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hi welcome to i educator
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this is teacher jeff i'm an educator
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and an engineer by profession and today
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we will discuss chapter one and chapter
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one
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is all about the introduction to
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ergonomics
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and today i will be highlighting four
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key areas as our topic outline
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first is the focus of ergonomics
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second is the disciplines associated
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with
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ergonomics third is the brief history of
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ergonomics and lastly the ergonomics
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domains
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of specialization whether you're an
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ergonomics professional or you're new to
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the field
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it's actually helpful every once in a
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while
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to take a broad view of what ergonomics
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is
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and how its fundamental principles can
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be applied
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at the very least you'll be able to
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explain
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what ergonomics is in a social setting
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at the very best you'll start to see how
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deeply the field of ergonomics impacts
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your world
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at work at home and the places
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in between today we will discuss for
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example the focus
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of ergonomics first now what is meant
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by ergonomics ergonomics
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according to international ergonomics
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association
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it is defined as the scientific
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discipline
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concerned with the understanding of
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interactions
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among humans and other elements of a
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system
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and the profession that applies theory
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principles data and methods to design
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in order to optimize human well-being
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and overall system performance
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if we see scientific discipline
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it means that ergonomics is a branch
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of scientific knowledge and if we see
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concerned
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with the understanding of interactions
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among humans and other elements of a
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system
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it means that it is concerned with how
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humans
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interact with the tools and equipment
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they use
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while performing tasks and other
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activities
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now ergonomics comes from the greek
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words
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ergon which means work and
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namas which means loss so literally
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speaking
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ergonomics means the loss of work
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or the signs of work now the workplace
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is not the only place to think
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about when considering ergonomics
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many hobbies and everyday activities
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performed
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outside of the workplace can be sources
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of
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ergonomic stressors one example would be
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home computing or gaming
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now many people these days use their
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computer
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or gaming console at home to unwind
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but these pursuits at home can provide
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just as much opportunity for static
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and awkward postures as you can see on
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the first picture
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if you are a console gamer remember to
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take breaks
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and shift position regularly as you can
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see
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on the second picture from sitting to
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standing
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position or if not you can just
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sit directly in front of the screen
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preferably at the distance
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where you can view the entire screen at
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one time
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with your neck in a neutral position
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the hand should not be tilt backward
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forward or
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twisted to the side just like what you
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can see in the first picture which is
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the wrong way this is exactly the wrong
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way because you can get
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musculoskeletal disorder or
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msd another example that would be
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handheld devices now many people are
