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in this chapter we will begin to look at
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developmental phases and a more interest
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more specifically we'll be taking a look
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at prenatal development and birth so
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there are three main periods of prenatal
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development there's what's called the
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germinal period that's usually the first
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two weeks after conception usually you
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know there's rapid cell division
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beginning of cell differentiation etc
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there's also at the embryonic period
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that's a third to the eighth week and
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that's the that's when the basic forms
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of all the body structures begin to
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develop and finally there is the fetal
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period that's the ninth week until birth
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and that's when the fetus grows in size
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and matures and functioning so we'll
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take a little bit more in depth here
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exploration here of the germinal period
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that's the first 14 days and so that's
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what the zygote begins duplication and
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division within hours of conception so
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it begins basically immediately
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fundamentally immediately that's when
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there's development of the placenta
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there's what's known as implantation
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that's usually about ten days after
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conception that's when the baby actually
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begins to attach to the you know to the
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parts of the mother and then that's when
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the organism begins to grow rapidly then
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we'll take a look at the embryonic
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period remember that's from the third
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week through the eighth week and that's
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when the embryo that's basically their
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neural tube begins to form and that is
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the neural tube that actually becomes
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the brain and the spinal cord and that's
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what's known as the brain in the spinal
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cord are known as the central nervous
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system here they just have the CNS to
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make that shorter but that's what that
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refers to and a couple other things that
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happen in that phrase of development you
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know the head begins to take shape the
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the eyes ears nose in malformed heart
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begins to pulse
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and the extremities develop you know so
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that's basically the fingers and toes
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they actually separate and so the you
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know development really is beginning to
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happen pretty rapidly from the third
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week through the eighth week now this
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just kind of shows you some some example
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photos here from that embryonic period
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here we'll take a look at the fetal
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period now remember the fetal period
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that's the ninth week after conception
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until birth so basically during that
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period that's when the genitals form the
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sex chromosomes cause differences in
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brain organization so and then it was
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called cephalocaudal and proxy proximal
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distal growth and basically that just
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means cephalocaudal just refers to
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growing from the head down so and then
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proxied prรณximo distal growth that
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refers to you know the limbs of the
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individual and the heartbeat becomes
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detectable the cortex is not fully
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mature at birth you know so the brain
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you know you know is the the cortex is
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not fully mature although they do
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mention that the brain at birth is the
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biggest part of the body and that refers
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to that term cephalocaudal that means
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from the top down from the brain down so
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here's just you know an image here
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here's a actual photo here of a fetus
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and you can see how well-developed it is
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the face you know the you know the eyes
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the nose everything is pretty rapid
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growth through that so we'll move on so
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the middle three months of the fetus you
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know that's when the digestive and
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excretory system is developed that's
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when the the individual starts to
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develop fingernails toenails buds for
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teeth hair grows including eyelashes and
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in the middle three months here you know
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part two you know
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we're gonna take a look at brain growth
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and so the brain is experiencing very
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very rapid growth so a profit follows
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the sequence from the brain stem to the
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midbrain to the cortex that's called the
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proximal distal from the outward working
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its way in so during that phase the baby
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develops many new neurons
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that's called neurogenesis that's the
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formation of new neurons and synapses so
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that is also called synaptogenesis you
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do not have to memorize that but I would
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recommend definitely memorizing the term
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neurogenesis that is what's important
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the formation of new neurons and this
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just shows the development you know the
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prenatal growth of the brain I just
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included this chart here just for you to
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examine on your own for further insight
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now during the last three months of the
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fetal phase does that expose you know
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expansion and construction of lungs
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final maturation of the heart valves the
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arteries and veins and extensive growth
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and folding of the cortex so at birth
