Gastrointestinal | Liver Circulation & Portal Hypertension

00:47:41
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqtQALXskDU

Summary

TLDRCette vidéo explore en détail l'approvisionnement sanguin du foie et examine ses implications cliniques, comme l'hypertension portale hépatique. Le foie, un organe vital, est principalement fourni par deux sources sanguines : l'artère hépatique propre, apportant 25 % de sang oxygéné, et la veine porte hépatique, qui fournit 75 % du flux sanguin chargé de nutriments et de toxines. L'hypertension portale, souvent causée par une cirrhose, est une condition où la pression dans la veine porte augmente, entraînant des issues graves comme des varices œsophagiennes et des hémorroïdes. Une intervention appelée TIPS est souvent employée pour corriger cette hypertension. La compréhension de l'anatomie détaillée et des fonctions du foie est cruciale pour traiter et gérer efficacement les maladies associées.

Takeaways

  • 🩸 Le foie reçoit 25% de son sang de l'artère hépatique propre et 75% de la veine porte.
  • 📏 Il est crucial de connaître l'emplacement anatomique du foie.
  • ⚠️ L'hypertension portale peut entraîner des complications graves.
  • 🧠 Le foie joue un rôle clé dans le métabolisme et la détoxification.
  • 🔬 L'hypertension est souvent due à des causes pré, intra ou post-hépatiques.
  • 🛠 Le traitement moderne de l'hypertension portale inclut le TIPS.
  • 🧪 Le sang provenant de la veine porte est riche en nutriments mais pauvre en oxygène.
  • 🌐 Portal hypertension peut causer des varices œsophagiennes et des signes cutanés.
  • 🛡 Système vasculaire complexe, essentiel pour la fonction hépatique.
  • 💊 Importance des vaisseaux pancréatiques dans le métabolisme hépatique.

Timeline

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Dans cette vidéo, nous explorons l'anatomie du foie, notamment sa position dans le corps humain en utilisant un système de neuf quadrants. Le foie occupe principalement les régions hypochondriaque droite, épigastrique et une petite partie de l'hypochondriaque gauche. Il est protégé par la cage thoracique, de la septième à la onzième côte. Une des précautions à prendre lors d'une RCP est d'éviter de briser le processus xiphoïde, ce qui pourrait blesser le foie. Enfin, le poids du foie diffère entre les hommes et les femmes, et change considérablement au cours du développement fœtal et à la naissance.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Nous abordons ici l'approvisionnement sanguin du foie, crucial à comprendre. Le foie reçoit son sang de deux sources principales : l'artère hépatique propre (25% de l'approvisionnement en sang) et la veine porte hépatique (75%). L'artère hépatique propre dérive de l'artère hépatique commune, elle-même issue du tronc cœliaque qui naît de l'aorte abdominale. Le tronc cœliaque se divise en plusieurs branches, dont l'artère gastrique gauche, l'artère splénique, et l'artère hépatique qui alimente le foie. L'artère hépatique propre se ramifie pour alimenter les lobes droit et gauche du foie avec du sang riche en oxygène.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    L'artère hépatique propre fournit du sang très oxygéné au foie. Ensuite, la veine porte hépatique est responsable de l'apport des 75% restants de l'approvisionnement sanguin. Cette veine porte collecte du sang riche en nutriments mais pauvre en oxygène depuis divers organes gastro-intestinaux, tels que le pancréas, la rate, l'estomac et les intestins. Chaque organe a des veines spécifiques (veines pancréatiques, veine splénique, veines gastriques, veines mésentériques supérieures et inférieures) qui drainent dans la veine porte, apportant des nutriments, des médicaments, et potentiellement des pathogènes au foie.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    La veine porte apporte au foie du sang chargé en nutriments et en diverses substances comme les médicaments, les hormones et parfois des pathogènes. Le foie joue donc un rôle crucial dans le métabolisme et la détoxification. La veine porte reçoit du sang des veines drainant le pancréas (apportant de l'insuline), la rate (transportant des débris de globules rouges), l'estomac (pouvant transporter de l'alcool et des substances solubles dans les lipides), et des intestins (transportant des nutriments absorbés). Malgré sa faible teneur en oxygène, cette circulation est vitale pour la fonction hépatique.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Le foie reçoit du sang oxygéné par l'artère hépatique propre et du sang riche en nutriments par la veine porte. Cela crée un caractère unique dans le foie où les deux types de sang se mêlent dans des sinusoïdes, contribuant à la fonction métabolique complexe du foie. Après traitement, le sang s'écoule par les veines centrales, puis dans les veines hépatiques, avant d'entrer dans la circulation systémique via la veine cave inférieure. Le foie est ainsi un centre métabolique central, traitant efficacement une grande variété de substances.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    Nous discutons de l'anatomie externe du foie, en particulier de sa vue antérieure et supérieure, exposant son contact avec le diaphragme. On introduit des aspects de sa structure, comme le ligament falciforme qui divise les lobes droit et gauche. La surface supérieure est proche du diaphragme formant la surface diaphragmatique, tandis que sa position dans la cavité péritonéale est maintenue par des ligaments. Ces aspects fournissent une compréhension fondamentale de l'entrelacement structurel et fonctionnel du foie avec son environnement anatomique.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    Le rôle fonctionnel des lobules hépatiques est exploré, décrivant comment les veines et artères apportent le sang dans le foie et se répartissent dans les lobules grâce à des structures appelées triades portales. On explique comment le mingling des sangs artériels et portaux dans les sinusoïdes soutient le métabolisme hépatique. La vascularisation convergente mène au drainage par les veines centrales vers les veines hépatiques. Ces processus expliquent comment le foie traite, metabolize et prépare le sang pour la circulation systémique.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    La vidéo explore ensuite les structures de la surface postérieure et inférieure du foie, introduisant les lobes supplémentaires comme les lobes caudé et carré, et discutant des ligaments qui fixent le foie. On montre comment le foie est connecté à d'autres structures par le ligamentum teres, et l'implication du ligamentum venosum. Ces ligaments illustrent l'héritage embryonnaire et la connexion du foie au système veineux systémique. On introduit la zone porta hepatis, où la veine porte et l'artère hépatique entrent et le canal hépatique sort.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:47:41

    La dernière partie aborde l'hypertension portale, causée par des obstructions dues à des thromboses ou des cirrhoses, et ses implications cliniques. L'hypertension portale peut mener à des conditions sévères telles que les varices œsophagiennes, dangereuses en raison des risques hémorragiques, et nécessitent souvent des traitements comme la ligature endoscopique ou des procédures comme le TIPS. En diagnostic, des signes comme la réouverture de la veine ombilicale, causant le signe de la tête de Méduse, peuvent indiquer une hypertension portale avancée, soulignant l'importance d'une prise en charge précoce.

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Mind Map

Mind Map

Frequently Asked Question

  • Quels sont les principaux approvisionnements sanguins du foie ?

    Le foie reçoit son approvisionnement sanguin de l'artère hépatique propre (25% d'oxygène riche) et de la veine porte hépatique (75% contenant des nutriments et des toxines).

  • Pourquoi est-il important de connaître l'emplacement anatomique du foie ?

    Connaître l'emplacement anatomique du foie est crucial en médecine, notamment pour éviter des blessures lors de la RCP et comprendre les symptômes liés à des conditions pathologiques du foie.

  • Qu'est-ce que l'hypertension portale hépatique ?

    L'hypertension portale hépatique est une condition où il y a une pression accrue dans la veine porte qui peut être causée par une cirrhose, une thrombose ou d'autres obstructions hépatiques.

  • Comment l'hypertension portale peut-elle affecter le corps ?

    Elle peut mener à des complications comme des varices œsophagiennes, des hémorroïdes anales et la réouverture des veines péri-ombilicales, donnant une apparence de "Caput Medusae" sur l'abdomen.

  • Quelle est la méthode de traitement moderne pour l'hypertension portale ?

    Une technique moderne appelée TIPS (shunt porto-systémique intra-hépatique par voie transjugulaire) est utilisée pour soulager l'hypertension portale.

