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good day everyone
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the subject politics governance and
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citizenship
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is within the wide scope
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of the disciplined political science
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so to be able for you to understand what
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is politics
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how politics works
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with the government institution
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first you have to understand first what
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is
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political science and political science
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is a discipline which is concerned about
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state and government meaning
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the study of any government one state of
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one country
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is within the specialized course of
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political science political science
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came from the root toward police
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it is a greek word which means city
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or state so it is the study of the state
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or city and science
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or a latin word sire which means to
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study or to know
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so political science is the study of
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the state and government political
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science is also the study of
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politics so anything about politics
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and all other factors that concern
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politics or that affect politics or
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political system of
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any government or state is within the
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scope of
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political science there are three goals
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in the study of political science
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the first one is education for
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citizenship
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which means that by studying political
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science
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the students will be able to know their
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rights and privileges
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as a citizen of this country
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will be able to know anything
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that the government
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could do or
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all those that has us anything to do
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with
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with us or with you as a citizen of this
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country
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the second one is essential parts of the
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liberal education
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that political science is
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a discipline that is mandated by law so
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it is created
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under the law through
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a membrane for example in a chat
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and it is being offered in any
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universities or colleges
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as a separate discipline or course
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the third goal is knowledge and
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understanding of the government
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it means that by studying political
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science you'll be able to know
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those so many factors that may affect
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the government
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the different um kinds or forms of
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government
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and the functions of the government
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for example in the philippine government
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you'll be able to know
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on the powers and functions of the three
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main branches of the government
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which are the executive legislative and
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judiciary
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and all other factors that may affect
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the operations of the government
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so those are the three goals in the
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study of political science now we go on
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farther
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to the approaches in the study of
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political science there are six
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approaches
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namely historical or traditional
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approach
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you have the behavioral and scientific
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general theory approach systems approach
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structural functional approach and the
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political economy approach
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in terms of historical or traditional
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approach
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it is focused on the formal description
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of the government and the stages
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of development
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of the government of such country
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so there is chronology or sequencing
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in the study of politics
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in terms of traditional or historical
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the second one is scientific or
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behavioral approach of course when you
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say scientific there is some
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the use of scientific
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study conducting researches
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and observing the behavior
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or how the behavior of the people
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could affect politics
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the third one is the general theory
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approach
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and a general theory approach
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they tend to contemplate
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in identifying all the different factors
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that may affect political system
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so in the research for example
