Electrical Diagnostic Thinking

00:56:42
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRwIbWNwg68

Summary

TLDRThis video delves into both historical and modern approaches to electrical diagnosis, illustrating how older methods involved risky practices like using fingers or taste to detect voltage. It contrasts these with today's safer, visualization-focused learning. The speaker emphasizes understanding electricity by using mental pictures or 'cartoons' to make sense of volts, amps, and ohms, and the importance of visualizing electricity flow using metaphors. Concepts like the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance are crucial for diagnosing electrical issues effectively. The video also explains the proper usage of voltmeters, misconceptions surrounding electrical shorts and opens, and the importance of correctly sizing wires for electrical safety. It strongly advocates for building a fundamental understanding through visual tools, which can lead to more proficient electrical diagnostics. Reiterating that repetition and familiarity with schematics are vital, the speaker also tackles the challenge of wire sizing, ensuring viewers understand it’s not simply about wire length but involves several factors. Finally, it encourages learning through hands-on activities and being vigilant about seemingly trivial wiring errors that can lead to significant issues.

Takeaways

  • 🛠️ Old electrical methods like using fingers to detect voltage are outdated and risky.
  • 🔌 Understanding electricity requires visualizing concepts like volts, amps, and ohms.
  • 💡 Visual metaphors help simplify complex electrical principles.
  • 📏 Proper wire sizing based on amperage is critical in electrical installations.
  • 🔍 Voltmeters measure voltage drop, crucial for diagnosing circuit issues.
  • 🧩 Electrical shorts and opens have distinct characteristics and causes.
  • 🔄 Alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) differ fundamentally.
  • 🔧 Practical, hands-on experience enhances understanding of electrical systems.
  • 📚 Familiarity with schematics improves diagnostic skills.
  • 📏 Incorrect wire connections cause significant electrical malfunctions.

Timeline

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    The speaker begins by discussing an old electrical diagnostic guide from the 1930s. It humorously mentions electricians testing circuits by touching conductors with fingers and using tongues for low voltages. The speaker emphasizes that these methods show how different safety perceptions were in the past compared to today.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    The speaker introduces the concept of "cartoon in our heads," which is a mental model for understanding electrical diagnosis. It describes volts as pressure, ohms as resistance, and amperage as the current flow. A common misconception about resistance and amperage is explained, using electric motors and inductive reactance.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Using metaphors like a water tower, the speaker explains electrical concepts further, relating high and low voltages, current, resistance, and wattage. The importance of mental models in understanding electrical circuits is emphasized, as technicians often have difficulty visualizing these relationships.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Diagrams and illustrations are shared to teach concepts like direct vs. alternating current. The speaker stresses the use of diagrams to create "cartoons" in technicians' heads to improve understanding. There's a focus on practical, visual methods of learning complex electrical systems.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Real-life examples are explained, such as how opens and shorts in a circuit function. The speaker uses voltage drop as a diagnostic tool and encourages looking for the basics, like loose wires and connections, that can cause failures.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    The discussion on schematics shows how experienced techs diagnose left to right but cautions not to get trapped in this mindset. Voltage presence and current flow are explained with alternating current circuits, emphasizing how power can be misleadingly measured if not understood.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    The correct ways to measure shorts and opens, using isolation and voltage drop techniques, are discussed. Misdiagnosis can occur with certain tests, so the speaker suggests using a mix of methods to confirm electrical issues in circuits.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    The debate on proper wire sizing is discussed, especially in HVAC systems where different factors like manufacturer guidelines are crucial. It highlights the importance of understanding NEC standards and not confusing them with local codes.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    The speaker stresses the importance of having an internal visual understanding of electrical concepts over mathematical calculations alone. They encourage practice and repetition with real equipment and using diagrams correctly to solidify understanding.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:50:00

    Listener questions and real problem-solving scenarios are shared to emphasize the importance of understanding circuitry in HVAC systems. Isolating electrical problems through step-by-step logic is suggested as a reliable method for accurate diagnosis.

  • 00:50:00 - 00:56:42

    The session concludes with discussions on practical problem-solving in the field, including the importance of hands-on experience and aligning theoretical knowledge with tasks commonly performed by technicians. The speaker highlights continued learning and adaptation as vital.

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Mind Map

Video Q&A

  • What did old electrical diagnosis methods involve?

    Old methods involved physically touching wires and using taste to detect voltage in low-pressure circuits.

  • What is the cartoon in your head concept in electrical diagnosis?

    The 'cartoon in your head' refers to the mental visualization people use to understand electrical circuits.

  • How should a voltmeter be used according to the video?

    A voltmeter is a voltage drop measurement tool, useful for diagnosing circuit issues by measuring potential differences.

  • Why do some people struggle with electrical diagnosis?

    Lack of basic understanding and visual tools, like mental cartoons of circuits, makes it difficult for some people.

  • How is wire sizing important in electrical applications?

    Wire sizing is crucial for safety and efficiency, ensuring that wires can handle the required current without overheating.

  • What happens when there is a short circuit?

    A short circuit causes an undesigned low resistance path, potentially leading to overcurrent protection devices being triggered.

  • How can visual metaphors help in understanding complex electrical concepts?

    Visual metaphors simplify complex electrical concepts, making them easier to grasp by relating them to common experiences.

  • What is the role of resistance in electrical circuits?

    Resistance affects current flow; as resistance increases, current flow decreases, affecting circuit performance.

  • How can electricians use illustrations to improve understanding?

    Illustrations can depict the flow of electricity and the function of components, aiding in better understanding of circuit operations.

