Sir Diarmaid MacCulloch | Cambridge Union
الملخص
TLDRIn diesem Vortrag wird das facettenreiche Leben von Thomas Cromwell, einem Schlüsselfigur in der Tudor-Ära, analysiert. Cromwell wird als dynamisch und improvisierend beschrieben, was sich aus seiner Karriere im Dienst von Kardinal Wolsey und später von Heinrich VIII. ergibt. Der Vortrag beleuchtet seine komplexen Beziehungen zu Anne Boleyn und Mary Tudor, seine strategischen Entscheidungen in der englischen Reformation, sowie seine bedeutende Rolle in der Legislative, die das Parlament zu einer zentralen Institution in der englischen Politik machte. Der Redner weist auch darauf hin, dass viele zeitgenössische Darstellungen Cromwells oft stark vereinfacht sind und der Mann darin nicht vollständig erfasst wird.
الوجبات الجاهزة
- 🎭 Cromwell als Meister der Improvisation und Manöver
- 📜 Enge Beziehung zu Kardinal Wolsey und seine Visionen
- 👑 Partnerschaft mit Heinrich VIII. und politische Strategien
- 📚 Einfluss auf die englische Reformation und Legalisierung
- 🏛️ Parlament als zentrale Institution in Cromwells Zeit
- 💔 Komplexe Beziehung zu Anne Boleyn und ihren Fall
- 📜 Cromwells Bildung durch Reisen und Handelskontakte
- ⚖️ Bedeutung der Heraldik in Cromwells Karriere
- 🌍 Cromwells Einfluss auf die internationale Diplomatie
- 🏰 Vermächtnis der Auflösung der Klöster und deren Folgen
الجدول الزمني
- 00:00:00 - 00:05:00
Der Vortrag behandelt die komplexe Figur von Thomas Cromwell, die sowohl als dynamisch und improvisierend als auch als geheimnisvoll und rätselhaft beschrieben wird. Der Redner diskutiert die Herausforderungen, die sich aus der Analyse von Cromwells Archiv ergeben, das nur unvollständig ist, da viele seiner eigenen Briefe möglicherweise verbrannt wurden, um ihn vor Verurteilung zu schützen.
- 00:05:00 - 00:10:00
Cromwells Heraldik wird als eine Sprache der Macht im 16. Jahrhundert dargestellt. Der Redner erklärt, wie Cromwell seine Wurzeln und Loyalitäten durch seine Wappen und Titel ausdrückt, insbesondere durch die Verbindung zu Thomas Wolsey, was auf seine politische Cleverness hinweist.
- 00:10:00 - 00:15:00
Die Beziehung zwischen Cromwell und Anne Boleyn wird als feindlich beschrieben, was die konventionelle Sichtweise auf ihre Zusammenarbeit in Frage stellt. Der Redner argumentiert, dass Cromwell und Boleyn tatsächlich Rivalen waren, was zu Cromwells späterem Handeln gegen sie führte.
- 00:15:00 - 00:20:00
Cromwells Aufstieg zur Macht wird als überraschend spät beschrieben, da er erst in seinen 40ern in Wolseys Dienst trat. Der Redner hebt hervor, dass Cromwells Bildung und internationale Erfahrungen in Italien entscheidend für seinen späteren Erfolg waren.
- 00:20:00 - 00:25:00
Die Rolle von Cromwell in der englischen Reformation wird als ambivalent dargestellt. Während er Wolsey diente, förderte er heimlich reformatorische Ideen und half, die englische Kirche zu reformieren, was zu einem tiefgreifenden Wandel in der englischen Gesellschaft führte.
- 00:25:00 - 00:30:00
Cromwells Einfluss auf das Parlament wird als entscheidend für die Entwicklung der englischen Politik im 16. Jahrhundert angesehen. Der Redner betont, dass Cromwell das Parlament als Werkzeug zur Durchsetzung der königlichen Agenda nutzte, was zu einer stärkeren Rolle des Parlaments in der englischen Regierung führte.
