Metabolism | Amino Acid Metabolism
摘要
TLDRIty horonantsary ity dia mamelabelatra ny metabolism amin'ny asidra amino, izay singa fototry ny sela mba hiteraka angovo. Izy io dia miompana indrindra amin'ny dingana transaminasyon ao amin'ny hozatra sy ny fidiran-dra ao amin'ny aty. Rehefa tahirizina ny amino asidra ao amin'ny hozatra, ny alanine sy ny alpha-ketoglutarate no mihetsika amin'ny transaminasy manoloana ny pyruvate sy ny glutamate. Ny pyruvate dia afaka mivadika ho lactic acid na acetyl CoA, izay mampiditra ny tsingerina Krebs sy ny tsingerina elektronika ho matin'ny ATP. Mandritra izany fotoana izany, ny glutamate voaova tao amin'ny asidra amin'ny alfa koa dia maneho "deaminasy oxidatif" mba hamorona ketona alfa ary hamoaka amoniaka, izay afa-mivoaka amin'ny angovo haingana raha toa ka ao anaty aty no misy azy. Ny amino amin'ny asidra dia azo ampiasaina amin'ny dingana gluconeogenesis mba hanodinana glucose avy amin'ny loharano tsy avy amin'ny tontolo karbonina fotsiny, manambara fanamaivanana goavana ho an'ny fandriampahalemana metabolika sy ny famerenan'ny tavy simika entina manampy.
心得
- 🔄 Ny alanine dia afaka mivadika ho pyruvate sy ny alpha-ketoglutarate ho glutamate.
- ⚙️ Ny transaminasa amin'ny asidra dia mivoaka amin'ny asidra amin'ny alalan'ny enzyme manokana.
- 🧬 Ny glutamate dia miditra amin'ny deaminasy oxidatif ary miaraka aminy no mamoaka amoniaka.
- 📈 Ny lactate dia afaka mivadika ho glucose amin'ny aty.
- 🔍 Ny asidra amin'ny tahiry dia manosika ny glucogenic pathways.
- 💬 Ny fahitana enzyme amin'ny rà dia mety manondro fahasimban'ny organa.
- 💪 Ny tsingerina Krebs dia mampiasa ny pyruvate sy ny acetyl CoA ho an'ny ATP.
- 🌀 Ny fanodinana asidra amin'ny pyruvate dia mitarika amin'ny lactate na acetyl CoA.
- 🌐 Ny asidra amin'ny asidra dia afaka mamokatra angovo.
- 🚨 Ny amoniaka dia mila avotana satria mampidi-doza izany.
时间轴
- 00:00:00 - 00:05:00
Amin'ny asidra amines, ny alany mena ao amin'ny hozatra dia mihatra amin'ny transamination miaraka amin'ny alpha-ketoglutarate amin'ny alany aminotransaminase, manova ny alany ho pyruvate ary miteraka glutamate.
- 00:05:00 - 00:10:00
Ny pyruvate vokarin'ny transamination dia mety ho lasa lactic acid na acetyl-CoA, miteraka ATP amin'ny lalan'ny Krebs sy ny electron transport chain. Ny lactic acid dia miditra amin'ny ra ary mamorona glucose, manohana ny gluconeogenesis.
- 00:10:00 - 00:15:00
Ny glutamate dia entina any amin'ny atiny, mamoaka amoniaka alohan'ny hidirana amin'ny tsingerina ura amin'ny oxidative deamination miaraka amin'ny glutamate dehydrogenase, miantoka ny fanesorana ny amoniaka.
- 00:15:00 - 00:20:00
Ny aspartate, toy ny alany, dia miatrika transamination amin'ny aspartate aminotransferase, mamorona oxaloacetate ary mihatra ao amin'ny Tsingerin'ny Krebs na gluconeogenesis.
- 00:20:00 - 00:27:28
Amin'ny tetikasan'ny asidra amines, asidra ensamblin'asa amin'zava-maniry samihafa no mampiavaka azy amin'ny famoronana angovo (ATP) na glucose, miaraka amin'ny voka-dratsy mety amin'ny fanandramana ALT sy AST ra, hilazana ny ratra amin'ny atiny na ny fo.
思维导图
视频问答
Inona no atao hoe transaminasa amin'ny asidra alanine amin'ny resaka fanodinkodinam-bozika amin'ny asidra?
Ny transaminasa amin'ny asidra alanine dia manala ny vondrona amine avy amin'ny alanine ary manome azy azy amin'ny alpha-ketoglutarate, izay mivadika ho glutamate.
Inona ny alanine sy ny alpha-ketoglutarate no afaka mivadika ho azy?
Alanine dia mivadika ho pyruvate ary alpha-ketoglutarate mivadika ho glutamate.
Inona no atao hoe oxidative deamination ao amin'ny glutamate?
Ny oxidative deamination dia dingana izay manala ny vondrona amine avy amin'ny glutamate ary mamorona ammonia, miaraka amin'ny famokarana alpha-ketoglutarate.
Aiza no mitranga mazàna ny oxidative deamination?