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  • 00:00:00
    all right so we're gonna get started I
  • 00:00:01
    don't know if you've ever seen this this
  • 00:00:02
    is one of my favorite places to start
  • 00:00:03
    electrical diagnosis it's it's probably
  • 00:00:05
    hard to read this on your screen but
  • 00:00:07
    there's a quote in here this is page 48
  • 00:00:10
    and this is an old-school electrical
  • 00:00:14
    diagnostic guide it's I forget the title
  • 00:00:17
    of it but this is from the I believe
  • 00:00:19
    this version is from the 1930s but I'll
  • 00:00:23
    read it to you
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    it says electricians often test circuits
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    for the presence of voltage by touching
  • 00:00:27
    the conductors with the fingers this
  • 00:00:30
    method is safe where the voltage does
  • 00:00:31
    not exceed 250 and is often very
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    convenient for locating a blown out fuse
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    or ascertaining whether or not a circuit
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    is alive this is my favorite line some
  • 00:00:40
    men can endure the electric shock that
  • 00:00:42
    results without discomfort whereas
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    others cannot it's they're definitely
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    man shaming you if you can't if you
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    can't grab 250 volts and use it for
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    electrical diagnosis 1930s man is
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    looking down on you right now and then
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    it goes on if you go to the next page
  • 00:01:00
    and stuff that actually talks about
  • 00:01:01
    checking low voltages by placing the
  • 00:01:04
    wires in your mouth and I think it says
  • 00:01:06
    it says the president see this yeah
  • 00:01:08
    there it is actually whew looking at the
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    bottom it says the presence of Allah
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    voltages can be determined by tasting
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    this method is feasible only when the
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    pressure is but a few volts and hence is
  • 00:01:16
    used only in Bell and signal work where
  • 00:01:18
    the voltage is very low the Baird ends
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    of the conductor's constituting the two
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    sides of circuit are held a short
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    distance apart on the tongue if voltage
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    is present a peculiar mildly burning
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    sensation results anyway they literally
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    used to teach this and and there's no
  • 00:01:31
    huge technical benefit to this other
  • 00:01:33
    than just to point out that long ago
  • 00:01:35
    people were much maybe much dumber but
  • 00:01:38
    also much less risk-averse than we are
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    today and I'm not gonna pass judgment
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    either way but just to say that this is
  • 00:01:46
    how things literally were taught not in
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    the field no no actually from the book
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    so there you have it it's actually a
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    great book though so we don't recommend
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    that you that you do this anymore
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    probably probably not the best probably
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    not the best practice all right so let's
  • 00:01:59
    talk about the cartoon in our heads
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    because I think from in terms of
  • 00:02:02
    electrical diagnosis this is something I
  • 00:02:04
    guess I probably wasn't born with it but
  • 00:02:06
    a lot of people who are really good at
  • 00:02:08
    diagnosing electrical circuits
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    electrical problems
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    of a mindset of like imagining things in
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    there in their mind they may not
  • 00:02:17
    actually represent reality perfectly but
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    give us a give a good enough picture
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    that they can sort of I don't know I
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    don't know how to explain my brother and
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    I just call it the cartoon in our heads
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    and so this image here volts amps and
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    ohms is one of the most common that's
  • 00:02:30
    that's taught and it's a good one I mean
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    this is a kind of a modern version of
  • 00:02:34
    this you know you volts volts are the
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    pressure
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    ohms are the resistance and then
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    amperage is the actual current that
  • 00:02:41
    flows and so when you increase
  • 00:02:42
    resistance you decrease current such an
  • 00:02:45
    interesting thing because one of my
  • 00:02:47
    favorite questions to ask people is that
  • 00:02:49
    what happens to your amperage when
  • 00:02:52
    resistance goes up and they'll often
  • 00:02:55
    answer that your amperage goes up and
  • 00:02:57
    the thinking in terms of electric motors
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    so you say you know if your resistance
  • 00:03:01
    goes up and the motor windings does the
  • 00:03:03
    amperage go up or down and they'll often
  • 00:03:04
    say up well of course that's wrong when
  • 00:03:06
    your when your resistance when the ohms
  • 00:03:08
    increase then mister amp here doesn't
  • 00:03:11
    get pushed through the circuit as easily
  • 00:03:12
    but why do people think that they think
  • 00:03:14
    it because when you think of an electric
  • 00:03:16
    motor when there's greater resistance to
  • 00:03:18
    the shaft moving so if you have greater
  • 00:03:20
    force against a blower wheel if a
  • 00:03:22
    compressor you know having a hard time
  • 00:03:23
    running because maybe it's got bearing
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    wear or it's running against you know
  • 00:03:27
    running high compression ratio something
  • 00:03:29
    like that then we run higher amperage
  • 00:03:30
    and so we think resistance equals higher
  • 00:03:32
    amperage but that's not actually true in
  • 00:03:34
    the windings when a motor gets bound up
  • 00:03:36
    so when it can't turn the resistance and
  • 00:03:39
    the windings actually is less and that's
  • 00:03:41
    because of something called inductive
  • 00:03:42
    reactance as a motor runs up to near
  • 00:03:45
    synchronous speed you know the actual
  • 00:03:47
    frequency of the electricity that's
  • 00:03:50
    entering the motor as it gets closer to
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    that synchronous speed there's actually
  • 00:03:53
    a type of resistance that's generated as
  • 00:03:56
    part of back EMF and that's called
  • 00:03:58
    inductive reactance and that inductive
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    reactance acts as a type of resistance
  • 00:04:02
    against the current and so it's just it
  • 00:04:05
    is the same thing as this cartoon but
  • 00:04:06
    this cartoon in your head helps get your
  • 00:04:08
    brunt and get your mind straight and so
  • 00:04:09
    there's a lot of cartoons in our heads
  • 00:04:11
    and I'm curious what are some of your
  • 00:04:13
    cartoons are there any that you go back
  • 00:04:15
    to time and time again and so I'll give
  • 00:04:17
    you some others so this is another one
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    that I've used a lot there's different
  • 00:04:20
    versions of this this was actually an
  • 00:04:22
    illustration that I had made for a lot
  • 00:04:25
    of these
  • 00:04:25
    in fact most these illustrations that
  • 00:04:26
    you'll see and we're gonna go through
  • 00:04:27
    today are illustrations that I had
  • 00:04:29
    commissioned for the book that I took
  • 00:04:31
    down to Haiti to help teach young people
  • 00:04:34
    about electricity in order so they could
  • 00:04:36
    you know do a little bit with solar
  • 00:04:37
    which was a lot of fun by the way Haiti
  • 00:04:39
    is a tough place right now but this is
  • 00:04:40
    this is one of those and so when you
  • 00:04:42
    think of you know high voltage goes to
  • 00:04:44
    low voltage that's one of the basic
  • 00:04:45
    rules that I always talk about but this
  • 00:04:46
    water tower metaphor kind of helps you
  • 00:04:48
    visualize that difference a high voltage
  • 00:04:50
    going to low voltage current being the
  • 00:04:52
    water flowing out of the water tower the
  • 00:04:55
    actual work being done on the waterwheel
  • 00:04:57
    being the wattage and then of course you
  • 00:05:00
    know voltage being the the potential
  • 00:05:01
    difference and in this case we're
  • 00:05:02
    representing it by gravity it's just
  • 00:05:04
    it's just a metaphor it's not perfect
  • 00:05:06
    you can pick it apart there's a lot of
  • 00:05:07
    things about it that are incorrect but
  • 00:05:08
    it helps you get your head around
  • 00:05:10
    voltage amperage resistance in this case
  • 00:05:13
    we've got a little nozzle here on the
  • 00:05:15
    waterline that acts as the resistance
  • 00:05:16
    and then the work is actually what's
  • 00:05:18
    being done against the waterwheel and
  • 00:05:20
    that would be your wattage and yes my
  • 00:05:22
    voice just broke up again Caleb so you
  • 00:05:24
    can go ahead and comment on that again
  • 00:05:26
    getting these sorts of these sort of
  • 00:05:28
    metaphors in your brain really help with
  • 00:05:31
    diagnosis and I think a lot of
  • 00:05:32
    technicians who struggle struggle with
  • 00:05:34
    electrical diagnosis they don't have
  • 00:05:35
    these cartoons in their head they don't
  • 00:05:37
    have these pictures that they can rely
  • 00:05:38
    on and this is just basics I mean this
  • 00:05:40
    is just basic electrical I'm science but
  • 00:05:42
    I think a lot of people when you go to
  • 00:05:44
    school you spend a lot of time focusing
  • 00:05:46
    on the math so there's a lot about
  • 00:05:48
    Holmes law and how to actually calculate
  • 00:05:50
    it but the reality is is that in the
  • 00:05:51
    field very rarely do we calculate
  • 00:05:53
    anything electrically it's really
  • 00:05:56
    uncommon for us to calculate them not
  • 00:05:58
    saying ever do cuz there are some cases
  • 00:05:59
    where you do but it's rare generally
  • 00:06:01
    speaking we're just taking measurements
  • 00:06:02
    right and so what we do in school
  • 00:06:04
    doesn't necessarily equate to what we do
  • 00:06:06
    in the field but understanding the
  • 00:06:07
    relationships does equate so
  • 00:06:09
    understanding what happens when you
  • 00:06:10
    change the amount of work you do what
  • 00:06:12
    does that do to the amperage what does
  • 00:06:15
    that do to the current and then what is
  • 00:06:16
    resistance to the current and how does
  • 00:06:17
    voltage affect current those are all
  • 00:06:19
    things that do matter to us and so the
  • 00:06:20
    relationship matters much more than the
  • 00:06:22
    math and that's true with a lot of
  • 00:06:23
    things it's even true in refrigerant
  • 00:06:25
    diagnosis a lot so I like to always
  • 00:06:26
    start with the relationships if you do
  • 00:06:28
    this then that happens as we call a if
  • 00:06:31
    this is then that equation or or or
  • 00:06:33
    logic if this happens then that happens
  • 00:06:35
    and that's a good way to get started and
  • 00:06:37
    yes I see all of your
  • 00:06:39
    that's about how I need an air scrubber
  • 00:06:40
    hahaha real funny
  • 00:06:42
    no I am not sick I just happen to
  • 00:06:44
    control my indoor relative humidity to a
  • 00:06:47
    very low level and so my throat is a
  • 00:06:49
    little dry okay which is why I've got my
  • 00:06:51
    cranberry juice here and by the way even
  • 00:06:53
    if I was sick you can't catch a virus
  • 00:06:54
    over a webinar at least not that I'm
  • 00:06:57
    aware Caleb says I need a gym you know
  • 00:06:59
    what Caleb I've about had it with you
  • 00:07:01
    alright these I stole out of that same
  • 00:07:03
    old book I said the 30s but I think
  • 00:07:05
    actually might have been the 20s and it
  • 00:07:06
    gets to the late 20s no vodka in my
  • 00:07:08
    cranberry my wife forbids spirits in the
  • 00:07:10
    house now so I am I am forbidden from
  • 00:07:12
    any spirits in the house any longer
  • 00:07:15
    she's probably wise so let's see here
