- 00:31:49computer was much cheaper let's say
- 00:31:51$1,000 then I can afford one and then I
- 00:31:54can do a job make more money
- 00:31:57The
- 00:31:58more people have the tools they need in
- 00:32:01order to make money the more wealth will
- 00:32:03be created So we need to make things
- 00:32:07cheaper But there's something else When
- 00:32:10we sell things cheaper less expensive I
- 00:32:13don't mean bad I mean less expensive
- 00:32:15things more people can buy them and
- 00:32:18ultimately we will make more money So
- 00:32:20you might sell uh one computer for
- 00:32:24$20,000 but if you sell computers for
- 00:32:28$1,000 you might send sell um 200 of
- 00:32:33them because more people are able to buy
- 00:32:35them So ultimately you'll make more
- 00:32:39money So he proposed his famous pin
- 00:32:44factory Now I'm using computers because
- 00:32:47that's kind of what we all need today
- 00:32:49That was the tools we need
- 00:32:50today Back then he used a pin just a
- 00:32:53simple little pin you know like that you
- 00:32:55would use to to
- 00:32:57keep do some sewing Simple Stella thing
- 00:33:01And he said when someone has to make a
- 00:33:04pin they have to get some rocks with the
- 00:33:07proper um u materials in it Then they
- 00:33:11had
- 00:33:12to separate those materials Then they
- 00:33:15have to melt the the metallic materials
- 00:33:18Then they have to uh cast it into a long
- 00:33:22long
- 00:33:23long
- 00:33:25wire Then they have to once it cools
- 00:33:28they have to straighten it out with a
- 00:33:30hammer Bang bang bang bang to make it
- 00:33:32nice and flat and straight Then someone
- 00:33:35has to cut you know about 2 cm each to
- 00:33:38make the size of the pins That's a lot
- 00:33:41of cutting all day long Then they have
- 00:33:43to sharpen one edge Then they have to
- 00:33:45make the head on the other edge
- 00:33:48the other end of
- 00:33:50it That means at the end of the day a
- 00:33:54person probably made only you know let's
- 00:33:56just guess a hundred pins
- 00:34:00But if you streamline it create a
- 00:34:05factory a factory model okay an assembly
- 00:34:09line
- 00:34:11model and you say
- 00:34:13"Okay Erica you make the
- 00:34:17wire." Let's change that Erica you find
- 00:34:20the rocks with the proper material Colin
- 00:34:23you melt the rocks or you you melt the
- 00:34:26material David you melt the wire Ariana
- 00:34:29you um um straighten the wire Christian
- 00:34:33you cut the wire Okay And then if we
- 00:34:36keep going and going and
- 00:34:38going you know Dylan um would uh sharpen
- 00:34:42it And Karen would make the head and
- 00:34:45then Paul he can put them in the
- 00:34:48boxes Okay When we do that now what
- 00:34:52happens is each person develops an
- 00:34:54expertise for what they're doing Erica
- 00:34:57becomes excellent at finding the
- 00:34:59materials she needs in order to to
- 00:35:02extract the metal from the rocks Colin
- 00:35:05becomes an expert at running the furnace
- 00:35:07to melt it and so on and so on and so on
- 00:35:11Christian becomes an expert at at
- 00:35:13sharpening He can do it in seconds Now
- 00:35:16when you put all this together and you
- 00:35:18just do it very uh
- 00:35:20organized instead of one person making
- 00:35:24100 pins now you can have six or seven
- 00:35:27people whatever making thousands and
- 00:35:29thousands and thousands of pins in one
- 00:35:31day which means you can sell them for
- 00:35:33much less which means more people can
- 00:35:35buy them They can then use them to do
- 00:35:38whatever they need to build more
- 00:35:43wealth Okay
- 00:35:45So you can see why Aman called Adam
- 00:35:48Smith the father of economics He's
- 00:35:50trying to figure out how to get more
- 00:35:53money But then the question comes up
- 00:35:55well how do you know how much the pin is
- 00:35:57worth How do you know what the value of
- 00:35:59it is And he said well okay chill out