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  • 00:00:06
    iein engineers in this video we are
  • 00:00:09
    going to talk about the blood supply to
  • 00:00:10
    the liver as well as will have a little
  • 00:00:12
    clinical tidbit at the end on a patek
  • 00:00:14
    portal hypertension so let's go ahead
  • 00:00:16
    and get started all right so first off
  • 00:00:18
    when we talk about the liver we should
  • 00:00:19
    actually have a good understanding of
  • 00:00:20
    where we can find the liver anatomically
  • 00:00:23
    that's important so if we actually take
  • 00:00:25
    and look at me as an example the liver
  • 00:00:27
    if we take a nine quadrant system right
  • 00:00:29
    I come down a right vertical plane left
  • 00:00:31
    vertical plane superior transverse plane
  • 00:00:34
    interfere transverse plane it separates
  • 00:00:36
    me into nine quadrants the liver is
  • 00:00:38
    gonna occupy three out of those nine
  • 00:00:40
    quadrants it's gonna occupy the right
  • 00:00:42
    hypochondriac the upper top one here and
  • 00:00:44
    then it's gonna occupy a part of the
  • 00:00:47
    epigastric and there's actually a
  • 00:00:49
    different lobes of the liver the left
  • 00:00:51
    lobe of the liver just barely peeks over
  • 00:00:53
    into the left hypochondriac region okay
  • 00:00:56
    so remember it's found in three
  • 00:00:57
    different quadrants of the nine quadrant
  • 00:00:59
    system right hypochondriac
  • 00:01:01
    epigastric and a little bit of the left
  • 00:01:03
    type of contract next thing you should
  • 00:01:05
    understand is when we talk about its
  • 00:01:07
    relationship it's actually smo STUV it
  • 00:01:10
    is surrounded by the ribcage about from
  • 00:01:13
    the seventh rib down to the 11th rib is
  • 00:01:15
    where the liver can actually extend to
  • 00:01:17
    okay there is a small portion of it that
  • 00:01:19
    is exposed
  • 00:01:20
    because you have what's called the
  • 00:01:21
    costal margin here and then you have
  • 00:01:23
    your xiphoid process that's important
  • 00:01:25
    too because whenever someone is doing
  • 00:01:26
    CPR you make sure you always feel for
  • 00:01:28
    that xiphoid process because if you
  • 00:01:30
    start doing it there you're gonna break
  • 00:01:31
    that thing off possibly and it could be
  • 00:01:33
    stabbing the guy in the liver instead of
  • 00:01:35
    helping them okay so that's important
  • 00:01:37
    that we should have a basic
  • 00:01:38
    understanding of where we can find the
  • 00:01:40
    liver the next thing we should
  • 00:01:41
    understand about it is how much does it
  • 00:01:43
    weigh okay about how much in a male the
  • 00:01:48
    liver weighs approximately okay so if we
  • 00:01:51
    say the mass of the liver or the weight
  • 00:01:52
    of the liver the mass of the liver for a
  • 00:01:56
    male is approximately 1600 grams okay
  • 00:02:00
    about 1600 grams for a female it's a
  • 00:02:06
    little bit less about 1300 grams Nutkin
  • 00:02:11
    range this is more of the adult life we
  • 00:02:13
    in general for fetuses that are in the
  • 00:02:17
    tenth week of gestation their liver
  • 00:02:20
    weighs approximately one tenth of their
  • 00:02:23
    actual body weight whereas if we take
  • 00:02:26
    for example someone who is just born
  • 00:02:29
    their liver only weighs about an
  • 00:02:31
    eighteenth of their normal body weight
  • 00:02:32
    in adults it weighs about a 36th of
  • 00:02:35
    their normal body weight okay so that's
  • 00:02:38
    important to know the mass of the liver
  • 00:02:39
    we know where we can find it we know the
  • 00:02:41
    mass of the liver next thing we should
  • 00:02:43
    understand about the liver is its blood
  • 00:02:46
    supply it's extremely important that we
  • 00:02:48
    do understand the blood supply the liver
  • 00:02:50
    so we talk about it here's what I want
  • 00:02:53
    you to remember there's two blood
  • 00:02:55
    supplies okay so we're gonna take blood
  • 00:02:57
    supply here and there's going to be two
  • 00:03:01
    blood supplies one is going to account
  • 00:03:02
    for only 25 percent of the actual blood
  • 00:03:07
    supply 25 percent of blood supply this
  • 00:03:10
    25 percent of the blood supply is going
  • 00:03:13
    to be carried out by what's called via
  • 00:03:16
    paddock artery proper and that's what I
  • 00:03:22
    want to spend a little bit of time doing
  • 00:03:23
    right now and then we'll talk about the
  • 00:03:24
    other one who accounts for 75% of the
  • 00:03:28
    actual blood flow going into the liver
  • 00:03:29
    and that is going to be the portal vein
  • 00:03:35
    okay so let's go ahead and first start
  • 00:03:38
    off here on the apotheca artery proper
  • 00:03:40
    now if you guys know a little bit about
  • 00:03:42
    your cardiovascular system like the
  • 00:03:44
    anatomy wise we have our aorta we're
  • 00:03:47
    gonna assume that this guy is the aorta
  • 00:03:48
    right we have the thoracic aorta and
  • 00:03:49
    then have the abdominal aorta coming off
  • 00:03:52
    of the abdominal aorta there is a big
  • 00:03:54
    big vessel here it's called the celiac
  • 00:03:56
    trunk so again if we were to kind of
  • 00:03:58
    right here this right here we're gonna
  • 00:04:00
    assume is the abdominal aorta okay then
  • 00:04:10
    coming off of the abdominal aorta we
  • 00:04:12
    have this big big vessel here and this
  • 00:04:14
    is called the celiac trunk okay so we
  • 00:04:20
    have the abdominal aorta off the
  • 00:04:21
    abdominal aorta comes the celiac trunk
  • 00:04:23
    this celiac trunk will actually split
  • 00:04:25
    into three vessels
  • 00:04:27
    okay one of them is gonna go to the
  • 00:04:30
    stomach we call this one right here
  • 00:04:33
    that's coming off here we call this one
  • 00:04:35
    the left gastric artery all right so
  • 00:04:40
    we're gonna the left gastric artery
  • 00:04:41
    we'll have another one over here and
  • 00:04:43
    this one's actually gonna go to the
  • 00:04:44
    spleen so if I were to kind of encase
  • 00:04:46
    this one right here this one right there
  • 00:04:49
    is going to be the splenic artery art
  • 00:04:53
    and then the next one is there's
  • 00:04:54
    branches that come off of this and
  • 00:04:56
    there's actually going to be another
  • 00:04:57
    artery that goes and supplies the
  • 00:04:59
    pancreas there's a bunch of different
  • 00:05:00
    branches that can go and supply the
  • 00:05:02
    pancreas we're just going to call this
  • 00:05:04
    one the pancreatic arteries okay so
  • 00:05:06
    we'll say these are pancreatic arteries
  • 00:05:08
    okay now these are just some of the
  • 00:05:11
    branches but the most important one that
  • 00:05:13
    we should really understand is is this
  • 00:05:15
    guy right here this guy right here is
  • 00:05:17
    going to be what's called the common
  • 00:05:20
    hepatic artery so right here we're gonna
  • 00:05:22
    encase this one here that is going to be
  • 00:05:24
    the common hepatic artery now the common
  • 00:05:32
    hepatic artery when it enters into the
  • 00:05:33
    liver will actually enter in through a
  • 00:05:34
    structure we'll see here in a second the
  • 00:05:36
    porta pottis but when it enters into the
  • 00:05:39
    liver it actually is going to before it
  • 00:05:41
    does that it branches okay so it gives
  • 00:05:43
    off another branch so what do I mean
  • 00:05:44
    let's say for example here I take the ax
  • 00:05:47
    patek artery like this okay so here I'm
  • 00:05:50
    gonna have to come in a patek artery and
  • 00:05:52
    then what's going to happen is it's
  • 00:05:54
    going to give off a branch here and it's
  • 00:05:57
    going to give off a branch like this
  • 00:05:58
    okay so right here this is the common
  • 00:06:01
    hepatic artery there's going to be
  • 00:06:04
    another branch like we said there's two
  • 00:06:06
    branches here one is gonna be this one
  • 00:06:08
    this is the one that we're gonna focus
  • 00:06:10
    on this is called the ax patek artery
  • 00:06:15
    proper the other one is going to be
  • 00:06:20
    called the gastro duodenal artery the
  • 00:06:23
    gastro duodenal artery okay
  • 00:06:28
    so that's important so I want you guys
  • 00:06:30
    to know that the actual artery entering
  • 00:06:32
    into the liver through the porta hepatis
  • 00:06:34
    is really the eppadi Carter II proper
  • 00:06:36
    and then we'll talk about this in
  • 00:06:37