- 00:30:00 - 00:35:00
Die Beziehung zwischen Cromwell und der Lady Mary wird als strategisch und vorteilhaft für beide Seiten beschrieben. Nach Annes Hinrichtung arbeiteten sie zusammen, um Mary wieder in die Thronfolge zu bringen, was Cromwells Machtposition stärkte.
- 00:35:00 - 00:40:00
Cromwells Erbe wird als komplex dargestellt, da er sowohl als Reformer als auch als Machthaber agierte. Der Redner argumentiert, dass Cromwell nicht nur ein Bürokrat war, sondern auch ein Ideologe mit eigenen Zielen, die über die reine Verwaltung hinausgingen.
- 00:40:00 - 00:45:00
Die Diskussion über Cromwells Bildung und seine juristischen Fähigkeiten zeigt, dass er trotz seiner bescheidenen Herkunft ein außergewöhnlich gebildeter Mann war, der in der Lage war, sich in der politischen Landschaft seiner Zeit zu behaupten.
- 00:45:00 - 00:53:50
Der Vortrag schließt mit der Feststellung, dass Cromwells Geschichte oft missverstanden wird und dass er als mehr als nur ein einfacher Machthaber betrachtet werden sollte, sondern als ein komplexer Charakter, der sowohl persönliche als auch politische Ambitionen verfolgte.
الخريطة الذهنية
فيديو أسئلة وأجوبة
Wer war Thomas Cromwell?
Thomas Cromwell war ein enger Berater von König Heinrich VIII. und eine Schlüsselfigur in der englischen Reformation.
Was war Cromwells Rolle bei der Auflösung der Klöster?
Cromwell war maßgeblich an der Politik beteiligt, die zur Auflösung der Klöster unter Heinrich VIII. führte.
Wie war Cromwells Beziehung zu Kardinal Wolsey?
Cromwell war ein loyaler Anhänger von Wolsey und unterstützte dessen Projekt zur Schaffung von Chantry Colleges.
Welche Rolle spielte Cromwell im Parlament?
Cromwell sah das Parlament als wichtige Institution und nutzte es, um die Gesetzgebung für die englische Reformation voranzutreiben.
Wie unterscheiden sich die Darstellungen von Cromwell in der Literatur und der Geschichtsschreibung?
Literarische Darstellungen, wie die von Hilary Mantel, bilden Cromwell oft als komplexe und vielschichtige Figur ab, während Historiker manchmal einen eindimensionaleren Blick verleihen.
عرض المزيد من ملخصات الفيديو
- 00:00:00[Music]
- 00:00:17is this manic energy of the man reacting
- 00:00:21all the time to situations improvising I
- 00:00:27thought till oil and Spiegel figure
- 00:00:29certain joking us to him there's a
- 00:00:32Thomas chromel far more of you may have
- 00:00:36watched the telly
- 00:00:38Thomas chromel Mark Rylance in that
- 00:00:42version of Wolf Hall so different isn't
- 00:00:45it so inscrutable so enigmatic and of
- 00:00:50course this is partly the different
- 00:00:52media Mark Rylance would look dead
- 00:00:55boring if he did that on stage but the
- 00:00:57camera can play lovingly over his face
- 00:01:00but it's more than just the genre that
- 00:01:04has adapted the novel both are true
- 00:01:10there is the energy the extraordinary
- 00:01:13improvisatory character of thomas cromoz
- 00:01:17public career which is why i ultimately
- 00:01:19disagreed with Jeffery Elton's Tudor
- 00:01:22revolution in government idea but there
- 00:01:25is also the enigma and this is a result
- 00:01:27of the archive which took me five years
- 00:01:31to get through it is partly in the
- 00:01:34National Archives in Kew part of it is
- 00:01:37in the British Library and a set of
- 00:01:40escapees from the original papers
- 00:01:43pinched in the 17th century by Sir
- 00:01:46Robert cotton the catonian manuscripts
- 00:01:48put them together and you have krummel's
- 00:01:52archive thousands on thousands of
- 00:01:55letters and items so it's a huge task to
- 00:02:00get to the man but what you realize also
- 00:02:04as you go through these thousands on
- 00:02:06thousands is a is a peculiarity of the
- 00:02:11archive and that is that in traditional
- 00:02:14terms when I was a boy offices had an
- 00:02:17inn tray and an out tray on the desk and
- 00:02:20what we have is the in tray the letters
- 00:02:24sent to him from outside we do not