  • 00:07:18
    these are actually illustrations that I
  • 00:07:19
    had made out of that book and these are
  • 00:07:22
    really good ways of thinking about the
  • 00:07:25
    difference between direct current that's
  • 00:07:26
    up here on the top using a centrifugal
  • 00:07:28
    pump driven by a pulley versus
  • 00:07:29
    alternating current and when we think
  • 00:07:31
    about alternating current a lot of
  • 00:07:32
    people have really hard time getting
  • 00:07:33
    their head around alternating current
  • 00:07:35
    and how that works is you know which
  • 00:07:37
    direction does it go goes both
  • 00:07:38
    directions but when we see this we
  • 00:07:39
    understand that the energy in this case
  • 00:07:42
    is going to move this piston back and
  • 00:07:44
    forth so the water is going to alternate
  • 00:07:46
    back and forth in pipe whereas here it's
  • 00:07:48
    going to circulate but either way we can
  • 00:07:50
    accomplish the same amount of work it's
  • 00:07:52
    just gonna be back and forth in this one
  • 00:07:54
    and it's gonna be directional in this
  • 00:07:55
    one so once you get this picture in your
  • 00:07:57
    head it's a nice illustration to show
  • 00:07:58
    one time but once you get the cartoon in
  • 00:08:01
    your head you don't get it out of your
  • 00:08:02
    head and then now you always think of it
  • 00:08:04
    that way and so in terms of diagnostics
  • 00:08:06
    and how that applies to electrical
  • 00:08:07
    diagnostics and understanding electrical
  • 00:08:09
    I think it's really helpful to teach
  • 00:08:10
    these things in this way so that way you
  • 00:08:12
    can get that cartoon locked in your head
  • 00:08:13
    not everybody is visual and I get that
  • 00:08:15
    in fact I'm actually probably less
  • 00:08:17
    visual than some people but most
  • 00:08:18
    technicians are visual most technicians
  • 00:08:20
    when you say you're a hands-on learner
  • 00:08:22
    when you're thinking about something
  • 00:08:23
    that's happened in the past you're
  • 00:08:25
    actually accessing the visual parts of
  • 00:08:27
    your mind into having these sorts of
  • 00:08:29
    cartoons in your head it can really help
  • 00:08:31
    with that next thing this is another
  • 00:08:33
    example we're now we're equated water
  • 00:08:35
    transmission so moving water through
  • 00:08:37
    pipes to electrical transmission
  • 00:08:39
    transmission and conversion generation
  • 00:08:42
    transmission conversion in both cases so
  • 00:08:43
    we look at a you know a simple water
  • 00:08:46
    system we've got a steam engine that
  • 00:08:47
    drives a pump it's generating the energy
  • 00:08:50
    on one side and that it transit
  • 00:08:51
    through the pipes and then it's
  • 00:08:52
    converted on the other end to a water
  • 00:08:55
    engine basically a water motor so we've
  • 00:08:57
    got an Impala here and it drives on the
  • 00:08:58
    other side well that's exactly the same
  • 00:09:00
    thing that's happening here now we have
  • 00:09:02
    a steam engine and it's drunk and it's
  • 00:09:03
    driving a generator so it's creating
  • 00:09:05
    this rotational electrical field that
  • 00:09:08
    creates an alternating current that then
  • 00:09:09
    transmits over a distance over a copper
  • 00:09:12
    wires and then it's converted via a
  • 00:09:14
    motor so the opposite generator and
  • 00:09:16
    motor pump and motor they're both really
  • 00:09:18
    the same thing and so it helps you
  • 00:09:20
    visualize that transmission and
  • 00:09:22
    conversion side of things as well that
  • 00:09:23
    sometimes can be hard
  • 00:09:24
    for technicians to understand or newbies
  • 00:09:26
    I should say to understand that even
  • 00:09:28
    technicians though so again at this
  • 00:09:30
    point we're really just this is all
  • 00:09:31
    Theory stuff this isn't really
  • 00:09:32
    Diagnostics but having this helps you
  • 00:09:34
    quite a bit here's another one how about
  • 00:09:36
    for high frequency versus low frequency
  • 00:09:38
    another cartoon in the head imagining
  • 00:09:40
    grabbing a jump rope and just bouncing
  • 00:09:43
    it up and down doesn't it for me jump
  • 00:09:44
    rope could just be a regular rope could
  • 00:09:45
    be a hose doesn't matter to people and
  • 00:09:47
    the faster you go the shorter the
  • 00:09:49
    wavelength becomes the slower you go the
  • 00:09:51
    longer the label wavelength so we call
  • 00:09:53
    this high frequency just means how
  • 00:09:55
    frequently are you shaking it up and
  • 00:09:56
    down versus low frequency you're doing
  • 00:09:58
    it less often and in the case of what we
  • 00:10:00
    do day in and day out with electrical
  • 00:10:02
    that's just the frequency that the motor
  • 00:10:04
    is turning or the generator is turning
  • 00:10:06
    there were the power generation at the
  • 00:10:07
    actual power company the power plant
  • 00:10:09
    that's where your frequency starts is
  • 00:10:11
    that's actually the rotational speed of
  • 00:10:13
    the generators or the distance between
  • 00:10:15
    the poles and the generators more
  • 00:10:17
    specifically but it gives you kind of a
  • 00:10:18
    picture of what that is like because we
  • 00:10:20
    experience a lot of these things in
  • 00:10:22
    regular life and it just helps you get
  • 00:10:24
    your head around it all right here we go
  • 00:10:25
    anybody have any analogies that they
  • 00:10:26
    like anything that that pops in mind
  • 00:10:29
    because I have a feeling that I'm just
  • 00:10:30
    gonna sit here and talk to myself for a
  • 00:10:32
    while so you always you can always raise
  • 00:10:34
    your hand so Terry Miller just raised
  • 00:10:36
    his hand so I allowed Terry to talk and
  • 00:10:37
    now if he unmutes himself we can
  • 00:10:39
    actually talk to each other so so far
  • 00:10:41
    out I have four people who are prepared
  • 00:10:43
    to talk to me but they haven't unmuted
  • 00:10:45
    themselves and actually spoken to me and
  • 00:10:46
    that's how that works though so if you
  • 00:10:48
    want to talk to me that's how you do it
  • 00:10:50
    open or closed I like the analogy of the
  • 00:10:53
    drawbridge for open or closed because
  • 00:10:55
    this is where water and I've talked
  • 00:10:57
    about this a lot but this is where the
  • 00:10:58
    water analogy breaks down because when
  • 00:11:00
    we think of open to closing a faucet
  • 00:11:01
    when you open the faucet water flows and
  • 00:11:03
    when you close the faucet it
  • 00:11:05
    Soph well that's opposite of how it
  • 00:11:06
    works with electricity which is why I
  • 00:11:08
    prefer the drawbridge the drawbridge
  • 00:11:10
    when it's closed it's a path that the
  • 00:11:12
    cars can go over I often use cars as
  • 00:11:14
    metaphors for electrons recurrent as
  • 00:11:16
    well when it's open the cars can't move
  • 00:11:18
    but when we think of open and closed
  • 00:11:21
    those concepts open and close there's a
  • 00:11:22
    lot of analogies outside of electrical
  • 00:11:25
    so you have yes or no that's a that's a
  • 00:11:29
    boolean equation where the answer is
  • 00:11:30
    either yes or no and electronics it's
  • 00:11:32
    one or zero open or close yes or no 1 or
  • 00:11:34
    0 those are all the same concepts
  • 00:11:36
    there's only two options open or closed
  • 00:11:38
    Joseph Davenport says I'm listening wish
  • 00:11:40
    I could see the PowerPoint I've tried
  • 00:11:42
    every sitting there is both here and on
  • 00:11:43
    the website yes all right Joseph I don't
  • 00:11:45
    know what it looks like on your end
  • 00:11:46
    maybe somebody who has actually gotten
  • 00:11:48
    it to work can can suggest that to you
  • 00:11:50
    but when you're thinking about things
  • 00:11:51
    like relays or switches or contacts all
  • 00:11:54
    of that you could just as easily say yes
  • 00:11:56
    or no so you could say contactors closed
  • 00:11:58
    that would be yes contactor is open that
  • 00:12:00
    would be no contactors closed that could
  • 00:12:02
    be one contactors open that could be 0
  • 00:12:04
    it doesn't doesn't matter so just a
  • 00:12:06
    couple different ways to think about
  • 00:12:06
    that and yes I am touching my face I
  • 00:12:08
    know that's not allowed but I'm at home
  • 00:12:09
    so I'm allowed to touch my face at home
  • 00:12:11
    you know those are the rules another
  • 00:12:12
    couple of terms that are really
  • 00:12:13
    important to understand short or open
  • 00:12:16
    when I teach classes I always use the
  • 00:12:18
    example you know you have your grandma's
  • 00:12:19
    television when your grandma's
  • 00:12:20
    television stops working or her stereo
  • 00:12:23
    stops working
  • 00:12:23
    she says it's shorted my television
  • 00:12:26
    shorted and all that means is she's not
  • 00:12:28
    actually saying that it's actually
  • 00:12:29
    shorted that there's a low resistance
  • 00:12:31
    undesigned path she's saying that's
  • 00:12:33
    doing something that she doesn't expect
  • 00:12:34
    and so people have come to call short
  • 00:12:37
    circuits anything that's doing something
  • 00:12:39
    they don't expect but a short circuit is
  • 00:12:40
    actually a very specific problem in
  • 00:12:42
    electrical diagnosis and it is an
  • 00:12:45
    undesigned low resistance path and it
  • 00:12:47
    can be a nun designed low resistance
  • 00:12:49
    path in between switch legs this is one
  • 00:12:51
    that's kind of a this is disputed
  • 00:12:52
    territory but I just use the common
  • 00:12:54
    terms in our industry so a good example
  • 00:12:56
    would be if I have a short in between
  • 00:12:58
    this yellow wire coming from my
  • 00:13:00
    thermostat which is the control circuit
  • 00:13:01
    that powers my contactor this is a very
  • 00:13:03
    simple one but imagine that this yellow
  • 00:13:05
    wire was shorted to the white wire what
  • 00:13:08
    would happen if the yellow wire was
  • 00:13:09
    shorted to the white wire it would also
  • 00:13:11
    energize whatever the white wire was
  • 00:13:13
    hooked to so that could be the furnace
  • 00:13:14
    that could be electric heat strips in
  • 00:13:16
    the case of a heat pump and
  • 00:13:18
    oh that would we would call that a short
  • 00:13:20
    now kevin says wouldn't that be a shunt
  • 00:13:21
    not a short and that may be that may be
  • 00:13:23
    a better way of saying that either way
  • 00:13:25
    it's it's it's a connection it's an
  • 00:13:27
    undesigned connection I've heard it
  • 00:13:28
    called a short quite often Caleb says
  • 00:13:30
    it's a short I don't know it's just what
  • 00:13:32
    I've always called it so I always just
  • 00:13:34
    sort of say it's an undesigned low
  • 00:13:35
    resistance path so when you have a path
  • 00:13:37
    between two things that aren't designed
  • 00:13:39
    to have a path between them to me that's
  • 00:13:40
    a short now an overcurrent that's
  • 00:13:42
    associated with a short that's what
  • 00:13:44
    blows your fuse and so that's what we
  • 00:13:45
    show here and in this case why does the
  • 00:13:47
    fuse blow the fuse blows very simply
  • 00:13:49
    because we have this you know we have
  • 00:13:51
    our transformer here transformer goes
  • 00:13:52
    into our fuse out of our fuse to our out
  • 00:13:56
    of there to why and then it shorts to
  • 00:13:59
    the other side of the transformer so
  • 00:14:00
    it's the same as connecting this to this
  • 00:14:02
    and we understand this intuitively
  • 00:14:03
    because if you connect a battery and you
  • 00:14:05
    connect the positive negative side of a
  • 00:14:07
    battery together it shorts the battery
  • 00:14:08
    out right you're connecting from one
  • 00:14:10
    side to the other you have unrestricted
  • 00:14:11
    flow of current now in the case of a
  • 00:14:13
    battery this is actually where it gets
  • 00:14:15
    interesting with batteries and I had to
  • 00:14:17
    learn some of this doing more solar with
  • 00:14:18
    the battery you have a limited power
  • 00:14:20
    supply so when you short out a battery
  • 00:14:21
    the battery goes dead right you ruin the
  • 00:14:23
    battery when you short out something
  • 00:14:25
    like a transformer or the high voltage
  • 00:14:27
    into your house you have a much more you
  • 00:14:29
    have a much greater power supply because
  • 00:14:31
    ultimately it's connected to all the way
  • 00:14:33
    back to the power plant and so in order
  • 00:14:34
    to get it to shut off before it just
  • 00:14:36
    melts everything all the way back you
  • 00:14:38
    have to have these overloads you have to
  • 00:14:40
    have these fusible links you have to
  • 00:14:42
    have these circuit breakers that break
  • 00:14:44
    the circuit so that way it doesn't
  • 00:14:45
    damage the wiring and that's in this
  • 00:14:47
    case what our fuse does our fuses on the
  • 00:14:49
    second area of our transformer this
  • 00:14:50
    transformer apparently has no primary
  • 00:14:52
    because I just left that out for the
  • 00:14:54
    sake of simplicity when we have this
  • 00:14:56
    undesigned low resistance path that's
  • 00:14:58
    what causes the fuse to blow these are
  • 00:15:00
    all basic but what I find is that people
  • 00:15:03
    who struggle with electrical diagnosis
  • 00:15:05
    struggle with these basic concepts
  • 00:15:07
    if you drill back enough generally
  • 00:15:10
    speaking they don't have a solid picture
  • 00:15:12
