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as a technician you'll often find that
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troubleshooting problems with a laptop
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can be challenging these are very unique
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computing environments that are
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specifically designed to fit a
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particular form factor and because of
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that it can be a very challenging repair
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if you need to get inside of that device
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and make a change
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you might often find as you look at
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laptops from different manufacturers
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that some laptops tend to be easier to
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repair than others you'll often become
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very knowledgeable in one particular
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manufacturer's laptops because that's
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the one that your organization will tend
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to purchase the most and you'll find
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over time you'll become much more
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comfortable with repairing those
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particular brand of laptops many laptop
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manufacturers will provide service
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information so you can learn more about
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the process required to replace the
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keyboard the display or other components
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within the laptop
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our laptops are mobile devices so it's
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important to have some type of power
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source when you're traveling many
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laptops will have batteries included and
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usually these batteries are very modular
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you can unplug and reconnect those
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batteries to your laptop and you don't
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have to take apart the laptop to gain
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access to that battery some laptops will
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have batteries inside of the laptop case
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and those obviously are not designed to
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be modular
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many of the battery technologies we use
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today are lithium-ion or lithium-ion
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polymer these batteries are designed to
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be fully charged you can discharge some
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of the battery and charge it back up
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again without worrying that you're
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causing a memory effect or limiting the
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amount of capacity that battery might
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have however each time you charge that
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battery it diminishes the capacity just
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a bit so after a number of years you may
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find that you have to replace the
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battery because it's not able to
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maintain the charge that it once did
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because laptops have a very specific
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form factor you'll find that the
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batteries used in these laptops are very
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specific to a particular make and model
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of laptop so if you're purchasing a new
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battery for a laptop make sure you're
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purchasing it specifically for that
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particular device here's an example of a
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very modular battery configuration on
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the back of a laptop there are two
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different batteries underneath this
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empty space and you can see they will
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slide in and lock into place you can
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unlock the battery with the switch
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that's on the back pull it out and
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replace it with a new battery this means
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if you're traveling and use up the
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capacity of one battery you can easily
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disconnect that battery and connect a
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fresh one to your laptop
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the keyboard is probably the most used
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component of a laptop it is our primary
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input into the operating system and
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fortunately it's a very easy component
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to replace there's a single device
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that's usually connected with a ribbon
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cable to the main part of the laptop
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this is the back of a laptop keyboard
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and you can see there is this single
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ribbon cable that's used to connect and
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disconnect from the laptop motherboard
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you do have the option on many laptops
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to plug in an external keyboard to a usb
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interface so if you're running into
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problems with the keyboard that's
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integrated into your laptop you may be
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able to work around those problems by
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using an external keyboard
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one of the challenges we have with
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laptops is as the laptop becomes smaller
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there's less space to have a keyboard so
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we're using a lot of extra function keys
