Basic Terms and Concepts for Talking about Translation

00:18:20
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzYSmxJk1Jc

Summary

TLDRIn Spanish 410, led by Professor Jolly, students explore key concepts and terminology in translation and interpreting. The course emphasizes understanding the difference between translation (written) and interpreting (spoken) as well as defining source and target texts and languages. Important concepts like genre conventions and language functions (informative, vocative, expressive) are outlined, connecting to translation strategies such as equivalence types (cognitive, formal, dynamic) and translation approaches (literal vs. free). Students learn the significance of translation units and procedures while utilizing various tools, including CAT tools and online resources, to enhance their translation accuracy and efficiency.

Takeaways

  • 🎓 Introduction to Spanish 410 with Professor Jolly.
  • 📝 Focus on essential terms in translation and interpreting.
  • 🔄 Difference between translation (written) and interpreting (oral).
  • 📖 Explanation of source and target texts and languages.
  • 🎭 Importance of genre and genre conventions in translation.
  • 🗣️ Discussion on language functions: informative, vocative, and expressive.
  • ⚖️ Introduction to different types of equivalence in translation.
  • 💡 Distinction between literal and free translation approaches.
  • 📚 Explanation of translation units and procedures.
  • 🛠️ Overview of tools used by professional translators.

Timeline

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Professor Jolly, head of the Department of Modern and Classical Languages, introduces Spanish 410, focusing primarily on key terms and concepts essential for understanding translation. He clarifies that the field has its own technical vocabulary and warns students to prepare for discussions by learning these terms. He explains that this overview course will address terms directly related to translation and interpreting, differentiating written translation from spoken interpreting, and introduces abbreviations like ST (source text) and SL (source language), and their opposites, TT (target text) and TL (target language).

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Continuing the discussion of important terms, the professor introduces the concept of genre and its conventions, explaining that genres are categorized forms of text with specific rules. He further outlines the three basic language functions presented by Carl Bühler – informative (to present facts), vocative (to influence behavior), and expressive (to express emotions or attitudes). He introduces the concept of equivalence in translation, highlighting three types outlined by theorists Nida and Newmark: cognitive (content-based), formal (structure-based), and dynamic (effect on reader). This sets the stage for discussions on translation strategies and the importance of maintaining equivalence in various dimensions while translating.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:18:20

    Professor Jolly explains translation approaches, differentiating between 'literal' (faithful to source text structure and content) and 'free' (focusing on natural expression in target language) translations. He introduces the concept of translation units, which can vary from words to paragraphs, affecting whether an approach is more literal or free. The course discusses translation procedures, which are operations to achieve equivalence, including borrowings, standard translations, and rearrangements. Finally, he lists tools and resources employed by professional translators, including computer-assisted translation tools, machine translation, and dictionaries, emphasizing that students will learn to use these effectively and ethically.

Mind Map

Video Q&A

  • What is the difference between translation and interpreting?

    Translation involves converting text from one language to another in writing, while interpreting is the oral conversion between languages.

  • What are source text and source language?

    Source text is the original document to be translated, and source language is the language in which the source text is written.

  • What is register in translation?

    Register indicates how formal or informal the language in the text is.

  • What are literal and free translation approaches?

    Literal translation focuses on staying close to the original text, while free translation focuses on conveying the message naturally in the target language.

  • What are translation procedures?

    They are operations used by translators to produce equivalents, like loanwords, generalization, or rearrangement.

  • What tools and resources do translators use?

    Tools include computer-assisted translation suites, bilingual dictionaries, search engines, and language forums.