Ny oxidative deamination dia mitranga indrindra ao amin'ny aty satria misy famokarana ammonia, izay mila avotana ho lasa urea.
Inona no mety afaka mivadika ho glucose amin'ny dingana glycolysis tsy avy amin'ny glucosa fotsiny?
Ny amino amin'ny asidra toy ny alanine sy ny aspartate dia afaka mivadika ho glucose amin'ny alalan'ny gluconeogenesis.
查看更多视频摘要
- 00:00:07all right Niners in this video we're
- 00:00:08going to talk about amino acid
- 00:00:10metabolism so specifically when we talk
- 00:00:12about amino acids we're going to have to
- 00:00:14look at each you know a couple different
- 00:00:16amino acids how they're actually being
- 00:00:18metabolized and utilized for energy okay
- 00:00:21so we're going to kind of take what's
- 00:00:23happening here we're going to take some
- 00:00:24amino acids that are going to be in the
- 00:00:26muscle we're going to undergo a
- 00:00:27transamination process and then we're
- 00:00:29going to see how what's going to happen
- 00:00:31afterwards in the liver okay so first
- 00:00:34thing you know there's going to be a lot
- 00:00:35of different amino acids that can be
- 00:00:36found within our actual muscle here
- 00:00:37because you know you need amino acids
- 00:00:39for protein synthesis right so let's say
- 00:00:41that I have certain types of amino acids
- 00:00:43in this area let's say I take for a
- 00:00:44specific one for example let's say I
- 00:00:47take alanine so I'm going to draw the
- 00:00:49basic structure of alanine so you can
- 00:00:50remember an amino acid always has what's
- 00:00:52called a n c c on this end it's going to
- 00:00:57have a NH3 group with a plus
- 00:01:00charge and then it's going to have a
- 00:01:02alpha hydrogen and then for this case
- 00:01:05for alanine it has a methyl group okay
- 00:01:08so then it has that methyl group now
- 00:01:10another thing about the alanine is it
- 00:01:12has a
- 00:01:13carboxin has a carboxin now this is
- 00:01:17going to be the zwitter iion form of
- 00:01:19alanine zwitter iion meaning it has a
- 00:01:21plus and negative charge but the overall
- 00:01:23charge is neutral this right here is
- 00:01:25going to be
- 00:01:27alanine you know what I can do with this
- 00:01:30alanine I can utilize it for energy when
- 00:01:32it's the body I'm going to take this
- 00:01:34alanine and I'm going to react with
- 00:01:36another molecule I'm going to react with
- 00:01:38a very specific molecule and that
- 00:01:41molecule is going to be called Alpha
- 00:01:44ketoglutarate so you know Alpha glut8 is
- 00:01:47going to have something like this so
- 00:01:49you're actually going to for example you
- 00:01:50know it's actually derived from uh
- 00:01:52specifically glutamat so let's say I
- 00:01:53have an NH3 group here for a second then
- 00:01:56I have this carbon here with the
- 00:01:58hydrogen then I have the carboxy group
- 00:02:02and then usually it actually is coming
- 00:02:03from glutamate which is
- 00:02:05ch2 ch2 and then it has a carboxy group
- 00:02:09over here okay but instead of having
- 00:02:13this amine group Alpha ketoglutarate
- 00:02:15just has a double bond here so you're
- 00:02:18going to have a double bond right there
- 00:02:20and this is going to be specifically our
- 00:02:22Alpha
- 00:02:23ketoglutarate this is our Alpha
- 00:02:24ketoglutarate right here so who is this
- 00:02:26molecule this is
- 00:02:27specifically Alpha Keto glutarate I'm
- 00:02:30going to just denote it a k g Alpha
- 00:02:34ketoglutarate what happens is I'm going
- 00:02:36to have a specific enzyme and what this
- 00:02:38enzyme is going to do is it's going to
- 00:02:40take this alanine and it's going to take
- 00:02:41these Al this Alpha ketoglutarate and
- 00:02:43it's going to react with both of them so
- 00:02:45let's say that I take for example here I
- 00:02:47take alanine and I take Alpha
- 00:02:48ketoglutarate and what I'm going to do
- 00:02:50is I'm going to react these puppies in a
- 00:02:53special enzyme so for example I'm going
- 00:02:55to take here let's say here is
- 00:02:57my enzyme okay on one pocket I'm going
- 00:03:02to have the alpha ketoglutarate so for
- 00:03:04right now I'm just going to show Alpha
- 00:03:06ketoglutarate
- 00:03:08here okay in the other pocket I'm going
- 00:03:11to have over here
- 00:03:15alanine you know what I'm going to have
- 00:03:17right here in the middle let's fix our
- 00:03:18alanine there guys that should be a l a
- 00:03:21n i e right then if what I'm going to do
- 00:03:24is right here in the middle I'm going to
- 00:03:25have a special molecule this special
- 00:03:27molecule is going to be called parox
- 00:03:30phosphate you know paradoxal phosphate
- 00:03:32is actually a derivative from vitamin
- 00:03:35B6 you know what happens here what's
- 00:03:38special about this alanine this alanine