- 00:02:28have the out tray the little letters
- 00:02:31written to him yeah thousands on
- 00:02:34thousands of letters but around 300 in
- 00:02:38total from him they're in an edition
- 00:02:42edition in you know u P series from the
- 00:02:46early 20th century it's virtually
- 00:02:48complete virtually nothing is being
- 00:02:49found since isn't that odd
- 00:02:53well you might unthinkingly saying no it
- 00:02:56isn't odd because your archive is what
- 00:02:59sent to you know a Tudor archive is your
- 00:03:03entry plus the very last draft of the
- 00:03:07letter you send out you get your Clark
- 00:03:09to write up the last draft and you do a
- 00:03:14few last tweaks on it it's a write copy
- 00:03:16that out fair send it out keep the last
- 00:03:19draft as a file copy and they're not
- 00:03:23there this is extraordinary what
- 00:03:26happened I who can absolutely certainly
- 00:03:30say but I think what happened was that
- 00:03:32when his household heard that he'd been
- 00:03:35arrested in 1540 they sat up all night
- 00:03:39burning the out tray because that is
- 00:03:44what it would be likely to convict him
- 00:03:47the things he wrote to other people not
- 00:03:49what people wrote to him it was a good
- 00:03:52try of course it didn't work because he
- 00:03:56was executed but what it has done if
- 00:03:59that is what happened and I'm pretty
- 00:04:01sure that's what happened is that it is
- 00:04:04deprived us of his voice hence we are at
- 00:04:07the mark Rylance end of the spectrum the
- 00:04:11enigmatic silent person which Hilary
- 00:04:15mantel so beautifully noticed by making
- 00:04:19Thomas chromel in her novels he it's as
- 00:04:23if he all the time is observing himself
- 00:04:26as of well as observing everything
- 00:04:28around him interesting device once you
- 00:04:31latch onto it in the novels so all that
- 00:04:35is part of the problem which Hillary so
- 00:04:39triumphantly surmounted
- 00:04:41a novelists point of view in which
- 00:04:43historians therefore have to try and
- 00:04:45equal in the way that we attack tackle a
- 00:04:48problem we they're bound to be different
- 00:04:50and they will not always converge so
- 00:04:54that's the beginning of a new Thomas
- 00:04:56Rahman something else which immediately
- 00:05:03struck me as I began thinking about the
- 00:05:05man heraldry now for us maybe perhaps in
- 00:05:10this audience particularly heraldry is a
- 00:05:11pleasant task for nerds to enjoy like
- 00:05:16stamp collecting in the 16th century it
- 00:05:20is the language of power you need to
- 00:05:24read heraldry in the 16th century as we
- 00:05:27read road signs and for the same reasons
- 00:05:30because we might get knocked over if we
- 00:05:33misunderstand them so we need to read
- 00:05:36these shields and I'm sure you're
- 00:05:38already doing it rightly you can see
- 00:05:40what the point is there are the arms of
- 00:05:44his first great public Master Gardener
- 00:05:47Thomas Wolsey and you see what Thomas
- 00:05:50Cromwell has done with his own coat of
- 00:05:52arms which was registered after
- 00:05:54Woolsey's death in 1532 he has taken
- 00:05:59what is known in heraldry as the chief
- 00:06:01and pulled it down to the middle in
- 00:06:05what's Tyrell dick language is called
- 00:06:06the fess but the same things are on it
- 00:06:09the - chuff's Cornish chuff's for
- 00:06:11Thomas's from this is Thomas Becket so
- 00:06:14all Cornish chuff's talk about Thomas
- 00:06:17and the red rose for service to the King
- 00:06:19and what he's saying is I am wuzzies man
- 00:06:23and he's saying it two years after the
- 00:06:27Cardinals death when the Cardinal was a
- 00:06:31disgraced memory now that is interesting
- 00:06:35isn't it straight away this man is not
- 00:06:38doing something politically sensible he
- 00:06:43is reminding his new public and his king
- 00:06:47that he is Woolsey's man how interesting
- 00:06:50that's the sort of man that that
- 00:06:53portrait was