    another video for right now I just want
  • 00:06:39
    to get the basic blood
  • 00:06:41
    blood supply down but the Apothic artery
  • 00:06:43
    proper will actually branch out and
  • 00:06:45
    supply the right lobe of the liver and
  • 00:06:47
    the left lobe of the liver so for
  • 00:06:50
    example we're gonna say that this is the
  • 00:06:51
    right side this is the left side so this
  • 00:06:55
    would be the right hepatic artery this
  • 00:07:02
    would be the left hepatic artery and
  • 00:07:08
    then one last thing here since we're
  • 00:07:10
    already there is the right hepatic
  • 00:07:12
    artery will also give off another branch
  • 00:07:14
    and this last branch here is actually
  • 00:07:17
    going to go to another important organ
  • 00:07:19
    here and this is actually going to be
  • 00:07:22
    called the Cystic artery okay so we have
  • 00:07:26
    another branch here and we'll say that
  • 00:07:28
    that's the Cystic artery and that's
  • 00:07:29
    going to go and supply the gallbladder
  • 00:07:31
    okay so again just making sure that we
  • 00:07:33
    got it down here the arterial supply to
  • 00:07:35
    the liver is gonna come via the celiac
  • 00:07:38
    trunk to the common hepatic artery the
  • 00:07:40
    common hepatic artery will then branch
  • 00:07:43
    off into two vessels one is the gastro
  • 00:07:45
    duodenal the other is the apothecary
  • 00:07:47
    proper this is the one that's entering
  • 00:07:49
    into the liver via the porta hepatis
  • 00:07:51
    then when it's in the liver it sprouts
  • 00:07:54
    out and gives off branches one branch is
  • 00:07:57
    gonna go to the left lobe of the liver
  • 00:07:58
    via the left hepatic artery the other
  • 00:08:00
    branch is gonna go to the right lobe of
  • 00:08:02
    the liver via the right hepatic artery
  • 00:08:04
    and then just remember that there's a
  • 00:08:06
    small branch ooh that comes off of the
  • 00:08:08
    right of patek artery called the Cystic
  • 00:08:11
    artery okay so that is going to be the
  • 00:08:15
    basic thing here that I want you guys to
  • 00:08:16
    understand at least for right now for
  • 00:08:19
    the blood supply we'll get into more
  • 00:08:20
    detail on the branches of these when we
  • 00:08:22
    actually go into the liver lobby all the
  • 00:08:24
    histology of the liver okay but that's
  • 00:08:27
    good for right now next thing we have
  • 00:08:30
    the arterial supply we understand this
  • 00:08:32
    one other thing that you should know is
  • 00:08:34
    what kind of blood is this actual of
  • 00:08:37
    these vascular system taken to the liver
  • 00:08:40
    this type of blood is primarily going to
  • 00:08:44
    be oxygen-rich blood so it's going to
  • 00:08:49
    have a pretty high partial pressure of
  • 00:08:50
    oxygen around 100 millimeters of mercury
  • 00:08:53
    so that's really important is that
  • 00:08:55
    this vessel is gonna be bringing
  • 00:08:56
    oxygen-rich blood into the liver it's
  • 00:08:59
    different for the portal vein and that's
  • 00:09:01
    why I'm trying to emphasize this okay so
  • 00:09:04
    now we have that the next thing we
  • 00:09:06
    should understand is the other 75% of
  • 00:09:09
    the blood supply which is the portal
  • 00:09:10
    vein now this right here this big
  • 00:09:13
    managed ammo right there that's our
  • 00:09:14
    portal vein okay it's the one that's
  • 00:09:17
    going to be taking 75% of the blood into
  • 00:09:19
    the actual liver so here if I write this
  • 00:09:21
    right here this big man the Jama right
  • 00:09:24
    here is called the portal vein the a
  • 00:09:30
    patek portal vein now one thing we
  • 00:09:33
    should understand is where in the heck
  • 00:09:34
    is this portal vein getting its blood
  • 00:09:36
    the portal vein is going to be getting
  • 00:09:39
    its blood from a bunch of different GI
  • 00:09:40
    organs okay
  • 00:09:41
    pretty much all your digestive viscera
  • 00:09:43
    is going to be taking and emptying their
  • 00:09:45
    blood supply into this portal vein to go
  • 00:09:47
    to the liver anything that we're
  • 00:09:49
    actually for the most part ingesting as
  • 00:09:51
    it's going through the different parts
  • 00:09:52
    and accessory glands we'll see takes and
  • 00:09:55
    actually picks up that nutrient rich
  • 00:09:57
    blood as well as it might contain toxins
  • 00:09:59
    and bacteria as well as other different
  • 00:10:01
    things - alcohol drugs and we can take
  • 00:10:04
    that thing into the liver for the liver
  • 00:10:06
    to sift through it before it gets put
  • 00:10:07
    into the systemic circulation so what
  • 00:10:10
    are some of those areas that it gets the
  • 00:10:12
    blood from well if we start up here at
  • 00:10:14
    the top we already know a lot of these
  • 00:10:15
    okay the pancreas the pancreas is gonna
  • 00:10:17
    have some veins here that are gonna
  • 00:10:19
    drain it remember that this was the
  • 00:10:21
    pancreatic artery it was delivering
  • 00:10:22
    blood oxygen-rich blood to the pancreas
  • 00:10:24
    well there's gonna be some blood that's
  • 00:10:26
    gonna drain it here and these are gonna
  • 00:10:27
    be called these ones right here these
  • 00:10:31
    are called your pancreatic veins this is
  • 00:10:36
    actually important I want to take a
  • 00:10:37
    little bit just a second here to mention
  • 00:10:39
    why this is important you should know
  • 00:10:40
    this when you're ingesting food okay
  • 00:10:42
    let's assume that it might be a
  • 00:10:44
    carbohydrate rich meal when we're taking
  • 00:10:47
    carbohydrates and we're taking into the
  • 00:10:49
    liver the liver is one of the most
  • 00:10:50
    metabolic organs in the entire body
  • 00:10:51
    control so many things wouldn't it make
  • 00:10:54
    sense that the pancreas when we're in
  • 00:10:57
    the fed State it makes a hormone called
  • 00:10:59
    insulin all right for the pancreatic
  • 00:11:01
    beta-cells an insulin will travel via
  • 00:11:03
    the port via pancreatic veins into the
  • 00:11:05
    portal vein into the liver the reason
  • 00:11:07
    why that's important is because if your
  • 00:11:09
    member insulin is a super anabolic
  • 00:11:11
    hormone that actually is responsible for
  • 00:11:12
    protein synthesis lipogenesis glyco
  • 00:11:15
    genesis it even controls glycolysis
  • 00:11:17
    amino acid uptake glucose uptake so many
  • 00:11:22
    different things that this guy controls
  • 00:11:23
    so it's important when we're in the fed
  • 00:11:25
    state and we're taking these nutrients
  • 00:11:26
    to our liver that the pancreas be
  • 00:11:28
    releasing a hormone called insulin to
  • 00:11:31
    help to shuttle some of that glucose
  • 00:11:33
    into the liver cells so that not a lot
  • 00:11:35
    of it is actually going into our
  • 00:11:36
    systemic circulation makes sense right
  • 00:11:39
    okay what other veins well you're gonna
  • 00:11:41
    have here another one the splenic vein
  • 00:11:43
    right here there was the splenic artery
  • 00:11:45
    now we're gonna have a vein here taking
  • 00:11:47
    the blood and this is going to be called
  • 00:11:50
    our splenic veins this is important we
  • 00:11:55
    should understand this as well what does
  • 00:11:56
    this bleed most responsible for we
  • 00:11:57
    obviously know it's a lymphoid organ a
  • 00:11:59
    secondary at that but you know that in
  • 00:12:02
    the spleen we have these different types
  • 00:12:05
    of sinusoids they call them the cords of
  • 00:12:07
    bill rod right and it's responsible for
  • 00:12:08
    removing any types of old age or
  • 00:12:12
    defective red blood cells so any of the
  • 00:12:15
    resulting red blood cells or any type of
  • 00:12:17
    remnants of those destructed red blood
  • 00:12:19
    cells are gonna get put into the splenic
  • 00:12:20
    vein so any Billy Rubin that we actually
  • 00:12:23
    might have released via the breakdown of
  • 00:12:26
    the actual hemoglobin in the red blood
  • 00:12:28
    cell can get taken through the splenic
  • 00:12:30
    vein into the portal vein and into the
  • 00:12:32
    liver and can be incorporated into the
  • 00:12:34
    bowel so that's important too that we
  • 00:12:35
    should understand that okay what else
  • 00:12:37
    what about these veins that are coming
  • 00:12:39
    from the stomach okay well these are
  • 00:12:41
    called our gastric veins so these are
  • 00:12:43
    gonna be called our gastric veins this
  • 00:12:47