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they try to um gather a lot of data or
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variable
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that could be used
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to um to find its usefulness
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or relation to political system
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and they may arrive
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or reduce and do a theory a lot of
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theories
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but in a general theory approach they
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only have to consider
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to consider the best one the best um
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theory that could solve
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the problem on the other hand
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the systems approach which is spoused by
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david is done
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is some a comprehensive system with some
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usually used in our research
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and and this approach
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using the different data variables
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they try to uh interrelate
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the relationship of those variables
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using the paradigm of input process
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output for example
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during this pandemic
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we try to um use
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this study on how to um
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come up with a certain solution
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to cater the problem of
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the people within our country
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so we may put the needs
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of the people as the input
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and under the process of course it is
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the government
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which is has or which has the
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responsibility
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to um to
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think of something of some um
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solution to um
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satisfy the needs of the people or to
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cater to the needs of the people
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and so as an outcome or as an
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output the government administrators the
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legislators would come up with a certain
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legislation
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policies rules regulations or guidelines
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and these guidelines these policies
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these legislations could be a basis
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of one program
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or project
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outcome based on the output and this
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program or projects
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would cater would solve the problem
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within the input so naka is
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and send kasham
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as a support to those families
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the next one is
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structural and functional approach the
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structural and functional approach
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is trying to look for a viable political
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system
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by trying to identify which
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form or type of structure of a
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government
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would suit a certain state or a center
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or a certain country and of course
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the functions of the government or those
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people within the government would
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depend on
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the structure of the government like for
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example
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the powers and functions given to the
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executive branch
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or to the president in a presidential
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government differ
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to those or differ to that um
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to the prime minister who is the head of
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a parliamentary government
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because in a presidential government the
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president is just the head of the
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executive branch
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while in a parliamentary government
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the prime minister is the head of the
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executive branch
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as well as the presiding officer of
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the parliament or the congress
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depends
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or kind of government and the function
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of course
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also would also depend on that form of
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government
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that is why um our legislators our
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government officials
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had this um had trying to pursue this um
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federalism in the philippines because
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they think that
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federalism could be um the solution
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to um a certain
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processes in our country
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implementation of young
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resources local government units if we
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do have
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a par a federal system of government
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just like the united states
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federalism there are independent sort of
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independence or right
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or rather there is independence
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local government units
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is
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in some aspects especially in generating
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uh funds or
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generating income or taxes from their
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own or from their respective local
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government units
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the last one is political economy
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approach