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and changing around the layout of the
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keyboard just to be able to fit it into
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this small place you can see on this
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laptop that we don't have enough room
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for a numeric keypad on the right side
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and the inverted t that we use for arrow
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keys is put underneath the shift key on
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the right side
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some larger laptops can include other
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keys for example this laptop does have a
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numeric keypad but you'll notice a lot
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of the function keys for home in page up
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and page down have been moved just above
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the numeric keypad and you can also see
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that the function keys also have
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secondary functions associated with them
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so the key that you would normally use
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for f1 has a question mark which is
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probably the help key for this
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particular laptop function two looks
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like it is a brightness or brightness
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down setting and f3 is a brightness
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upsetting the way that we would access
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those secondary functions is to hold
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down the function key on the keyboard
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and press the appropriate key on the
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function keypad
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because these laptops are mobile we tend
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to sometimes have things fall within the
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keyboard itself or the keycaps
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themselves might be damaged and we might
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have to replace them these keycaps
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though are very fragile so make sure you
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check with the manufacturer's
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instructions and you follow exactly what
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they recommend when changing anything
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with that keyboard you don't want to
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break any part of the keycap itself when
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you're removing it or placing it back
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onto the laptop and you want to be sure
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that the mechanics underneath are not
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damaged at all this picture shows just
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how delicate these tiny little plastic
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pieces are underneath the keycaps so you
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want to be very very careful when doing
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any type of maintenance on that laptop
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keyboard
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all of the programs that are executing
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in your operating system are executing
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in memory and if we ever need to
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increase the amount of memory in our
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laptop then we'll probably want to use
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sodim or the small outline dual in-line
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memory module this form factor is very
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common for laptops and other mobile
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devices and often there is a window or
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an opening at the bottom of the laptop
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that allows you to easily add and remove
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these memory modules
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some laptop manufacturers have decided
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not to create a modular way to change
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the amount of memory inside of the
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laptop and in those cases the memory is
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not on a so dim module instead it's
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physically soldered to the motherboard
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of the laptop this means that you can't
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upgrade or change the amount of memory
00:05:51
in that laptop and if you needed to make
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a change to the memory you would have to
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replace the entire motherboard for that
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laptop and that is certainly a very
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costly endeavor when all you might want
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is additional memory in your system
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here's a picture of a sodim this one is
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in context with everything around it so
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you can see this is a relatively small
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memory module especially when you
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compare it to the larger dimms that you
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might find inside of a desktop computer
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to be able to install the so dim you
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place it into the memory slot on the
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laptop push it down so that it locks and
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now you have additional memory in your
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laptop
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our laptops also need some type of
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storage space so that we can retrieve or
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save files to that system older laptops
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might have storage in the form of a
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magnetic disk this is the hard drives
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that we traditionally think about these
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are spinning physical drives but they're
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in a form factor that's around two and a
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half inches this two and a half inch