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spending
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more and more time with their tablets
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and smartphones
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but these are not or these are not free
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of ergonomic stressor
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as you can see in the first photo the
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man is flexing his neck
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and hand to look at his device in
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the lab which is obviously wrong because
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it requires
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isometric contraction of neck extensor
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muscles
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to hold the head in an imbalanced
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posture
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if we continue to do this then most
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likely we will experience a strain on
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the neck
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and therefore the right posture or
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position
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should be on the second image we should
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bring the device up to the eye level
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because doing it would relieve the
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stress on our
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neck now another example
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that would be gardening now gardening
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can be hard
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on the body due to the propensity for
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prolonged
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awkward postures and in general
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good ergonomics basics should be
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remembered
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while gardening we need to keep work
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close
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to you take frequent rest breaks
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maintain mutual postures whenever
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possible
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and use the proper tools just like as
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shown on the slide presentation
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and another topic we have workplace
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ergonomics remember workplace design
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is the science of designing the
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workplace
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keeping in mind the capabilities and
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limitations
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of the workers now when we design the
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workplace
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it should be the best design possible
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because if not
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then poor worksite design leads to
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fatigued
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frustrated and hurting employees
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and because of this we should not expect
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our workers
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to be productive and more likely it
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leads to a painful and
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costly injury lower productivity
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and poor products quality now the first
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example that we have that is evident
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in workplace ergonomics that would be
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material handling as you can see on our
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first
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example it is an example of material
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handling or simply how materials are
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being moved
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stored protected and
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controlled throughout the manufacturing
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warehousing distribution consumption
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and disposal as you can see in the
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sample
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pictures material handling in this case
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incorporated manual process which is
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quite
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hazardous not only to the product but
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also to the workers themselves
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workers may experience musculoskeletal
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disorders or msds
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for lifting heavy materials
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and because we have msds this will make
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them
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easily get stressed and fatigued and
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because of stress
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and employee fatigue this will
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eventually result to employee
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absenteeism
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and because of absenteeism they will
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most likely get
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demotivated returning back to work
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and so for this matter this will
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increase our
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employee turnover okay and the second
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example
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that is evident in the workplace
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ergonomics
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that would be work height positioning
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as you can notice in the first picture
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the working is or the worker rather
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is working on the floor which can be
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hazardous to
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the part of the worker because workers
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may get
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back pain now in order to improve this
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we need to ensure that workers are
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working at the right