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political economy approach is concerned
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with
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the relationship or how
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the state how the government
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would um interrelate with
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the economic system or the economy of
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one state
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and take note class that politics and
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economics are inseparable
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because it is the politics
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it is the government which directs our
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economy
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economic system
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um
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because it is the government that will
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create
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policies rules
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on how to um raise taxes
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or how to regulate
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say for example inflation
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then of course it is also
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the economic system or the economy which
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supports the government
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because without the economy the
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government cannot um
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go on with its operation so
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young economic system economy
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resources
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so those are the approaches and
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political science
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now we move on further to
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the field of specialization or scope
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in political science
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the first one is political theory
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when we say political theory these
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concern
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political philosophy principles
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doctrines
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and it and even beliefs which are
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generally accepted as part of our law so
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you might implement principles or
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doctrines like for example
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the principle of separation of
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powers among the three branches of the
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government which are the executive
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legislative and judiciary so it falls
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under
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political theory
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the separation of powers between the
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charts and states
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where the church should not intervene
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to the affairs of the state and vice
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versa it falls under political theory
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and of course since it is political
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theory it has its basis
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it's either legal basis or scientific
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basis
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next one is political dynamics
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when you say political dynamics
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it is the forces at work in the
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government
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it is how the government works
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as affected by so many factors such as
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political parties public issues and
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opinions and pressure groups
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of course you're aware that we have a
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multi-party system
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and these different political parties
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have their own platform government
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especially during election they have
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their own leadership they have their own
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organization
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and they influence
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legislation
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we also have these public issues and
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opinions
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brought about by media or by people
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and then we have this pressure uh
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pressure groups like um
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those are different uh people's
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organizations non-government
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organization and the civil society
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and they usually put pressure to the
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government so that the government would
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work they put pressures to the
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legislators
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so that they may introduce some uh
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legislations which are beneficial to
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their
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own say a party list or to their own
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organization or non-government
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organizations
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so political dynamics
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how it works in our government
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as affected by those different factors
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next is public administration
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so public administration is the carrying
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out of functions by the government
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how the government institutions are
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being administered
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by uh by our public administrators
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either
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those who have been elected or those who
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have been appointed
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by the appointing power that's public
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administration
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then we have public law public law
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refers to those
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laws which are applied publicly
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like for example our constitution
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our statutes status
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loving statutes these are the laws which
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are the product of legislation
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yamaha r a your commonwealth act