- 00:06:55also telling us about yep that's me
- 00:06:58that's me and I don't care who knows it
- 00:07:02another little interesting thing like
- 00:07:05that is the peerage title which he took
- 00:07:08when he eventually got a peerage in 1536
- 00:07:12after the death of Queen and Bullen he
- 00:07:15took the title baron Krummel of
- 00:07:19Wimbledon now
- 00:07:22what's that about we need to read that -
- 00:07:25why Wimbledon well he just got a a
- 00:07:27whacking great estate in Wimbledon which
- 00:07:29had formerly belonged to his mate Thomas
- 00:07:32Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury it's
- 00:07:33the art Archy Episcopal estate so he
- 00:07:36might think okay fairly straightforward
- 00:07:38but to anyone who knew the geography of
- 00:07:42the time the great manor of Wimbledon
- 00:07:45calmed contained within it a small
- 00:07:48village on the Thames called Putney
- 00:07:51which was where he came from
- 00:07:53it's where he'd grown up the son of the
- 00:07:55Miller and a brewer and he was shouting
- 00:07:58to the world Baron crummell of Wimbledon
- 00:08:01is from Putney and I don't care who
- 00:08:05knows it
- 00:08:05all those arch snobs in the House of
- 00:08:08Lords must have got wings particularly
- 00:08:11Thomas Howard Duke of Norfolk the
- 00:08:12artists nobbled a lot in their midst sat
- 00:08:17the boy from Putney the Brewers son
- 00:08:21how splendid is that what quits par that
- 00:08:25has that was a man I began to glance and
- 00:08:28as you may begin to realize I rather
- 00:08:31liked him as as biographers mostly do
- 00:08:36unless they're doing Hitler now this has
- 00:08:42told us something straightaway he's
- 00:08:44Woolsey's man hillary noticed that and
- 00:08:46so much of her novel is structured
- 00:08:49around there and there is a corollary to
- 00:08:52that if he adored Wolsey he immediately
- 00:08:58acquired a great enemy in in ricean
- 00:09:01politics and Bullen who had destroyed
- 00:09:05Wolsey she had decided that will the
- 00:09:08her enemy obstructing her projected
- 00:09:11marriage to the king Wolsey desperately
- 00:09:15helplessly struggled to push it forward
- 00:09:17but she was not satisfied with that so
- 00:09:19she destroyed him along with her uncle
- 00:09:22cheering from the back that Duke of
- 00:09:23Norfolk that's very interesting Krummel
- 00:09:27and Anne loathed each other and if you
- 00:09:31look at the archives with that thought
- 00:09:33in mind you see it there is virtually no
- 00:09:36personal connection between them at all
- 00:09:38despite the fact of course he's working
- 00:09:40for the bull in marriage because it's
- 00:09:42the Kings will and he was certainly
- 00:09:45going to do that but it actually
- 00:09:49overthrows everything which history has
- 00:09:52told us from the 1560s onwards they have
- 00:09:55been seen as allies in fact they were
- 00:09:58enemies and that makes perfect sense of
- 00:10:02something which has puzzled menthe
- 00:10:03modern historians as to why he
- 00:10:06engineered her fall in 1536 which he
- 00:10:09undoubtedly did she no doubt would have
- 00:10:14fallen out with a king and that might
- 00:10:16have been the end of the marriage but
- 00:10:18she might have been pushed off into a
- 00:10:19nunnery or something like that no
- 00:10:21instead she was executed on the most
- 00:10:23ridiculous charges of not just a dull
- 00:10:26tree but incest with her own brother
- 00:10:28absolutely absurd and the the extent of
- 00:10:32the destruction must be from the Kings
- 00:10:35closest Minister and the proof of that
- 00:10:37is the way in which he flourished after
- 00:10:41her death she had made sure that he got
- 00:10:44no significant office within the Crown's
- 00:10:48estate as the king gave him small
- 00:10:52offices and I think the explanation of
- 00:10:55that was that there would have been a
- 00:10:56huge rao if the king had made him Lord
- 00:11:00Chancellor or something like that she