- 00:36:02Don't worry Because we have a free
- 00:36:05market everyone is allowed to pay what
- 00:36:08they want If they don't want to buy it
- 00:36:10if they don't want to pay something they
- 00:36:12don't buy it If they want to buy it they
- 00:36:14can pay whatever It's up to them And the
- 00:36:17sellers are allowed to sell it for
- 00:36:19whatever they want So for example if I
- 00:36:22go to buy a pin from David and David
- 00:36:25tells me the pin costs $20 I'm going to
- 00:36:27say "No I don't want to spend $20 on one
- 00:36:30pin." No way So I won't buy it But if I
- 00:36:34go to Colin and Colin says "Here's a pin
- 00:36:36one penny." Okay I'll buy a pin for one
- 00:36:39penny
- 00:36:41In other words we will figure out the
- 00:36:45cost of it He called this the invisible
- 00:36:49hand The invisible hand of the market
- 00:36:54There's no person saying here is the
- 00:36:57price What the market is saying is when
- 00:37:01everyone gets together you look at what
- 00:37:03the majority of people are willing to
- 00:37:06pay for this that becomes the price
- 00:37:10In other words he talked about the the
- 00:37:12notion of enlightened self-interest I am
- 00:37:15going to do what's best for me $20 for
- 00:37:18one pin is not best for
- 00:37:22me One cent for a pin is best for me So
- 00:37:25I'm going to go buy it from
- 00:37:26Colin Now David is going to do what's
- 00:37:29best for him So he says $20 per pin But
- 00:37:31guess what He can't sell any So the next
- 00:37:35day he tries 19 and then 18 and then 17
- 00:37:39until finally he ends up at 1 cent per
- 00:37:42pin Why Because Colin Col Colin has got
- 00:37:45it at 1 cent The market has told David
- 00:37:49what the price of pins
- 00:37:55are No one should start telling David
- 00:37:58"No no no no You're not allowed to sell
- 00:38:01the pin for $20." Fine Let him try If he
- 00:38:04can get it good for
- 00:38:06him No one should tell Colin "No you
- 00:38:09can't raise your price from 1 cent to
- 00:38:10two." It should be their choice Just
- 00:38:14like no one could tell me what I'm
- 00:38:15willing to pay for it This is called
- 00:38:18lazair or basically chill Do what you
- 00:38:21want Okay Everyone do their own thing
- 00:38:24The government should not try to get
- 00:38:28involved Stay out of their business
- 00:38:32There are some exceptions to that but
- 00:38:34generally the government should stay out
- 00:38:36of the
- 00:38:37business So here's a really simple
- 00:38:39example This guy is going to buy a bread
- 00:38:42and he sees that it's one pound and he's
- 00:38:44about to take his money out of his
- 00:38:45wallet but then he looks here It's 50p
- 00:38:48That's half
- 00:38:50price Half price for a bed for a bread
- 00:38:54What's happening The invisible hand of
- 00:38:56the market Remember there's no real hand
- 00:38:59It's just that when what is everyone
- 00:39:02willing to pay The invisible hand of the
- 00:39:04market is pointing to the 50 cent 50p
- 00:39:09bread So he probably will go buy this
- 00:39:14bread So if you have a 100 people going
- 00:39:17in to buy
- 00:39:19bread let's just say 80 of the hundred
- 00:39:22people say "No I don't want to pay
- 00:39:24double for a bread I want to pay I want
- 00:39:27this one." Now 20 might still buy this
- 00:39:30one because they know him or they like
- 00:39:32the taste or something Sure But the
- 00:39:34majority of people are going to say
- 00:39:36this They're going to buy the 50p So now
- 00:39:40this guy only sells 20 breads the next
- 00:39:43day and this guy sells
- 00:39:4680 Is that enough to make this guy happy
- 00:39:50In other words can he pay all his costs
- 00:39:53and have enough money left over If so he
- 00:39:55can sell he can keep selling it for 20
- 00:39:57cent for uh
- Zaman Pencerahan
- Galileo
- Jordano Bruno
- David Hume
- Adam Smith
- pemikiran kritis
- skeptisisme
- empirisme
- ekonomi
- ilmu pengetahuan