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and sounding software we have the civil
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code the family code
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we have the penal code and other
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policies and programs
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or other policies and guidelines or
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rules and regulations
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applied in our government or applied in
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public institutions these are called
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public law the next one
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is international relation
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international relation is focused on
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different and international
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organizations
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treaties or international agreement
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so it is how the different states come
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up with
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the membership in an organization
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to be able for them to establish um
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linkages and connect connections
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and of course um
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being a member of these international
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organizations
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there are some advantages that
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a member states could get like for
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example being a member of
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the united nations organization of
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course the philippines is
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being regarded as some
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an independent state and
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because of that we could enter into some
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treaties or
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international agreement with other
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member states of united nations
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organization
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we are also a member of seattle or
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southeast asian
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organization or southeast asian atlantic
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3
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organization we are also a member of
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asean of apec
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and other international organizations
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and because of that the philippine
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government
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could do business with other member
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states
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through importation exportation products
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and
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similar activities
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then we have comparative government
00:19:42
or comparative politics the comparative
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government or comparative politics
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is all about um the analysis of
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the differences of the structure and
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functions
00:19:57
of different government how for example
00:20:00
a presidential government
00:20:01
is different from parliamentary
00:20:02
government how
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this totalitarian government is
00:20:08
different from a democratic government
00:20:12
a monarchy is different from
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a bureaucratic government or a federal
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government
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and so on you suffer so
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that is comparative government
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10 um we have
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the branches of social science
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that are interrelated the political
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science
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there are several branches of social
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science that are interrelated the
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political science
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first is history so how is it that
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history is interrelated to political
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science
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of course based on our study during
00:21:03
our high school days or our elementary
00:21:07
by studying um philippine history
00:21:10
we we we tried to study
00:21:14
the past events in our politics in our
00:21:16
government
00:21:18
so therefore history is past politics
00:21:21
that is why it is interrelated to
00:21:24
political science
00:21:26
next is economics catholic
00:21:30
a political economy approach that
00:21:33
politics and economics are inseparable
00:21:36
so it is economics that produce
00:21:42
that um that is um
00:21:47
or rather it is economics
00:21:51
which produce the goods and services or
00:21:54
the state's wealth as defined
00:21:57
that economics is the study of the
00:22:00
production consumption conservation
00:22:03
and distribution of state wealth so
00:22:06
they um they they
00:22:10
produce goods and services they produce
00:22:13
um
00:22:14
the state's wealth and it is the
00:22:16
government which distribute
00:22:18
or allocate those sources or the
00:22:21
different local government units
00:22:23
or to the different departments or units
00:22:25
in the government
00:22:34
from the taxes of course at invinable
00:22:37
local government units
00:22:38
in the form of era or internal revenue
00:22:41
allotment
00:22:42
and also some allotment to the different
00:22:44
departments viewers and offices in the
00:22:46
government
00:22:47
for them to um to use it in its
00:22:50
operation
00:22:52
so pangsuldo
00:23:03
then we have philosophy
00:23:06
philosophy is the study of the
00:23:08
underlying principles applied in the
00:23:10
government catholics of political theory
00:23:14
philosophy human principles
00:23:20
so
00:23:34
um
00:23:48
and through this philosophy they they
00:23:50
could come up with certain policies and
00:23:52
programs
00:23:57
the next one is psychology
00:24:00
psychology is the study of human
00:24:03
behavior
00:24:05
of individual behavior and it is
00:24:07
interrelated the political science since
00:24:10
human behavior could also affect
00:24:13
politics
00:24:16
much more in sociology which is the
00:24:19
study of group behavior
00:24:23
young individual behaviors i think
00:24:25
governments are in politics
00:24:27
much more on group behavior alibaba
00:24:30
people's organization gabriella young
00:24:32
piston
00:24:33
you and akbayan and so on and so forth
00:24:36
they um
00:24:38
they have um impact in our political
00:24:41
system especially in legislation
00:24:43
and policy making
00:24:49
then we have chair politics
00:24:54
chair politics
00:24:58
is from the word geography
00:25:01
and politics so
00:25:04
it is the study of the physical factors
00:25:07
of the state
00:25:08
such as the population
00:25:11
and sources of raw materials
00:25:14
so no young population
00:25:22
or politics
00:25:26
sources of raw materials
00:25:32
say those state those government or
00:25:35
those some country
00:25:36
which has um a huge population
00:25:41
and scarce resources
00:25:44
they are suffering
00:25:48
and on the other hand
00:25:52
resources of course they could cater to
00:25:56
the needs of the people
00:26:01
so that is geopolitics
00:26:05
then we have statistics and logic
00:26:09
statistics and logic is very important
00:26:12
also
00:26:12
as a field of study or
00:26:15
scope in political science because
00:26:18
science of course there's a use of
00:26:22
scientific there's a need for a
00:26:25