    is an important one too there isn't much
  • 00:12:49
    absorption in the stomach but two things
  • 00:12:51
    that can be absorbed into the stomach
  • 00:12:53
    are a couple things those are usually
  • 00:12:55
    lipid soluble substances primarily
  • 00:12:58
    aspirin and alcohol okay are absorbed in
  • 00:13:01
    the stomach so it can be taking with it
  • 00:13:03
    aspirin and alcohol and other lipid
  • 00:13:05
    soluble substances through these gastric
  • 00:13:07
    veins okay for the last ones here is the
  • 00:13:10
    intestines okay I didn't want the
  • 00:13:12
    diagram to to be too crazy so just drew
  • 00:13:14
    in the large big big intestine here but
  • 00:13:17
    this intestines so these are intestines
  • 00:13:19
    here intestines and this includes the
  • 00:13:22
    large and the small okay here's what I
  • 00:13:25
    want you understand there's another two
  • 00:13:27
    other branches that come off of the
  • 00:13:28
    about early order here this one right
  • 00:13:30
    here which is going to go to parts of
  • 00:13:32
    the intestine like the Jew genome the
  • 00:13:34
    ileum it's also gonna go to the
  • 00:13:37
    ascending colon and the cecum the
  • 00:13:40
    transverse colon this guy is going to be
  • 00:13:43
    called the superior mesenteric artery so
  • 00:13:49
    this is our superior mesenteric artery
  • 00:13:57
    okay and again it's going to be
  • 00:13:58
    supplying a lot of blood oxygen-rich
  • 00:14:00
    blood to different parts of the
  • 00:14:01
    intestines like the Jew genome the ileum
  • 00:14:04
    the ascending colon the cecum the
  • 00:14:06
    transverse colon a lot of structures the
  • 00:14:09
    other one is going to supply the
  • 00:14:11
    descending colon the sigmoid colon and
  • 00:14:13
    the superior aspect of the rectum and
  • 00:14:15
    this is going to be called the inferior
  • 00:14:21
    mesenteric artery now whenever they drop
  • 00:14:26
    their blood off they deliver oxygen-rich
  • 00:14:28
    blood to the cells the entero sites here
  • 00:14:30
    again there's going to be veins here
  • 00:14:32
    they're gonna be picking up a lot of
  • 00:14:33
    that nutrient-rich blood from the small
  • 00:14:35
    intestines are picking up water from the
  • 00:14:38
    actual large intestines and taking it up
  • 00:14:40
    via these two veins since this was the
  • 00:14:43
    inferior mesenteric artery we're gonna
  • 00:14:45
    assume that this part here is the
  • 00:14:47
    descending colon the sigmoid colon or
  • 00:14:49
    the superior aspect of the rectum and so
  • 00:14:53
    this is going to be drained by a big
  • 00:14:55
    vein here and this vein is called the
  • 00:14:57
    inferior mesenteric vein this one here
  • 00:15:08
    is gonna be draining a lot of the Jew
  • 00:15:10
    genome the ileum the ascending colon the
  • 00:15:12
    transverse colon the cecum so this one
  • 00:15:15
    is gonna be forming what's called the
  • 00:15:18
    superior mesenteric vein alright so now
  • 00:15:27
    we have all of these veins they're gonna
  • 00:15:30
    be picking up nutrients picking up water
  • 00:15:31
    electrolytes picking up aspirin alcohol
  • 00:15:34
    taking remnants of red blood cell
  • 00:15:36
    production taking insulin maybe even
  • 00:15:38
    some other hormones you know the display
  • 00:15:40
    I mean the pancreas also makes other
  • 00:15:41
    hormones like glucagon somatostatin
  • 00:15:43
    pancreatic polypeptide a bunch of
  • 00:15:46
    different things but all of these things
  • 00:15:48
    are going to be filtered in and taken up
  • 00:15:50
    through the portal vein and into the
  • 00:15:52
    liver and again what kind of things is
  • 00:15:54
    it gonna be taking with it okay we don't
  • 00:15:56
    need this diagram here anymore let's get
  • 00:15:58
    this out of the way
  • 00:15:59
    what kind of substances is this portal
  • 00:16:04
    vein gonna be taking with it it's
  • 00:16:05
    important that we know this it's gonna
  • 00:16:08
    be taking with it drugs okay different
  • 00:16:13
    types of drugs that could be carried out
  • 00:16:15
    through the intestines or the stomach it
  • 00:16:17
    could also be taking hormones
  • 00:16:19
    for example we said it could be taking
  • 00:16:22
    insulin glucagon somatostatin a bunch of
  • 00:16:24
    different things a large amount of
  • 00:16:27
    nutrients this is the important one I
  • 00:16:29
    want to make sure that we get this one
  • 00:16:31
    across here
  • 00:16:32
    lots of nutrient rich blood okay rich
  • 00:16:35
    and glucose rich an amino acid rich in
  • 00:16:36
    fatty acids rich in trace minerals like
  • 00:16:39
    copper iron so many different things and
  • 00:16:42
    also unfortunately could be taking
  • 00:16:44
    certain pathogens so sometimes in
  • 00:16:48
    certain foods that we eat there might
  • 00:16:50
    actually be a bacteria okay there might
  • 00:16:53
    be some viruses there might even be some
  • 00:16:58
    toxins you know that there's some toxins
  • 00:17:01
    that come from bacteria like
  • 00:17:02
    lipopolysaccharides
  • 00:17:04
    which come from gram-negative bacteria
  • 00:17:05
    so a lot of different things can
  • 00:17:07
    actually come through this thing and the
  • 00:17:09
    last thing I want to mention here is the
  • 00:17:12
    hepatic artery proper right and he was
  • 00:17:15
    taking ox rich blood to the liver but
  • 00:17:17
    all of these other arteries superior
  • 00:17:18
    mesenteric inferior mesenteric the
  • 00:17:20
    splenic the pancreatic and the gastric
  • 00:17:22
    they were delivering oxygen-rich blood
  • 00:17:23
    to the cells of this GI tract well they
  • 00:17:26
    get drained by these different
  • 00:17:28
    pancreatic veins splenic veins gastric
  • 00:17:31
    veins inferior mesenteric superior
  • 00:17:32
    mesenteric vein and they're brought up
  • 00:17:34
    right with all of the things that
  • 00:17:36
    they're carrying with it but not a lot
  • 00:17:38
    of oxygen so what's really important
  • 00:17:40
    here is I want you guys to remember that
  • 00:17:41
    this is going to be oxygen poor blood
  • 00:17:45
    that's important to remember okay so I
  • 00:17:47
    think we got for the most part
  • 00:17:49
    we're eggs what exactly is the blood
  • 00:17:52
    supply to the liver and we got this down
  • 00:17:54
    one thing I want to add on just to hit
  • 00:17:56
    it home here is when we're looking at
  • 00:17:58
    the liver right now this this diagram
  • 00:18:00
    here we're looking at it particularly in
  • 00:18:02
    anterior surface so like if you guys are
  • 00:18:04
    looking at me the way that you see the
  • 00:18:06
    liver right now is the way that I'm
  • 00:18:07
    actually standing here you're getting an
  • 00:18:09
    anterior and a little bit of a superior
  • 00:18:11
    view of the liver okay so this is the
  • 00:18:13
    anterior surface of the liver and again
  • 00:18:15
    just a little bit of gross anatomy not a
  • 00:18:17
    lot here but obviously this is the right
  • 00:18:19
    lobe of the liver this is the left lobe
  • 00:18:22
    of the liver there technically you can
  • 00:18:25
    say that it's separated by this nice
  • 00:18:27
    little remnant here this actually
  • 00:18:29
    peritoneum ligament if you will and this
  • 00:18:31
    right here is called the falciform
  • 00:18:35
    ligament and actually well it's one of
  • 00:18:40
    the things that allows the liver to
  • 00:18:41
    maintain what's called its
  • 00:18:42
    intraperitoneal position in other words
  • 00:18:44
    it's it's resides in the peritoneal
  • 00:18:46
    cavity okay so now I just want to orient
  • 00:18:48
    you guys a little bit so again we have
  • 00:18:49
    the right lobe the left lobe and the
  • 00:18:51
    falciform ligament but again when we're
  • 00:18:52
    looking at this again what view is this
  • 00:18:54
    we should write this down here this is a
  • 00:18:56
    anterior and a slightly superior view of
  • 00:19:04
    the liver okay so now again what's
  • 00:19:11
    really important about this is I just
  • 00:19:12
    want you guys to get an understanding
  • 00:19:13
    here that when we have an anterior and
  • 00:19:15
    superior view of the liver there's this
  • 00:19:17
    there's the surface of the liver antion
  • 00:19:19
    superior that is covered by a very
  • 00:19:21
    important organ one of the main muscles
  • 00:19:22
    of inspiration it's called the diaphragm
  • 00:19:24
    so on the inferior surface of the
  • 00:19:26
    diaphragm it comes into contact with the
  • 00:19:29