    in their head about the basics cuz once
  • 00:15:14
    you build those building blocks then all
  • 00:15:15
    you need is repetition I get people who
  • 00:15:17
    ask me all the time hey I need more
  • 00:15:19
    experience I need to be taught how to
  • 00:15:21
    read schematics and diagrams so let me
  • 00:15:24
    see here Eric says just try the phone
  • 00:15:25
    app and the slides are showing up the
  • 00:15:27
    slides might not work in a browser on a
  • 00:15:29
    phone yeah that might be that might be
  • 00:15:30
    what it is I'm
  • 00:15:31
    but by the way all of these diagrams
  • 00:15:32
    everything that you're seeing here
  • 00:15:34
    because I'm getting a lot of requests
  • 00:15:35
    for the diagrams all of them I have
  • 00:15:36
    posted at one time or another on
  • 00:15:38
    Instagram um I don't currently have them
  • 00:15:40
    all at one place and the reason is is
  • 00:15:43
    because I don't have my watermark on
  • 00:15:44
    them so if you want to find them one at
  • 00:15:47
    a time you can find them by going to
  • 00:15:49
    Instagram and just looking back to the
  • 00:15:50
    history and you can find them all and
  • 00:15:52
    feel free to steal them from there but I
  • 00:15:53
    don't want to create a single file
  • 00:15:55
    repository of everything that I've
  • 00:15:56
    created because then next thing I know
  • 00:15:58
    it'll show up in a book somewhere not
  • 00:16:00
    that I mind people using it but you know
  • 00:16:01
    how that goes the point of what I'm
  • 00:16:03
    saying here is is that when you drill
  • 00:16:06
    back far enough usually it's a
  • 00:16:07
    misunderstanding of fundamentals that
  • 00:16:09
    causes people to get stuck or they learn
  • 00:16:12
    the fundamentals and then they just
  • 00:16:13
    don't do enough reps because frankly any
  • 00:16:15
    of us who have who are pretty good at
  • 00:16:17
    reading schematics and I don't claim to
  • 00:16:19
    be honestly we think of guys who do a
  • 00:16:22
    lot of commercial work and do it every
  • 00:16:24
    day in and day out they tend to be the
  • 00:16:25
    ones who are good at reading schematics
  • 00:16:27
    why because in order to do commercial
  • 00:16:29
    work on large complicated equipment you
  • 00:16:31
    have to you have to get a lot of reps in
  • 00:16:33
    doing in reading schematics and so they
  • 00:16:36
    understand the fundamentals and then
  • 00:16:37
    they get a lot of repetition and that's
  • 00:16:38
    how you get good Francisco says Brian I
  • 00:16:40
    have a question regarding fuses I have a
  • 00:16:41
    30 amp fuse at 500 volts on a
  • 00:16:43
    three-phase compressor I've asked
  • 00:16:45
    several people and still don't know if
  • 00:16:46
    anything above 500 volts will also blow
  • 00:16:48
    fuse or only over amp situation Ione
  • 00:16:51
    ormally you see 600 volt rated fuses
  • 00:16:54
    it's fine to use a voltage rating on a
  • 00:16:56
    fuse on a fusible link that is higher
  • 00:16:58
    than the rating of the old one so it's
  • 00:17:00
    totally fine to use a higher rating on
  • 00:17:03
    the voltage not on the current so you
  • 00:17:04
    got to match the current exactly but
  • 00:17:06
    it's fine to use a higher voltage rating
  • 00:17:08
    because that's just saying that is the
  • 00:17:10
    voltage at which when you go over that
  • 00:17:12
    it can actually bridge the fuse itself
  • 00:17:14
    so a higher voltage rating on a fuse is
  • 00:17:17
    a better quality it's not actually there
  • 00:17:19
    to protect the unit for for that higher
  • 00:17:22
    voltage wiring diagrams are really big
  • 00:17:24
    let's talk about opens now so a lot of
  • 00:17:26
    people will say that a short and an open
  • 00:17:30
    or an open a short most commonly that's
  • 00:17:33
    most commonly what will happen because
  • 00:17:34
    they start calling everything a short
  • 00:17:37
    but an open is a specific type of fault
  • 00:17:39
    and that is where there is no path so a
  • 00:17:41
    short is a none designed path generally
  • 00:17:43
    a lower
  • 00:17:44
    path that results in a overcurrent
  • 00:17:46
    condition that blows a few strips to
  • 00:17:48
    break or something like that an
  • 00:17:49
    open-circuit is a break in the path of
  • 00:17:52
    some sort so an undesigned break that
  • 00:17:55
    results in things not happening that
  • 00:17:57
    should be happening and I always teach
  • 00:17:59
    it this way and I realize I confuse
  • 00:18:00
    people more but I'll go ahead and
  • 00:18:02
    confuse you I used to say when you have
  • 00:18:04
    a short something happens that should
  • 00:18:06
    not be happening namely blown fuse or
  • 00:18:08
    some component being energized when it
  • 00:18:10
    shouldn't be when you have an open
  • 00:18:12
    there's something not happening that
  • 00:18:14
    should be happening and the tricky part
  • 00:18:15
    is is that a lot of times short circuits
  • 00:18:17
    cause opens a good example would be is
  • 00:18:19
    that this is a short circuit but once it
  • 00:18:21
    blows the fuse now this is an open so
  • 00:18:23
    the short circuit causes an open and the
  • 00:18:26
    same thing is true of a circuit breaker
  • 00:18:27
    right when you have a shorted compressor
  • 00:18:29
    the short causes the breaker to open in
  • 00:18:31
    order to protect the wires I'd answer
  • 00:18:34
    the question there's some questions in
  • 00:18:35
    chat about fuse types yeah you have to
  • 00:18:38
    match the few step I'm not saying that
  • 00:18:40
    I'm not saying that you can just swap in
  • 00:18:42
    a different type of fuse because you do
  • 00:18:44
    have different times you have slow
  • 00:18:46
    versus fast you have different amperages
  • 00:18:48
    so you so I'm not telling you to swap it
  • 00:18:50
    out with a different fuse in any
  • 00:18:52
    significant way but the actual voltage
  • 00:18:54
    rating on a fuse that is a that is a
  • 00:18:56
    rating that has to do with the point at
  • 00:18:59
    which an arc can go across it so you can
  • 00:19:01
    use a higher voltage and he's asking me
  • 00:19:02
    it how much higher again most cases
  • 00:19:05
    they're gonna be very close because
  • 00:19:06
    they're gonna be the same general design
  • 00:19:08
    so it's gonna be rare that your all of a
  • 00:19:09
    sudden gonna have some fuse it looks
  • 00:19:11
    exactly like another fuse that's gonna
  • 00:19:12
    fit that's gonna be a significantly
  • 00:19:13
    different voltage let's talk about
  • 00:19:15
    schematics so one thing that's
  • 00:19:16
    interesting is that when we get used to
  • 00:19:19
    looking at ladder schematics after a
  • 00:19:21
    while we get used to diagnosing left to
  • 00:19:24
    right and we start to think about
  • 00:19:25
    electrical circuits in terms of left to
  • 00:19:27
    right that's kind of a mistake and it's
  • 00:19:29
    something that happens actually with
  • 00:19:30
    more experienced techs sometimes because
  • 00:19:32
    this is an alternating current circuit
  • 00:19:34
    so we have l1 here we have l2 here and
  • 00:19:36
    then everything connects in between and
  • 00:19:38
    in terms of isolating circuitry that's
  • 00:19:41
    helpful now this is kind of a modern
  • 00:19:42
    ladder schematic or a ladder diagram
  • 00:19:45
    we're not everything is even left to
  • 00:19:47
    right the way it used to be I mean a
  • 00:19:49
    traditional one you would have two lines
  • 00:19:50
    and everything would connect in between
  • 00:19:51
    and with a lot of manufacturers
  • 00:19:54
    especially in the residential side are
  • 00:19:56
    starting to go away from that but it is
  • 00:19:58
    helpful when you first get started to
  • 00:20:00
    start on the left and work your way to
  • 00:20:02
    the right but the reality is it's
  • 00:20:04
    alternating current so it's not like the
  • 00:20:06
    electrons are moving from one side and
  • 00:20:07
    just going to the other side and here's
  • 00:20:08
    where this gets interesting
  • 00:20:10
    so let's talk about on this on this
  • 00:20:12
    schematic here you have a what they call
  • 00:20:15
    a adult what do they call this add a leg
  • 00:20:18
    the right terminal that's not the right
  • 00:20:20
    term my mouth is running much faster
  • 00:20:21
    than my brain at the moment so they call
  • 00:20:23
    this a like a one plus contactor and so
  • 00:20:26
    you have your one give your one set of
  • 00:20:29
    contacts here and then you have the
  • 00:20:32
    shunt which is just connect it across
  • 00:20:34
    and that's why they say thank you to
  • 00:20:36
    everybody he's saying that so that's why
  • 00:20:37
    it says 23 and 23 because electrically
  • 00:20:40
    these are the same points which means
  • 00:20:42
    that if you have this sort sort of
  • 00:20:44
    system you have l2 connected all the
  • 00:20:46
    time so l2 is connected all the time
  • 00:20:48
    which means that there is potential
  • 00:20:50
    present everywhere in the circuit at all
  • 00:20:52
    times even when the system is off but
  • 00:20:54
    which side is that coming from it's not
  • 00:20:56
    coming from this side it's not coming
  • 00:20:58
    from left to right because if we think
  • 00:20:59
    just in terms of left or right well
  • 00:21:00
    there we got an open open contact right
  • 00:21:02
    there no it's coming from right to left
  • 00:21:04
    because this is the other side of the
  • 00:21:05
    circuit this is a really interesting one
  • 00:21:07
    anyway but this is what happens is that
  • 00:21:09
    a lot of technicians they will take a
  • 00:21:11
    they'll take a voltmeter and they'll
  • 00:21:12
    look to see if voltage is present and
  • 00:21:14
    they will measure l1 and they'll measure
  • 00:21:17
    l2 and what they'll find is or there
  • 00:21:19
    although measure somewhere in the
  • 00:21:21
    circuit and they'll find 120 volts to
  • 00:21:23
    ground on both sides and they'll think
  • 00:21:25
    that there's you know in most cases
  • 00:21:26
    they're gonna they're gonna miss make up
  • 00:21:27
    have a misdiagnosis because they're
  • 00:21:29
    imagining that it's coming from this
  • 00:21:31
    side when in reality it's just coming
  • 00:21:32
    from the other side another interesting
  • 00:21:35
    thing about this particular diagram
  • 00:21:36
    which is why I use it because it's it's
  • 00:21:38
    a kind of a weird one is we also show
  • 00:21:40
    here we have a crankcase heater and we
  • 00:21:42
    have our crankcase heater switch and so
  • 00:21:44
    it goes through here through the
  • 00:21:46
    crankcase you turn back here which is
  • 00:21:48
    interesting because how would that work
  • 00:21:50
    because it's both connected on the same
  • 00:21:52
    side right how would this ever energize
  • 00:21:56
    I'll wait until somebody explains it in
  • 00:21:58
    check
  • 00:21:59
    or somebody who wants to raise their
  • 00:22:00
    hand how on earth would this crankcase
  • 00:22:02
    heater ever energize given the way that
  • 00:22:04
    this is wired Doug says it's a carrier
  • 00:22:06
    that's true so they use magic so the
  • 00:22:08
    answer is Jason says it it's only
  • 00:22:10
    energized when it's off so it's only
  • 00:22:11
    when the contactors open well how does
  • 00:22:13
    that work it works because when this
  • 00:22:15
    switch is closed this is a good way cuz
  • 00:22:17
    I'd like to talk about a a voltmeter as
  • 00:22:19
    a voltage drop measurement tool it's a
  • 00:22:22
    way to think about a whole meter that's
  • 00:22:23
    helped me a lot as I've gotten more cut
  • 00:22:26
    more and more comfortable with a
  • 00:22:27
    voltmeter through my career when this
  • 00:22:28
    contact is closed if I take a voltmeter
  • 00:22:30
    and I connect one half of the voltmeter
  • 00:22:32
    to 11 and I hook the other half of my
  • 00:22:35
    voltmeter the other side of my voltmeter
  • 00:22:36
    to 21 if it's closed what am I gonna
  • 00:22:38
    measure I'm gonna measure zero volts or
  • 00:22:40
    there abouts why because a voltmeter is
  • 00:22:42
    a voltage drop measurement tool I'm not
  • 00:22:44
    measuring a potential difference between
  • 00:22:46
    the two because when there's a closed
  • 00:22:48
    switch there's very little resistance in
  • 00:22:50
    between these two points so therefore
  • 00:22:51
    there's almost no voltage drop right now
  • 00:22:53
    if I open this switch now what is the
  • 00:22:55
    voltage drop between these two points
  • 00:22:57
    well now it's significant right because
  • 00:22:58
    I have an air gap in between so I've got
  • 00:23:00
    potential here I've got potential here
  • 00:23:01
    there's an air gap in between that
  • 00:23:02
    voltage drop is the entire voltage right
  • 00:23:04
    because now that resistance in this air
  • 00:23:07
    gap is significant it's a it's the
  • 00:23:10
    entire it represents the entire voltage
  • 00:23:11
    and so now I have 240 volts present
  • 00:23:14
    across here well that's what this
  • 00:23:15
    crankcase III uses because now it acts
  • 00:23:17
    as the path to get in between the two
  • 00:23:19
    sides so in actuality what's gonna
  • 00:23:21
    happen in this circuit when this contact
  • 00:23:23
    is open and this is obviously still
  • 00:23:25
    closed because that's just a shunt
  • 00:23:26
    what's gonna happen is we're gonna have
  • 00:23:28
    and again I'm trying it this left to
  • 00:23:29
    right way which is you know it's just
  • 00:23:31
    silly but because it's not DC it's going