scientific basis
00:26:27
and before i could come up with a
00:26:29
scientific basis
00:26:32
a research i you undergo at the
00:26:36
analyze through statistics
00:26:43
or relationships statistics
00:26:55
it is logical to give such a statement
00:26:59
so the logic or rationality
00:27:02
is based on the findings
00:27:06
with statistical um evidence or proof
00:27:12
and of course um the last but not the
00:27:16
least we have
00:27:18
jurisprudence jurisprudence
00:27:23
is the analysis of existing
00:27:26
laws so to analyze
00:27:30
existing laws is very important
00:27:35
to be able to ensure that those
00:27:39
laws that are being applied today
00:27:42
is still applicable
00:27:46
nothing is constant nothing is perpetual
00:27:49
there's always chains
00:27:55
so the need for amendment or revision of
00:27:59
those
00:27:59
laws that is why the legislature and
00:28:02
also
00:28:04
the lawmakers or the lawmakers or those
00:28:07
who are in
00:28:09
in the judiciary they always try to
00:28:12
revise or to look on those laws they're
00:28:16
able for them to um
00:28:17
to revise amend alter modify
00:28:20
um and um yeah and amend or
00:28:24
those laws so those are the social
00:28:28
science branches
00:28:30
that are interrelated to political
00:28:33
science
00:28:38
as i have mentioned earlier that
00:28:40
political science is the study of
00:28:42
politics so the study of politics
00:28:45
issued in the framework of political
00:28:47
science
00:28:49
and politics is defined as the arts and
00:28:51
science of governance
00:28:53
or the arts and science of running a
00:28:55
government
00:28:56
administering governmental affairs
00:29:01
in politics to run a government
00:29:05
to administer governmental affairs
00:29:08
there is a need to use power authority
00:29:12
rules and influence
00:29:15
to administer a certain government there
00:29:17
is a use of laws
00:29:19
rules regulations and any other
00:29:24
policies that could be a basis of the
00:29:26
operations
00:29:28
of the government and of course
00:29:31
yuma batas nayana in applying
00:29:34
limitations
00:29:38
otherwise
00:29:52
foreign
00:29:58
all right so um
00:30:02
aside from the rules and regulation of
00:30:04
course um
00:30:07
administrators or government officials
00:30:09
could um
00:30:12
would um implement rules and regulations
00:30:17
because they have enough
00:30:20
power they have the legitimate power
00:30:25
to do such but
00:30:28
before a public official could have the
00:30:31
power to influence the people to follow
00:30:33
such rules and regulations
00:30:36
and to impose such rules and regulations
00:30:40
they must have an authority
00:30:43
to do such and
00:30:47
a public official an administrator
00:30:51
must be authorized either by the people
00:30:55
to govern them and to direct the
00:30:57
government
00:30:58
or he may be appointed
00:31:01
by the pointing power to discharge
00:31:04
such power and function
00:31:07
so politicians and government officials
00:31:12
exercise and power and influence
00:31:19
if he is authorized
00:31:23
so politics uses authority power
00:31:26
influence and rules now there are five
00:31:29
classifications
00:31:30
of power or social basis of power
00:31:34
we have expert power referent
00:31:39
reward legitimate
00:31:43
and coercive power
00:31:47
when we say expert power
00:31:50
it means that a leader should have an
00:31:54
expertise
00:31:56
in that field of specialization being a
00:31:59
public servant
00:32:00
being a public administrator should have
00:32:02
a technical know-how on how to govern
00:32:04
your your organization on how to carry
00:32:07
out your function for example as a
00:32:09
balance chairman
00:32:10
or as a mayor as a governor
00:32:14
or as a technocrat or as a department um
00:32:18
secretary of a department in our
00:32:22
government
00:32:23
so you should have an expertise on how
00:32:25
to um design policies and programs
00:32:29
you should have an expertise on how to
00:32:30
um create
00:32:33
um guidelines roles and regulations
00:32:37
to be implemented within your respective
00:32:41
department or offices or local
00:32:43
government units
00:32:45
and you also have the expertise on how
00:32:47
to handle your people
00:32:49
your staff your followers and your
00:32:54
constituents that is
00:32:56
expert power the next one is referent
00:32:59
power
00:33:01
so referent power means that
00:33:04
um a person a leader
00:33:08
is powerful or has a power because of
00:33:12
the lies
00:33:12
likings or admirations of his followers
00:33:16
so pagusto
00:33:36
position like for example those
00:33:40
tv personalities or movie personalities
00:33:47
or governor because of the admiration
00:33:50
or likings of their fans
00:33:56
next one is reward power
00:33:59
when you say reward power it is based on
00:34:05
on um the characteristics of a leader
00:34:08
to um to know
00:34:11
or to acknowledge the potential of
00:34:14
his um subordinates of his followers
00:34:18
i
00:34:24
to be able for them to be a more
00:34:26
motivated
00:34:28
to um perform well
00:34:31
or more efficient and effective
00:34:37
say reward an incentive through
00:34:40
cash incentive promotion
00:34:43
scholarship and the like
00:34:59
10 we have
00:35:02
the next one is legitimate power
00:35:07
legitimate power is based on
00:35:10
the acceptance of the people
00:35:14
of the general public or majority of
00:35:17
your followers
00:35:23
constituents leader
00:35:27
you have a legitimate power pedo
00:35:31
minority lawyer
00:35:34
as their leader hindi legitimation
00:35:49
then we have the last but not least
00:35:51
coercive
00:35:52
power coercive power means that um
00:35:58
a person may use force and intimidation
00:36:02
just for the people for the followers to
00:36:05
follow his instruction
00:36:06
or his wishes otherwise
00:36:11
sanction or punishment could be a given
00:36:15
by that leader so medusa pilitan
00:36:19
whether you like it or not you have to
00:36:20
follow otherwise you will be
00:36:22
punished so those are the kinds or
00:36:25
classifications of power
00:36:27
or the soul on the basis of social power
00:36:30
and the last part
00:36:31
of um our lesson one is the sources of
00:36:34
power
00:36:38
yeah the sources of power by which um
00:36:41
the first one had been um
00:36:43
cited the first one is authority
00:36:48
that an authority is one source of power
00:36:50
because
00:36:51
if you had been elected by the people or
00:36:53
if you had been appointed
00:36:55
as say as a balance secretary
00:36:59
or a secret or a secretary or cabinet
00:37:02
member
00:37:03
then you have the power to um
00:37:07
administer your office
00:37:10
or to discharge your power and function
00:37:13
the second one is skills and knowledge
00:37:16
just like an expert power
00:37:18
so if you have the required skills and
00:37:20
knowledge you could be
00:37:22
competitive and you could be an
00:37:24
effective and efficient leader
00:37:27
and of course
00:37:48
organization
00:38:02
skills and knowledge next one is
00:38:05
human resources human resources
00:38:09
are people it means that the more people
00:38:13
you have the more followers you have the
00:38:14
more powerful you are
00:38:16
so
00:38:21
because of their population
00:38:26
next is
00:38:29
intangible factors intangible
00:38:35
and this refers to those ideology
00:38:38
principles or doctrines and government
00:38:44
institutions
00:38:57
if you adhere to the principle of
00:38:59
democracy for instance
00:39:04
institutions organizations
00:39:11
but if you adhere to democracy and your
00:39:14
people
00:39:15
adhere to the principle of communism or
00:39:17
socialism
00:39:31
then we have material resources
00:39:35
material resources means that
00:39:38
our resources of a government resources
00:39:40
of a company
00:39:42
a corporation or an institution
00:39:45
should be controlled
00:39:48
by the leader may control
00:39:51
otherwise resources
00:40:08
control over the transportation and
00:40:10
communication
00:40:12
through the policies and regulations i
00:40:14
met on
00:40:15
my limitations saba gaming
00:40:17
transportation and communication
00:40:20
why because these two services
00:40:25
are being used by the government in the
00:40:27
in its operation
00:40:35
guidelines and national governments and
00:40:37
local government units
00:40:40
that is through communication and
00:40:42
transportation
00:40:45
transportation because um we still have
00:40:47
a lot of um
00:40:48
parts in our country which are not
00:40:52
adept to uh high technology
00:40:55
especially those parang guys which
00:40:57
belong to the hendra lands
00:40:59
the umass secluded area so it's still a
00:41:02
transportation period instead of the
00:41:05
high-tech communication system
00:41:08
then we have the last one
00:41:11
sanction sanction is punishment
00:41:16
whenever um people or followers would
00:41:19
not
00:41:19
um adhere to the wishes of a leader they
00:41:22
may be sanctioned they may be given
00:41:23
punishment
00:41:38
so those are the sources of power and
00:41:42
these are our lesson one