    superior and anterior surface of the
  • 00:19:31
    liver now that's called the
  • 00:19:34
    diaphragmatic surface of the liver the
  • 00:19:36
    part of the liver that comes in contact
  • 00:19:38
    with particularly the actual diaphragm
  • 00:19:41
    there is some ligaments we'll see a
  • 00:19:43
    better here when I go into the posterior
  • 00:19:45
    inferior view but we'll talk about some
  • 00:19:47
    coronary ligaments and triangular
  • 00:19:49
    ligaments afterwards so okay but you
  • 00:19:51
    just want what she has to trust me for
  • 00:19:53
    right now that we'll get to that okay so
  • 00:19:55
    next thing here when we talk about the
  • 00:19:58
    blood going into the liver we're gonna
  • 00:20:00
    go into more detail on this when we go
  • 00:20:01
    into a liver lobule
  • 00:20:03
    okay for right now I want to get the
  • 00:20:04
    basic thing here if I were to draw a
  • 00:20:08
    structural and functional unit of the
  • 00:20:11
    liver we it comes down to this nice
  • 00:20:13
    little hexagonal structure here okay
  • 00:20:17
    this right here this hexagonal structure
  • 00:20:19
    is what we refer to as a liver lobule
  • 00:20:23
    and again we'll focus on this more when
  • 00:20:25
    we get to the liver lobule video what I
  • 00:20:28
    want you to see here just to put it
  • 00:20:29
    together is that when the portal vein
  • 00:20:32
    enters into the liver
  • 00:20:33
    it also branches like the apat artery
  • 00:20:35
    proper does it gives off tributaries
  • 00:20:38
    okay and those branches of the portal
  • 00:20:41
    vein go to various parts of the liver
  • 00:20:43
    but if you look here let's pretend that
  • 00:20:45
    I just take some of them here and I go
  • 00:20:47
    right there I go right here I go right
  • 00:20:50
    here right here and right here all of
  • 00:20:56
    these guys here these little branches
  • 00:20:58
    coming off here those are your portal
  • 00:21:00
    vein tributaries there are patek portal
  • 00:21:02
    venules and they're gonna go to each end
  • 00:21:04
    or point of this hexagonal structure
  • 00:21:07
    this liver lobule okay in the same way
  • 00:21:11
    if I take here let's say here's my patek
  • 00:21:14
    artery proper and it branches into right
  • 00:21:16
    and left to patek arteries that's gonna
  • 00:21:18
    go and that's going to give off these
  • 00:21:20
    branches and it's gonna give off these
  • 00:21:22
    arterioles and these arterioles are
  • 00:21:25
    gonna go and supply all the different
  • 00:21:28
    portions of the liver lobule all of
  • 00:21:30
    these different six corners you'll see
  • 00:21:32
    one other thing again we'll talk about
  • 00:21:34
    it when we get to live in LA but there's
  • 00:21:35
    another structure called the bile duct
  • 00:21:37
    that drains the bile from the apat
  • 00:21:40
    asides via the bile canaliculi and
  • 00:21:41
    together that whole structure makes
  • 00:21:43
    what's called a portal triad and we'll
  • 00:21:45
    talk about that but here's the big thing
  • 00:21:47
    I want you to know this this is what's
  • 00:21:49
    what usually blows my mind both of these
  • 00:21:52
    guys empty their blood into the same
  • 00:21:55
    capillary network now that's what's
  • 00:21:58
    super odd because usually that's not the
  • 00:22:00
    way it happens but they do they both
  • 00:22:02
    empty their blood into a nice little
  • 00:22:04
    capillary network here and I'm gonna
  • 00:22:06
    represent this capillary network like
  • 00:22:07
    this for right now here's this little
  • 00:22:09
    capillary network like this and like
  • 00:22:12
    this that little space in there is
  • 00:22:15
    called the sinusoidal capillary
  • 00:22:17
    our liver sinusoids the a patek portal
  • 00:22:20
    vein you and the apat ik aren't
  • 00:22:21
    arterioles will empty their blood into
  • 00:22:23
    the sinusoids and then from there it'll
  • 00:22:26
    empty into these things called central
  • 00:22:28
    veins eventually a bunch of the central
  • 00:22:31
    veins will come together and eventually
  • 00:22:34
    what they'll do is is they will empty
  • 00:22:36
    their blood into what's called hepatic
  • 00:22:39
    veins so what is this vein up here
  • 00:22:41
    called this vein right here is called so
  • 00:22:46
    this is your a patek veins so after all
  • 00:22:51
    of this sifting through all of the
  • 00:22:52
    oxygens the nutrients the bacteria the
  • 00:22:55
    pathogens the alcohol the drugs all that
  • 00:22:57
    crap it gets emptied into a central vein
  • 00:22:59
    emptied into the hepatic veins it's
  • 00:23:00
    completely been filtered and then guess
  • 00:23:03
    what the apat acquaints do they take
  • 00:23:05
    that blood and they put it right here
  • 00:23:08
    into this nice little venous system
  • 00:23:11
    what is this venous system here called
  • 00:23:13
    this guy is your AI V C which stands for
  • 00:23:18
    your inferior vena cava and then from
  • 00:23:22
    there you guys should know that the
  • 00:23:23
    inferior vena Cable will take that blood
  • 00:23:25
    and empty it into the right atrium okay
  • 00:23:27
    so that is the pol idea that I want you
  • 00:23:30
    guys to get out of this portal
  • 00:23:31
    circulation here and as well as the
  • 00:23:33
    arterial circulation now what I want to
  • 00:23:36
    do is just to hit it home I want to take
  • 00:23:38
    so we looked at the anterior superior
  • 00:23:40
    view of the liver now what I want to do
  • 00:23:42
    is I want to take a look at the
  • 00:23:43
    posterior inferior view of the liver
  • 00:23:44
    okay okay so now what I want to do is I
  • 00:23:46
    want to take it to look at the posterior
  • 00:23:47
    inferior view so imagine here for a
  • 00:23:49
    second I take this liver alright I'm
  • 00:23:51
    grabbing onto the right lobe I'm gonna
  • 00:23:53
    flip it over so now the right lobes over
  • 00:23:56
    here the left lobe is over here so I'm
  • 00:23:58
    looking at the posterior and inferior
  • 00:24:00
    view of the liver so now what is this
  • 00:24:03
    lobe right here okay this right here
  • 00:24:05
    actually that's right down what view is
  • 00:24:06
    this again this is our posterior an
  • 00:24:12
    inferior view of the liver that's
  • 00:24:17
    important because just like there was
  • 00:24:19
    the anterior superior that was the
  • 00:24:20
    diaphragmatic surface the posterior
  • 00:24:22
    inferior view is more of the visceral
  • 00:24:24
    surface of the liver it's what comes
  • 00:24:25
    into contact with a lot of the visceral
  • 00:24:27
    organs okay but again this lobe right
  • 00:24:30
    here
  • 00:24:30
    is our right lobe this over she's this
  • 00:24:37
    over here is our left lobe of the liver
  • 00:24:42
    now we add two lobes to the mix why not
  • 00:24:46
    make things more complicated right these
  • 00:24:48
    two lobes right here are added to the
  • 00:24:50
    mix now this lobe I'm going to do them
  • 00:24:54
    in a different color here this lobe
  • 00:24:56
    right here which is bordered by this
  • 00:24:58
    ligamentum Teri's and then bordered by
  • 00:25:00
    the specifically the gallbladder this
  • 00:25:04
    right here is called the quadrate lobe
  • 00:25:09
    and then there's another lobe right here
  • 00:25:13
    which is bordered by the fissure for the
  • 00:25:15
    ligamentum venosum and then bordered
  • 00:25:18
    over here by the inferior vena cava and
  • 00:25:20
    then bordered in fearly by the porta
  • 00:25:22
    hepatis this right here is called the
  • 00:25:26
    caudate lobe okay so we have the left
  • 00:25:32
    lobe the right level deliver the caudate
  • 00:25:34
    lobe and the quadrate lobe now a couple
  • 00:25:36
    other things again I wanted to mention I
  • 00:25:37
    already kind of put it right there but
  • 00:25:39
    if you see here okay
  • 00:25:41
    the falciform Lehman was going
  • 00:25:43
    anteriorly right here it reflects
  • 00:25:46
    backwards okay so it reflects backwards
  • 00:25:49
    and when it reflects backwards it makes
  • 00:25:52
    these it makes this triangular ligament
  • 00:25:55
    over here so you see this ligament right
  • 00:25:56
    here this kind of like where it comes to
  • 00:25:58
    a point this part right there is called
  • 00:26:02
    the left triangular ligament it's what
  • 00:26:09
    helps to anchor the left lobe of the
  • 00:26:12
    liver to the inferior surface of the
  • 00:26:14
    diaphragm then there's this little part
  • 00:26:17
