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Hello, friends!
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Have you ever wondered
what would have been
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had India and Pakistan never been partitioned?
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When thinking about this situation,
the very first thing people think of
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is Cricket.
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We could have had a stellar team,
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with Sachin Tendulkar and Shoaib Akhtar on the same team.
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With Babar Azam and Virat Kohli playing together.
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People talk about the music.
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The paradigm of music that would've been produced by the country,
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if the musicians of both nations could work together.
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But these are superficial matters.
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This can be discussed in depth.
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How would the economy of an United India be?
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How would it affect the international relations?
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How would it impact politics and media?
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Come, let's discuss this scenario seriously.
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And let's try to find out,
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with reference to the actual history,
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what could've been done, to prevent the partition?
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"In August 1947,
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India gained Independence after 200 years of British rule."
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"The British barrister draws a line on a map.
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The once peaceful land...implodes."
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"What followed is one of the largest and bloodiest forced migrations in history."
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"Would we actually have been better off if partition had not happened?"
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"With closed eyes,
I often travel across the border,
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to meet Mehdi Hasan.
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Eyes do not need visas,
Dreams have no borders."
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Let's begin this video with actual history
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because understanding it will allow us
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to know what could have been done to prevent the partition.
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Let's begin with the year 1857.
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The Revolt of 1857.
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In which Hindus and Muslims
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came together to fight the British.
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The British were largely taken back,
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and they implemented their Divide and Rule policy after that.
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In the late 1880s, the Two Nation Theory was discussed for the first time.
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By Syed Ahmad Khan.
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In this inciteful speeches.
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I talked about this in detail in the video on Partition
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I have published 2 videos on the partition of 20 minutes each,
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in case you haven't seen those,
the link will be in the description below.
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You can go watch it after this.
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In 1905, Bengal was partitioned,
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by the British along communal lines.
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Next year, in 1906,
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All India Muslim League was founded.
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Then in 1909 came
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the famous Morley-Minto Reforms,
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and in 1919 the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms.
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The British used these
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to politically divide people based on religion.
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By providing separate electorates.
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Separate Electorates meant
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seats for which only the people of the specific religion can vote.
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Such as some Muslim seats,
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for which only Muslims could vote.
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Due to this, the differences between Hindus and Muslims kept getting wider.
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In 1916, the Lucknow Pact was signed
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between Congress's Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
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and Muslim League's Mohammad Ali Jinnah.
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Accordingly, Congress accepted these separate electorates for Muslims.
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Why does Congress do this?
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They assumed this will create unity between Hindus and Muslims.
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But as Gandhi had once said,
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The intention to promote unity between Hindus and Muslims was commendable,
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but to use communal electorate as a shortcut,
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would be detrimental in the long term.
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But the Congress politicians didn't understand this.
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In 1915, the Hindu Mahasabha was established.
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And in 1923, Hitler's fanboy,
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Vinayak Savarkar wrote his book
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Essentials of Hindutva.
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In it, he writes about how Hindutva and Hinduism aren't connected.
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Hindutva is a political ideology,
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And that there's no place for Muslims and Christians in the country.
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He gets the support of RSS leader M.S. Golwalkar.
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Another fanboy of Hitler.
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Going forward in 1925,
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RSS or the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh was established.
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The RSS members were explicitly told
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not to participate in any movement against the British.
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That the Muslims and Christians were the real enemies.
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By this point in time, Hindus and Muslims both
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had organisations to promote the partition.
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Due to this, the period of the 1920s and 1930s,
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was full of large-scale communal riots between the two religions.
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The want for a partition
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was born here.
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In 1933, Rahmat Ali, another fanboy of Hitler,
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wrote a pamphlet titled,
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Now or Never
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Are We To Live Or Perish For Ever?
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This pamphlet is also considered
as the Pakistan Declaration.
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This demanded that the five Northern Provinces
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Punjab, NWFP, Kashmir, Singh, and Balochistan
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be converted into a separate Muslim country
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under the name PAKSTAN.
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Pakstan was later modified to
form the word Pakistan.
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In 1937, Savarkar reiterated his propaganda to divide the nation.
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In the Ahmedabad session of the Hindu Mahasabha, he stated
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that India is not a homogenous and unitarian nation.
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That there exists two nations in India.
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One for the Hindus and
one for the Muslims.
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3 years later, in 1940,
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Jinnah repeated the same thing in the Lahore Session.
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That the social order of Hindus and Muslims are different.
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They have different civilisations,
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So Muslims should have their distinct homeland.
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British Viceroy Linlithgow supported him.
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The then British Prime Minister Winston Churchill believed that
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if Pakistan became a country,
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it will remain a faithful friend of the West.