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Subtitles
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  • 00:00:00
    hey hello everybody welcome to spanish
  • 00:00:02
    410 spanish translation with me
  • 00:00:04
    professor jolly i'm a professor of
  • 00:00:06
    spanish head of the department of modern
  • 00:00:08
    and classical languages and your
  • 00:00:09
    instructor in this course
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    um so what i want to do is of course
  • 00:00:13
    welcome you to spanish 410 and this is
  • 00:00:15
    going to be our initial video its title
  • 00:00:18
    is basic terms and concepts for talking
  • 00:00:20
    about translation now what's this all
  • 00:00:22
    about
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    um well it turns out the translation
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    like any sort of industry or discipline
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    has its own terminology its own
  • 00:00:29
    vocabulary and there are several terms
  • 00:00:32
    and concepts that i'm going to be
  • 00:00:33
    talking about on day one or two of class
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    and so you need to be familiar with them
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    so pay attention all right
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    now i'm going to skip some obvious
  • 00:00:41
    things some terms you probably already
  • 00:00:43
    know and we're going to focus on terms
  • 00:00:45
    you might not be familiar with in
  • 00:00:46
    connection with the discipline or the
  • 00:00:48
    industry of translation and interpreting
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    the definitions in this video are going
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    to be brief on purpose and sort of
  • 00:00:55
    informal later on i'll give you some
  • 00:00:57
    additional presentations or readings and
  • 00:00:59
    we'll dig a little bit deeper into these
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    and other terms and concepts
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    all right that's pretty much it and of
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    course we're going to be learning about
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    these in spanish as well this is going
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    to kind of be a bilingual course out of
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    necessity it's a translation course so
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    that's it pay close attention take notes
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    rewind and review be sure you come to
  • 00:01:19
    class prepared to discuss these basic
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    terms and concepts
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    all right let's get started
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    all right so the first terms we're going
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    to discuss today are translation and
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    interpreting also called tni as in the
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    tni industry translation and
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    interpreting
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    translation is when we go from one
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    language to another in writing
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    while interpreting is going from one
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    language to another in speech so try not
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    to confuse translation and interpreting
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    translation is written interpreting is
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    spoken
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    right our next basic set of terms are
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    source text in source language now the
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    source text is the original text that
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    you're going to translate from
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    and the source language is the language
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    of the original text or the source text
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    so these are often abbreviated as st
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    source text and sl source language so in
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    this image i have is an example you can
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    see that the source language is english
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    and the source text is part of the cdc
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    centers for disease control website so
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    the source text is in english source
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    language is english
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    all right now the flip side of that
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    is the target text and the target
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    language so the target text is the
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    document that the translator produces
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    the product
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    while the target language is the
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    language of the target text and so these
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    abbreviations are tt and tl and you'll
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    see those used in this presentation and
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    throughout the course t t t sltl
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    so again using the same source text we
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    can see that the target text would be
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    cdc website in espanol and the target
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    language is spanish
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    another term or concept you're going to
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    hear me talk about
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    a lot in the class