- 00:03:41has a amine group that's what makes him
- 00:03:43really really
- 00:03:45special and this Alpha ketoglutarate has
- 00:03:47this specialized
- 00:03:50oxygen what happens is this paradoxal
- 00:03:53phosphate is going to act as the
- 00:03:54transferring structure because you know
- 00:03:56this parod oxal phosphate is actually
- 00:03:57linked with this enzyme through what's
- 00:03:59called a sh shift based linkage shift
- 00:04:01Bas linkage now remember it's not what
- 00:04:02you think it is it's called
- 00:04:05shift
- 00:04:07base okay so this enzyme right here is
- 00:04:10linked to that perod oxal phosphate
- 00:04:12through a shift base linkage you know
- 00:04:14what that is uh just by structure you
- 00:04:17never heard what's called an an emine
- 00:04:19this is from organic chemistry an emine
- 00:04:22an emine is just basically when you have
- 00:04:23a carbon here double bonded to a
- 00:04:25nitrogen like this who could be bound to
- 00:04:28maybe like should say a methyl for that
- 00:04:29case and who's going to have some type
- 00:04:31of General structure like this this is
- 00:04:32an
- 00:04:33emine that is how this enzyme is linked
- 00:04:36to the paradoxal phosphate through a
- 00:04:38shift based linkage now what this enzyme
- 00:04:41does is it takes the amine group from
- 00:04:43the allany and gives it to the paradoxal
- 00:04:45phosphate then this paradoxal phosphate
- 00:04:48takes that amine and gives it to the
- 00:04:50alpha
- 00:04:51ketoglutarate then another thing that
- 00:04:53happens this Alpha ketoglutarate gives
- 00:04:55his oxygen onto the parod oxal phosphate
- 00:04:58and the paradoxal phos phate gives this
- 00:05:00oxygen onto the
- 00:05:01alanine so in other words these two
- 00:05:04molecules are just swapping what let me
- 00:05:07Circle What specifically is being
- 00:05:08swapped this is being
- 00:05:10swapped and this is being swapped and as
- 00:05:14a result look what happens as a result
- 00:05:15of these two molecules reacting here so
- 00:05:18I'm going to take this guy here and I'm
- 00:05:20going to take this guy
- 00:05:22here and you're going to get two new
- 00:05:24molecules now question is what is the
- 00:05:28name of this enzyme that's actually
- 00:05:30causing this process to
- 00:05:31occur we're going to abbreviate it
- 00:05:34called
- 00:05:35alanine so Al
- 00:05:39Amino trans trans aminase so alanine
- 00:05:43Amino trans aminase so this is a
- 00:05:45transaminase enzyme so again what is
- 00:05:47this enzyme here called specifically
- 00:05:49he's called
- 00:05:53alanine
- 00:05:56Amino transferase or transaminase so
- 00:05:59we're going to stick with
- 00:06:02trans
- 00:06:03aminase okay what is this enzyme going
- 00:06:07to do he's going to take the amine group
- 00:06:08from the alanine give it to the
- 00:06:09paradoxal phosphate who gives it to the
- 00:06:11alpha ketoglutarate the alpha
- 00:06:13ketoglutarate is going to give the
- 00:06:14paradoxal phosphate its oxygen which is
- 00:06:15going to give it to the alany as a
- 00:06:17result these two guys are going to swap
- 00:06:20now look what happens to the alany now
- 00:06:23this alany is now going to have a double
- 00:06:24bond oxygen right there so now you're
- 00:06:26going to have a carbon double bond
- 00:06:28oxygen with the methyl group and then
- 00:06:31what carbon double bond oxygen if you
- 00:06:35guys know a little bit about your
- 00:06:36structures here from biochemistry this
- 00:06:39right here is pyruvate how many carbons
- 00:06:41is it one two three I know we've show it
- 00:06:44showed it simply which just circles but
- 00:06:46this is specifically pyruvate that is
- 00:06:53pyruvate
- 00:06:54now I have this pyruvate here that I
- 00:06:57under had underwent this process called
- 00:06:59called transamination all this
- 00:07:01transamination process is is that this
- 00:07:03alanine is doing what he's giving his
- 00:07:06amine group to Alpha ketoglutarate then
- 00:07:08what this Alpha ketoglutarate is doing
- 00:07:11what he's giving his oxygen to the
- 00:07:12alamine and this Alpha ketoglutarate is
- 00:07:14becoming a new molecule so now wherever
- 00:07:16this oxygen is put an amine group and
- 00:07:19what are you going to get out of this
- 00:07:22process so now we're going to get rid of
- 00:07:24that actual oxygen group and we're just
- 00:07:26going to replace it with a amine group
- 00:07:29then we're going to have over here we're
- 00:07:30going to have the carboxy end so just
- 00:07:33the co negative here I'll put the double
- 00:07:34bond for those of you who want to see it
- 00:07:37I'm put the double bond oxygen with the
- 00:07:38O negative charge and then coming down
- 00:07:41what am I going to have I'm going to
- 00:07:42specifically have a hydrogen right here