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And would act as a defensive wall
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against the Soviet Union and
socialist India.
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In 1945, Viceroy Wavell stated that
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Winston Churchill favoured a partition.
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He wanted to create 3 countries.
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Pakistan, Hindustan, and Princestan.
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In August 1943,
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Savarkar said that he had no objection to Mr Jinnah's Two Nation Theory.
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He said that it was a historical fact that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations.
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In the midst of these communal speeches, in 1946,
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Elections were called in British India.
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In these elections, Muslims got separate electorates.
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As a result, the Muslim League won 425 seats in the elections.
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Although Congress was still leading with 923 seats.
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But it was clearly evident that the Muslim League was a powerful force.
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And the majority of the Muslim seats were won by the Muslim League.
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Many people point out this fact to say that
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this was the biggest example of
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Muslims voting in favour of Pakistan.
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Because back then, Muslim League clearly favoured the creation of Pakistan.
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But an important fact that is not discussed here
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is that there was no universal franchise in these elections.
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The age of voting was 21 years,
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And not every person could vote.
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There were strict limitations,
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There were property restrictions for voting,
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they needed land ownership,
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they would have paid taxes,
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there were several conditions
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And only by satisfying all conditions
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could a person vote in these elections.
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Overall, the franchise in the Central Assembly
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Only 3% of the total population of the country were eligible to vote.
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And only 13% of the population of the Provincial Assemblies.
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These were basically elections for the upper-class people.
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The average person didn't get the chance to participate in the elections.
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A fun fact, the Hindu Mahasabha won no seats in it.
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Since Muslim League won so many seats,
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in August 1946 the Muslim League called for direct action.
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Jinnah claimed that
India would either be divided
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or destroyed.
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Large-scale violence was seen,
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More than 4,000 people died within 5 days.
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And majorly, the victims of this violence were Hindus.
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Gandhi put his life at risk
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But on that day, partition was merely formalised.
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It was formally implemented.
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In reality, the story of Partition spans decades
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as we saw now.
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To prevent this partition,
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what could have been done?
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Many leaders were against the partition.
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Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru,
Sardar Patel,
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Netaji Bose,
Maulana Azad.
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Several political parties were also against the partition.
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Apart from the Indian National Congress,
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the All India Azad Muslim Conference,
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Unionist Party,
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in fact people like Gandhi
and Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan,
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did not accept the partition till the end.
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But Congress was forced
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to accept the plan of partition at the end
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because the Cabinet Mission Plan that was presented to them,
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Cabinet Mission was a plan in which India would not have been partitioned,
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the Central Government under that plan would have been very weak.
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And the various units of the country
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would have been entitled to
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reconsider their relationship with the Union every 10 years.
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Congress believed this plan to be even more detrimental to the integrity of India.
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Then, Sadar Patel said that
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They believed that accepting
the partition would prevent bloodshed.
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They feared that if the partition was not allowed,
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the Muslim League would incite large-scale violence.
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That the communal tensions would be so enflamed,
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that perhaps even the regiments and police forces
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would be divided along the lines of religion.
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Whether this would have happened or not,
is difficult to speculate,
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but one thing's for certain,
despite the partition,
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unfortunately, there was nationwide bloodshed.
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Some people opine that
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to prevent the partition
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Jinnah should have been the Prime Minister.
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Because Jinnah was chasing
after political power.
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Would this have prevented the partition?
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No.
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Because actually, Jinnah was not the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.
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That was Liaquat Ali Khan.
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In fact, the post of Prime Minister was offered to Jinnah thrice,
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In June 1940, Netaji Subhas made the offer,
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a few months later, C Rajagopalachari made the offer,
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and in April 1947, Gandhi offered Jinnah
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the post of Prime Minister
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hoping that it would avoid the partition.
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But this wasn't possible.
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In my opinion, there are three scenarios
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that could have prevented the partition.
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First, the most simple
and perhaps the most unlikely.
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Gandhi somehow convincing Jinnah
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to prevent the partition.
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And Jinnah giving up his demand for the partition.
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If the leader of the Muslim League was convinced,
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for sure, the partition could have been avoided.
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The second scenario of
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Nathuram Godse assassinating Jinnah instead of Gandhi.
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Godse tried to kill Gandhi multiple times.
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Before the actual assassination of 1948.
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As you know, Gandhi was against the partition.
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And Jinnah was in favour of it.
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Even so, for some reason, Godse didn't try to kill Jinnah.
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Had Godse assassinated Jinnah,
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perhaps Muslim League would have been bereft of a leader
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to continue with the demand for the partition.
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And perhaps the partition would have been avoided.