- 00:11:02was no slouch at staging violent rouse
- 00:11:05and Henry the 8th through the thorough
- 00:11:07coward and the best way was to give the
- 00:11:10key to give chromo
- 00:11:11grandma in formal powers bit by bit in
- 00:11:14apparently insignificant offices like
- 00:11:17the clerk of the Hanna / or an office
- 00:11:19which then was insignificant
- 00:11:21the Chancellor of the Exchequer these
- 00:11:23are small things but behind them is real
- 00:11:26power and that power emerged in official
- 00:11:30terms after Blinn's death he became Lord
- 00:11:33privy seal third most high ranking
- 00:11:36officer of state in the land and lots
- 00:11:39and lots of power his barony that summer
- 00:11:42after her death and a knighthood as well
- 00:11:46which had always eluded him in Anne's
- 00:11:48time isn't that strange
- 00:11:50the man who was actually orchestrating
- 00:11:53the marriage the Bullen marriage was
- 00:11:56never even knighted at her coronation
- 00:11:59all that hangs together so there we are
- 00:12:04a reversal of what the conventional
- 00:12:07picture is and there is yet another
- 00:12:10corollary if an and Rama are enemies
- 00:12:15there is another great lady at court who
- 00:12:19will be his friend and that is the Lady
- 00:12:23Mary the daughter of Catherine of Aragon
- 00:12:27and so it is that from that January at
- 00:12:321536 this late teenager Mary was in
- 00:12:37cahoots with chromel in order to get rid
- 00:12:41of an and put Mary back in the
- 00:12:44succession in her place and that's what
- 00:12:46happened after Anne's execution Mary was
- 00:12:50now in line to the throne
- 00:12:52lots of misery around that for Mary
- 00:12:55because it meant acknowledging her her
- 00:12:58mother's marriage had never happened to
- 00:12:59the king but Cromwell desperately
- 00:13:02pleading with her and so so pleased when
- 00:13:04she finally in agony said yes ok ok and
- 00:13:08she was back and mutual gratitude after
- 00:13:12their they became huge mates so much so
- 00:13:16that people that summer were saying he
- 00:13:20may get married to her and we know this
- 00:13:22from the extremely acute dispatches of
- 00:13:26the Imperial ambassador Eustace sherice
- 00:13:29to his master the Emperor would
- 00:13:32beautiful detailed account and chap
- 00:13:34which was actually a
- 00:13:36again rather like Thomas chromel Minh
- 00:13:38said that all sorts of people are saying
- 00:13:40he'll marry her but I don't think that
- 00:13:42so he wouldn't be that stupid but the
- 00:13:44relationship was there so for instance
- 00:13:48in on 14th of February 1537 in his
- 00:13:52accounts there is are 20 gold crowns for
- 00:13:55when my Lord was my Lady Mary's
- 00:13:58Valentine I think it was a sort of
- 00:14:01favorite uncle relationship by that
- 00:14:04stage and in fact she stood godmother to
- 00:14:07his first grandchild very significant so
- 00:14:10there is a real nexus here and it is so
- 00:14:12surprising isn't it but it makes
- 00:14:14complete sense once you get the
- 00:14:17relationships the right way all these
- 00:14:21then are surprising surprises and the
- 00:14:24biggest surprise of all actually is how
- 00:14:27late his career started his public
- 00:14:29career he been you know a boy in Putney
- 00:14:33ran away to Italy came back did all
- 00:14:36sorts of merchant type things did sort
- 00:14:40of minor lawyer type things bit of money
- 00:14:42lending this and that and that got him
- 00:14:45to his late 30s possibly at the age of
- 00:14:4940 he entered Woolsey's service in 1524
- 00:14:53we don't quite know when he was born but
- 00:14:55he he's he's 40 ish when most Tudor men
- 00:14:58are ting to die let alone the amazing
- 00:15:02career that he would have for the next
- 00:15:0315 years why why did this nobody
- 00:15:09suddenly emerge into the service of the
- 00:15:13Cardinal he why him among all the
- 00:15:18jobbing lawyers around London well the
- 00:15:21answer is that peculiarity of his late