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form factor works well for these
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portable platforms especially when you
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consider that desktop platforms have the
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larger three and a half inch size hard
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drives many newer laptops will instead
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have solid state drives or ssds instead
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of spinning hard drives as the name
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implies a solid state drive is solid
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state there are no moving parts inside
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of an ssd even though the ssd shown here
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in this picture looks identical to the
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form factor and connectivity you might
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have for a hard drive this makes it very
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easy to perform an upgrade because you
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can unplug a hard drive and connect an
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ssd to the same interface using exactly
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the same form factor
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one significant advantage of the ssd is
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the greatly increased speed for reading
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and writing data to this device and by
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simply upgrading from a hard drive to an
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ssd you can greatly improve the
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performance of almost any device
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there's also another interface type
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available on many devices called an m.2
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interface this is an m.2 interface on an
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ssd drive and you can see the size of
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this ssd is much smaller than the larger
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and more traditional sata connected ssd
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this means we can fit a lot more storage
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in a much smaller space and we don't
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have the cables that you would normally
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find on a traditional sata connected ssd
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this is also a very modular form of
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storage you can simply plug it into a
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slot use a screw to connect it and you
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now have additional storage inside of
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your system here's another view of these
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two storage devices together one is a
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spinning hard drive with a sata
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connection the other is an ssd using an
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m.2 interface and you can see these are
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very two different kinds of connections
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using a very different form factor
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inside of the laptop
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if you need to replace or upgrade the
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storage that's inside of your laptop you
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may find that everything is internal to
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the laptop and you have to open the
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entire back of the laptop to gain access
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to that particular storage bay or there
00:08:57
may be a window or an opening on the
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back of a laptop and you simply need to
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open one single window to gain access to
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the entire storage area whether these
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are drives that are inside of the laptop
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or they're accessible from a cover on
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the back of the laptop they're
00:09:13
relatively easy to replace there are
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probably a few screws you would remove
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you would disconnect it from the santa
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connection that's on your laptop and
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then slide it out of that particular bay
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to add a new drive you simply plug it
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into the cable screw it down and now you
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have a new drive inside of that laptop
00:09:31
if you're connecting to an m.2 interface
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it's even easier it's a single screw
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that allows you to either connect or
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disconnect that m.2 drive and it simply
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slides out of that m.2 interface very
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similar to the interface you would use
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for installing memory on a system
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this laptop happens to have a cover in
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the back that gains access to the
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storage drive you would unscrew that
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cover and remove it from the system and
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then unscrew the mount that is keeping
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that drive in place inside of the laptop
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on this laptop you simply slide the
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drive back which disconnects it from the
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sata connection and you can remove it
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from the laptop
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it's a similar process if the drive is
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inside of the laptop without an access
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cover you'll just have to remove the
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entire back of the laptop to be able to
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gain access to that drive
00:10:21
and if you're lucky enough to have a
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laptop with an m.2 connection there's
00:10:25
probably a cover on the back that you
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can remove and then you can add the ssd
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use the single screw to tighten it down
00:10:32
replace the cover and now you have a new