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In this case, there could have been an alternate scenario.
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After Jinnah's assassination,
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perhaps nationwide communal riots would have been seen.
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And the divide between the people would have widened.
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But the third scenario is the most sure shot scenario in my opinion,
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of preventing the partition in the truest sense.
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In 1945, the government of Britain changed.
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Winston Churchill stepped down from the position of Prime Minister,
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And the new British Prime Minister
was Clemen Attlee.
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of the Labour Party.
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Friends, interestingly, the Labour Party stood against Imperialism.
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And Clement Attlee was against India's Partition.
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This isn't an imaginary situation,
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this actually happened.
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he tried to prevent the partition.
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But he was quite late to take any action.
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Had the Labour Party come into power in Britain sooner,
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or had Prime Minister Clement Attlee taken action earlier
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to prevent communal actions in India,
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the partition could have been avoided.
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To do so, the first thing he needed to do
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was to repeal the policy of Reserved Electorate.
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To bring in a universal franchise.
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To give every adult Indian the right to vote.
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Had this happened and all citizens could vote,
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perhaps Muslim League would have faced heavy losses,
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in the 1946 elections.
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When Jinnah made the announcement for Direct Action,
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had the police arrested and imprisoned him,
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the riots could have been stopped.
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Had the British Indian government
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taken apt action by implementing laws against hate speech,
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to control the communal atmosphere,
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for sure, the partition could have been avoided.
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By doing so, by the time the British left our country in 1947
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we would've been left with
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a Secular, Democratic United India.
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There's no doubt that United India would have been a secular country
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because Congress never compromised on the ideology of secularism.
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The first advantage is very clear.
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Nearly 20 million people were displaced due to the partition.
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Millions of families were torn apart.
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It's estimated that 200,000 - 2 million people died,
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during the partition.
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Their lives would have been saved.
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But this doesn't mean that the communal tensions
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between Hindus and Muslims spanning decades,
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would have abruptly ended.
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The new Prime Minister of the Nation,
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru,
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would have had to face a new challenge.
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To unite people from all religions.
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Today, 78% of the Indian population is Hindu,
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14% Muslims,
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But the demographics of United India would have been
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62% Hindus,
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and 32% Muslims.
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Overall, the total population of the country would have been 1.76 Billion.
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Easily the most populated country in the world.
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The initial years would have been crucial.
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People were wary of each other.
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That had to end.
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It would have been impossible to do so with only superficial steps.
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Like the Ethnic Integration Policy implemented in Singapore,
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Similar policies would have been needed
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to unite Hindus and Muslims in United India.
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In government housing, government societies,
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a percentage should be set
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for the maximum number of Hindus allotted homes there,
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and the maximum percentage of Muslims allotted homes there.
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so that various ghettos aren't formed.
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I discussed this in detail in the video on Singapore,
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in case you haven't watched it,
the link is in the description below.
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If, for any reason,
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it became impossible to keep the country united,
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the future would have been even more devastating.
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Yugoslavia is a big example of this.
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That was divided into parts,
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because they couldn't keep the ethnicities united.
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But let's assume the positive here,
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let's assume that Pandit Nehru
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turned out to be successful in keeping the nation united.
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Brotherhood among people was fostered,
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and they lived peacefully.
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The next impact would have been
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on the people of East Pakistan.
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The major reason for the creation of the country Bangladesh was
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the atrocities by the Pakistani government
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on the Bengali people.
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Urdu imposition was a big factor in this.
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People living in Bengal were forced to accept Urdu.
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This wouldn't have happened in United India.
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So there would've been no need to create the nation of Bangladesh.
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And once again, millions of lives would have been spared in this scenario.
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The illegal immigration from Bangladesh
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into the Northeastern States that we see today
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would not happen since it would be a part of our country.
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Another conflict, that would not have existed.
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United India would have been an even more diverse country
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than the present-day India,
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so the language of communication between various regions,
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would have remained English, as it is now.
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In fact, English would have gained more importance
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due to the higher population of Urdu and Bangla-speaking people.
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The domination of the Hindi language in United India would have been reduced.
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And the geopolitical impact of United India would have been very interesting.
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Because, friends, the 1970s was the era of the Cold War.
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The Cold War was in full fledge between America and the Soviet Union.
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While other countries were being pushed into it.
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Pakistan became a proxy of America.
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Since Afghanistan is a landlocked country,
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to send weapons to Afghanistan,
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in order to support the anti-Soviet fighters,
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America dispatched the weapons through Pakistan.
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This eventually led to the birth of Taliban.
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For their own interests, America supported religious extremism there.