    right here you see this little thing
  • 00:26:18
    here where it reflects back and then
  • 00:26:20
    comes together and it makes a little
  • 00:26:21
    fissure there that little fissure is
  • 00:26:24
    actually going to be the remnant of the
  • 00:26:26
    ductus venosus but instead now that it
  • 00:26:29
    were in the adult it is called the
  • 00:26:31
    ligamentum venosum
  • 00:26:37
    okay but there's a little fissure in
  • 00:26:39
    there and then one more is you have this
  • 00:26:43
    little ligament right here
  • 00:26:44
    you see this guy right there let's do
  • 00:26:47
    this one here in this blue color this
  • 00:26:49
    guy comes over here and comes down from
  • 00:26:51
    the porta pottis this is a really
  • 00:26:53
    interesting one especially with respect
  • 00:26:54
    to fetal circulation this one right here
  • 00:26:57
    is actually called the ligamentum Teri's
  • 00:27:05
    or the round ligament you know why this
  • 00:27:06
    is important because in fetal
  • 00:27:08
    circulation and the fetus this was
  • 00:27:10
    actually the umbilical vein and then in
  • 00:27:12
    the fetus the ligamentum venosum
  • 00:27:14
    spinosus so the umbilical vein was
  • 00:27:16
    taking blood from the placenta and
  • 00:27:18
    taking it to the baby but it had to get
  • 00:27:20
    that blood into the systemic circulation
  • 00:27:22
    into the the babies in fear of Yoona
  • 00:27:24
    Kayla how did it do that there was this
  • 00:27:27
    little blood vessel here this little
  • 00:27:28
    channel or shunt and it's now it was the
  • 00:27:30
    ligamentum venosum of the adults but
  • 00:27:32
    it's the ductus venosus and the fetus
  • 00:27:34
    and so the ligamentum Terry's right
  • 00:27:36
    which used to be the umbilical vein
  • 00:27:38
    delivered blood right through that
  • 00:27:40
    ductus venosus and then into the
  • 00:27:42
    inferior vena cava isn't that so cool
  • 00:27:43
    all right now what happens is there's a
  • 00:27:48
    little reflection again of this the the
  • 00:27:51
    visceral peritoneum back here and it
  • 00:27:53
    forms these two ligaments right here
  • 00:27:55
    this one up here and this one down here
  • 00:27:57
    okay
  • 00:27:58
    this one right here up at the top is
  • 00:28:00
    called the anterior coronary ligament
  • 00:28:08
    this one right here is called the
  • 00:28:13
    posterior coronary ligament okay now
  • 00:28:21
    again these are helping to anchor the
  • 00:28:22
    liver to the diaphragm and then there's
  • 00:28:26
    one little point here you see where they
  • 00:28:28
    cut the anterior and the posterior
  • 00:28:30
    coronary ligament come together and they
  • 00:28:31
    make a nice little point here that part
  • 00:28:33
    right there is called the right
  • 00:28:37
    triangular ligament right triangular
  • 00:28:43
    ligament okay cool and again all of
  • 00:28:46
    these are helping to anchor the
  • 00:28:47
    diaphragm anchor the liver to the
  • 00:28:50
    diaphragm there's a nice little space in
  • 00:28:52
    there they call that the bear area it's
  • 00:28:53
    where there's no actual covering of
  • 00:28:55
    visceral peritoneum
  • 00:28:56
    that's called a bear
  • 00:28:58
    there and again this is the inferior
  • 00:29:01
    vena cava so this is your IVC right here
  • 00:29:07
    then you see how you have this big old
  • 00:29:10
    structure right there really really
  • 00:29:11
    important guy here really really
  • 00:29:12
    muscular thing right there this guy
  • 00:29:14
    right here is called your gall bladder
  • 00:29:18
    and it sits in what's called the Cystic
  • 00:29:24
    notch or the fossa
  • 00:29:25
    there's actually a little foster their
  • 00:29:26
    what's it's called the cystic fossa now
  • 00:29:30
    here's where I want us to really really
  • 00:29:33
    zoom in now so now that we got a good
  • 00:29:34
    orientation the basic anatomy here of
  • 00:29:37
    the liver
  • 00:29:38
    we now have one more area see this big
  • 00:29:41
    big area right here where you see a vein
  • 00:29:43
    you see an arteriole and you see this
  • 00:29:45
    little biliary system coming out and in
  • 00:29:48
    this whole thing right here I'm gonna
  • 00:29:50
    highlight this in orange here like this
  • 00:29:53
    I'm gonna kind of encase it that right
  • 00:29:56
    there is a special structure called the
  • 00:30:00
    porta hepatis the porta hepatis is where
  • 00:30:08
    the hepatic arterial so again this is
  • 00:30:10
    the this is gonna be the apat ik artery
  • 00:30:13
    so let's put here H a this is gonna be a
  • 00:30:18
    patek artery this right here is gonna be
  • 00:30:22
    the portal vein so let's put portal vein
  • 00:30:25
    and then you have this nice little
  • 00:30:27
    system here coming out we'll talk about
  • 00:30:29
    this later but you guys I've already
  • 00:30:31
    known from a lot of the videos we have
  • 00:30:32
    what's called the left to patek duct
  • 00:30:34
    which is actually gonna be taking the
  • 00:30:35
    bow from the left lobe of the liver the
  • 00:30:37
    right hepatic duct which is gonna be
  • 00:30:39
    taking the ball from the right lobe of
  • 00:30:41
    the liver they come together and they
  • 00:30:43
    make this structure here which is coming
  • 00:30:45
    out called the common hepatic duct so
  • 00:30:49
    I'm gonna put here CHD for common
  • 00:30:52
    hepatic duct okay so that's important so
  • 00:30:57
    now here's what I want you guys to
  • 00:30:58
    understand then the porta hepatis
  • 00:31:00
    has three important structures that are
  • 00:31:03
    going in and out and that is going in
  • 00:31:09
    portal vein hepatic artery proper come
  • 00:31:12
    out is the common hepatic duct there is
  • 00:31:15
    two other things that aren't actually
  • 00:31:16
    going in and out of here
  • 00:31:18
    you have what's called a nerve plexus
  • 00:31:19
    that's actually going in there the apat
  • 00:31:21
    ik plexus that's actually formed from
  • 00:31:23
    specifically the vagus nerve and coming
  • 00:31:26
    from the celiac ganglia on the
  • 00:31:27
    sympathetic nerves coming from the
  • 00:31:28
    celiac ganglia they're also going in
  • 00:31:31
    there and you have some lymphatic
  • 00:31:32
    systems that are actually kind of
  • 00:31:34
    draining the liver as well okay so that
  • 00:31:36
    gives us a good orientation now exactly
  • 00:31:39
    about how the actual portal vein hepatic
  • 00:31:42
    arterial and even the common hepatic
  • 00:31:44
    duct are going into and out of the liver
  • 00:31:47
    now here's where I want to put in this
  • 00:31:51
    nice little clinical tidbit it's really
  • 00:31:52
    important that we do have this clinical
  • 00:31:54
    tidbit in there
  • 00:31:55
    understanding the anatomy and the
  • 00:31:57
    physiology is crucial but if we make a
  • 00:31:58
    nice sort of clinical correlation here
  • 00:32:00
    watch this what happens for some reason
  • 00:32:04
    that a person isn't able to get enough
  • 00:32:06
    blood going through the liver and into
  • 00:32:09
    the eppadi thing there's three primary
  • 00:32:11
    causes pre hepatic causes intrahepatic
  • 00:32:16
    causes post apat causes we're not gonna
  • 00:32:19
    go into super detail this isn't a path
  • 00:32:21
    of video it's just making a clinical
  • 00:32:23
    correlation here for whatever reason
  • 00:32:25
    there's a thrombosis of any of these
  • 00:32:28
    veins that are emptying into the portal
  • 00:32:31
    vein that could cause the blood flow to
  • 00:32:33
    back up right and if the blood flow is
  • 00:32:36
    backing up there's gonna be pressure on
  • 00:32:39
    this side of the portal vein so if
  • 00:32:42
    there's something here that's actually
  • 00:32:43
    occluding the blood flow the pressure is
  • 00:32:45
    gonna back up from this point that can
  • 00:32:49
    lead to portal hypertension pretty
  • 00:32:51
    dangerous stuff here another common
  • 00:32:53
    cause is out of all of them the most
  • 00:32:56
    common is anything that can cause the
  • 00:32:58
    fibrosis of the liver so for example we
  • 00:33:02
    call that cirrhosis the fibrotic liver
  • 00:33:04
    cirrhosis could be caused by overuse of
  • 00:33:06
    alcohol it could be due to drug toxicity
  • 00:33:09
    it could be due to chronic hepatitis
  • 00:33:11
    it could even be due to fatty liver
  • 00:33:13
    disease or Wilson's disease or
  • 00:33:15
    hemochromatosis so many causes the whole
  • 00:33:18
    point that I want to get across is for