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    is genre and genre conventions so what's
  • 00:03:11
    a genre right sometimes you hear people
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    talk about musical genres or film genres
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    genres are just types or categories of
  • 00:03:19
    texts or films or songs but in our
  • 00:03:22
    translation class remember writing we're
  • 00:03:25
    going to talk about types of texts so a
  • 00:03:27
    genre is just a kind of text
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    genres have conventions or rules that
  • 00:03:33
    texts must adhere to so to be a comic
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    book the book has to have certain
  • 00:03:38
    characteristics the language is always
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    used in a certain way the images are
  • 00:03:42
    always used in a certain way right has a
  • 00:03:45
    certain range range of page numbers so
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    everything about a comic book has to
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    adhere to the conventions of that genre
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    or it doesn't belong to that genre
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    so you see some examples right if i ask
  • 00:03:58
    you what's the genre of this text well
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    it might be a business letter it might
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    be a tourism brochure it might be a
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    cookbook it might be a comic it might be
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    a magazine advertis advertisement and so
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    on so genre is a key concept
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    another thing we'll be discussing
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    another set of terms and concepts we'll
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    discuss quite a bit when we're talking
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    about how we
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    analyze source texts before we translate
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    them are the three basic language
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    functions the informative the vocative
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    and the expressive functions
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    this was introduced by a language
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    theorist named carl buehler
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    back in the early i'm guessing early
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    20th century
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    and he said that all language use
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    can be boiled down to three primary or
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    basic language functions so anytime
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    we're using language we're using it in
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    one of these three ways using one of the
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    three basic functions
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    the informative function
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    is when we use language to provide
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    information to present facts
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    the vocative
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    or appellative or persuasive function
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    but we usually call it vocative
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    is when we're using language to
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    influence the reader's behavior to make
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    a request to try to convince the reader
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    to do something think about an
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    advertisement or maybe a warning label
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    or something like that
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    and finally expressive the expressive
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    function
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    its function is to use language to
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    express experiences
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    emotions our attitude right what's
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    inside us
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    okay so i sometimes call this the
  • 00:05:31
    artistic function think about a personal
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    letter or a poem or a song lyric
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    some other terms and concepts we'll use
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    when we're talking about strategizing
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    and maybe deciding which translation
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    approach to adopt that's on the next
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    slide i think
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    our
  • 00:05:51
    orientations now equivalence itself is
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    an important concept in translation
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    because if you think about translating
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    what we're trying to do is produce a
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    text in the target language that is the
  • 00:06:03
    same
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    it's equivalent it has equivalence or
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    correspondence
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    at as many levels as possible
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    these two theorists that you see on this
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    slide eugene nida and peter newmark very
  • 00:06:14
    important in translation studies they're
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    the ones i credit for coming up with