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height okay another example of workplace
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ergonomics is the tools and materials
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used by the operators in carrying out
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their tasks as you can see on the
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picture
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or in the example given in the first
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image the operator is using a wooden
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steps tool
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which is actually prone to accident
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because
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if in case there's a broken part of the
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steps tool
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without the knowledge of the operator
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then it can cause
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either injury or death of the employee
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and so therefore this is evaluations
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or ergonomics so we should use
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an ansi or american national standards
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institute approved steps tool which
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you can see at the right portion or in
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the second
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image okay so these are a brief
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overview of ergonomics and these are
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just some of the many examples of
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ergonomics at home and at work
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and so for this matter in order to
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remove
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risk factors which will lead to msds or
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injuries and allow for improved human or
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operator performance and productivity
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we should implement a home ergonomics
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or workplace ergonomics improvement
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process
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now by making improvements to the word
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process
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we are actually removing barriers
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to maximum safe work performance
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we are also providing our workers with a
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job
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that is within their body's capabilities
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and limitations
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now if this ergonomics improvement
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process is done well
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then it can be a key contributor to our
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company's
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competitiveness in the marketplace
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and provide a better work experience for
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the people and next
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if we say the profession that applies
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theory principles data
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and methods to design in order to
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optimize
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human well-being and overall systems
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performance
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it means that ergonomics just on many
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disciplines
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to optimize the interaction between the
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work
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environment and the worker these
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disciplines
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are the following so we have
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anthropometry biomechanics
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industrial engineering industrial design
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information design kinesiology
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physiology and lastly we have psychology
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so we will discuss the first discipline
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associated with ergonomics and that
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would be
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anthropometry now when we see
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anthropometry
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it refers to the physical measurement of
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the human body
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now according to cyril romello rodriguez
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um anyas of 2001
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since ergonomics is the signs of work
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of the people who do it and the way it
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is
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done the tools and equipment they use
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the places they work in and the
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physiological
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aspects of the working environment
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therefore
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anthropometry helps design to fit
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body sizes of the users appropriate
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working levels adequate workspace
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and it also helps avoid overcrowding
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of machines and workers now the second
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discipline
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that is associated with ergonomics
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that would be bio mechanics now
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according to hack
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and cooper 2015 in their journal
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entitled ergonomics biomechanics
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and msds a review biomechanics is the
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study
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of the structural elements of the human
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body
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in relation to how the body functions
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and how much stress acceleration
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and impact it can stand now presently
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the total energy demanded from a person