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But had it been United India
instead of Pakistan,
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a bigger and stronger country,
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in this Cold War,
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it would have been easier for a country of that size to remain neutral.
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In fact, India was neutral in the Cold War to a large extent.
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This would have left no other option for the Americans,
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for sending weapons into Afghanistan,
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so perhaps, Taliban wouldn't have existed.
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If you are interested to know the history of Taliban,
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I made two videos on it,
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In the description, I will put their links as well.
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Had the Taliban not existed,
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And neither did the country of Pakistan,
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so the regional tensions that exist
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and the terrorist organisations that exist,
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none of them would have existed.
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Perhaps, Afghanistan would have been a major ally of India.
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In such cases, in terms of regional geopolitics,
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the Kashmir issue wouldn't have even started.
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In the 1980s, we saw the rise of terrorism in the Kashmir region.
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It is said that Pakistan played a major role in it.
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Kashmiri pandits went through an exodus,
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they had to flee their homes.
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Even now, the Kashmiri pandits are on a strike
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to demand their rights.
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Kashmiri Muslims live under the shadow of terrorism for 30 years.
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Look at this recent tweet from Kashmir's police,
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from 31st December 2022,
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In 2022, 29 civilians were killed by terrorists.
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Of which 21 were locals,
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6 of them Hindus,
3 Kashmiri pandits,
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and 15 Muslims.
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There's a terrorist attack almost every month.
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All of this could have been avoided.
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On top of it, friends,
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4 wars have been fought between India and Pakistan.
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In 1947, 1965, 1971, and in 1999.
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All of them could have been avoided.
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Hundreds of thousands of people who died in these wars,
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could have lived.
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Another result of this would be
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that the huge expenditure on defence by both countries,
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million would have been saved from there.
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In June 2022, Pakistan's Finance Minister,
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allocated PKR 1,523 Billion for defence.
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On the other hand, the Indian Finance Minister told us,
00:16:55
that the Defence Budget of India for 2022-23 was ₹5,250 Billion.
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We could have saved nearly ₹7 Trillion every year.
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Imagine if this money was
00:17:05
spent on things like Education,
Healthcare, and Infrastructure.
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In terms of infrastructure and economic development, United India
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would have been much ahead.
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It's not that United India would not have needed to guard its borders,
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the threat from China would have still existed.
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But even a country like China would be wary about
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displeasing a country of this size.
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In terms of the people,
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for the people living in Pakistan
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their lives would have been better in United India.
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Because while India became a republic in 1950,
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and the first elections in India were conducted in 1952,
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"India, that is Bharat,
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shall be a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic."
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While on the other hand,
00:17:44
it took many more years for Pakistan to adopt a Constitution.
00:17:48
Their first constitution was adopted in 1956,
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after which it was suspended and martial law was imposed.
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Another constitution was adopted in 1962,
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another martial law was imposed after that.
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Another constitution in 1973,
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that was suspended yet again,
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and restored after 1985.
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"I would like to thank the House,
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for once again reposing
00:18:09
confidence in me."
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It took so long to have a proper constitution.
00:18:13
Repeated military coups were seen.
00:18:15
Till now, none of Pakistan's Prime Ministers
00:18:18
have been able to complete their full term of 5 years.
00:18:21
In the Democracy Index, Pakistan scores
00:18:24
a mere 4.31 out of 10.
00:18:26
It is classified as a Hybrid regime.
00:18:28
In the Global Peace Index, Pakistan ranks 147.
00:18:31
In terms of GDP per capita,
Pakistan is at 144th rank,
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and it has high inequality as well.
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Somewhere or the other,
there's a correlation of these aspects
00:18:38
with religion.
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Surveys conducted all across the world have repeatedly shown that
00:18:42
how the poorest nations in the world
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place high importance on religion.
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And the developed countries of the world,
00:18:48
do not consider religion to be important.
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Had Pakistan been a secular country,
00:18:53
these factors would have shown improvements.
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Due to this extremism,
00:18:58
minorities in Pakistan have to suffer.
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Sikhs, Hindus, Shia Muslims,
Ahmadiya Muslims,
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have to face discrimination.
00:19:05
But even the majority religion of the country isn't living happily.
00:19:08
The problems of inflation and unemployment are keenly felt in Pakistan.
00:19:12
And our selective media in India,
00:19:14
likes to preach about this a lot.
00:19:16
"Youth in Pakistan are struggling with unemployment.
00:19:19
Pakistan is dealing with high inflation.
00:19:21
Pakistan has forced its citizens to buy fuels are higher rates."
00:19:25
So one thing is for certain that
00:19:26
in United India, our media
00:19:29
would have a scapegoat like Pakistan
00:19:31
which they could drag about as news.