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    these three types of equivalence so
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    these are aspects of equivalence when
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    we're going from source to target text
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    that we could focus on or maybe we focus
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    on all three
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    so i'll be talking about these a lot in
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    the class and so will you
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    first one is cognitive equivalence
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    that's equivalent content so the fact
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    the idea that the content of the target
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    text should be the same or correspond to
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    the content of the source text that's a
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    no-brainer in translation we always want
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    to communicate the same content and
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    message
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    what about formal equivalence formal
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    doesn't mean formal or informal use of
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    language formal means the forms and
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    structures of the language
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    form versus content so under formal
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    equivalence the idea is that the forms
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    or structures
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    the language of the target text should
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    match that of the source text so if i
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    put them side by side and just glanced
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    at them they would look very similar
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    just on the surface they would have
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    formal or structural equivalence
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    that's ideal if you can attain it and
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    then the the third type is dynamic
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    equivalence dynamic equivalence is the
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    idea that the reader experience of the
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    target text should be the same as the
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    reader experience of the source text in
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    other words the target text should have
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    the equivalent effect so these are three
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    different types of equivalents that we
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    can choose to emphasize or prioritize
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    when we translate
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    okay the terms that we're looking at on
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    this slide register tone and style i
  • 00:07:51
    like to think of them as sort of the
  • 00:07:53
    byproducts of language use that we
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    perceive as readers but they're very
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    important when we're analyzing a source
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    text but also when we're producing the
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    target text
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    register refers to
  • 00:08:04
    how formal or informal the language used
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    in the text is is it very formal
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    is it somewhat formal
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    is it very informal
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    right
  • 00:08:16
    how about the tone
  • 00:08:18
    think about the tone
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    the tone is the attitude that the
  • 00:08:22
    language used in the text conveys
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    relative to its topic
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    so this is a medical brochure is the
  • 00:08:28
    tone about vaccinations is it serious
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    is it neutral
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    is it playful that would be weird right
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    is it ironic so tone is attitude
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    and finally style
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    is the particular way in which a text
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    author or speaker uses language
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    so you can characterize style with words
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    like oh that text has a straightforward
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    style
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    a transparent style or it's more complex
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    and dense
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    or maybe it's just kind of a corporate
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    generic style
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    or perhaps if you're reading a novel
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    like something written by mark twain you
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    can identify a very individual or
  • 00:09:08
    peculiar style so style is the way a
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    text author or speaker tends to use
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    language or uses it in a specific text
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    probably one of the most important
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    concepts when you talk about translation