  • 00:23:33
    both directions but it's gonna come
  • 00:23:34
    through here it's gonna go through the
  • 00:23:35
    switch it's gonna come through here and
  • 00:23:37
    then it's going to travel through the
  • 00:23:39
    compressor it's gonna go through the
  • 00:23:40
    contactor and then back the other side
  • 00:23:41
    so this run winding is going to take the
  • 00:23:43
    brunt of that now why doesn't the
  • 00:23:45
    compressor start running why doesn't it
  • 00:23:46
    overheat well it's because this
  • 00:23:48
    crankcase heater has a significant
  • 00:23:49
    resistance and so the answer is this run
  • 00:23:52
    winding is actually going to warm up and
  • 00:23:55
    that becomes part of the crankcase
  • 00:23:56
    heater strategy it's not enough current
  • 00:23:59
    for it to run the compressor but it is
  • 00:24:00
    enough to have a warm run winding
  • 00:24:02
    because if you've ever measured the
  • 00:24:04
    resistance on a compressor winding
  • 00:24:07
    winding the winding and this is one of
  • 00:24:09
    my biggest pet peeves
  • 00:24:10
    I see people do is they will measure I'm
  • 00:24:12
    going
  • 00:24:12
    allows Tim dasta's EO to talk if he
  • 00:24:14
    wants to so Tim I'm allowing you to talk
  • 00:24:16
    if you want to unmute yourself feel free
  • 00:24:18
    to join me hey bro hey there you are
  • 00:24:20
    you're the first guy to join me on this
  • 00:24:22
    podcast I'm so happy I thought I was
  • 00:24:23
    going to talk the whole time how's
  • 00:24:24
    things good man how are you good what do
  • 00:24:27
    you want to know I wanted to know
  • 00:24:28
    something that you wanted to talk about
  • 00:24:30
    related to electro I was um held
  • 00:24:33
    actually gonna answer your question that
  • 00:24:34
    you just answered the power goes through
  • 00:24:36
    the windings of the compressor because
  • 00:24:38
    the winding just turned into a conductor
  • 00:24:40
    at that point you're not creating an
  • 00:24:41
    inductive field and so you're winding in
  • 00:24:44
    this case you you know you're run while
  • 00:24:46
    it's actually all of them but you're
  • 00:24:47
    unwinding in this case is in the way
  • 00:24:48
    that I just showed it it's acting as a
  • 00:24:51
    resistive load
  • 00:24:52
    so it's essentially just a heater you
  • 00:24:54
    have a good way of do you have a good
  • 00:24:56
    way of thinking of that like how do you
  • 00:24:58
    how do you describe these things if
  • 00:25:00
    somebody I'll ask it this way so
  • 00:25:01
    somebody says to you hey I have a really
  • 00:25:03
    hard time reading schematics cuz I get
  • 00:25:06
    that a lot how do you answer that
  • 00:25:07
    question what do you say to somebody
  • 00:25:09
    Tim muted himself again fine fair enough
  • 00:25:11
    I thought that was a public question
  • 00:25:12
    others others can also others can also
  • 00:25:17
    you know add in but what are your
  • 00:25:20
    thoughts I mean I think it's pretty much
  • 00:25:21
    how you explained it that current flows
  • 00:25:23
    and everyone thinks that current takes
  • 00:25:26
    the path of least resistance and what we
  • 00:25:28
    have to remember is that it takes all
  • 00:25:29
    paths and so it just depends on how easy
  • 00:25:31
    that path is and you'll have the most
  • 00:25:33
    energy or the most work that's done so
  • 00:25:36
    if that easy path is a short circuit a
  • 00:25:38
    bare wire to wire short then you're
  • 00:25:40
    gonna get a lot of energy if it's not a
  • 00:25:42
    very good path and you've got a lot of
  • 00:25:44
    voltage drop across it then you're not
  • 00:25:46
    going to get a lot of energy at one
  • 00:25:48
    place but all those constants like you
  • 00:25:50
    said are just important to kind of
  • 00:25:52
    instill early on and then get them out
  • 00:25:54
    there working on it to actually have
  • 00:25:56
    them read those readings as soon as
  • 00:25:58
    possible but they gotta have what you're
  • 00:26:00
    doing here well there you go
  • 00:26:01
    and I agree completely cuz you agreed
  • 00:26:03
    with me first so then I agreed with you
  • 00:26:04
    this is this has been just this has been
  • 00:26:06
    just lovely but yeah but you pointed out
  • 00:26:08
    what you pointed out was really smart
  • 00:26:09
    about the parallel paths that this idea
  • 00:26:12
    paths of least resistance because this
  • 00:26:14
    wasn't in my slide and I wanted to
  • 00:26:15
    mention this when people say electricity
  • 00:26:17
    takes the path of least resistance no it
  • 00:26:20
    takes all paths of sufficiently low
  • 00:26:22
    resistance that's one caveat that I will
  • 00:26:24
    add because the do
  • 00:26:26
    electricity take all paths well no
  • 00:26:28
    because I mean an air-gap is technically
  • 00:26:30
    a path that could be bridged but isn't
  • 00:26:32
    because the resistance is sufficiently
  • 00:26:34
    high that no electrons actually move
  • 00:26:35
    through that path but when we're talking
  • 00:26:37
    about things like electrical circuits if
  • 00:26:39
    there is a path then electrons are going
  • 00:26:41
    to move across that path they're going
  • 00:26:43
    to move across it proportional to the
  • 00:26:45
    resistance in that circuit so you look
  • 00:26:47
    at resistance you look at voltage that's
  • 00:26:48
    gonna tell you how much current is gonna
  • 00:26:50
    move across that path so left to right
  • 00:26:51
    you sell yourself short when you do that
  • 00:26:53
    when you only think in terms of left or
  • 00:26:55
    right because in a 240-volt circuit it's
  • 00:26:58
    also coming from right to left so
  • 00:27:00
    another thing is is that when you have
  • 00:27:01
    run whining for example here then you
  • 00:27:03
    have the crank case heater the reason
  • 00:27:04
    why the run winding doesn't really get
  • 00:27:06
    that hot is because your windings in
  • 00:27:08
    your compressor are actually pretty low
  • 00:27:10
    resistance and I've had this happen a
  • 00:27:12
    bunch of times so I've mentioned this in
  • 00:27:13
    several podcasts so forgive me if I've
  • 00:27:15
    already said this so many times when you
  • 00:27:17
    have when you measure a cross from leg
  • 00:27:19
    to leg on a compressor so say you
  • 00:27:21
    measure from run to start and then start
  • 00:27:23
    to come and run to comment those are
  • 00:27:24
    going to be very low resistances in some
  • 00:27:26
    cases those resistances will be so low
  • 00:27:28
    that your meter will actually rain when
  • 00:27:29
    you're measuring leg to leg and that
  • 00:27:31
    doesn't mean that your compressor is
  • 00:27:32
    always gonna draw these ridiculously
  • 00:27:34
    high currents because if you work Ohm's
  • 00:27:36
    law it will look like you're gonna have
  • 00:27:38
    these you know 100 amps whatever that's
  • 00:27:40
    only what it draws when it starts once
  • 00:27:42
    that compressor gets moving and you get
  • 00:27:44
    that inductive reactance that's
  • 00:27:45
    additional impedance is what we call it
  • 00:27:48
    it's additional resistance electrical
  • 00:27:49
    resistance that shows up once that motor
  • 00:27:51
    starts running once that inductance
  • 00:27:53
    kicks in and so the problem is this is
  • 00:27:55
    this is where rubber meets the road a
  • 00:27:56
    lot of technicians they will measure
  • 00:27:58
    from leg to leg and they will see these
  • 00:27:59
    very low resistances and they will think
  • 00:28:01
    that it's failed especially if they use
  • 00:28:04
    something like one of those mega meter
  • 00:28:06
    things and they connect leg the leg
  • 00:28:07
    that's a misunderstanding of how those
  • 00:28:08
    things are supposed to work those are
  • 00:28:09
    all ways to go to ground and so when
  • 00:28:11
    you're checking from short for shorts
  • 00:28:12
    you're generally checking the ground now
  • 00:28:14
    man this happened the other day with a
  • 00:28:15
    very smart technician who works for us
  • 00:28:17
    we had a situation where he was using a
  • 00:28:19
    meter very good quality meter and he
  • 00:28:21
    measured from leg to leg and he checked
  • 00:28:24
    the Copeland specs and he saw that it
  • 00:28:26
    was measuring lower than what the
  • 00:28:27
    Copeland spec said so then he said it
  • 00:28:29
    was failed the problem was is that a lot
  • 00:28:31
    of meters even pretty good quality ones
  • 00:28:33
    when they get below an ohm or in that
  • 00:28:36
    range there they get kind of inaccurate
  • 00:28:38
    because it's such a small measure
  • 00:28:39
    and so he was seeing a lower measurement
  • 00:28:41
    than what Copeland said but it was just
  • 00:28:43
    his meter his meter was just showing a
  • 00:28:44
    lower ohm reading than what the what the
  • 00:28:46
    manufacturer specs said and so he
  • 00:28:48
    condemned the compressor the compressor
  • 00:28:49
    was not bad so leg to leg shorts or
  • 00:28:52
    something you got to be really careful
  • 00:28:53
    with diagnosing because you have to
  • 00:28:55
    understand your meter you have to look
  • 00:28:56
    at the specs from the manufacturer
  • 00:28:58
    generally speaking we're gonna find
  • 00:28:59
    short circuits by measuring to ground
  • 00:29:01
    not by measuring from leg to leg and
  • 00:29:03
    frankly I always use it what we call the
  • 00:29:06
    redneck test and the redneck test is is
  • 00:29:08
    that once you get done confirming that
  • 00:29:09
    you think it's the compressor that's
  • 00:29:10
    shorted well then isolate the compressor
  • 00:29:12
    start it back up and see if everything
  • 00:29:14
    else runs without the compressor connect
  • 00:29:16
    and that gives you an indication we
  • 00:29:17
    don't condemn compressors in almost any
  • 00:29:20
    application because they say that
  • 00:29:22
    they're bad on a meter if they're not
  • 00:29:24
    actually drawing over current in real
  • 00:29:26
    life so again you bird did a bird did a
  • 00:29:28
    video on that that's a that's a good
  • 00:29:30
    example of that michael says unplug it
  • 00:29:32
    question mark yeah so disconnect the
  • 00:29:33
    compressor if it's a plug well it's just
  • 00:29:35
    a plug just disconnect it if it's you
  • 00:29:37
    know terminals take a picture of it so
  • 00:29:38
    you know how they go back on take the
  • 00:29:39
    wires off I don't take him off at the
  • 00:29:41
    contactor Michael says take him off at
  • 00:29:42
    the contact or no I take them off at the
  • 00:29:44
    compressor I take them off at the
  • 00:29:45
    compressor I tape them up and then I put
  • 00:29:47
    everything back together and I start it
  • 00:29:48
    back up and if everything else runs and
  • 00:29:51
    it was before it was shorted out it was
  • 00:29:53
    tripping a breaker and now everything
  • 00:29:54
    else runs well now I've isolated the
  • 00:29:56
    problem down to the compressor which
  • 00:29:58
    this is the number one way that good
  • 00:30:01
    diagnosticians diagnose is they do
  • 00:30:03
    isolation and Confirmation versus just
  • 00:30:06
    using a meter saying it's bad and then
  • 00:30:08
    moving on you always have to confirm at
  • 00:30:10
    the actual device isolate and if
  • 00:30:12
    possible use other parts to replace to
  • 00:30:15
    even check and make sure to double-check
  • 00:30:17
    you know this is where when people who
  • 00:30:19
    work on big facilities this is how they
  • 00:30:20
    do it they're not being parts changers
  • 00:30:22
    by just verifying checking against
  • 00:30:25
    checking against checking making sure
  • 00:30:26
    that it is that part before you condemn
  • 00:30:29
    something and say that it's bad throw it
  • 00:30:31
    in the trash right to always double
  • 00:30:32
    checking and this is where even and I
  • 00:30:34
    use jumper wires more often than I even
  • 00:30:36
    use meters in a lot of cases it's very
  • 00:30:38
    difficult for me to give a lot of
  • 00:30:40
    examples of this because it happens in
  • 00:30:42
    real life so often the situation's vary
  • 00:30:44
    so much that you run into so you touched
  • 00:30:46
    on something and it kind of got me
  • 00:30:48
    thinking so on this diagram you've got a
  • 00:30:50
    single pole contactor I've seen
  • 00:30:52
    technicians they
  • 00:30:53
    find a bad contactor and they replace it
  • 00:30:55
    and say well I don't have a single-pole
  • 00:30:57
    contactor I've got two full contactor
  • 00:30:59
    and that's always better than a
  • 00:30:59
    single-pole contactor I'll throw it on
  • 00:31:01
    there well in this case if they do that
  • 00:31:03
    their crankcase heater will never
  • 00:31:04
    energize am I correct
  • 00:31:06
    correct yes if you do it that way your
  • 00:31:08
    crankcase heater will never energize and
  • 00:31:11
    really the only right way and this
  • 00:31:12
    application is to use either that sort
  • 00:31:15
    of the same sort of contactor or to
  • 00:31:17
    shunt out one leg of your contactor so
  • 00:31:20
    you can take one leg of your contactor
  • 00:31:22
    and just connect from top to bottom with
  • 00:31:23
    a big piece of wire and and that will
  • 00:31:25
    that will essentially shunt that leg out
  • 00:31:27
    but again sometimes that requires double
  • 00:31:29
    logging or whatever so in these cases
  • 00:31:30
    this is the one rare case where it
  • 00:31:32
    really there isn't another way around
  • 00:31:33
    that for example train had a version of
  • 00:31:37