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in the performance of an industrial task
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has often been drastically reduced
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through better engineering and
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technology
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what i mean about this is that most
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companies nowadays are
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already employing automation
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in their production processes despite
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this
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stress may be created in small
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components
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of the workers anatomy ergonomists
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use information about the functional
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anatomy
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of the living body to eliminate reduce
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or manage such stresses and so for
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this matter biomechanics is important
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in ergonomics because it looks into
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appropriate work postures such as
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sitting and standing it also looks into
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safe load lifting and carrying
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techniques
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and lastly it also looks into
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adapting proper techniques in manual
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material handling process now aside from
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biomechanics
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we also have industrial engineering
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now another discipline where ergonomics
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is very useful
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is industrial engineering now
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we know for a fact that all engineers
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work
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in planning designing implementing
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and controlling the systems that enable
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people to use
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technology right however
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industrial engineers in turn design
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systems and when i say we design systems
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it means that industrial engineers help
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in the design of machines the design
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of production processes and design of
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management
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systems and the design of workstations
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or production layout in fact
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the industrial engineer has a dual role
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first to extend the human capability to
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operate manage and control the overall
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production
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systems and the second is to ensure
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the safety and well-being of those
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working
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in the system and that is why
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we help companies in the elimination of
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risk factors
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associated in the environment or
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working environment and aside from the
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other disciplines mentioned
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we also have industrial design
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now according to industrial designers
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society of america
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industrial design or id is the
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professional service
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of creating and developing concepts
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and specifications that optimize the
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function
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value and appearance of products and
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systems
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for the mutual benefit of both user and
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manufacturer having said that
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industrial design looks into the
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aesthetics
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of the mass-produced product it also
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looks
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into the usability of the product
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in a way that provides ease and
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convenience to the users
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and since industrial design is concerned
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with the human aspects of machine made
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products
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and their relationship to people and the
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environment
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that is where ergonomics comes up
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industrial design looks at
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human behavior meaning how the workers
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behave
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in terms of the tools and materials
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that they use in carrying out their
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tasks
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aside from that it also looks into
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machine interface or how comfortable the
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operators
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are with the machines and equipment that
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we
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are using if the height of the machine
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is too low
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or too high or just proportionate to the
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height of the
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operators and lastly it also it is also
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concerned with a general
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working environment of the
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operator and another discipline that
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applies