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    and get it all theoretical
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    is the idea of translation approaches
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    now an approach what i mean by that is a
  • 00:09:31
    description of the overall approach that
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    the translator adopted
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    sometimes that's thinking about it
  • 00:09:37
    pre-translation sometimes that's
  • 00:09:39
    post-translation looking back at the
  • 00:09:41
    product and saying wow this turned out
  • 00:09:43
    more literal or more free than i
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    expected
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    so translations are usually described as
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    being you've heard this before literal
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    translations or free translations
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    although there are many other ways to
  • 00:09:55
    talk about these approaches literal and
  • 00:09:57
    free are the most classic traditional
  • 00:09:59
    and they are they are useful
  • 00:10:01
    so what do they mean what does it mean
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    when i say that's a literal translation
  • 00:10:05
    that's a free translation
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    well in general when people say literal
  • 00:10:08
    translation they mean that the
  • 00:10:10
    translator was faithful to the source
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    text
  • 00:10:13
    and tried to reproduce it as closely as
  • 00:10:16
    possible in this in the target language
  • 00:10:19
    so in other words the translator used
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    source text bias everything's compared
  • 00:10:24
    to the source text in in terms of form
  • 00:10:26
    and content trying to stay as close to
  • 00:10:28
    the source text as possible
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    so form over content is another way to
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    think about it or source text bias
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    on the other hand when people talk about
  • 00:10:37
    free translation they usually mean that
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    the translator focused on expressing
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    the message in the source text in a way
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    that would be natural sounding to target
  • 00:10:46
    language readers that can often mean
  • 00:10:48
    taking lots of liberties with the target
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    language
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    itself the target text target language
  • 00:10:55
    so in this sense it's naturalness of
  • 00:10:57
    content over form it's taking
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    liberty with the source text and source
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    language so that it's more natural to
  • 00:11:04
    target language readers
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    so like i said these are the two most
  • 00:11:08
    kind of famous translation approaches i
  • 00:11:11
    have an image up here of
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    the litv literal translation of the
  • 00:11:16
    bible and there are other versions of
  • 00:11:18
    the bible that are more free
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    translations
  • 00:11:23
    now an idea that's closely related to
  • 00:11:25
    the choice of translation approach
  • 00:11:27
    literal free or somewhere in between
  • 00:11:30
    is that of translation units or segments
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    it this is pretty easy to understand a
  • 00:11:35
    translation unit
  • 00:11:36
    or segment is just that part of a text
  • 00:11:39
    that the translator focuses on when he
  • 00:11:42
    or she is performing a translation
  • 00:11:44
    procedure
  • 00:11:45
    and this unit size can vary it can be an
  • 00:11:47
    individual word it can be a short phrase
  • 00:11:50
    like acquired assets in this graphic or
  • 00:11:53
    the first quarter that's a phrase that
  • 00:11:55
    you're not going to break up that's a
  • 00:11:56
    unit right
  • 00:11:58
    it could be a thought or an idea in a
  • 00:12:00
    translation approach it's a little bit
  • 00:12:02
    more free can be an entire sentence so
  • 00:12:04
    instead of saying i'm going to focus on
  • 00:12:06
    an individual word i'm going to read
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    that sentence what's the thought or idea
  • 00:12:10
    that sentence is expressing and i'm
  • 00:12:12
    going to try to capture that in a
  • 00:12:14
    different sentence in the target
  • 00:12:15
    language that would probably correspond
  • 00:12:18
    to a free translation approach or you
  • 00:12:20
    might even do something like i'm going
  • 00:12:21
    to look at the whole paragraph what's
  • 00:12:23
    that expressing and i'm going to
  • 00:12:25
    paraphrase it right which is an extreme
  • 00:12:28
    extreme free approach
  • 00:12:30
    so in general
  • 00:12:32
    literal translation approach targets
  • 00:12:34
    shorter units and free translation
  • 00:12:37
    targets longer segments but the
  • 00:12:39
    important thing is the translation unit
  • 00:12:41
    or segment is that little
  • 00:12:43
    part of the text that the translator
  • 00:12:45
    focuses on each time he or she is making
  • 00:12:48
    a decision about what to do
  • 00:12:52
    so i alluded to translation procedures
  • 00:12:54
    on the previous slide translation
  • 00:12:56
    procedures
  • 00:12:58
    are different than approaches procedures
  • 00:13:00
    are the specific operations that
  • 00:13:02
    translators perform to produce
  • 00:13:04
    equivalents for each unit so it's
  • 00:13:07
    related to translation unit i'm looking
  • 00:13:09
    at a unit how do i determine the
  • 00:13:11
    equivalent for that unit that's a
  • 00:13:12
    translation procedure and there are lots
  • 00:13:15
    i'm going to give you guys a reading and
  • 00:13:17
    another powerpoint presentation there's
  • 00:13:19
    probably more than 25 or 30 different
  • 00:13:21
    translation procedures that i've
  • 00:13:23
    identified
  • 00:13:25
    in my extensive research
  • 00:13:27
    but here are some examples right
  • 00:13:29
    loanwords or borrowings so for example