  • 00:33:20
    whatever reason there's fibrosis of the
  • 00:33:22
    liver it narrows the vessels that are
  • 00:33:25
    the
  • 00:33:25
    patek art haddock venules they get
  • 00:33:28
    narrowed and if they're narrowed the
  • 00:33:30
    pressure proximal to that narrowing is
  • 00:33:33
    gonna get back it's gonna start building
  • 00:33:36
    up and building up and building up and
  • 00:33:38
    this portal venous pressure is gonna
  • 00:33:40
    start really really rising the last
  • 00:33:43
    cause is and again not very common as
  • 00:33:45
    well but again it's I'm just mentioning
  • 00:33:46
    it is opposed to Pat it cost anything
  • 00:33:49
    that is affecting the blood flow
  • 00:33:50
    draining the liver so for example maybe
  • 00:33:53
    there's a thrombus of the apat of Ames
  • 00:33:55
    they call that bud Kyary syndrome if
  • 00:33:58
    there's some type of occlusion of the
  • 00:33:59
    apat of Eanes the blood can backflow
  • 00:34:02
    into the liver and if there's backflow
  • 00:34:04
    into the liver it causes this portal
  • 00:34:05
    venous system to develop a lot of
  • 00:34:07
    pressure now why is this bad when there
  • 00:34:11
    is portal venous hypertension three
  • 00:34:15
    reasons why and I'm going to go through
  • 00:34:17
    each one of them I want to go through
  • 00:34:19
    the first one here one of the car and
  • 00:34:22
    it's something that can happen with the
  • 00:34:23
    pathophysiology of portal tension is
  • 00:34:26
    there can be a no rectal hemorrhoids
  • 00:34:34
    okay now here's what I want us to
  • 00:34:39
    understand there are certain areas where
  • 00:34:42
    the portal venous system and the
  • 00:34:45
    systemic system form what's called an
  • 00:34:48
    anastomosis okay so this right here I'm
  • 00:34:51
    gonna kind of encase it here in orange
  • 00:34:54
    this is called a port Oh
  • 00:34:58
    systemic anastomosis Anasta Moses now
  • 00:35:06
    generally I have a little pressure
  • 00:35:09
    system right here okay a little pressure
  • 00:35:10
    valve normally the portal system and the
  • 00:35:14
    systemic system there's not much blood
  • 00:35:16
    flowing through these in a stenosis so
  • 00:35:19
    the pressure is really low and it's
  • 00:35:20
    pretty equal on both sides but in a
  • 00:35:23
    situation like hepatic portal
  • 00:35:24
    hypertension so hepatic portal
  • 00:35:30
    hypertension
  • 00:35:34
    this is going to affect him and what
  • 00:35:36
    it's going to do is gonna take this
  • 00:35:38
    little pressure valve and Boop it's
  • 00:35:40
    gonna go over here and now it's gonna
  • 00:35:42
    shift to the left so now the pressure
  • 00:35:45
    the pressure is going to be over here
  • 00:35:48
    now and so there's gonna be more portal
  • 00:35:50
    pressure portal venous pressure than
  • 00:35:52
    systemic venous pressure now if you guys
  • 00:35:55
    know anything about the concept of
  • 00:35:57
    pressure flow things like to go from
  • 00:36:00
    areas of high pressure to low pressure
  • 00:36:02
    where there's the least resistance well
  • 00:36:05
    because there's some type of venous
  • 00:36:08
    thrombosis or cirrhosis or bud tre
  • 00:36:11
    syndrome and remember Priya Patek
  • 00:36:13
    intrahepatic poster pad it causes these
  • 00:36:15
    things will cause the blood to backflow
  • 00:36:18
    through these portal venous systems now
  • 00:36:21
    these veins here they're not used to
  • 00:36:23
    large volumes of blood but whenever you
  • 00:36:27
    cause a lot of this blood from the
  • 00:36:28
    portal system to come out here it starts
  • 00:36:32
    causing them to dilate and form a lot of
  • 00:36:36
    like varicosities here and this
  • 00:36:39
    varicosity is gonna be causing
  • 00:36:41
    hemorrhoids anal tentacles kind coming
  • 00:36:44
    out the button right so you don't want
  • 00:36:45
    that these can be pretty nasty okay so
  • 00:36:48
    that's important to remember is that if
  • 00:36:49
    there is a high pressure system major
  • 00:36:51
    the portal systems higher it's going to
  • 00:36:52
    go to the path of least resistance which
  • 00:36:54
    is going to go into these rectal veins
  • 00:36:56
    that's important because if you're a
  • 00:36:57
    member for example we talked about it
  • 00:36:59
    briefly over here what was this vein
  • 00:37:01
    called that was the part of the portal
  • 00:37:03
    vein this was called the superior rectal
  • 00:37:07
    vein that supplied the superior aspect
  • 00:37:10
    of the rectum well there's middle and
  • 00:37:12
    inferior ekdal veins
  • 00:37:13
    that's for these systemic veins that's
  • 00:37:15
    where the circuit is okay this one is in
  • 00:37:18
    a medical emergency not so serious
  • 00:37:20
    obviously you can do ligation of these
  • 00:37:22
    or they can actually surgically remove
  • 00:37:24
    them as well pretty nasty stuff though
  • 00:37:25
    okay all right so now we talked about
  • 00:37:27
    anal rectal hemorrhoids now I want to
  • 00:37:29
    kick another view here I want to talk
  • 00:37:30
    about another clinical manifestation
  • 00:37:33
    that we can see with someone what's the
  • 00:37:34
    paddock for hypertension so we're gonna
  • 00:37:37
    take a sagittal view here this is so for
  • 00:37:39
    example I'm coming here I'm making this
  • 00:37:41
    type of section a sagittal section I'm
  • 00:37:43
    turning my body so that you guys can see
  • 00:37:44
    it
  • 00:37:45
    okay so I'll give you a little bit of an
  • 00:37:46
    atomic
  • 00:37:48
    orientation here ok so again this is
  • 00:37:49
    actually a sagittal view here okay this
  • 00:37:56
    is a sagittal view so right here this is
  • 00:37:59
    our anterior abdominal wall this is our
  • 00:38:02
    liver now when we look at the liver in
  • 00:38:03
    this way this is the superior surface of
  • 00:38:06
    the liver right here I'll put superior
  • 00:38:08
    this is actually the posterior surface
  • 00:38:10
    of the liver this is the anterior
  • 00:38:13
    surface of the liver and then down here
  • 00:38:15
    is the inferior surface of the liver
  • 00:38:20
    what's important for you guys to
  • 00:38:22
    understand here is remember when when
  • 00:38:25
    there actually is the fetal life right
  • 00:38:27
    there's has to be this umbilical cord
  • 00:38:30
    which allows for the umbilical vein to
  • 00:38:32
    take blood from the placenta to the baby
  • 00:38:35
    where again we talked about it will
  • 00:38:37
    empty into the ductus venosus which will
  • 00:38:39
    take it and shunt it into the inferior
  • 00:38:40
    vena cava when we're born is it that
  • 00:38:44
    actual vein closes okay and it becomes
  • 00:38:48
    this ligament that we talked about and
  • 00:38:51
    this ligament is called the ligamentum
  • 00:38:53
    teres or the round ligament cuz terry's
  • 00:39:02
    means round so it's also the round
  • 00:39:04
    ligament now remember I told you that if
  • 00:39:09
    for whatever reason let's say here's our
  • 00:39:12
    portal vein so here's our portal vein
  • 00:39:13
    okay that was taking blood into the
  • 00:39:16
    liver and again it's branching out here
  • 00:39:19
    to the different parts of the liver
  • 00:39:21
    right left lobe all that stuff but for
  • 00:39:25
    whatever reason due to the portal
  • 00:39:27
    hypertension
  • 00:39:28
    pria paddock thrombosis or intrahepatic
  • 00:39:31
    being any type of cirrhosis post a
  • 00:39:33
    paddock being occlusion blood tre
  • 00:39:35
    syndrome whatever it might be
  • 00:39:37
    for the portal hypertension the blood
  • 00:39:39
    has to go somewhere
  • 00:39:41
    it needs to go somewhere has to have
  • 00:39:43
    somewhere to go so what happens is is
  • 00:39:46
    this high pressure from the portal
  • 00:39:49
    hypertension
  • 00:39:49
    rique analyzes this ligament because it
  • 00:39:54
    really it has a little a little lumen
  • 00:39:57
    here but it's so so small but what
  • 00:39:59
    happens is because of
  • 00:40:01
    high-pressure system because of the
  • 00:40:03
    portal hypertension it wreak analyzes
  • 00:40:06
    that and that crazy
  • 00:40:07
    so there's what's called re canalization
  • 00:40:12
    of ligamentum Terry's and it provides a
  • 00:40:21
    little blood circuit for it to roll
  • 00:40:23
    through
  • 00:40:24
    now this isn't again it's not a super
  • 00:40:26
    dangerous condition but it can actually
  • 00:40:29
    be helpful in their differential
  • 00:40:31