- 00:15:24teenage years he had left Putney
- 00:15:27as any sensible teenager would no doubt
- 00:15:30at the time but he didn't do the
- 00:15:33unimaginative fleeing Putney thing you
- 00:15:35would going up the mother Thames to
- 00:15:37London no he went to Italy he went to
- 00:15:40the center of the culture of Europe from
- 00:15:43this marginal provincial Kingdom England
- 00:15:45to the real place of
- 00:15:49Florence in Italy the greatest city of
- 00:15:53such culture at the time and there he
- 00:15:57met a merchant Fiske well Frescobaldi
- 00:16:00one of the great merchant family is
- 00:16:02still there in in Florence now selling
- 00:16:05wine as they had done since the 13th
- 00:16:06century and he was involved in that
- 00:16:08trade which involved cloth exports from
- 00:16:12Northern Europe exchange of wine from
- 00:16:14the south and that's what he was good at
- 00:16:16so he knew the international trade but
- 00:16:19coming back from Italy it is quite clear
- 00:16:21that he now was mysteriously well
- 00:16:24educated no contact with the University
- 00:16:27don't know anything about his schooling
- 00:16:28but he could speak fluent Italian fluent
- 00:16:32French bit of German bit of Spanish and
- 00:16:36good Latin so that's the language of
- 00:16:39power Latin and this is what attracted
- 00:16:43Wolsey that ability to speak Italian
- 00:16:48why would Wolsey want someone to speak
- 00:16:51Italian in 1524 because Wolsey it was
- 00:16:56now just looking to his future not the
- 00:17:00future of the Kings servant but his
- 00:17:02future in the afterlife he was about to
- 00:17:06create a tomb around which there would
- 00:17:09be prayers from priests in great
- 00:17:11colleges Chantry colleges and they would
- 00:17:16be the best and biggest Chantry colleges
- 00:17:19and it would be their best and biggest
- 00:17:21tomb anyone had anywhere and the
- 00:17:26competition in to menace at the time was
- 00:17:29a very recent tomb is only about ten
- 00:17:32years old and some of you may know it it
- 00:17:34is the tomb of Henry the seventh in
- 00:17:37Westminster Abbey in there in the chapel
- 00:17:38of Henry the seventh it is magnificent
- 00:17:42and of course by Italian craftsmen so
- 00:17:47Woolsey's tomb what of course must be
- 00:17:50better than Henry the seventh tomb and
- 00:17:52it must be by Italian craftsmen Benedict
- 00:17:55daughter of its Arno a Florentine was
- 00:17:57the chief a person to do it
- 00:18:00and so what Wolsey was seeking
- 00:18:03from Thomas Cromwell was someone who was
- 00:18:06the best Italian in England who could be
- 00:18:09a go-between with Robert Sano and his
- 00:18:11and his colleagues we're in the Cardinal
- 00:18:13in some mood said I'm not sure I really
- 00:18:16like the nose on my effigy at the moment
- 00:18:18could you do something about it
- 00:18:19and so Cromwell is the man to go there
- 00:18:21and say seen it senior of its Arno get a
- 00:18:27bit and a joke and some Italian
- 00:18:30reminiscences and then back to the
- 00:18:32Cardinal yes it's all fine your grace
- 00:18:34it's all fine all sorted that's the sort
- 00:18:37of relationship which he uniquely could
- 00:18:40give the best Italian in England but
- 00:18:44around the tomb why were the college's
- 00:18:48the chantry colleges in which priests
- 00:18:51would forever for all eternity offer up
- 00:18:54prayers for the soul of Thomas Wolsey
- 00:18:56before God and once more there was a
- 00:18:59model for doing this from another king
- 00:19:02another Henry Henry the sixth one of
- 00:19:05those colleges you see every day no
- 00:19:08doubt it is King's College Cambridge
- 00:19:10founded by Henry the sixth with a feeder
- 00:19:13school behind it for bright boys to come
- 00:19:17up from Eton there's a pair of colleges
- 00:19:20eaten in Kings and Woolsey would do the
- 00:19:23same only bigger there would be one in
- 00:19:27his birthplace it's which Cardinal