    this but it wasn't it wasn't the same
  • 00:31:38
    sort of situation where they would just
  • 00:31:39
    connect to the bottom side but it wasn't
  • 00:31:42
    feeding through the compressor winding I
  • 00:31:43
    would have to test it I don't know for a
  • 00:31:45
    fact but if you took this and if I
  • 00:31:47
    instead of connecting it in this way if
  • 00:31:49
    I just hooked it from here and then over
  • 00:31:51
    to the other side so that we would be
  • 00:31:53
    energized actually no that wouldn't that
  • 00:31:55
    wouldn't work trying to think here yeah
  • 00:31:57
    no the only right way to do this would
  • 00:31:58
    be by shunting out one side that's
  • 00:32:00
    really the that's really the only way
  • 00:32:01
    and again I don't even know if I want to
  • 00:32:03
    tell somebody to do it that way in this
  • 00:32:05
    case yeah that's a lesson two texts that
  • 00:32:07
    you may be going back behind another
  • 00:32:09
    technician you may be putting on the
  • 00:32:10
    fourth contactor and the lifespan of
  • 00:32:12
    that unit um it might be a good idea
  • 00:32:13
    just to check the wiring diagram and
  • 00:32:16
    make sure that you're putting on the
  • 00:32:17
    right style of contactor before you just
  • 00:32:18
    put on what was already there yep
  • 00:32:20
    absolutely and this is actually
  • 00:32:21
    something we've talked about a lot in
  • 00:32:22
    the past when these when those were more
  • 00:32:24
    common because that's not actually stock
  • 00:32:26
    on most units even that come with that
  • 00:32:28
    wiring diagram that's sort of a generic
  • 00:32:29
    wiring diagram and that's a they have a
  • 00:32:31
    little star that this may exist
  • 00:32:33
    you don't see that in the field as often
  • 00:32:35
    as you once did and so it's not as big
  • 00:32:37
    of a deal but there was a time when that
  • 00:32:38
    was actually quite common that is that
  • 00:32:40
    is an issue and you have to pay
  • 00:32:41
    attention to those details
  • 00:32:42
    alright so voltage drop measurement tool
  • 00:32:44
    I'm gonna read this line because it's a
  • 00:32:46
    confusing line but once you get your
  • 00:32:48
    head around it I think you'll find it
  • 00:32:50
    really helps you be a better
  • 00:32:51
    diagnostician think of your volt meter
  • 00:32:53
    as a voltage drop measurement tool okay
  • 00:32:56
    and we've talked about that before but
  • 00:32:57
    here's the line the voltage drops across
  • 00:32:59
    east each resistance or load whether
  • 00:33:02
    designed or undesigned in the circuit is
  • 00:33:04
    proportional to the percentage of the
  • 00:33:06
    total
  • 00:33:07
    circuit resistance that load represents
  • 00:33:09
    I'm just gonna tell I'm gonna tell you a
  • 00:33:11
    story to help you get your head around
  • 00:33:13
    this particular phrase here rather than
  • 00:33:16
    because I could draw it on a circuit and
  • 00:33:17
    start throwing numbers at you but if I
  • 00:33:19
    throw numbers at you a lot of text check
  • 00:33:21
    out because we don't think in terms of
  • 00:33:22
    numbers if you look in the book the
  • 00:33:23
    books gonna show you different home
  • 00:33:25
    ratings for different loads and that's
  • 00:33:27
    how they teach it but think of it this
  • 00:33:28
    way okay so I've got a circuit and it's
  • 00:33:31
    not working right right and I find that
  • 00:33:33
    I have a bunch of resistance in a loose
  • 00:33:36
    lug in a disconnect there's a loose lug
  • 00:33:38
    in a disconnect and so it's carbon DUP
  • 00:33:40
    it's been arcing and so now there's
  • 00:33:41
    additional resistance in that loose lug
  • 00:33:44
    right we get our heads around that
  • 00:33:46
    there's additional resistance am I gonna
  • 00:33:47
    measure a voltage drop across that way I
  • 00:33:49
    will now it might not be significant but
  • 00:33:51
    if I measure a voltage drop across that
  • 00:33:53
    whatever voltage drop I measure is
  • 00:33:55
    proportional to the percentage of the
  • 00:33:57
    total circuit resistance that load
  • 00:33:59
    represents so this teeth is really
  • 00:34:00
    simple I have an arced up terminal and I
  • 00:34:02
    measure 24 volts of drop across that
  • 00:34:05
    arced up terminal on a 240 volt circuit
  • 00:34:07
    what does that tell me that tells me
  • 00:34:09
    that 10 percent of the total circuit
  • 00:34:11
    resistance is in that terminal let's
  • 00:34:13
    make it even more simple like we said
  • 00:34:15
    before if I go back here and I measure
  • 00:34:17
    240 volts from here to here from
  • 00:34:19
    terminal 23 to terminal 11 I measure 240
  • 00:34:22
    volts that tells me that a hundred
  • 00:34:24
    percent of the voltage drop in this
  • 00:34:26
    circuit right now is present between
  • 00:34:28
    those two points and that makes sense
  • 00:34:29
    that's why you measure nearly the fully
  • 00:34:31
    applied voltage across a load right if I
  • 00:34:33
    measure between common and run right
  • 00:34:35
    between common and run and this
  • 00:34:37
    contactor is closed what am I gonna
  • 00:34:39
    measure gonna measure 240 volts or there
  • 00:34:41
    abouts if 240 volts is present from here
  • 00:34:43
    to here I should measure about 240 volts
  • 00:34:45
    from here to here
  • 00:34:46
    why because nearly a hundred percent of
  • 00:34:49
    the total circuit resistance is that
  • 00:34:51
    exist from here to here is present from
  • 00:34:53
    here to here if this had 10% voltage
  • 00:34:56
    drop in it then it would also have 10%
  • 00:34:58
    of the circuit resistance and vice-versa
  • 00:35:00
    I'm interested to see if that makes
  • 00:35:02
    sense to anybody does anybody who's like
  • 00:35:03
    that either they don't get that at all
  • 00:35:04
    let's see if I have any hands any hands
  • 00:35:06
    raised so I've got a couple hands raised
  • 00:35:07
    I'm gonna I'm gonna allow we got Chris
  • 00:35:09
    Roseberry we got Michael Makara we got
  • 00:35:12
    freon man any of you want to want to
  • 00:35:15
    comment on that you just unmute
  • 00:35:17
    yourselves
  • 00:35:17
    Jamie says no use number
  • 00:35:19
    well I did I did use numbers and it
  • 00:35:22
    still didn't make sense so normally how
  • 00:35:23
    they would show it is they would show
  • 00:35:24
    multiple loads in series and so they
  • 00:35:26
    would teach this as a series circuit the
  • 00:35:28
    thing is is that most circuits we work
  • 00:35:29
    on are in series let's see so somebody
  • 00:35:32
    somebody's talking who's here
  • 00:35:33
    me hey free on man what's going on how
  • 00:35:35
    are you Brian very good very good who is
  • 00:35:37
    this
  • 00:35:38
    I'm Jim Landry and I own reliable
  • 00:35:39
    refrigeration in Boston
  • 00:35:41
    sweet are you unlock down right now well
  • 00:35:43
    we're not on lockdown but they did
  • 00:35:45
    suspend permits on three of my jobs is
  • 00:35:47
    that good or bad it's discipline you get
  • 00:35:49
    to work without them checking up on you
  • 00:35:51
    because that sounds good no no no no you
  • 00:35:53
    can't work at all no okay well that's
  • 00:35:56
    the wrong direction that sounds yeah
  • 00:35:57
    that is the wrong direction absolutely
  • 00:35:59
    so what are your thoughts I was a girl
  • 00:36:03
    why couldn't talk most of the time so I
  • 00:36:05
    apologize okay okay this is my first
  • 00:36:08
    time I've ever actually went to a live
  • 00:36:10
    webinar all right so I got your email a
  • 00:36:12
    while back and I signed in I downloaded
  • 00:36:15
    zoom and Here I am so yeah well you know
  • 00:36:18
    I look at your thing every day at night
  • 00:36:20
    and all that you look at my thing every
  • 00:36:21
    day a night that sounds if he yeah tech
  • 00:36:28
    tips yeah I'm with yes sir okay well
  • 00:36:33
    thanks for being here all right no
  • 00:36:34
    problem who else who else we got here
  • 00:36:36
    Chris yeah how you doing good good
  • 00:36:38
    what's going on with you you know I just
  • 00:36:39
    want to share a story with you now had
  • 00:36:41
    the other day all right let's hear it
  • 00:36:42
    you know family and start the compressor
  • 00:36:44
    was home and looking at a capacitor fan
  • 00:36:46
    side is bad right so tell the homeowner
  • 00:36:48
    hey pastures bad i hook it up the
  • 00:36:50
    breaker was trip reset the breaker went
  • 00:36:52
    outside push the disconnect in and
  • 00:36:54
    breaker trip begin so of course you know
  • 00:36:56
    most of Thomas is a compressor issue
  • 00:36:58
    unplugged the plug go back in reset the
  • 00:37:00
    breaker come back out it tripped again
  • 00:37:02
    and long story short the fan was
  • 00:37:04
    actually shorting out you know the whole
  • 00:37:06
    unit and tripping that breaker which was
  • 00:37:08
    a first for me because most of time the
  • 00:37:10
    fan doesn't you know have enough to trip
  • 00:37:12
    that but uh yeah it is it is more
  • 00:37:15
    uncommon on residential equipment to
  • 00:37:16
    find condenser fans shorted to ground
  • 00:37:19
    and you know why that is I mean I like I
  • 00:37:21
    said I took everything out thought it
  • 00:37:23
    may be been the contact it took all the
  • 00:37:24
    wires off and you know I don't know why
  • 00:37:27
    that happened like I said that was my
  • 00:37:29
    first interaction in 15 years any any
  • 00:37:31
    motor can
  • 00:37:32
    theoretically short out but condenser
  • 00:37:34
    fan motors are much less likely to for a
  • 00:37:36
    couple reasons one the forces at play
  • 00:37:38
    aren't as great and so you don't have as
  • 00:37:40
    much torque going on but secondly
  • 00:37:42
    because the gap in a condenser fan motor
  • 00:37:44
    is air and a compressor you have that
  • 00:37:47
    that whole thing is full of refrigerant
  • 00:37:48
    and you have oil and you have everything
  • 00:37:50
    else so when you have a you know some
  • 00:37:52
    sort of catastrophic issue in there
  • 00:37:54
    where something breaks off and goes
  • 00:37:55
    flying around and banging around it's
  • 00:37:57
    much more likely to cause a consistent
  • 00:38:00
    to ground short than it is in a
  • 00:38:02
    condenser fan motor so there's a couple
  • 00:38:03
    different reasons but yeah you'll
  • 00:38:05
    definitely find condenser fans it cause
  • 00:38:08
    shorts more in larger commercial
  • 00:38:09
    applications where you have greater
  • 00:38:11
    forces at play and that sort of thing
  • 00:38:12
    but unrest attention it is it is a
  • 00:38:14
    little bit more rare but good find
  • 00:38:15
    and that's isolation diagnosis what you
  • 00:38:17
    did there was isolating and kind of
  • 00:38:19
    walking down the line until you figured
  • 00:38:21
    out which component it was which is in
  • 00:38:22
    my book a totally acceptable way of
  • 00:38:24
    doing it also my brother thanks for
  • 00:38:26
    joining me yes sir
  • 00:38:27
    I'm not gonna spend a lot of time on
  • 00:38:28
    this particular phrase the voltage drop
  • 00:38:30
    measurement tool either you get it or
  • 00:38:32
    you don't here and I'm not doing a good
  • 00:38:33
    very good job of describing it because
  • 00:38:35
    every time I describe this one it's hard
  • 00:38:37
    for people to get their head around but
  • 00:38:38
    I guess to sum it up we mostly work on
  • 00:38:41
    parallel circuits and so that means that
  • 00:38:43
    you have only one load in the path
  • 00:38:45
    between the two sides of your circuit so
  • 00:38:47
    in the case of a 240 volt circuit that
  • 00:38:49
    would be between l1 and l2 in the case
  • 00:38:51
    of 120 volts that would be between l1
  • 00:38:53
    and neutral in the case of 24 that would
  • 00:38:55
    be between hot and common right and so
  • 00:38:56
    each one of those circuits parallel
  • 00:38:58
    paths only has one load and so when we
  • 00:39:00
    measure across the load we're measuring
  • 00:39:03
    generally a hundred percent of the
  • 00:39:05
    voltage drop because the or nearly
  • 00:39:07
    because almost all the resistance is
  • 00:39:09
    going to be in the load the case of you
  • 00:39:10
    know let's use an example presser would
  • 00:39:12
    be the compressor windings in a
  • 00:39:13
    contactor on the Y circuit that would be
  • 00:39:16
    the contactor coil right so you'd
  • 00:39:17
    measure 27 volts or whatever it is
  • 00:39:19
    across the contactor coil but if you add
  • 00:39:21
    another voltage drop in parallel or in
  • 00:39:24
    series with that parallel load in that
  • 00:39:26
    same path then that voltage drop
  • 00:39:28
    depending on what percentage of the
  • 00:39:29
    resistance is that's going to be what
  • 00:39:31
    percentage of the voltage drop it is and
  • 00:39:33
    so this is how we can use our mirrors to
  • 00:39:36
    find things that are undesigned
  • 00:39:38
    or connectivity whatever and we can use
  • 00:39:40
    our meters to find problems in the
  • 00:39:42
    circuit and it's also helpful when
  • 00:39:43
    you're diagnosing it overly complicated
  • 00:39:45
    circuits and you
  • 00:39:46
    your meter on it and you measure some
  • 00:39:48
    weird voltage what are you measuring
  • 00:39:49
    you're measuring the voltage drop
  • 00:39:51
    between those two points you can say
  • 00:39:52
    potential difference that's fine but a
  • 00:39:54
    meter is always two leads in you're
  • 00:39:56
    measuring between two points if you're
  • 00:39:58