- 00:07:44and then a
- 00:07:45ch2
- 00:07:48ch2 and then a carboxy Groove you know
- 00:07:50what this molecule is called this
- 00:07:52molecule is called
- 00:07:54glutamate this molecule is called
- 00:07:58glutamate
- 00:08:00okay so what happened within this
- 00:08:01process and what is this process here
- 00:08:02called let's define what this process is
- 00:08:04called This is called
- 00:08:07trans
- 00:08:10amination all trans amination is is I am
- 00:08:15taking the amine group from an amino
- 00:08:17acid in this case it just so happened to
- 00:08:19be alanine it could be many many
- 00:08:21different types of amino acids so I can
- 00:08:23take this am group from the alanine and
- 00:08:26I'm going to transfer it to who to this
- 00:08:28keto acid what is this keto acid called
- 00:08:30Alpha ketoglutarate so this is called a
- 00:08:33keto
- 00:08:34acid keto acid you might recognize him
- 00:08:39as a kreb cycle intermediate so he's a
- 00:08:41kreb cycle intermediate then this Alpha
- 00:08:44ketoglutarate is giving his oxygen to
- 00:08:45the alanine and then this alanine will
- 00:08:47turn into
- 00:08:48pyruvate and then when the alpha
- 00:08:50ketoglutarate gains that Aman group he
- 00:08:52will turn into glutamate now this
- 00:08:55process is catalyzed by a alanine aminot
- 00:08:58transferase enzyme which is having a
- 00:09:00shift based linkage with the paradoxal
- 00:09:02phosphate all a shift based linkage is
- 00:09:04is it's just going to be an emine and an
- 00:09:06amine is just the carbon double bounded
- 00:09:07to a nitrogen right in this
- 00:09:09form then this paradoxal phosphate is
- 00:09:12playing a very important role in being
- 00:09:14able to transfer the amine to one guy
- 00:09:16and then the oxygen to the other guy now
- 00:09:20we what can we do with this pyruvate and
- 00:09:21what can we do with this glutamate
- 00:09:22that's the question now in the muscle
- 00:09:24cell you know what you can do with
- 00:09:25pyruvate what can I do with the pyruvate
- 00:09:26in the muscle cell you know I can take
- 00:09:28this pyruvate
- 00:09:30and I can do two things with him one
- 00:09:32thing is I can convert him into lactic
- 00:09:36acid okay and then the other component
- 00:09:39is I can take and convert him into
- 00:09:42acetal COA where can acetyl coo it can
- 00:09:45go into the you already know this guys
- 00:09:48the kreb cycle and then from the kreb
- 00:09:50cycle you can go to the electron
- 00:09:52transport chain and then the electron
- 00:09:54transport chain will allow for the
- 00:09:55production of
- 00:09:58ATP so look what I just did there with
- 00:10:00this whole transamination process I did
- 00:10:02I did two things one is I turned alanine
- 00:10:05into pyruvate that pyruvate can then do
- 00:10:07what it can get converted into lactic
- 00:10:09acid or it can get converted into acety
- 00:10:11COA the acetylcoa pathway will
- 00:10:13ultimately lead to the production of ATP
- 00:10:15energy production what will happen with
- 00:10:17this lactic acid watch this you guys
- 00:10:20remember this this is called the Corey
- 00:10:23cycle what happens with the lactic acid
- 00:10:25you know the lactic acid is going to do
- 00:10:26what it's going to come into the blood
- 00:10:28and we're going to we're going to zip
- 00:10:29through this guys so what happens with
- 00:10:30the lactic acid the lactic acid is going
- 00:10:32to be what it's going to be converted
- 00:10:34into pyruvate in the liver you know by
- 00:10:37specifically by the lactate
- 00:10:39dehydrogenase enzyme it's stimulating
- 00:10:41this step and it's taking NAD D what NAD
- 00:10:45positive and converting it into NAD H
- 00:10:50then we're taking that pyruvate and
- 00:10:51we're doing what we're converting it
- 00:10:52eventually into glucose six phosphate
- 00:10:55and then only in the liver do they have
- 00:10:57that specialized enzyme let's put that
- 00:10:59enzyme here in red this enzyme is called
- 00:11:02glucose
- 00:11:036
- 00:11:06phosphatase and this enzyme is
- 00:11:07stimulating this step and then what are
- 00:11:09you going to get as a result here you
- 00:11:11can get free
- 00:11:13glucose and that can get taken back into
- 00:11:15the muscle right through the Corey cycle
- 00:11:17what is the whole purpose of this I
- 00:11:18helped with this process of
- 00:11:21gluconeogenesis so what are the two
- 00:11:23Fates then so far of this actual
- 00:11:25transamination process one is that can
- 00:11:28lead to the formation pyruvate and that
- 00:11:29pyruvate can either go and make ATP
- 00:11:32energy formation the second thing is I
- 00:11:34can make lactic acid and that lactic
- 00:11:36acid can do what it can get taken up by
- 00:11:38the liver and get converted into glucose
- 00:11:41with this glucose 6 phosphatase enzyme