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ergonomic principles is the information
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design businesses nowadays are concerned
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about the message right car dealers like
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suzuki
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and toyota are actually trying to
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convince us
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to come down and look area health clubs
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like
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anytime fitness and gold's gym are also
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trying to convince us to experience
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their facilities and their retailers
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like
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small and pure gold are trying to
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convince us
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to buy their wares in a fast-paced world
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such as ours
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there are only a few precious seconds to
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get
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the message across so how do we do it
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how do we quickly convince us to do
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whatever it is that they want there is
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no
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simple answer actually as we each
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are driven by different things but there
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are some common elements
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to be considered information design
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is the area that deals with these
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things and human factors the specific
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topic so what are human factors then
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when we say human factors these are the
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ways
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in which we interact with the objects
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or people in other words our senses
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the sight the hearing touch
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smell and taste therefore ergonomics
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is applicable in information design
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because
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information design is the process of
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presenting
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information in a manner such that it can
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be
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understood immediately and often
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because of our dependence on eyesight
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this is visual but it isn't necessary
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radio commercials as an example don't
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have a visual
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component you hear a voice or voices
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along with background sounds that give
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the impression
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of a specific setting similarly
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taste tests usually don't involve a
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visual component
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some even use blindfolds to remove any
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visual bias
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in each of these cases
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information design promotes the message
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in the form that most efficiently gets
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the meaning across okay next
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we have kinesiology
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kinesiology involves the study of muscle
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movement
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and physical activity when we say
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kinesiology and
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ergonomics kinesiology and ergonomics
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come together in the design process
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as ergonomics is concerned with the
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human body's performance
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as it relates to the physical
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environment
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when applied in the workplace the goal
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of keynesiology
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is to prevent workplace injury
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and improve human machine interaction
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in fact an employer may employ a
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kinesiology
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to assist in workplace wellness as part
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of a comprehensive workplace
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wellness program a kinesiologist may be
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responsible
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for creating a wellness space within the
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workplace
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leading stretch and exercise programs
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and providing on-site rehabilitative
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services another discipline that has
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ergonomics application is work
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physiology
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human factors and ergonomics is the
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application
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of physiological and physiological
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principles to the engineering
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and design of products processes
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and systems and so for this matter
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physiology helps control excessive
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physical loads
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it also helps avoid physical and
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muscular fatigue
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it helps adequate rest causes
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and it also helps arrangement of static
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and dynamic work and lastly
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we have psychology as we all know
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psychology is the science of mind and
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behavior