    using a voltmeter next thing is you know
  • 00:40:00
    I always want people to look for the
  • 00:40:02
    obvious I can't tell you how many times
  • 00:40:03
    and I use this this is another image
  • 00:40:05
    that I made for the for the folks in
  • 00:40:07
    Haiti how many times it's just the
  • 00:40:08
    simple things that people do wrong where
  • 00:40:10
    they wrap it the wrong direction you
  • 00:40:12
    know around a terminal or they use a you
  • 00:40:15
    know they take stranded wire and they
  • 00:40:17
    wrap that around the terminal and the
  • 00:40:18
    stranded wires coming off all over the
  • 00:40:19
    place rather than using a crimp on
  • 00:40:21
    terminal or they make a crimp on
  • 00:40:23
    terminal incorrectly or they leave a
  • 00:40:25
    bunch of bare wire exposed or you have
  • 00:40:27
    wires that are crossing one another you
  • 00:40:29
    know we're crossing a discharge line or
  • 00:40:31
    rubbing out on a piece of metal there's
  • 00:40:33
    a lot of different things that are just
  • 00:40:35
    obvious I'm diagnostic know knows that
  • 00:40:38
    an experienced technician keeps their
  • 00:40:39
    eyes open for that a newer technician
  • 00:40:41
    often will miss and from a diagnostic
  • 00:40:43
    skill standpoint that is a really
  • 00:40:45
    invaluable skill and also you know just
  • 00:40:48
    never allowing these little details to
  • 00:40:50
    just you know pass by the wayside double
  • 00:40:52
    logging is a really big one where people
  • 00:40:53
    take multiple wires and jam it
  • 00:40:54
    underneath a lug or you're not getting
  • 00:40:56
    good connection and so all of those
  • 00:40:57
    things can add resistance to the circuit
  • 00:40:59
    which can then cause problems because it
  • 00:41:01
    causes voltage drop additional
  • 00:41:03
    resistance causes voltage drop which is
  • 00:41:04
    part of what I was describing there it's
  • 00:41:07
    the same thing when you you know when
  • 00:41:08
    you have a switch that starts to get
  • 00:41:09
    carbon up but like a contactor that can
  • 00:41:11
    add voltage drop to the circuit and
  • 00:41:13
    cause problems Kevin says so far no air
  • 00:41:15
    quotes but we got a rub out yes that's
  • 00:41:16
    true I always do air quotes but see now
  • 00:41:18
    now if I do air quotes you can see me
  • 00:41:21
    and so that kind of ruins it and I do
  • 00:41:22
    talk a lot about rub outs and it's not a
  • 00:41:24
    dirty thing it's just what happens when
  • 00:41:27
    a wire rubs out on a metal part and when
  • 00:41:29
    they love each other very much they
  • 00:41:31
    create other little wires breakers
  • 00:41:33
    overloads and wires this is a we're
  • 00:41:35
    gonna get we're gonna finish up here on
  • 00:41:36
    one of my favorite things that I now you
  • 00:41:39
    guys are just being you guys are just
  • 00:41:40
    you you're crossing the line over there
  • 00:41:42
    in chat now breakers overloads and wires
  • 00:41:44
    water sizing is super important it
  • 00:41:46
    really is very important but it's really
  • 00:41:48
    misunderstood in all segments of the
  • 00:41:50
    industry so not just by air conditioning
  • 00:41:52
    and refrigeration technicians but also
  • 00:41:54
    by electricians because wire sizing is
  • 00:41:56
    not as simple as this chart right here
  • 00:41:58
    so this chart here shows 14 gauge
  • 00:41:59
    14 amps 12 gauges 20 amps 10 gauges 30
  • 00:42:02
    amps these are all based on sort of
  • 00:42:04
    worst case scenario applications using I
  • 00:42:07
    think it's what is it 60 degrees Celsius
  • 00:42:09
    wire which is what nm is nm means
  • 00:42:12
    nonmetallic that's what we call romex
  • 00:42:15
    trade name ro max right and so when
  • 00:42:16
    we're used to working in residences and
  • 00:42:18
    they have that 60 degree Celsius
  • 00:42:20
    insulation on them or it's row max this
  • 00:42:23
    is where these sizes come from but also
  • 00:42:24
    this is copper this isn't aluminum so
  • 00:42:27
    there's a lot of different variables
  • 00:42:28
    that factor in here and there's also
  • 00:42:30
    some D rating variables meaning there's
  • 00:42:32
    some cases where if you're running
  • 00:42:33
    through very hot areas then you have to
  • 00:42:36
    de rate for that lots of different
  • 00:42:37
    factors but the one thing that's sort of
  • 00:42:39
    a saving grace for us in our industry is
  • 00:42:42
    that the manufacturers give us on the
  • 00:42:44
    data plate what we size the breaker to
  • 00:42:47
    and what we size the wire to believe it
  • 00:42:49
    or not and if you follow that as an air
  • 00:42:51
    conditioning contractor you're safe
  • 00:42:53
    you've done you've followed proper
  • 00:42:56
    practices and so let's use an example
  • 00:42:58
    here this is actually a pool heater now
  • 00:43:00
    I know I'm good I know I'm gonna do this
  • 00:43:01
    and everybody's like cuz this is one of
  • 00:43:03
    these like really disputed things out
  • 00:43:04
    there in the industry but trust me do
  • 00:43:06
    your research you will find that this is
  • 00:43:07
    the case minimum circuit ampacity
  • 00:43:10
    amperage capacity of the wire this is
  • 00:43:12
    what you size your wire to so you find a
  • 00:43:14
    wire that the NEC says and there's a lot
  • 00:43:16
    of factors okay so I'm not gonna give
  • 00:43:18
    you all these factors but if the NEC
  • 00:43:19
    says that it can carry 40 point to one
  • 00:43:22
    amps under the conditions that you're in
  • 00:43:24
    wire length isn't one of them by the way
  • 00:43:25
    that's when people will always say is
  • 00:43:26
    that the length of the wire is voltage
  • 00:43:28
    drop that's actually not one of the
  • 00:43:29
    factors that the NEC requires you to
  • 00:43:31
    consider we won't go into why that is
  • 00:43:33
    but it's it that's actually only a
  • 00:43:34
    suggestion in the NEC it mostly has to
  • 00:43:36
    do with the type of wire it is the
  • 00:43:38
    insulation whether or not the
  • 00:43:39
    connections what the connections are
  • 00:43:40
    rated for and what the temperature is
  • 00:43:42
    and how many wires are running through
  • 00:43:44
    what they call a Raceway but anyway you
  • 00:43:46
    find theirs that was a lot you find the
  • 00:43:49
    wire that's appropriate for this size
  • 00:43:51
    and that's the wire you connect and then
  • 00:43:53
    you find the breaker you can connect up
  • 00:43:55
    to a 60 amp breaker now you could go
  • 00:43:58
    down to the size of the wire ampacity
  • 00:44:00
    you can go down now you may have
  • 00:44:01
    nuisance trips but you cannot go above
  • 00:44:03
    this so you could put a 60 amp breaker
  • 00:44:05
    on a wire that's designed to carry 40
  • 00:44:08
    point to one and people will say that is
  • 00:44:10
    complete heresy you're gonna burn down a
  • 00:44:12
    house no you're not because
  • 00:44:13
    this appliance has an overload built
  • 00:44:16
    into all of the motors that will shut
  • 00:44:18
    them off before you have a consistent
  • 00:44:21
    overload condition that could melt the
  • 00:44:23
    wire so the reason why they allow for it
  • 00:44:25
    is one it's because of starting amps we
  • 00:44:27
    get starting amps are higher and you
  • 00:44:28
    they don't want to have nuisance trips
  • 00:44:30
    so that's why they allow a bigger
  • 00:44:31
    breaker on a wire that's smaller cuz
  • 00:44:33
    again on this most people would say well
  • 00:44:35
    you got to put a number six wire on it
  • 00:44:36
    no you don't you may have to based on
  • 00:44:38
    other factors but as far as we're
  • 00:44:40
    concerned as AC technicians as long as
  • 00:44:42
    the wire will hinder 40 amps we can put
  • 00:44:44
    a 60 M breaker on it Tim says inspectors
  • 00:44:46
    don't go by this and arguing with
  • 00:44:47
    inspectors like wrestling a pig you wear
  • 00:44:49
    yourself out and after a while you'll
  • 00:44:50
    realize the pig likes it yes and that's
  • 00:44:53
    fine I'm not telling you to get in
  • 00:44:54
    fights with inspectors do what you've
  • 00:44:56
    got to do in your area based on the what
  • 00:44:58
    we call the a HJ the authority having
  • 00:45:00
    jurisdiction but most people most
  • 00:45:02
    inspectors I found because I went
  • 00:45:04
    toe-to-toe with an inspector on this
  • 00:45:05
    kalila I sent them the Michael Holt
  • 00:45:07
    video I sent them my article I did for
  • 00:45:09
    the news and I said just take a look at
  • 00:45:11
    this and they changed their mind yeah
  • 00:45:12
    you'll find some people who want to
  • 00:45:13
    fight but if they do then just you know
  • 00:45:15
    do what you gotta do there's another
  • 00:45:16
    example so here's a carrier this is
  • 00:45:18
    actually my house we have a 50 amp
  • 00:45:21
    breaker and that's what I've gotten my
  • 00:45:22
    panel and in this particular case and
  • 00:45:24
    number 10 wire is actually acceptable
  • 00:45:26
    given the type of wire and the
  • 00:45:28
    insulation rating on the wire that's
  • 00:45:29
    being used and all that other stuff so
  • 00:45:31
    on my house I've got a 50 amp breaker
  • 00:45:33
    and at number 10 wire running to my
  • 00:45:35
    condenser hopefully you don't hear the
  • 00:45:37
    fire trucks from your house when my
  • 00:45:38
    house burns down look the point is is
  • 00:45:41
    that this is this is allowable based on
  • 00:45:44
    the National Electrical Code section 440
  • 00:45:46
    of the NEC and the reason why I bring
  • 00:45:48
    this up is just because it's a fun one
  • 00:45:50
    it's one of my favourite topics because
  • 00:45:51
    this really has very little to do with
  • 00:45:52
    diagnosis it's more just about the
  • 00:45:54
    electrical code that is that see look
  • 00:45:56
    there's the end of the there's the end
  • 00:45:57
    of the slideshow but the biggest thing
  • 00:45:58
    that I wanted to kind of point out was
  • 00:46:00
    from an electrical diagnosis standpoint
  • 00:46:02
    is I think a lot of people who really
  • 00:46:04
    struggle with electrical diagnosis
  • 00:46:06
    struggle with having the cartoons in
  • 00:46:07
    their head having the pictures having
  • 00:46:09
    the basic those real basics and it's not
  • 00:46:11
    I think a lot of people would argue that
  • 00:46:13
    it's math I don't think it's math I know
  • 00:46:14
    a lot of really good diagnosticians who
  • 00:46:16
    are terrible at math I'm not good at
  • 00:46:18
    math I don't use math in electrical
  • 00:46:20
    almost ever I mean I guess there's a few
  • 00:46:23
    cases where I do but very rarely do I
  • 00:46:25
    use math with electrical
  • 00:46:26
    or what I do is I understand the
  • 00:46:28
    relationships between concepts and I
  • 00:46:30
    have a visual in my head of how things
  • 00:46:32
    work and then when once you have that
  • 00:46:34
    basic visual then you get to schematics
  • 00:46:36
    and laddered and you know a lot of
  • 00:46:38
    schematics and diagrams and then you
  • 00:46:40
    just have to use them a lot so you have
  • 00:46:42
    to get a lot of repetitions on it and
  • 00:46:43
    that's something I'd like to see schools
  • 00:46:44
    doing more of and apprenticeship
  • 00:46:46
    programs doing more of is giving people
  • 00:46:47
    a lot more repetitions on schematics and
  • 00:46:50
    diagrams and some of it can be that you
  • 00:46:51
    draw them yourselves some of it can be
  • 00:46:53
    that you're diagnosing based on them but
  • 00:46:55
    you have to be using them in conjunction
  • 00:46:56
    with a real piece of equipment you can't
  • 00:46:58
    be just going through schematics I think
  • 00:47:01
    if you think you do yourself a
  • 00:47:02
    disservice because you have to have a
  • 00:47:04
    reference to a real piece of equipment
  • 00:47:06
    and so for those of you who still find
  • 00:47:07
    yourself really struggling you know take
  • 00:47:09
    you take a scrap piece of equipment out
  • 00:47:11
    in the scrap yard and just go through it
  • 00:47:13
    rewire it based on the diagram do it
  • 00:47:15
    again do it again do it again grab
  • 00:47:16
    another piece of equipment do the same
  • 00:47:17
    thing get some reps in of looking at the
  • 00:47:20
    diagram and ik weighting that to a real
  • 00:47:22
    piece of equipment over and over and I
  • 00:47:23
    think that will help you quite a bit
  • 00:47:25
    anything anything anybody wants to talk
  • 00:47:26
    about before we wrap up cuz it's 9:00
  • 00:47:28
    you know we are we're pretty much done
  • 00:47:29
    here this was kind of weird I didn't I
  • 00:47:31
    don't like I don't like the PowerPoint
  • 00:47:33
    presentation I need to let you guys know
  • 00:47:34
    how cuz I wanted to talk to you all more
  • 00:47:36
    than you did let's see Erik Kaiser shear
  • 00:47:38
    I'm gonna let Eric talk oh I'm on Eric
  • 00:47:40
    to tell me what I missed
  • 00:47:41
    you gotta unmute yourself Eric if you're
  • 00:47:42
    still here what's up Brian hey man how's
  • 00:47:44
    things how about you very good I think
  • 00:47:47
    part of what made this difficult is that
  • 00:47:49
    there's just so many darn people on here
  • 00:47:50
    compared to how many what they get
  • 00:47:52
    there's a lot of people on here and
  • 00:47:53
    looks like you got good attendance
  • 00:47:55
    tonight yeah I'll say one of the biggest
  • 00:47:56
    things that I see technicians struggling
  • 00:47:59
    with in diagnosis is troubleshooting the
  • 00:48:02