- 00:11:42being present and this is called glucon
- 00:11:46neogenesis okay what about this
- 00:11:48glutamate what's so special about him
- 00:11:50what can happen with this glutamate
- 00:11:52let's come over here and let's bring
- 00:11:53this glutamate over to the liver because
- 00:11:55that's what he's going to do he's going
- 00:11:56to come from the muscles or even other
- 00:11:58different tissues cells and come to the
- 00:12:00liver okay so now we're going to have
- 00:12:02this glutamate that we brought over from
- 00:12:03the muscle so this glutamate it has that
- 00:12:06Amin group right there right that amine
- 00:12:08group is going to be very very special
- 00:12:10because we're going to want to get rid
- 00:12:10of it okay so now how does this happen
- 00:12:14okay there's a special special pathway
- 00:12:16here and we have to be very very uh
- 00:12:18particular about this pathway let's make
- 00:12:20this a blue line here okay what happens
- 00:12:23here is there's going to be a special
- 00:12:26enzyme involved in this pathway and
- 00:12:29what's going to happen here is I'm going
- 00:12:31to take
- 00:12:33NAD P positive okay you guys have
- 00:12:37probably not seen this one yet this is a
- 00:12:39very very whenever it forms this next
- 00:12:41molecule because what will'll happen is
- 00:12:42it'll come into this reaction and
- 00:12:44generate
- 00:12:47nadph this molecule nadph is a very
- 00:12:51strong
- 00:12:52reducing agent we use this in a lot of
- 00:12:56fatty acid synthesis Pathways and for
- 00:12:58free radical reactions that we'll talk
- 00:13:01about okay what I'm going to do is I'm
- 00:13:03going to take this molecule here who is
- 00:13:05this molecule again this is our
- 00:13:06glutamate which is coming from the
- 00:13:07muscles and it can be coming from other
- 00:13:09tissues I just picked the muscles as a
- 00:13:12specific example but many many many
- 00:13:14tissues do this transamination process
- 00:13:16that we talked about but now glutamate
- 00:13:19which is coming from the muscles it's
- 00:13:20going to get acted on by a specific
- 00:13:22enzyme in this area that's going to have
- 00:13:23nadp positive get converted into nadph
- 00:13:26which is a reducing agent for fatty acid
- 00:13:28synthesis and and specific free radical
- 00:13:30reactions the enzyme catalyzing this
- 00:13:33pathway is called
- 00:13:38glutamate
- 00:13:41dehydrogenase this enzyme is super
- 00:13:43important because glutamate dehydrogen
- 00:13:46is going to do two things one is it's
- 00:13:47going to get rid of this amine group so
- 00:13:49you see this amine group right here
- 00:13:51we're going to chop that sucker off and
- 00:13:54we're gonna release that amine group off
- 00:13:56of this so you know what else we're
- 00:13:57going to lose as a result of this let's
- 00:13:59bring this Arrow up a little bit more
- 00:14:01and look what's going to happen as a
- 00:14:02result two things are going to
- 00:14:05happen Okay I'm going to release out of
- 00:14:08this this
- 00:14:10what ammonia
- 00:14:13molecule oh man ammonia is extremely
- 00:14:17extremely toxic extremely toxic we'll
- 00:14:20talk about
- 00:14:21why but then what happens is this
- 00:14:23glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme is going
- 00:14:25to help to bring nadp positive to nadph
- 00:14:28and then convert
- 00:14:29this it goes through another mechanism
- 00:14:31it actually goes through another
- 00:14:33mechanism but we're going to go straight
- 00:14:34to it because it actually has to get
- 00:14:35hydrated for a second step this is a
- 00:14:36two-step mechanism but we're just going
- 00:14:38to go straight to the end step where we
- 00:14:40remove the am group off and we add water
- 00:14:42so we're going to add water into this
- 00:14:43reaction when we add water into this
- 00:14:46reaction you're going to get a special
- 00:14:48molecule look what you're going to get
- 00:14:50you guys are going to love this look you
- 00:14:52get your carbon double bond oxygen ch2
- 00:14:57ch2 and then the carboxy group right
- 00:15:00there then I'm going to get another
- 00:15:02carboxy group right over
- 00:15:04here this molecule is called you already
- 00:15:07know what this one is that's Alpha
- 00:15:08ketoglutarate so this molecule right
- 00:15:10here is specifically
- 00:15:12called
- 00:15:14Alpha
- 00:15:17keto
- 00:15:20glutarate okay now we will talk about
- 00:15:23this ammonia in another individual video
- 00:15:27because what's going to happen is this
- 00:15:28Ammon
- 00:15:29is extremely extremely extremely toxic
- 00:15:32so this ammonia you know he's actually
- 00:15:34going to react with a proton and when he
- 00:15:36reacts with the proton he forms ammonium
- 00:15:39and then ammonium is actually going to