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and therefore it helps avoid perceptual
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and mental load fatigue especially
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on the side of our operators or
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employees
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aside from that appropriate design of
00:22:02
displays
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and control appropriate conditions for
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vigilance tasks avoid human error
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and stress and also it helps job
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motivation
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and satisfaction and so
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these are the disciplines that are
00:22:20
applicable in ergonomics
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okay or have direct relationship
00:22:27
to ergonomics okay so what is
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meant by ergonomics ergonomics
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is also synonymous with human factors
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engineering now as you can see on the
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tabulation
00:22:41
we have human factors and engineering
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as you can notice we have a listing of
00:22:48
different topics
00:22:49
that are covered under human factors and
00:22:53
in engineering now the main goal take
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note
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the main goal of human factors is to
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reduce costs
00:23:02
improve productivity improve
00:23:05
quality improve employee engagement
00:23:09
and create a better safety culture
00:23:13
now some of the listings under
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human factors we have physical and
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mental work capacity
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fatigue body forces strength and posture
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body sizes thermal comfort
00:23:29
heat or stress or cold stress
00:23:32
vision and so on and so forth okay
00:23:36
these are examples of human factors
00:23:39
and on the engineering side examples
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would be
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industrial design workplace design
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product design furniture design
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machine design ventilation lighting
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acoustics and so on and so forth
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okay so next a key
00:24:00
area that i'm gonna be discussing or
00:24:02
highlighting to you today
00:24:04
that would be the history of ergonomics
00:24:08
now as you can see on the presentation
00:24:10
in
00:24:11
ancient societies some have stated that
00:24:15
human ergonomics began with the asha
00:24:19
lopethius prometheus or also known as
00:24:23
the little foot a primate who created
00:24:27
handheld tools out of different types of
00:24:30
stones
00:24:31
clearly distinguishing between tools
00:24:34
based on their ability to perform
00:24:36
designated tasks
00:24:38
now the foundations of the science of
00:24:40
ergonomics
00:24:42
appear to have been laid within the
00:24:44
context of the culture
00:24:46
of ancient greece a good deal of
00:24:49
evidence
00:24:50
indicates that greek civilization in the
00:24:53
5th
00:24:53
century bc used ergonomics principles
00:24:57
in the design of their tools jobs and
00:25:00
workplaces
00:25:02
and one outstanding example of this
00:25:05
can be found in the description
00:25:07
hippocrates
00:25:09
gave of how a surgeon's workplace
00:25:12
should be designed and how the tools he
00:25:15
uses
00:25:16
should be arranged in industrial
00:25:18
societies
00:25:20
bernardino ramoxini was one of the first
00:25:24
people
00:25:24
to systematically study the illness that
00:25:28
resulted from work
00:25:30
earning himself the nickname as the
00:25:32
father
00:25:33
of occupational medicine now in the late
00:25:37
1600s and early
00:25:39
1700s visited
00:25:42
many worksites where he documented the
00:25:45
movement
00:25:46
of laborers and spoke to them about
00:25:49
their
00:25:49
ailments now in 1857
00:25:55
chick jacqui bosque a polish scientist
00:25:59
inventor naturalist and professor
00:26:03
was the one who coined the word
00:26:05
ergonomics
00:26:06
it was first used in the magazine nature
00:26:10
and industry in his article ergonomics
00:26:14
in sketch or theory of work
00:26:17
based on laws derived from nature
00:26:20
and in the 19th century
00:26:24
frederick w taylor pioneered the
00:26:27
scientific management
00:26:29
a method which proposed a way to find
00:26:32
the optimal method
00:26:34
of carrying out a given task
00:26:37
now taylor found that he could for
00:26:39
example
00:26:41
triple the amount of coal that workers
00:26:44
were shoveling by incrementally reducing
00:26:47
the size and weight of
00:26:49
coal shovels until the fastest shoveling
00:26:52
rate was
00:26:53
reached frank and lillian gilbreth
00:26:57
expanded then taylor's methods
00:27:00
in the early 1900s to develop
00:27:04
time and motion study they aimed to
00:27:07
improve
00:27:08
efficiency by eliminating unnecessary
00:27:12
steps
00:27:12
and actions however this approach was
00:27:16
rejected
00:27:17
by russian researchers who focus
00:27:20
on the well-being of the worker at the
00:27:23
first conference on scientific
00:27:25
organization of labor bacteriv
00:27:29
and maya chev criticized taylorism
00:27:33
bacteriv argued that the ultimate ideal
00:27:36
of the labor problem is not in terrorism
00:27:40
but is in such organization of labor
00:27:43
process
00:27:44
that would yield a maximum of efficiency
00:27:48
coupled with a minimum of health hazards
00:27:51
absence of fatigue and a guarantee of
00:27:54
the sound health
00:27:55
and all-around personal development of
00:27:58
the working people
00:28:00
now world war ii marked the development
00:28:04
of new complex machines and weaponry
00:28:07
and this made new demands on operators
00:28:11
cognition it was no longer possible to
00:28:14
adapt that similaristic principle
00:28:17
of matching individuals to pre-existing
00:28:21
jobs
00:28:22
now the design of equipment had to take
00:28:25
into account human limitations and
00:28:29
take advantage of human capabilities
00:28:32
all right so this is just a brief
00:28:36
history of ergonomics how it
00:28:39
started and who the proponents
00:28:42
are as well okay moving on to our next
00:28:46
key area that would be ergonomics
00:28:49
domains
00:28:49
of specialization now the ergonomics is
00:28:53
composed
00:28:54
of three domains first is the physical
00:28:58
ergonomics second is the cognitive
00:29:01
ergonomics third is the organizational
00:29:05
ergonomics so first let us discuss
00:29:09
what physical ergonomics is if we say
00:29:12
physical ergonomics
00:29:14
it is concerned with the human
00:29:16
anatomical
00:29:18
anthropometric physiological
00:29:21
and biomechanical characteristics
00:29:24
as they relate to physical activity
00:29:28
now when we say physical ergonomics this
00:29:31
is the ergonomics
00:29:32
domain we are most concerned with
00:29:36
in the workplace and most of the content
00:29:39
on this side
00:29:40
is very much focused on workplace
00:29:43
ergonomics
00:29:44
and workplace ergonomics is about
00:29:46
fitting workplace conditions
00:29:49
and job demands to the capabilities of
00:29:52
working population
00:29:54
when jobs are designed to match the
00:29:56
capabilities of
00:29:58
people it results in better work
00:30:01
being produced and a better experience
00:30:04
for the person
00:30:05
doing it now the benefits of workplace