    diagnosis like a diagnostic sign right
  • 00:40:33
    because what happens is the blood has to
  • 00:40:34
    go somewhere so what happens is the
  • 00:40:36
    blood goes into this actual ligament
  • 00:40:40
    some terries that sure gets wreak
  • 00:40:41
    analyzed and then it actually moves into
  • 00:40:46
    these superficial peri umbilical veins
  • 00:40:48
    so you have some superficial superficial
  • 00:40:51
    peri umbilical veins
  • 00:40:52
    now remember going back to hit us again
  • 00:40:54
    there's a little pressure valve normally
  • 00:40:57
    it's equal not much blood going through
  • 00:40:59
    this portal systemic and a stenosis but
  • 00:41:05
    because of the portal hypertension the
  • 00:41:08
    portal venous pressure rises if the
  • 00:41:11
    portal venous pressure rises the blood
  • 00:41:14
    has to go from areas of high pressure to
  • 00:41:15
    areas of low pressure when it does it
  • 00:41:18
    goes into these Perry umbilical veins
  • 00:41:20
    these superficial Perry umbilical veins
  • 00:41:21
    and guess what that does it causes these
  • 00:41:24
    guys to start kind of bulging and
  • 00:41:27
    forming these nasty little varicose
  • 00:41:30
    veins type of structure on the abdomen
  • 00:41:33
    and you can see it
  • 00:41:35
    they call this capita deucey okay so
  • 00:41:39
    they call this when these veins here are
  • 00:41:42
    super distended they call it Capet
  • 00:41:47
    Medusa okay they get that because uh the
  • 00:41:52
    Greek god
  • 00:41:52
    Medusa look like she had a bunch of
  • 00:41:55
    snakes on her head so they thought that
  • 00:41:56
    these veins when they were distended
  • 00:41:58
    because of the portal hypertension it
  • 00:42:00
    looked like that so that's why they call
  • 00:42:01
    it captain Medusa again not a medical
  • 00:42:03
    emergency but again it's important for
  • 00:42:05
    diagnosis the last one that is a medical
  • 00:42:07
    emergency and if it does happen it's
  • 00:42:09
    usually not a good sign okay
  • 00:42:12
    is esophageal varices okay so let's do
  • 00:42:15
    this last one here in purple esophageal
  • 00:42:19
    the last one is called a sawfish eel
  • 00:42:23
    varices now again what is this little
  • 00:42:27
    area right here this is a portal
  • 00:42:31
    systemic anastomosis remember this is
  • 00:42:33
    the portal vein here right well one of
  • 00:42:36
    the branches that goes to the esophagus
  • 00:42:37
    you know the esophagus the inferior
  • 00:42:40
    portion of the esophagus inferior
  • 00:42:41
    portion is drained by the portal vein
  • 00:42:44
    but the superior and middle aspect of
  • 00:42:47
    the esophagus is drained by the systemic
  • 00:42:49
    veins when they come together again they
  • 00:42:52
    form this little port of systemic
  • 00:42:53
    anastomosis but because of pre hepatic
  • 00:42:56
    causes like thrombosis intra paddock
  • 00:42:57
    like fibrosis of the liver or post a pod
  • 00:43:00
    it causes like a bud qre syndrome the
  • 00:43:02
    pressure starts building up as the
  • 00:43:05
    pressure starts building up the pressure
  • 00:43:07
    starts back flowing and again go back to
  • 00:43:09
    our pressure valve here if the pressure
  • 00:43:11
    starts rising in the portal venous
  • 00:43:12
    system where is it going to want to go
  • 00:43:15
    it's going to want to go to the path of
  • 00:43:17
    least resistance so guess where it will
  • 00:43:19
    do it'll shunt through the portal
  • 00:43:21
    systemic anastomosis into these systemic
  • 00:43:24
    veins in the esophagus and there's
  • 00:43:26
    internal veins and external veins here's
  • 00:43:29
    what can happen though look at this
  • 00:43:31
    as these get filled with blood their
  • 00:43:37
    walls get distended as the walls are
  • 00:43:39
    being distended eventually due to the
  • 00:43:42
    consistent chronic portal hypertension
  • 00:43:44
    these puppies can rupture and you can
  • 00:43:47
    start spitting up blood okay so you
  • 00:43:49
    could have them opt esis but another
  • 00:43:52
    common sign is guess what you just
  • 00:43:54
    swallow it and some of that blood will
  • 00:43:58
    get passed out right through the poopoo
  • 00:44:02
    right into the poopoo and what you'll
  • 00:44:05
    see is you'll see the stool is going to
  • 00:44:07
    be kind of black and tari stool and that
  • 00:44:12
    could be a sign that maybe there is some
  • 00:44:15
    type of GI bleed most likely upper GI
  • 00:44:17
    and it's these esophageal varices and
  • 00:44:19
    again really important that these get to
  • 00:44:21
    pay attention to because this can be a
  • 00:44:23
    medical emergency okay
  • 00:44:25
    this can be a medical emergency usually
  • 00:44:28
    the the treatment of choice for this one
  • 00:44:30
    is an endoscopic ligation okay if that
  • 00:44:33
    not then they can do farm you know they
  • 00:44:35
    can get pharmacological interventions
  • 00:44:37
    like octreotide and other different
  • 00:44:39
    types of drugs the new modern procedure
  • 00:44:42
    that they're using nowadays though to
  • 00:44:45
    really help out with alleviating this
  • 00:44:47
    portal hypertension is called tips okay
  • 00:44:50
    so what does it called it's called tips
  • 00:44:55
    and tips stands for trans jugular intra
  • 00:45:05
    hepatic porto systemic shunt okay t i--
  • 00:45:14
    PS okay
  • 00:45:16
    and again they call this tips you
  • 00:45:18
    probably like no wonder they call it
  • 00:45:19
    tips alright now what they do is they
  • 00:45:23
    take a catheter and they thread it
  • 00:45:27
    through the internal jugular vein they
  • 00:45:30
    thread it through the right
  • 00:45:31
    brachiocephalic vein through the
  • 00:45:33
    superior vena cava through the inferior
  • 00:45:36
    vena cava and then what they do is they
  • 00:45:39
    give off a branch into these hepatic
  • 00:45:41
    veins right so these are your patek
  • 00:45:43
    veins from here it'll go to a portal
  • 00:45:46
    vein tributary and it'll put in a stent
  • 00:45:51
    and by putting in this stent is trying
  • 00:45:55
    to increase the blood flow and alleviate
  • 00:45:58
    a lot of this portal hypertension so by
  • 00:46:01
    doing this putting in this stent here
  • 00:46:03
    we're going to kind of open this vessel
  • 00:46:06
    up a little bit more and by doing that
  • 00:46:08
    it's going to help to try to alleviate a
  • 00:46:11
    lot of this back pressure so that
  • 00:46:13
    instead of the blood going to these
  • 00:46:15
    different areas which they are it can
  • 00:46:16
    start moving through the portal
  • 00:46:18
    circulation it's a pretty cool modern
  • 00:46:20
    technique that they're using nowadays
  • 00:46:21
    there is another one that they could use
  • 00:46:23
    again they don't use it as much but they
  • 00:46:26
    could do it is you could put a little
  • 00:46:27
    shot right here between the portal vein
  • 00:46:31
    and the inferior vena cava because this
  • 00:46:33
    is your inferior vena cava again this is
  • 00:46:36
    your portal vein
  • 00:46:38
    and so they can do what's called a
  • 00:46:40
    portal cable shut that's another one and
  • 00:46:43
    again by doing that it allows for the
  • 00:46:45
    blood to be diverted into the inferior
  • 00:46:47
    vena cava and back up to the right
  • 00:46:49
    atrium okay so that's an important point
  • 00:46:51
    to understand EIN in genera so in this
  • 00:46:54
    video we talked about the blood supply
  • 00:46:55
    to the liver and we had a little
  • 00:46:57
    clinical tidbit on the up attic portal
  • 00:46:58
    hypertension guys I want to thank you
  • 00:47:00
    guys so much for watching this video if
  • 00:47:02
    you guys did like this video please hit
  • 00:47:03
    that like button comment down the
  • 00:47:04
    comment section and please subscribe
  • 00:47:06
    also guys if you guys get a chance
  • 00:47:08
    please go check out our Facebook or
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    Instagram and even our patreon account
  • 00:47:11
    you guys can even donate a dollar will
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    you appreciate it very very much so
  • 00:47:14
    alright engineers as always until next
  • 00:47:16
    time
  • 00:47:21
    [Music]
  • 00:47:39
    you
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Tags
  • foie
  • hypertension portale
  • artère hépatique
  • veine porte
  • cirrhose
  • anatomie du foie
  • TIPS
  • triades portales
  • sang oxygéné