- 00:15:40go into our mitochondria we'll undergo
- 00:15:43the Ura cycle and we'll talk about that
- 00:15:44in individual video but we can do
- 00:15:47something else you see this Alpha
- 00:15:48ketoglutarate that we actually made from
- 00:15:51this converting glutamate into Alpha
- 00:15:53ketoglutarate with the presence of
- 00:15:54glutamate dehydrogenase and N positive
- 00:15:56to
- 00:15:57NPH this reaction here this whole
- 00:16:01process that we just discussed this
- 00:16:03whole
- 00:16:04process is called
- 00:16:09oxidative
- 00:16:12deamination okay this is called
- 00:16:13oxidative deamination oxidative
- 00:16:16deamination is where you're taking
- 00:16:17glutamate and specifically this is
- 00:16:19occurring mainly in the
- 00:16:21liver and the reason why is because
- 00:16:23you're generating ammonia and you want
- 00:16:24ammonia to be taken into specifically
- 00:16:26into the mitochondria but this can
- 00:16:27oxidative damage can occur in other
- 00:16:29tissues like the muscles just not as
- 00:16:32significantly but oxidated deamination
- 00:16:34is where you're taking glutamate
- 00:16:35removing the amine group and releasing
- 00:16:37it out as ammonia and ammonia is
- 00:16:39extremely toxic it'll combine
- 00:16:41with this is ammonia and which is
- 00:16:44extremely toxic it'll combine with the
- 00:16:46proton to make
- 00:16:47ammonium and then ammonium can actually
- 00:16:50be taken into the mitochondria and
- 00:16:53eventually convert into Ura this
- 00:16:55glutamate dehydrogenase and this nadp
- 00:16:57positive to n pH which is a reducing
- 00:16:59agent whenever it's ripping that am
- 00:17:01Groove off it's regenerating Alpha
- 00:17:04ketoglutarate now you know there's other
- 00:17:06different types of amino acids that can
- 00:17:08undergo this transamination process so
- 00:17:11now you know what I'm going to do with
- 00:17:12this Alpha ketoglutarate I'm going to
- 00:17:13react him with a special amino acid so
- 00:17:17let's say I take and I draw a sparate so
- 00:17:18you know sparate is going to have it's
- 00:17:20very similar to glutamate you have the
- 00:17:22amine group here again and then remember
- 00:17:26carboxy group but then it's just in
- 00:17:28instead of two ch2s it goes straight ch2
- 00:17:30to
- 00:17:32carboxin this right here is a sparate
- 00:17:36all right or aspartic acid right but in
- 00:17:38this case since he's in the B the base
- 00:17:39form this is aspartate if he had the
- 00:17:41hydrogen there he'd be as spartic acid
- 00:17:43but specifically we're going to call
- 00:17:46this aspartate or sometimes they call it
- 00:17:49you know if I'm pronouncing it wrong
- 00:17:51they be call aspartate but now what I'm
- 00:17:53going to do is I'm going to take the
- 00:17:54aspartate I'm going to react it with the
- 00:17:56alphaet glutarate so now let me draw
- 00:17:57this alphaet glutarate from this
- 00:17:58reaction that we generated up here so
- 00:18:01now I'm going to have this carbon double
- 00:18:04bond oxygen specifically with a carox
- 00:18:06group then I'm going to have ch2 ch2 and
- 00:18:10another carboxy group and this molecule
- 00:18:13was specifically called
- 00:18:15Alpha
- 00:18:18ketoglutarate now what I'm going to do
- 00:18:20is I'm going to do the same reaction
- 00:18:21that you guys saw before so what I'm
- 00:18:23going to do is is I'm going to take
- 00:18:25these two guys
- 00:18:27aspartate and Alpha toluate and I'm
- 00:18:29going to react them with each
- 00:18:32other and if you guys remember there's
- 00:18:35an enzyme that's catalyzing this process
- 00:18:38we're not going to go back into the
- 00:18:40mechanism because you guys should
- 00:18:40already know it but this
- 00:18:43enzyme is actually going to be
- 00:18:45specifically dealing with aspartate and
- 00:18:47specifically transferring the amine
- 00:18:48group from the aspartate to the alpha
- 00:18:51ketoglutarate and transferring the
- 00:18:52oxygen from alpha lutate onto aspartate
- 00:18:55so this enzyme is called
- 00:18:57aspartate Amino transferase a and again
- 00:19:01what is the name of this enzyme called
- 00:19:03it's called
- 00:19:07aspartate Amino and then specifically
- 00:19:10you can call it trans aminase but I
- 00:19:12believe it is interchangeable with
- 00:19:14transas because what it's doing is it's
- 00:19:16doing what what's in here in the center
- 00:19:18which connected through that shift based
- 00:19:20linkage the perod oxal phosphate and
- 00:19:23then what would you have over here you
- 00:19:24could have a sparate I'm going to put
- 00:19:26ASP and then over here I can have Alpha
- 00:19:29ketoglutarate I'm going to put AKG and
- 00:19:32if I have this Alpha ketoglutarate over
- 00:19:34here what's special about the aspartate
- 00:19:38the aspartate if you guys remember has