00:30:09
ergonomics that would be
00:30:11
a cost reduction productivity
00:30:14
improvement
00:30:16
quality improvement employee
00:30:19
engagement improvement and we also have
00:30:23
the creation
00:30:25
of a better safety culture okay
00:30:28
why is it that reduces cost
00:30:31
is considered to be as one of the
00:30:34
benefits of workplace
00:30:36
ergonomics now one of the benefits of
00:30:38
workplace
00:30:39
ergonomics is the cost reduction
00:30:43
now the question is how can we reduce
00:30:46
the cost then
00:30:47
well we can reduce the cost by
00:30:50
systematically
00:30:51
reducing ergonomic risk factors
00:30:55
if we do this then we can prevent
00:30:58
the costly musculoskeletal disorders
00:31:02
with approximately one dollar out of
00:31:06
every three dollar in workers
00:31:08
compensation
00:31:09
costs attributed to musculoskeletal
00:31:14
disorders
00:31:15
this represents an opportunity for
00:31:18
significant
00:31:19
cost savings also
00:31:23
one of the benefits of workplace
00:31:25
ergonomics
00:31:26
is improves productivity it will
00:31:29
improve productivity by designing a job
00:31:33
to allow for good posture less
00:31:36
exertion fewer motions and better
00:31:39
heights and reaches
00:31:41
the workstation becomes more efficient
00:31:46
and next we have improves quality
00:31:50
remember the poor ergonomics leads to
00:31:53
frustrated
00:31:55
and fatigued workers that don't do their
00:31:58
best work
00:31:59
right when the job task is to physically
00:32:02
taxing
00:32:03
on the worker they may not perform their
00:32:06
job
00:32:07
like they were trained for for example
00:32:10
an employee might not fasten as true
00:32:14
tight enough due to a high force
00:32:16
requirement
00:32:18
which could create a product quality
00:32:21
issue okay so the next benefit
00:32:24
that would be improves employee
00:32:27
engagement employees
00:32:30
notice when the company is putting forth
00:32:33
their best efforts
00:32:35
to ensure their health and safety if an
00:32:38
employee does not
00:32:40
experience fatigue and discomfort
00:32:43
during their work day it can reduce
00:32:46
turnover
00:32:47
it can decrease absenteeism and it can
00:32:50
improve
00:32:52
morale and increase employee involvement
00:32:56
as well now the last benefit of
00:32:58
workplace ergonomics that would be
00:33:00
creates a better safety culture
00:33:04
ergonomics shows your company's
00:33:06
commitment
00:33:08
to safety and health as a core value
00:33:11
the cumulative effect of the previous
00:33:14
four benefits of
00:33:15
ergonomics is a stronger safety
00:33:18
culture for your company remember
00:33:22
healthy employees are your most valuable
00:33:25
asset creating and fostering the safety
00:33:28
and health culture
00:33:29
at your company will lead to a better
00:33:32
human performance for your
00:33:35
organization okay so these are
00:33:38
the benefits of workplace ergonomics
00:33:42
and we also have workplace ergonomics
00:33:46
process
00:33:46
how do we go about with workplace
00:33:49
ergonomics process now a proactive
00:33:53
ergonomics process identifies
00:33:56
ergonomics risk factors and then
00:33:59
reduces them through engineering and
00:34:02
administrative controls
00:34:04
before an injury occurs now conducting
00:34:08
an ergonomics
00:34:09
risk assessment in response to an injury
00:34:13
isn't a bad thing to do in fact it's
00:34:16
what
00:34:16
you should do but there's a reactive
00:34:19
approach
00:34:20
and if you keep doing what you're doing
00:34:23
then you're going to keep
00:34:24
getting out in front of the problem by
00:34:27
being proactive
00:34:29
remember but above all else
00:34:33
a world-class ergonomics program is
00:34:35
proactive
00:34:37
and viewed as a strategic continuous
00:34:40
improvement process that makes a
00:34:43
positive
00:34:43
impact on the entire business
00:34:47
in other words ergonomics shouldn't be
00:34:49
an afterthought
00:34:51
if your ergonomics program is in
00:34:53
reactive mode
00:34:55
it will only have a marginal impact on
00:34:58
your facility at best
00:35:00
now here is a deeper dive into the
00:35:03
ergonomics
00:35:04
improvement process we usually
00:35:07
implement okay step number one
00:35:11
prioritize jobs for ergonomic
00:35:14
analysis what do we mean by this
00:35:18
this prioritized list should be
00:35:20
developed
00:35:21
by the ergonomics team based on an
00:35:24
initial facility tour review
00:35:27
of musculoskeletal disorder history
00:35:31
and data collected by employee service
00:35:35
okay that's step number one step number
00:35:38
two
00:35:38
in workplace ergonomics process that
00:35:41
would be to conduct
00:35:43
ergonomic analysis risk
00:35:46
this analysis will objectively measure
00:35:49
risk
00:35:50
for each job in the workplace and help
00:35:52
you develop
00:35:53
an ergonomics opportunity list
00:35:57
and step number three after after
00:36:00
conducting the ergonomics analysis step
00:36:03
number three would be
00:36:05
developing an ergonomic opportunity less
00:36:09
now developing an ergonomics opportunity
00:36:12
list
00:36:13
allows you to prioritize company
00:36:16
resources
00:36:17
in order to effectively and efficiently
00:36:20
reduce risk by putting the appropriate
00:36:23
controls
00:36:24
in place and after developing an
00:36:27
ergonomics opportunity list
00:36:30
we are now able to determine
00:36:33
best solution with team approach
00:36:36
here a multi-disciplinary team
00:36:40
should be involved in determining the
00:36:42
best controls
00:36:44
for implementation and step number five
00:36:48
we need to obtain final approval
00:36:51
and implement solution if
00:36:54
the improvement requires a significant
00:36:58
capital expenditures costs justify
00:37:02
the solution to gain approval okay
00:37:05
and lastly we need to evaluate the
00:37:08
ergonomic improvement
00:37:10
for effectiveness once improvements are
00:37:14
in place close the loop on the project
00:37:18
by evaluating the ergonomics improvement
00:37:22
and measuring its effectiveness okay
00:37:25
so this is how we go about with
00:37:28
workplace ergonomics process
00:37:32
so next we will discuss the workplace
00:37:35
ergonomics risk factors
00:37:38
take note that when we see risk factors
00:37:42
these are related to work activity
00:37:45
and ergonomics can make it more
00:37:48
difficult to maintain the balance
00:37:50
between musculoskeletal fatigue and
00:37:54
recovery and increase the probability
00:37:57
that some
00:37:58
individuals may develop an msd
00:38:02
now the primary workplace risk factors
00:38:05
to consider
00:38:06
are high task repetition
00:38:09
forceful exertions and we also have
00:38:13
repetitive or sustained awkward
00:38:16
postures okay when we see high test
00:38:19
repetition many work tasks and
00:38:23
cycles are repetitive in nature right
00:38:26
and are frequently controlled by hourly
00:38:30
or daily production targets and work
00:38:33
processes high task repetition
00:38:36
when combined with other risk factors
00:38:39
such as
00:38:40
high force and awkward postures can
00:38:43
contribute to the formation of
00:38:46
musculoskeletal disorder
00:38:49
a job is considered as highly repetitive
00:38:52
if the cycle time is 30 seconds or less
00:38:57
on the other hand we have forceful
00:39:00
exertions
00:39:01
now many work tasks require
00:39:04
high force loads on the human body
00:39:07
and we cannot deny the fact muscle
00:39:10
effort
00:39:11
increases in response to high force
00:39:14
requirements which is true increasing
00:39:18
associated fatty which can lead to
00:39:22
musculoskeletal disorder as well
00:39:25
and lastly uh the last ergonomic risk
00:39:29
factors that would be
00:39:31
repetitive or sustained awkward
00:39:34
postures now awkward postures place
00:39:37
excessive force on joints and overload
00:39:41
the muscles
00:39:42
and tendons around the affected joint
00:39:45
joints of the body are most efficient
00:39:48
when they
00:39:49
operate closest to the mid-range motion
00:39:52
of the joint
00:39:53
now risk of musculoskeletal disorder
00:39:56
is increased when joints are worked
00:39:59