    ground and trying to troubleshoot
  • 00:48:04
    circuits to ground and not taking the
  • 00:48:06
    readings across components to be able to
  • 00:48:10
    diagnose the component and I think you
  • 00:48:12
    you you went into it there with the
  • 00:48:13
    measuring across the contactor and you
  • 00:48:17
    know you should have the same voltage
  • 00:48:18
    and when you're looking at that ladder
  • 00:48:20
    diagram between 11 and 23 and 11 and 21
  • 00:48:25
    win that contactors right exactly
  • 00:48:28
    yeah that no that's it that's a really
  • 00:48:29
    good example and measuring yeah
  • 00:48:31
    measuring the ground in general is just
  • 00:48:32
    just not the best practice but just out
  • 00:48:36
    of curiosity what are some times that
  • 00:48:38
    misery
  • 00:48:39
    is a good practice measure the ground
  • 00:48:41
    for me is a safety piece damn just find
  • 00:48:44
    out if there is voltage present before I
  • 00:48:46
    go sticking my fingers in there because
  • 00:48:49
    I'm gonna create or the technician
  • 00:48:51
    whoever is gonna go in there is gonna
  • 00:48:52
    create that path to ground so anything
  • 00:48:54
    I'm gonna touch I want to know if
  • 00:48:55
    there's power on it absolutely and
  • 00:48:57
    that's that that's a really good point
  • 00:48:58
    so Michael I'm gonna um you you cuz
  • 00:48:59
    Michael said he had a story hello hey
  • 00:49:02
    what's what's the story Michael come on
  • 00:49:04
    hey not much you know just sitting here
  • 00:49:06
    talking to you
  • 00:49:07
    good day follow-up in Connecticut here
  • 00:49:08
    awesome I was I was up in Connecticut
  • 00:49:10
    recently nice nice um yeah so a couple
  • 00:49:13
    weeks ago I was working on a this was a
  • 00:49:14
    Lennox rooftop and I will say Lennox is
  • 00:49:17
    most interesting diagrams of all the
  • 00:49:19
    units mm-hmm this particular unit was
  • 00:49:21
    designed for medical space but then they
  • 00:49:23
    converted into a pharmacy and it had a
  • 00:49:25
    two-speed three-phase motor with dual
  • 00:49:28
    contactors so low speed would energize
  • 00:49:31
    one contactor one would dropout energize
  • 00:49:34
    a high-speed contactor air balancer went
  • 00:49:36
    out and we're trying to do an air
  • 00:49:38
    balance and when you ran the unit in
  • 00:49:39
    cooling it started short cycling I got
  • 00:49:41
    sent out there to go look at the problem
  • 00:49:43
    and so I started going through all the
  • 00:49:45
    voltages checking everything it was on
  • 00:49:47
    automation system so I took it off the
  • 00:49:48
    automation system and I checked low
  • 00:49:51
    voltage everything was good checked high
  • 00:49:53
    voltage everything was good I ran the
  • 00:49:54
    unit standalone and everything was fine
  • 00:49:56
    and I when I put on the automation
  • 00:49:59
    system back online it was short cycle
  • 00:50:01
    but I had no voltage drops everything
  • 00:50:03
    was good on the primary in the secondary
  • 00:50:05
    side of the transformer so long story
  • 00:50:07
    short I will say that I found that the
  • 00:50:10
    current sensor on the rooftop unit was
  • 00:50:12
    on when the fan would drop out from low
  • 00:50:15
    speed the high speed and the contact
  • 00:50:17
    there's a switch on a call for cooling
  • 00:50:18
    it would lose its control status and
  • 00:50:21
    automation system would cause a short
  • 00:50:22
    cycle with energized 24 take it away
  • 00:50:25
    energize it take it away huh yeah we had
  • 00:50:28
    a younger guy there and he um couldn't
  • 00:50:30
    figure it out so I'm after a while going
  • 00:50:33
    back and forth back and forth
  • 00:50:34
    I had the automation company program a
  • 00:50:36
    delay but it was just it was something
  • 00:50:37
    that was interesting because most guys
  • 00:50:39
    walked up to the units at all fine all
  • 00:50:41
    the voltages are good when the unit is
  • 00:50:43
    on running stand alone but when
  • 00:50:45
    automations and they always blamed it on
  • 00:50:47
    the automation to a certain extent but
  • 00:50:49
    they didn't they didn't check all the
  • 00:50:50
    voltages and see what was truly going on
  • 00:50:53
    the unit that's actually a really good
  • 00:50:54
    point this is the concept of always test
  • 00:50:57
    under the conditions that are present
  • 00:51:00
    when the problem exists and this is the
  • 00:51:02
    challenge with using test modes and a
  • 00:51:05
    lot of cases any sort of overrides if
  • 00:51:07
    you're not testing especially with weird
  • 00:51:09
    problems if you're not testing under the
  • 00:51:12
    conditions under which the issue shows
  • 00:51:14
    up then you can miss things and that's
  • 00:51:16
    just a really good a thorough
  • 00:51:17
    diagnostician always runs all modes and
  • 00:51:20
    operates the system under the conditions
  • 00:51:23
    that it's that it's gonna actually
  • 00:51:24
    operate under so yeah good good catch
  • 00:51:25
    there yeah and also just to go back
  • 00:51:27
    earlier I wanted to just let some guys
  • 00:51:29
    know too because I ran into this with
  • 00:51:30
    other guys like you said with the your
  • 00:51:32
    technician who was using the ohmmeter
  • 00:51:34
    on a lot of these flukes field piece
  • 00:51:36
    whatever you may have they have an auto
  • 00:51:38
    range on there they're ohms and
  • 00:51:41
    sometimes it'll change the reading
  • 00:51:43
    automatically on you you can't always
  • 00:51:45
    pick it yourself so I was tough guys be
  • 00:51:48
    not be knowledgeable of what whether
  • 00:51:50
    you're retreating uh k megaohms where
  • 00:51:53
    the decimal point is on the meter makes
  • 00:51:54
    a huge difference that's a big one
  • 00:51:56
    and I see that all the time it's like
  • 00:51:58
    you expected to auto range back and then
  • 00:51:59
    it doesn't and that throws you off so
  • 00:52:01
    that's really big well thanks Michael I
  • 00:52:03
    appreciate it right thank you hi Jason
  • 00:52:05
    what do you got hey I've got a little
  • 00:52:07
    story here really kind of a simple story
  • 00:52:09
    went out to call the other day and the
  • 00:52:12
    guy is thermostat blown up was a
  • 00:52:13
    residential unit once it was a four-ton
  • 00:52:16
    mobile home two years old it blew up his
  • 00:52:18
    thermostat indoor board and outdoor
  • 00:52:20
    board so we went in and got a new boards
  • 00:52:22
    new thermostat and everything got him
  • 00:52:24
    put in but before I went to figure out
  • 00:52:26
    the problem I didn't put that thermostat
  • 00:52:27
    on the wall cuz I wasn't about no
  • 00:52:29
    thermostat that's one home made sure
  • 00:52:31
    that the boards were fused out properly
  • 00:52:33
    and then I just jumped it at the
  • 00:52:35
    thermostat into cool mode and heat mode
  • 00:52:37
    to see what was going on there tried to
  • 00:52:39
    jump it into Cuomo jump you know red to
  • 00:52:41
    orange yellow and green and it blew the
  • 00:52:43
    fuse just like that so I didn't put my
  • 00:52:44
    popper in there and figured I was on my
  • 00:52:46
    reverse invalid wire so I just went
  • 00:52:48
    figured out you know the thermostat
  • 00:52:50
    there and I went to their handler jumped
  • 00:52:51
    it out there and I figured out it was in
  • 00:52:53
    the outdoor unit so we're not there
  • 00:52:54
    undid the orange wire then put all my
  • 00:52:57
    power back on it the air handler my back
  • 00:52:59
    out there and just just touch the wire
  • 00:53:00
    to see if it would arc a big art and it
  • 00:53:03
    did so this is where it kind of got
  • 00:53:04
    interesting because I was like you know
  • 00:53:06
    it's
  • 00:53:06
    two year old unit I wasn't expecting
  • 00:53:08
    anything major to really be wrong like
  • 00:53:10
    this but I went and unplugged the wires
  • 00:53:13
    off the reversing valve cool tested the
  • 00:53:15
    resistance across that and it was
  • 00:53:17
    written really low but um I went ahead
  • 00:53:19
    put the horns wire back together
  • 00:53:22
    just to see if the short was in those
  • 00:53:24
    wires and that was something that
  • 00:53:26
    another guide showed me just to the
  • 00:53:28
    isolation technique like that always
  • 00:53:30
    makes sure it's not just a short and the
  • 00:53:32
    wires going to that thing that's got the
  • 00:53:35
    problem and yeah it was just that coil
  • 00:53:36
    is bad pulled that thing off and the
  • 00:53:38
    only thing I didn't have to isolate was
  • 00:53:40
    I didn't have a solenoid magnet on the
  • 00:53:41
    truck thankfully the reversing valve was
  • 00:53:43
    good but I wouldn't bought one that day
  • 00:53:45
    also just a little tip there I thought
  • 00:53:47
    I'd share yeah and that's a good one and
  • 00:53:49
    that's actually a weird one too because
  • 00:53:50
    it can actually be both ways it's tricky
  • 00:53:53
    because you can have a shorted solenoid
  • 00:53:55
    which is what you had but the other
  • 00:53:57
    thing that you got to be careful with is
  • 00:53:58
    that solenoids do run low homes by
  • 00:54:01
    themselves because it's that inductive
  • 00:54:03
    reactance that shows up because in
  • 00:54:04
    solenoid is a magnet I mean that's
  • 00:54:06
    really what it is and in some cases if
  • 00:54:08
    you have it for example this is a good
  • 00:54:10
    example if you pull a solenoid off of
  • 00:54:11
    the reversing valve and you energize it
  • 00:54:13
    the thing will over amp and it will
  • 00:54:15
    overheat and it'll actually it can
  • 00:54:17
    actually fail that way and so in some
  • 00:54:19
    cases when the when the valve isn't
  • 00:54:21
    actually engaging the way it's supposed
  • 00:54:22
    to that can actually result in the
  • 00:54:25
    solenoid coil I'm drawing high amps but
  • 00:54:28
    you were correct in that when it happens
  • 00:54:30
    instantaneously like that when you have
  • 00:54:32
    that high current right away like that
  • 00:54:33
    and it's actually taking it out you know
  • 00:54:35
    tripping the fuse right away or giving
  • 00:54:37
    you the big spark that's an indication
  • 00:54:39
    that it's actually shorted within the
  • 00:54:40
    solenoid because generally that
  • 00:54:42
    condition is just like if you've ever
  • 00:54:43
    had a contactor that gets stuck open
  • 00:54:45
    where it can't engage into the magnet
  • 00:54:47
    that will result in high current but
  • 00:54:49
    it's not gonna be that instantaneous
  • 00:54:50
    kind of like really high it'll actually
  • 00:54:52
    a lot of cases take out a transformer
  • 00:54:54
    before it even takes out the fuse and
  • 00:54:56
    which is sort of a weird it's a weird
  • 00:54:57
    thing about the Transformers we work on
  • 00:54:59
    because the Transformers we use or for
  • 00:55:00
    TVA which means that if you take 40
  • 00:55:03
    divided by 24 it means that they're
  • 00:55:04
    rated for about one point it takes one
  • 00:55:06
    point six six amps but yet we put five
  • 00:55:09
    amp fuses on them so when you have cases
  • 00:55:11
    where you've got a you know a coil or
  • 00:55:13
    something that's not engaging properly
  • 00:55:15
    and it's drawn three amps or something
  • 00:55:16
    like that it's not going to blow the
  • 00:55:18
    fuse in a lot of cases it'll just take
  • 00:55:19
    the transformer out on you
  • 00:55:20
    but anyway so just just a side note
  • 00:55:22
    there yeah that's a that isolation
  • 00:55:24
    diagnosis is the way to do that there
  • 00:55:26
    are purists who work in very high-end
  • 00:55:28
    controls environments who will say well
  • 00:55:30
    you know you and that isolation
  • 00:55:31
    diagnosis creates us arcs and that can
  • 00:55:33
    damage controls and all that and there
  • 00:55:35
    is some areas of our industry where
  • 00:55:37
    that's true but especially in mostly
  • 00:55:39
    what we work at 24 volt controls
  • 00:55:40
    isolation diagnosis is absolutely the
  • 00:55:42
    way to go and it's the way that I've
  • 00:55:43
    done it most of my career versus you
  • 00:55:45
    know pulling out an ohmmeter and doing
  • 00:55:47
    it one at a time because there's the
  • 00:55:48
    challenges that are associated with
  • 00:55:50
    ohm-meters and our 9-volt batteries sure
  • 00:55:52
    yeah thank you
  • 00:55:53
    cool thanks man sorry poor Jason I kind
  • 00:55:55
    of went off on him there I got to be
  • 00:55:56
    careful before going full nerd on people
  • 00:55:58
    got to prepare them anyway well thank
  • 00:56:00
    you all for joining I'm gonna actually
  • 00:56:01
    set cuz one thing that I the only thing
  • 00:56:03
    I regret about this episode is I would
  • 00:56:05
    have wanted to talk to more of you and
  • 00:56:07
    so I'll set some rules and guidelines
  • 00:56:08
    next time for how to interact and
  • 00:56:11
    that'll make it a little easier but
  • 00:56:12
    we're gonna get some more people on the
  • 00:56:14
    live on the live podcasts others other
  • 00:56:16
    contributors rather than just me acting
  • 00:56:18
    on so hopefully you got something out of
  • 00:56:20
    that it was a little a little
  • 00:56:21
    off-the-cuff but we'll be doing more of
  • 00:56:22
    these soon and hey thanks for listening
  • 00:56:25
    and we will talk to you next time on the
  • 00:56:27
    HVAC school podcast
  • 00:56:29
    [Music]
  • 00:56:36
    [Applause]
  • 00:56:37
    [Music]
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