  • 00:13:31
    you oftentimes in business texts that
  • 00:13:34
    are in spanish or portuguese or japanese
  • 00:13:36
    you'll find words like feedback
  • 00:13:39
    right english words that have been
  • 00:13:41
    loaned into that language and are being
  • 00:13:43
    used
  • 00:13:44
    or standard translation that's when i
  • 00:13:46
    use the generally accepted equivalent
  • 00:13:48
    of a word
  • 00:13:50
    shifts sometimes when i translate
  • 00:13:52
    something from source to target text it
  • 00:13:54
    was a noun in the source text but i
  • 00:13:56
    change it to a verb
  • 00:13:58
    or an adverb
  • 00:14:00
    or an adjective in the target text to
  • 00:14:02
    get that same idea across
  • 00:14:04
    direct translation is is sort of just
  • 00:14:07
    localized literal translation
  • 00:14:09
    right i see something a translation
  • 00:14:11
    segment that's three or four words and
  • 00:14:13
    it works to translate it literally to
  • 00:14:15
    use the closest equivalent words and
  • 00:14:17
    structures
  • 00:14:18
    generalization is a procedure for
  • 00:14:21
    individual words it's using a more
  • 00:14:23
    general term for a more specific word so
  • 00:14:26
    imagine that i'm translating a document
  • 00:14:27
    for an auto manufacturer and i say suv
  • 00:14:32
    instead of the specific make and model
  • 00:14:34
    that's a generalization
  • 00:14:36
    in addition is when the translator
  • 00:14:38
    inserts material that's not present in
  • 00:14:40
    the source text so for example
  • 00:14:42
    if the source text references something
  • 00:14:44
    that's culturally specific i may have to
  • 00:14:46
    add a few words to explain it to my
  • 00:14:48
    reader in the target language text
  • 00:14:51
    and then just as a final example and
  • 00:14:53
    remember these are just examples of some
  • 00:14:55
    specific procedures rearrangement would
  • 00:14:57
    be when to make the target text more
  • 00:15:00
    clear or make more sense i might change
  • 00:15:03
    the order of phrases clauses or
  • 00:15:05
    sentences that i find in the source text
  • 00:15:07
    just for clarity okay so these are
  • 00:15:09
    examples of translation procedures that
  • 00:15:12
    translators apply as they're resolving
  • 00:15:15
    individual translation problems
  • 00:15:19
    all right and finally
  • 00:15:21
    we'll be talking quite a bit in class
  • 00:15:22
    about different tools and resources so
  • 00:15:25
    when i say tools or resources right
  • 00:15:30
    i'm referring to these types of things
  • 00:15:32
    professional translators use lots of
  • 00:15:35
    traditional and online tools and
  • 00:15:37
    resources
  • 00:15:38
    to make their translations better and to
  • 00:15:40
    translate faster so for effectiveness
  • 00:15:43
    accuracy and efficiency
  • 00:15:45
    examples of the tools that professional
  • 00:15:47
    translators use are things called
  • 00:15:50
    computer assisted translation suites cat
  • 00:15:52
    tools so computer assisted translation
  • 00:15:55
    cat
  • 00:15:56
    these are sweet software suites
  • 00:15:58
    like
  • 00:15:59
    well we'll discuss them in class okay
  • 00:16:02
    but they have multiple tools like
  • 00:16:03
    terminology bases translation memories
  • 00:16:06
    and machine translation project
  • 00:16:08
    management all rolled up into one
  • 00:16:10
    computer-assisted translation
  • 00:16:12
    suite of software
  • 00:16:15
    machine translation right google
  • 00:16:17
    translate believe it or not professional
  • 00:16:18
    translators rely on machine translation
  • 00:16:21
    or la traducion automatica quite a bit
  • 00:16:25
    bilingual dictionaries and glossaries so
  • 00:16:27
    obviously looking for the equivalent
  • 00:16:29
    term in the other language either in a
  • 00:16:32
    broad dictionary or a more specific like
  • 00:16:34
    a medical or a business or a tech
  • 00:16:36
    glossary
  • 00:16:38
    there are monolingual dictionaries that
  • 00:16:40
    are used to find out what a term means
  • 00:16:42
    in the in the source language sometimes
  • 00:16:44
    we come across a term that we don't know
  • 00:16:46
    we want to make sure that we understand
  • 00:16:48
    the term before we translate it so we
  • 00:16:50
    have to look it up in a monolingual
  • 00:16:51
    dictionary
  • 00:16:52
    bilingual dictionaries usually don't
  • 00:16:54
    have definitions they just tell us what
  • 00:16:56
    the equivalent is
  • 00:16:57
    uh translators use search engines and
  • 00:16:59
    websites extensively right whether it's
  • 00:17:02
    to research a topic you may the source
  • 00:17:04
    text may be about something that you
  • 00:17:06
    have never dealt with in your entire
  • 00:17:07
    life like hydroelective hydroelectric
  • 00:17:10
    electricity generators so you need to do
  • 00:17:13
    some research even just to interpret the
  • 00:17:15
    source text or you may use a search
  • 00:17:17
    engine or a website you come up with a
  • 00:17:19
    hunch you think you know what the
  • 00:17:20
    equivalent is and you just want to
  • 00:17:21
    confirm that
  • 00:17:23
    in image search third bullet from the
  • 00:17:24
    bottom is very good for that make sure
  • 00:17:26
    that
  • 00:17:27
    the thing that i'm saying corresponds to
  • 00:17:30
    the picture we'll i'll show you examples
  • 00:17:32
    of this in class almost every time we
  • 00:17:34
    meet
  • 00:17:35
    parallel text aligners if you've ever
  • 00:17:37
    used the website lingway.com
  • 00:17:39
    you type in text and it searches for
  • 00:17:42
    that text in documents that have been
  • 00:17:44
    translated so you can see how
  • 00:17:46
    translators have translated those terms
  • 00:17:48
    in the past super helpful
  • 00:17:51
    and finally language usage forums like
  • 00:17:54
    wordreference.com you might want to get
  • 00:17:56
    onto a website and ask somebody
  • 00:17:59
    i'm translating a text that uses the
  • 00:18:01
    term to make a difference right how do i
  • 00:18:04
    say you know to make a difference in
  • 00:18:06
    spanish and then people will come and
  • 00:18:08
    give you some help so these are examples
  • 00:18:10
    of the types of tools and resources that
  • 00:18:13
    transitors use all the time and that i
  • 00:18:14
    will be teaching you how to use
  • 00:18:16
    effectively and ethically
Tags
  • translation
  • interpreting
  • source language
  • target language
  • genre
  • language functions
  • translation procedures
  • translation tools
  • equivalence
  • translation approaches