outside of this mid-range repetitively
00:40:03
or for sustained periods of time
00:40:06
without adequate recovery time
00:40:10
okay so these are our workplace
00:40:13
ergonomics risk factors that we need to
00:40:16
avoid again
00:40:18
the risk factors would be high task
00:40:20
repetition
00:40:22
forceful exertions and sustained
00:40:25
awkward postures okay next
00:40:29
we will be discussing ergonomic
00:40:33
risk assessment tools so what are then
00:40:36
the tools that ergonomists usually use
00:40:40
if they conduct ergonomics assessment or
00:40:44
risk
00:40:44
assessment okay one of the tools used by
00:40:47
the ergonomist
00:40:49
if they assess a risk is what we call
00:40:54
visual lifting calculator now
00:40:57
applying a scientific evidence-based
00:41:00
approach to your ergonomics process
00:41:03
is very important the goal is to
00:41:07
identify
00:41:07
ergonomics risk factors quantify
00:41:11
them and then make measurable
00:41:13
improvements to the workplace
00:41:16
ensuring that jobs and tasks are within
00:41:19
workers capabilities
00:41:21
and limitations now the best approach
00:41:24
for doing that
00:41:25
is to make ergonomics an ongoing process
00:41:29
of risk identification and risk
00:41:32
reduction
00:41:32
based on objective scientific analysis
00:41:36
of your workplace and when we see
00:41:39
we shall lifting calculator this is
00:41:42
developed
00:41:43
by the washington state department of
00:41:46
labor
00:41:46
and industries and based on niosh
00:41:50
research related to the primary causes
00:41:53
of back injuries this lifting calculator
00:41:57
can be used
00:41:58
to perform ergonomics risk assessment
00:42:02
on a wide variety of manual lifting
00:42:05
and lowering tasks and can also be used
00:42:09
as a screening tool to identify lifting
00:42:12
tasks
00:42:13
which should analyze further using the
00:42:16
more
00:42:16
comprehensive niosh lifting
00:42:19
equation which is now our second
00:42:23
risk assessment tool now the niosh
00:42:27
lifting equation
00:42:28
is a tool used by occupational health
00:42:32
and safety professionals to assess
00:42:36
the manual material handling
00:42:39
risks associated with lifting
00:42:42
and lowering tasks in the workplace
00:42:45
this equation considers job task
00:42:48
variables
00:42:49
to determine safe lifting practices and
00:42:52
guidelines now the primary product of
00:42:55
the niosh
00:42:56
lifting equation is the recommended
00:42:59
weight limit or rwl
00:43:03
which defines the maximum acceptable
00:43:06
weight or load
00:43:07
that nearly all healthy employees could
00:43:10
lift over the course of an
00:43:13
eight hour shift without increasing the
00:43:16
risk of musculoskeletal disorder
00:43:19
to the lower back and in addition
00:43:22
the lifting index is calculated to
00:43:25
provide
00:43:26
a relative estimate of the level of
00:43:29
physical stress
00:43:31
and msd risk associated with the manual
00:43:34
lifting tasks
00:43:36
evaluated okay the next risk assessment
00:43:40
tools
00:43:41
that are usually used by the ergonomist
00:43:44
though would be
00:43:45
reba which means rapid entire body
00:43:49
assessment now this tool uses
00:43:52
a systematic process to evaluate
00:43:55
whole body pastural msd
00:43:58
and ergonomics design risks associated
00:44:02
with job
00:44:03
tasks now in reba take note that a
00:44:06
single page form
00:44:08
is usually used to evaluate required
00:44:12
body posture first of all exertions
00:44:16
type of movement or action repetition
00:44:20
and coupling next a score
00:44:23
is then assigned for each of the
00:44:25
following body regions
00:44:27
we have the wrists the four arms
00:44:30
the elbows the shoulders the neck
00:44:34
the trunk the back the legs and the
00:44:37
knees
00:44:38
and after the data for each region is
00:44:41
collected
00:44:42
and scored tables on the form are then
00:44:45
used
00:44:46
to compile the risk factors variables
00:44:50
generating a single score that
00:44:52
represents
00:44:53
that level of msd risk so aside from
00:44:57
reba we also have what we call rula
00:45:00
or which means rapid upper limb
00:45:04
assessment now when we say rula
00:45:07
it is a diagnostic tool that assesses
00:45:11
biomechanical and pastural
00:45:14
load requirements of job tasks or
00:45:17
demands
00:45:18
on the neck trunk and the upper
00:45:21
extremities in rula a single page
00:45:25
form is also used to evaluate
00:45:28
required body posture force and
00:45:31
repetition
00:45:32
now based on the evaluations scores
00:45:36
are then entered for each battery region
00:45:39
in section a for the arm and wrist
00:45:43
okay and section b for the neck
00:45:46
and the trunk after the data for each
00:45:49
region
00:45:50
is collected and scored tables and the
00:45:52
forms are then used
00:45:54
to compile the risk factor variables
00:45:58
generating a single score that
00:46:00
represents
00:46:01
the level of msd risk
00:46:04
okay so the next are risk assessment
00:46:08
tools that ergonomists usually use
00:46:12
though would be liberty mutual manual
00:46:16
material handling tables or also known
00:46:19
as
00:46:19
the snow tables now this table outlines
00:46:23
design goals for various lifting
00:46:27
lowering pushing pulling
00:46:30
and carrying out tasks based on research
00:46:34
done by dr stover snook and dr
00:46:38
vincent cerialo at the liberty mutual
00:46:41
research institute for safety
00:46:44
now the table provides weaker force
00:46:48
values for specific types of tasks
00:46:51
that are deemed to be acceptable to a
00:46:54
defined percentage
00:46:56
of the population and this is done by
00:46:59
comparing
00:47:00
data for each of the specific
00:47:03
manual material handling tasks
00:47:06
against the appropriate table
00:47:09
and finally the last risk assessment
00:47:13
tools
00:47:13
used that would be the washington state
00:47:16
ergonomic and msd risk assessment
00:47:20
checklist now this tool is designed
00:47:24
to actually evaluate ergonomics
00:47:27
risk factors including awkward postures
00:47:31
highly repetitive motions high hand
00:47:35
force repeated impacts
00:47:38
lifting and hand arm vibration
00:47:42
okay so these are the ergonomic
00:47:45
risk assessment tools that are normally
00:47:48
used by the ergonomist
00:47:50
every time they assess a risk in
00:47:54
the production area or in any
00:47:57
area of the company
00:48:00
where there are ergonomic problems
00:48:03
evident
00:48:04
okay so next a domain of ergonomics
00:48:08
those are
00:48:08
all the physical domains of ergonomics
00:48:12
and right now we will discuss the other
00:48:15
domain of ergonomics which is the
00:48:18
cognitive
00:48:19
ergonomics when we see cognitive
00:48:22
ergonomics
00:48:23
this is concerned with mental processes
00:48:27
such as perception memory
00:48:30
reasoning and matter response as they
00:48:34
affect
00:48:34
the interactions among humans and other
00:48:38
elements of a system now the relevant
00:48:41
topics
00:48:42
under cognitive ergonomics that would be
00:48:45
mental workload
00:48:47
decision making skilled performance
00:48:51
human computer interaction human
00:48:54
reliability
00:48:56
works chess and finally we have
00:48:59
training as they may relate to systems
00:49:02
design
00:49:03
and the last domain of ergonomics that
00:49:07
would be
00:49:07
the organizational ergonomics
00:49:11
when we see organizational ergonomics
00:49:14
it is concerned with the optimization
00:49:17
of social technical systems including
00:49:20
their organizational structures
00:49:23
policies and processes and relevant
00:49:26
topics
00:49:27
under organizational ergonomics that
00:49:30
would be
00:49:31
communication crew resource management
00:49:35
work design design of working
00:49:38
times teamwork participatory design
00:49:42
community ergonomics cooperative work
00:49:46
new work paradigms virtual organizations
00:49:51
telework quality management
00:49:54
as well okay i think that's a good place
00:49:57
to stop
00:49:58
so if you like this video please don't
00:50:01
forget to subscribe
00:50:03
and hit the bell button for the latest
00:50:06
updates
00:50:07
thank you