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storage drive on your laptop
00:10:37
because the performance of a system can
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be improved dramatically by replacing a
00:10:42
spinning hard drive with an ssd it's
00:10:45
very common to perform these migrations
00:10:47
and move an operating system from an
00:10:49
existing spinning hard drive to a new
00:10:52
ssd on these laptops you can do this a
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number of different ways one common way
00:10:57
to do it is to install an operating
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system on the ssd and simply move over a
00:11:02
user's documents and any applications
00:11:05
that they might need however this can be
00:11:07
time consuming because it requires an
00:11:09
additional operating system installation
00:11:11
and then you have to manually move over
00:11:14
everything that user might have in their
00:11:16
user documents and then manually install
00:11:19
any applications that are important for
00:11:21
that user
00:11:22
another way to migrate from a hard drive
00:11:24
to an ssd and a method that's perhaps
00:11:27
more elegant is to create a clone or an
00:11:30
image of the hard drive and move that
00:11:32
image to the new ssd this means that you
00:11:35
don't have to install a new operating
00:11:37
system on the ssd and when you move this
00:11:40
image from one system to the other
00:11:42
you're moving everything all of the
00:11:44
user's data and all of the users
00:11:46
applications to perform this migration
00:11:48
you'll need software that can create the
00:11:50
image on the hard drive and move that
00:11:53
image or copy it onto the ssd there are
00:11:56
a number of applications that can do
00:11:58
this many manufacturers will include an
00:12:01
application with the ssd that can
00:12:03
provide this imaging function but there
00:12:05
are many commercial and open source
00:12:07
options available
00:12:09
some organizations will create one
00:12:11
single image file and use that image
00:12:13
file to create multiple copies across
00:12:15
multiple systems you can also perform a
00:12:18
drive to drive image where there's no
00:12:20
intermediary image file you're simply
00:12:23
taking everything from one system and
00:12:25
copying it sector by sector over to the
00:12:28
drive that's on another system this
00:12:30
would require that you either have two
00:12:32
systems running simultaneously so you
00:12:34
can perform that drive to drive image or
00:12:37
the system that you're using supports
00:12:38
having multiple drives inside of it
00:12:41
simultaneously
00:12:43
on many newer laptops you may find that
00:12:45
wireless functionality using 802.11 or
00:12:47
bluetooth connections are built into the
00:12:50
system board or motherboard of that
00:12:52
laptop older laptops may include many
00:12:54
pci or mini pci express interfaces so
00:12:58
that you can add additional wireless
00:13:00
connectivity for example you could plug
00:13:02
in one of these cards and you might have
00:13:04
802.11 access that will provide you with
00:13:07
local area network coverage on wireless
00:13:10
networks or this may be a bluetooth
00:13:12
connection so that you can connect over
00:13:14
a personal area network to earpieces
00:13:17
speakers and other bluetooth components
00:13:20
this is designed to be user replaceable
00:13:22
so there's usually a cover that you can
00:13:24
remove on the back of the laptop that
00:13:26
will allow you access to the mini pci or
00:13:28
mini pci express interfaces
00:13:31
this is an older laptop that has a
00:13:33
couple of storage bays here's the memory
00:13:35
in the middle of the system there's some
00:13:38
cooling here for the cpu and you can see
00:13:41
right here on the bottom right are two
00:13:43
mini pci express interfaces one of these
00:13:45
is for wireless local area network and
00:13:48
the other is for a wireless personal
00:13:50
area network or bluetooth here's a
00:13:52
better view of these there's actually
00:13:54
three slots available on this laptop
00:13:56
we're using two of them one for 802.11
00:13:59
and the other one for bluetooth but
00:14:01
there's a slot right in the middle
00:14:02
specifying for wireless wide area
00:14:05
network which would be a cellular
00:14:07
connection so that you can use a
00:14:09
third-party cellular provider to gain
00:14:11
access to the network when you're away
00:14:13
from 802.11 or any other type of network
00:14:16
these cards are very modular so it's
00:14:18
very easy to slide one into a slot push
00:14:21
it down and you've installed the card
00:14:23
for these wireless cards there are
00:14:24
usually antenna wires connected as well
00:14:27
so you would connect those to the
00:14:28
appropriate ports on that wireless card
00:14:32
our newer operating systems may provide
00:14:34
us with additional authentication
00:14:36
options which can be really useful on a
00:14:38
laptop computer for example instead of
00:14:40
typing a password to gain access to the
00:14:42
system you might want to use biometrics
00:14:44
our operating system can look at our
00:14:46
face it can look at our fingerprint and
00:14:48
be able to determine if that's really us
00:14:51
and if we should gain access to the
00:14:52
system there are usually two components
00:14:55
to this there's the software in the
00:14:56
operating system so that it can support
00:14:58
this method of authentication and then
00:15:01
you'll need some type of hardware that
00:15:03
can provide either the view of your face
00:15:05
or the view of your finger so that it
00:15:07
can determine if that's really you
00:15:09
wanting to gain access to the laptop
00:15:11
if you look at the options for
00:15:13
authentication in your account settings
00:15:15
in windows you'll see the different
00:15:17
options that are available we're all
00:15:18
very familiar with the password option
00:15:21
for example but if you wanted to use
00:15:22
biometrics you could use windows hello
00:15:25
face which will use the camera on your
00:15:27
system to look at your face or use
00:15:29
windows hello fingerprint which uses a
00:15:31
fingerprint reader
00:15:33
since it's difficult to duplicate your
00:15:35
face or your fingerprint these are
00:15:37
relatively secure ways of authenticating
00:15:39
into your laptop and in some cases you
00:15:42
might use multiple forms at the same
00:15:44
time to provide additional factors of
00:15:47
authentication for example you may have
00:15:49
to type a password and use your
00:15:51
fingerprint just to make sure that you
00:15:53
really are the person gaining access to
00:15:55
that laptop
00:15:56
this is the laptop keyboard we were
00:15:58
looking at earlier you can see on the
00:16:00
right side underneath the keyboard is
00:16:02
the small sensor that's your fingerprint
00:16:04
sensor so to be able to authenticate to
00:16:06
the system you simply slide your finger
00:16:08
across that sensor it will recognize
00:16:10
your fingerprint and give you access to
00:16:12
the operating system
00:16:14
we're also seeing nfc or near field
00:16:17
communication being used more and more
00:16:19
with laptops it's a technology we've
00:16:21
been using for quite some time on our
00:16:22
mobile devices now we're starting to see
00:16:25
it integrated into our laptop systems
00:16:27
this allows us to transfer data or
00:16:29
perform authentication to the device
00:16:31
without physically touching the device
00:16:34
if you're in a store and you paid during
00:16:36
checkout with your phone or your watch
00:16:38
then you were using nfc but you could
00:16:40
also use your phone or your watch to
00:16:43
authenticate to the laptop this is great
00:16:45
if you're in a hospital or a warehouse
00:16:47
where you might be using this laptop
00:16:49
only occasionally and you need it to
00:16:51
quickly authenticate each time you walk
00:16:53
up to the laptop by using your phone or
00:16:56
your watch you're able to provide that
00:16:58
authentication without having to touch
00:17:00
anything else on the system input any
00:17:02
extra passwords and quickly gain access
00:17:05
to the operating system
00:17:18
you