00:19:33
Perhaps they would have talked more about Afghanistan then.
00:19:36
Or maybe even about Iran.
00:19:38
But they would've been forced to discuss meaningful things.
00:19:41
It's not that the minorities in India do not have to suffer discriminations,
00:19:45
like they do in Pakistan,
00:19:46
In India, Muslims and Dalits are subjected to atrocities.
00:19:49
Hindus are killed in riots too.
00:19:51
But this isn't because India is secular.
00:19:54
It is because the people dishing out the atrocities,
00:19:56
consider secularism to be derogatory.
00:19:59
We see religious extremism in India too.
00:20:01
Which leads to such incidents.
00:20:05
A major impact of United India would be on Internal Politics as well.
00:20:09
The politicians that base their politics on Pakistan,
00:20:13
About how they showed Pakistan its place,
00:20:15
or how the opposition favours Pakistan,
00:20:18
In United India, these conspiracy theories and propaganda
00:20:21
would have failed.
00:20:22
Perhaps then, they would have to use China
00:20:24
to carry on their politics.
00:20:26
A famous quote from George Orwell's book 1984 says,
00:20:31
This book talks about a country that
00:20:33
is constantly at war with other countries.
00:20:35
The country with which they are at war isn't important.
00:20:37
It's simply important to be at war.
00:20:39
They need to be at war.
00:20:41
Because war helps create this special mental atmosphere.
00:20:45
Society remains misdirected.
00:20:47
In terms of GDP, perhaps it might not have had a major impact,
00:20:49
because India's GDP is quite high than Pakistan's or Bangladesh's.
00:20:53
India doesn't lack natural resources,
00:20:55
but there would have been a difference in the sense that
00:20:57
had United India remained a stable secular country
00:21:00
it would have attracted more foreign investment.
00:21:02
It would have been a major market for the rest of the world,
00:21:05
and the soft power of the country would have been much more
00:21:08
than it is today.
00:21:09
United India would have easily been on the same level as the USA and China.
00:21:14
After hearing this you would
00:21:15
want this to happen.
00:21:17
But unfortunately, the country United India
00:21:20
does not exist.
00:21:22
Friends, do not be disappointed.
00:21:24
It's true that our forefathers weren't successful in this.
00:21:27
But remember that the future lies in our hands.
00:21:30
What happens in the future
00:21:31
we are the ones to decide that.
00:21:33
We could not prevent the partition.
00:21:34
But we can have a reunification.
00:21:37
If East Germany and West Germany could reunite,
00:21:40
If North Vietnam and South Vietnam could reunite,
00:21:43
why can't India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh reunite?
00:21:46
When people think of reunification,
00:21:49
they think in a Top-Bottom Approach,
00:21:51
they wait for a leader
00:21:54
a great person to reunite India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
00:21:58
Bringing forth a miracle.
00:22:00
But friends, this won't happen.
00:22:02
Change moves from the bottom to the top.
00:22:05
The sentiment of reunification
00:22:08
needs to come among the people.
00:22:09
When the public supports this,
00:22:11
it will give rise to a great politician
00:22:14
who will take up the issue on behalf of the people,
00:22:16
to get their votes.
00:22:18
And only then can this be possible.
00:22:19
As you have seen in this video
00:22:21
partition didn't happen in a day.
00:22:23
It was a long and complex process.
00:22:26
From 1875 to 1947,
00:22:29
it took place in different stages.
00:22:32
When we talk about reunification,
00:22:34
we need to understand that it is a long-drawn process.
00:22:37
Step by step, the events that eventually led to the partition,
00:22:41
we need to reverse those step-by-step.
00:22:44
We need to end discrimination against minorities.
00:22:47
We need to end communal politics.
00:22:49
The politics using religion,
00:22:51
needs to be put to an end.
00:22:52
We need to end the hatred between
Hindus and Muslims.
00:22:56
And when all three countries,
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
00:22:58
are successful at internally implementing this in their countries,
00:23:02
eventually, this will foster cooperation between the three.
00:23:05
And reunification will seem like the natural step.
00:23:08
This was how the European Union was formed.
00:23:12
Countries like Germany and France
00:23:13
that were once great enemies,
00:23:16
ended this hatred in their countries.
00:23:18
Cooperation increased,
00:23:20
unity deepened.
00:23:21
And eventually, step by step,
00:23:23
the European Union was formed.
00:23:25
This is how an Asian Union could be formed.
00:23:29
What do you think?
00:23:30
Comment below.
00:23:32
And do remember,
00:23:34
the narrative will spread from bottom to top.
00:23:36
Thank you very much!