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what happens is the fetal brain actually
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sends signals that release hormones in
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the mother to trigger the females
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uterine muscles so it's actually the
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baby's brain that triggers and it
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basically tells the mother I am ready to
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be born now and let's start the process
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and so that actually triggers the
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female's uterine muscles so that's
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usually when labor begins
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okay and so we're gonna move on and
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start talking about well you know what
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kind of things you know can be harmful
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to development or a growth during these
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phases we've talked about and so there's
00:06:43
harmful substances and the what's
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important here is this term right here
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called teratogen x' and teratogen czar
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basically any agent or condition
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including viruses and drugs that result
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in birth defects or complications so
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basically just harmful substances you
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know that can result in birth defects or
00:07:04
complications in human development now
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another important thing to you know is
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to know that there are what's known as
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behavioral teratogen x' and what's that
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those are the same thing you know agents
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and conditions that can harm the
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prenatal brain impairing the future
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child's intellectual and emotional
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functioning so that is important to know
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on this slide right here okay so how
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much stress you know risk analysis you
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know how much is too much you know of
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teratogen x' you know that kind of thing
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how much is too much that can actually
00:07:42
cause these effects in a a baby that's
00:07:47
in prenatal phase so they use right here
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right here i'm gonna skip the threshold
00:07:55
effect you know we just want to know
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basically you know the threshold how
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much is too much and you know for so for
00:08:01
example you know heavy drinking heavy
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smoking those kinds of things can affect
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prenatal development so and then there's
00:08:16
innate vulnerabilities and if you
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remember from the previous chapter you
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know genetic type information you know
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can definitely affect you know if they
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basically exercised themselves or
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whatever those can create vulnerable
00:08:35
situations for the growing baby so right
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here just just really quickly you know
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male fee
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you know they're more vulnerable to
00:08:45
trajans and female ones don't know why
00:08:48
that is
00:08:49
but it's just just was discovered in
00:08:51
research and then another thing you know
00:08:53
as mother's genes you know they can
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affect the prenatal environment she
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provides so remember genetic you know
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information that's passed from parents
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to their children
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you know those can definitely affect
00:09:08
growth and development and last but not
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least you know there's neural tube
00:09:13
defects remember neural tube that
00:09:14
becomes the brain and spinal cord you
00:09:16
know has been determined that are a
00:09:19
little more common in certain ethnic
00:09:21
groups you know and they may list a few
00:09:23
of them here I don't expect you to
00:09:24
memorize that I just wanted to make you
00:09:26
aware of that
00:09:31
okay so we're going to take a look at
00:09:33
low birth weight and the mother so first
00:09:35
of all there's maternal behavior
00:09:37
mother's behavior and so them the
00:09:41
mothers you know health illness drug use
00:09:45
before and during pregnancy those you
00:09:48
know all the can affect the baby's birth
00:09:50
weight and another thing too is the
00:09:54
maternal malnutrition or the you know
00:09:57
the mother not being adequately
00:09:59
receiving nutrition so that can
00:10:03
definitely affect the birth weight of
00:10:06
the baby as well and for those of you
00:10:11
are wondering well what about the father
00:10:13
you know so that's more of an indirect
00:10:15
influence of risk for adverse of birth
00:10:17
outcomes you know so some some things
00:10:20
that can affect the health and wellness
00:10:23
of the mother and the baby that she is
00:10:26
carrying you know you know it can be the
00:10:29
father's attitude the father's behavior
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and the relationship between the mother
00:10:34
and father you know how much stress is
00:10:36
involved how much support all those
00:10:38
affect the health of the baby okay now
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we're going to take a look at the new
00:10:45
family you know the newborn you know so
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basically you know newborns they seek to
00:10:49
protect themselves with three sets of
00:10:51
reflexes so first of all they strive to
00:10:55
maintain oxygen through
00:10:57
beep breathing hiccupping sneezing etc
00:11:00
then the second reflex is constant body
00:11:05
temperature so things like crying
00:11:08
shivering tucking legs to the body
00:11:11
pushing all those are a result of
00:11:15
striving to maintain a regular constant
00:11:18
body temperature now finally the last
00:11:21
reflexes was feeding and that can be
00:11:25
sucking rooting swallowing so those
00:11:28
three reflexes right there for newborns
00:11:30
are extremely important for the baby you
00:11:35
know as important functions for the baby
00:11:39
to protect themselves and you know in
00:11:46
new families you know mothers you know
00:11:48
about half of all women may experience
00:11:50
you know physical problems after birth
00:11:52
you know so that can also be you know
00:11:55
things like postpartum depression you
00:11:58
know that's biologically based here and
00:12:00
it can result in you know psychological
00:12:03
type processes but it can be
00:12:05
biologically based you know and they
00:12:08
talk about some of the symptoms you know
00:12:10
postpartum depression you know like
00:12:12
sadness inadequacy etc etc you know may
00:12:17
not be able to actually adequately care
00:12:21
for the baby and so there's you know
00:12:23
varied causes for that you know there
00:12:25
isn't one hard fast rule for that it's
00:12:28
just a lot of it can demand on you know
00:12:30
the bio psycho and social type factors
00:12:36
ok now we're going to take a look at the
00:12:38
father's so not only fathers but the
00:12:40
entire social network and culture are
00:12:42
crucial influences on the health of the
00:12:46
new family so in the father's role you
00:12:48
know helping the mother stay healthy
00:12:50
helping mother manage stress you know
00:12:53
that affects the fetus providing legal
00:12:56
acceptance you know of the birth you
00:12:58
know that's another important thing too
00:13:00
so those are just a few factors that
00:13:03
that are important factors that the
00:13:06
father contributes to the
00:13:08
overall health of a new family also here
00:13:14
there's just a term that's you know
00:13:15
fairly important called parental
00:13:17
alliance and that just means basically
00:13:19
you know commitment by both parents to
00:13:22
cooperate and raising the child and
00:13:28
we'll take a look here you know parent
00:13:30
infant bonding and so remember bonding
00:13:33
that and that includes strong connection
00:13:38
broadening means a strong loving
00:13:40
connection and in you know it basically
00:13:43
forms when parents hold examine feed the
00:13:46
newborn and you know it's interesting
00:13:49
they mention you know but early
00:13:51
skin-to-skin contact is not essential
00:13:53
for human bonding you know can be the
00:13:55
other factors as well you know like
00:13:57
feeding examining you know looking at
00:14:02
interacting talking you know making
00:14:05
sounds all those are important for human
00:14:08
bonding so that ends our discussion here
00:14:11
so please immediately get your study
00:14:14
guide for this chapter and begin to
00:14:16
answer its questions and we will see you
00:14:20
at the next chapter