- 00:19:40the amine group coming off of it so it
- 00:19:42has this amine group and then this
- 00:19:45alphaet glate has that oxygen what
- 00:19:47happens they're swapping so this
- 00:19:50transaminase enzyme is taking the aming
- 00:19:52from the aspartate giving it to
- 00:19:53paradoxal phosphate who gives it to
- 00:19:55Alpha ketoglutarate then the alpha
- 00:19:57kogate is giving the oxygen to perod
- 00:19:58oxal phosphate who's giving it to
- 00:20:00aspartate aspartate will gain the oxygen
- 00:20:02and look what happens as a result so get
- 00:20:04rid of this amine group and that
- 00:20:05hydrogen and then look what happens
- 00:20:08double bond oxygen carboxy group
- 00:20:11ch2 Co
- 00:20:14negative and then look what I get out of
- 00:20:16this I put an amine group there you guys
- 00:20:19already know this molecule look at this
- 00:20:21guy I put a
- 00:20:23NH3 positive group a hydrogen my carboxy
- 00:20:27group
- 00:20:29ch2
- 00:20:30ch2 carboxy group what is this molecule
- 00:20:34that I formed here this molecule is
- 00:20:36called glutamate we already talked about
- 00:20:40him this is glutamate what is this one
- 00:20:43called this one is called
- 00:20:47oxaloacetate okay where can oxaloacetate
- 00:20:50go if you guys remember let me move this
- 00:20:54mitochondria out of the way so that we
- 00:20:56can look at this because you guys will
- 00:20:57know we'll talk about urea CLE
- 00:20:58specifically afterwards if you guys
- 00:21:00remember really really quickly you have
- 00:21:03aetl COA then you have oxaloacetate
- 00:21:07which combines with acetyl COA to make
- 00:21:10citrate citrate gets converted into
- 00:21:13isocitrate isocitrate gets converted
- 00:21:15into Alpha deuterate then into suxin COA
- 00:21:18then into soate then into fumate and
- 00:21:23then into malate and then into
- 00:21:27oxaloacetate
- 00:21:28if you guys remember we took what we
- 00:21:31took the pyruvate right we have pyruvate
- 00:21:34coming into this
- 00:21:36guy who funneled into pyruvate who do we
- 00:21:39actually undergo this transamination
- 00:21:41process to make pyruvate we had alanine
- 00:21:44all n he can get converted into pyruvate
- 00:21:47through this transamination process then
- 00:21:50oh a sparate I could take a
- 00:21:55sparate and I could undergo
- 00:21:57transamination process to to make him oh
- 00:22:00what about glutamate you know glutamate
- 00:22:01can do the same process also what can
- 00:22:03glutamate form if he undergoes
- 00:22:05transamination processes because you
- 00:22:07know this reaction here where you take
- 00:22:08glutamate and
- 00:22:09oxaloacetate being formed from aspartate
- 00:22:11and Alpha deuterate
- 00:22:15really this is reversible and the same
- 00:22:18way this is reversible what do you think
- 00:22:20over here is going to be over here is
- 00:22:22also reversible so not only can I take
- 00:22:25alanine and Alpha ketoglutarate to make
- 00:22:28pyruvate and glutamate but I can take
- 00:22:30glutamate and pyruvate to make alanine
- 00:22:32and Alpha ketoglutarate that is so
- 00:22:34beautiful that this enzyme is reversible
- 00:22:36and it can allow for this process as
- 00:22:39well as this enzyme so that means what
- 00:22:42that means that glutamate can react with
- 00:22:44oxaloacetate to make aspartate and Alpha
- 00:22:47glutarate so that means glutamate can
- 00:22:49feed into this one
- 00:22:51here what this is showing you is is
- 00:22:54something very very interesting that I
- 00:22:56can take a sparate and convert into OA I
- 00:22:58can take alanine converted into pyruvate
- 00:23:00I can take glutamate and converted into
- 00:23:01Alpha hutter you know there's many many
- 00:23:03many amino acids that you can use in
- 00:23:05different steps so many different amino
- 00:23:07acids but you know these aren't the only
- 00:23:09amino acids that can be involved in this
- 00:23:11process there's so many other amino
- 00:23:12acids we're not going to go over every
- 00:23:14single one of them but to give you an
- 00:23:16example you know fate I can actually
- 00:23:19utilize a specific amino acid called
- 00:23:21tyrosine and I could take tyrosine I can
- 00:23:23convert him into fate through different
- 00:23:24types of mechanisms I could make suino
- 00:23:27COA I could do this through specific
- 00:23:28types of mechanism utilizing veine so I
- 00:23:32could take veine and convert that into
- 00:23:33suino and I could even have certain
- 00:23:35amino acids made into aceto COA you know
- 00:23:37specifically maybe I could take for
- 00:23:39example even uh Lucine you know so maybe
- 00:23:42Lucine I could turn turn into aceto
- 00:23:45there's many many amino acids that can
- 00:23:46be converted into many points within
- 00:23:48this actual either this transition step
- 00:23:51or CB cycle why is that
- 00:23:53significant because two things can
- 00:23:55result out of this what are the two sign
- 00:23:57ific things that can result if it goes
- 00:24:00and gets utilized in the KB cycle can't
- 00:24:01that make
- 00:24:03ATP yes that can that's one significant
- 00:24:07component what's the other significant
- 00:24:09component remember how from
- 00:24:11gluconeogenesis some of these actual
- 00:24:13molecules can get converted into OA and
- 00:24:15then what can happen to the OAA you guys
- 00:24:17remember that the OA gets converted into
- 00:24:19malate and then what happens to that
- 00:24:21malate it gets pumped out through the
- 00:24:23malet to sparate shuttle right that
- 00:24:26malate then gets converted back into
- 00:24:28oxyacetate and oxyacetate if it's acted
- 00:24:31on by Pepsi K what can happen it can get
- 00:24:35converted into phospho enol pyu because
- 00:24:38this step is irreversible this step
- 00:24:40right here but this step is reversible
- 00:24:43and then I can take pep up eventually to
- 00:24:46glucose so Pepsi K is stimulating this
- 00:24:49step so in other words what is the
- 00:24:51significance of this amino acid
- 00:24:53metabolism I can use amino acids to make
- 00:24:56ATP or or I can use amino acids to make
- 00:24:59glucose what is that call whenever you
- 00:25:01make glucose from non-carbohydrate
- 00:25:03sources like amino acids they call it
- 00:25:05glucon
- 00:25:07neogenesis wow that's beautiful okay and
- 00:25:10then again what is significant about
- 00:25:12these transamination processes that if
- 00:25:15you have the transamination process and
- 00:25:17you form a lots of glutamate because
- 00:25:18that's usually some of the Bas the main
- 00:25:20products of transamination if you
- 00:25:22noticed what do we get from this
- 00:25:23transamination reaction glutamate what
- 00:25:25do we get from this transamination
- 00:25:26reaction glutamate you're going to get a
- 00:25:29lot of glutamate produced in these
- 00:25:31processes and then what can happen is
- 00:25:33that glutamate can actually be acted on
- 00:25:35by glutamate dehydrogenase that
- 00:25:37glutamate dehydrogenase will then be
- 00:25:40taking NP positive to make NPH which is
- 00:25:42a reducing agent for fatty acid
- 00:25:44synthesis and free radical reactions and
- 00:25:46it's going to add water in the second
- 00:25:47step to make alpha heog glutarate but
- 00:25:49it's going to remove out of it ammonia
- 00:25:53and then what can happen to ammonia he
- 00:25:54can go into the mitochondrial he'll go
- 00:25:56through the Ura cycle to convert the
- 00:25:58ammonia into a less toxic form called
- 00:26:00Ura which we'll talk about in another
- 00:26:01video last thing guys since you can find
- 00:26:05these enzymes in many different tissues
- 00:26:06you can find this uh specifically this
- 00:26:09sparate Amino transferase and you can
- 00:26:10find this Amino alanine Amino
- 00:26:12transferase you can find this in the
- 00:26:13heart you can find this within the
- 00:26:15skeletal muscles you can find it within
- 00:26:16the liver why is that important because
- 00:26:19you know let's say for example this
- 00:26:20liver is damaged tissues are damaged you
- 00:26:22know what it can release out into the
- 00:26:24blood if it's actually damaged it can
- 00:26:27release out this a
- 00:26:29enzyme you know if this actual muscle
- 00:26:31skeletal muscle or cardiac muscle is
- 00:26:33damaged you know what can release out
- 00:26:34into the
- 00:26:35blood alt
- 00:26:37enzymes why is that significant because
- 00:26:39let's say that you run a blood test you
- 00:26:41think that there maybe there's some type
- 00:26:42of suspection of uh maybe a myocardial
- 00:26:45farction or liver damage you find out
- 00:26:47that their blood test comes back and
- 00:26:49they have elevated a enzymes and
- 00:26:52elevated ALT enzymes this is indicative
- 00:26:55of someone having possible liver damage
- 00:26:57Dage or maybe even primarily cardiac
- 00:27:00tissue heart damage okay so if you find
- 00:27:03elevated a alt and maybe even some
- 00:27:05elevated creatine cyas levels and
- 00:27:07troponin you might even assume oh man
- 00:27:09this person might have had a heart
- 00:27:10attack or if they have elevated as
- 00:27:12enzyme levels they might have possibly
- 00:27:15some type of liver damage all right guys
- 00:27:17I hope all this made sense I really hope
- 00:27:19you guys enjoyed it if you guys did hit
- 00:27:20that like button comment down the
- 00:27:21comment section and please subscribe in
- 00:27:24the next video guys we're going to hit
- 00:27:25the Ura cycle until next time
- acide amine
- transaminasa
- metabolisme
- alanine
- glutamate
- pyruvate
- glucoéogénésie
- Aty
- liver
- uranium cycle