- 00:19:29College hip switch and it would feed
- 00:19:32bright boys - Cardinal College Oxford he
- 00:19:36was an Oxford man remember ex bursar of
- 00:19:39Malden college so there they were and
- 00:19:42they would be much bigger than King's
- 00:19:44College Chapel and so on oh yes much
- 00:19:46bigger and therefore enormous ly
- 00:19:50expensive even by the Cardinal legate's
- 00:19:53standard with all his own resources as
- 00:19:56Archbishop of York they would cost our
- 00:19:58bomb and where would this money come
- 00:20:01from where would the endowments come
- 00:20:02from well Wolsey was also papal Leggett
- 00:20:05the Pope's personal representative in
- 00:20:07England and therefore I had powers of
- 00:20:09reform in the church and his way of
- 00:20:11reforming the church was to dissolve
- 00:20:13what he regarded as small
- 00:20:15useless monasteries and adopt their land
- 00:20:20take their land in and make them the
- 00:20:22basis of the endowment of the colleges
- 00:20:24so now you see this is also a task for
- 00:20:28the jobbing lawyer from all he can
- 00:20:30negotiate with the sculptures and he can
- 00:20:33do the work of conveyancing on dissolved
- 00:20:36monasteries land and that precisely
- 00:20:39started in 1524 as he entered the
- 00:20:42cardinal service it's all a Legacy
- 00:20:44Project and that's what he was doing for
- 00:20:48the Cardinal nothing else wasn't
- 00:20:50involved in foreign policy or any pub
- 00:20:53political decision to talk it's all the
- 00:20:55Legacy Project and that's what he went
- 00:20:57on doing for the next six years in the
- 00:21:01Cardinals service curious really isn't
- 00:21:06it because it all looks very Catholic
- 00:21:10we found that he hates and Bullen he
- 00:21:13likes the Lady Mary he adores Cardinal
- 00:21:18Wolsey
- 00:21:19and he's doing all that in the service
- 00:21:21of a great Chantry project isn't this
- 00:21:24odd from the hero of the Reformation
- 00:21:27well yes and no because he was doing all
- 00:21:31these things for Wolsey but at the same
- 00:21:33time quietly promoting the gathering
- 00:21:37English Reformation while it was still
- 00:21:40unofficial and proscribed and very
- 00:21:43dangerous
- 00:21:44one of the curious things about Cardinal
- 00:21:48College Oxford was that it's virtually
- 00:21:52the entire academic staff were recruited
- 00:21:55from here
- 00:21:57Cambridge Don's exported to Oxford to
- 00:22:02staff the new colleges bright young men
- 00:22:05the flower of the Cambridge sort of
- 00:22:09postdoc world and there they went to
- 00:22:13Cardinal College Oxford and almost to a
- 00:22:16man they turned out to be heretics huge
- 00:22:20scandal huge national scandal and many
- 00:22:23of them were imprisoned or fled the
- 00:22:27Cardinal outraged and puzzle
- 00:22:29no doubt who had done it Thomas chromel
- 00:22:32gromek knew Cambridge very well and in
- 00:22:36fact sent his son here to be educated a
- 00:22:38bit in the later years he knew Cambridge
- 00:22:42men this is deliberate
- 00:22:44he was infecting the colleges with the
- 00:22:48with with these people
- 00:22:50and they went on to be those who
- 00:22:53survived the leaders of the English
- 00:22:55Reformation so even in 9 years of the
- 00:22:58Cardinal he was subvert the Cardinals
- 00:23:01intentions in a very odd sort of
- 00:23:04complicit underhand way and he went on
- 00:23:08to do exactly the same thing with Henry
- 00:23:09the eighth's
- 00:23:10when he entered his service Henry as he
- 00:23:14gradually appreciated just how valuable
- 00:23:17this servant was gave him extraordinary
- 00:23:19powers in the church now of course
- 00:23:22Henry's church he gave him a title
- 00:23:24unprecedented and with no successor
- 00:23:26successor to it vice-gerent in
- 00:23:29spirituals often in undergraduate essays
- 00:23:32miss spelt as vice regent do not do that
- 00:23:35vice-gerent in spirituals Garrow
- 00:23:38I exercise VJ in place of exercising
- 00:23:41powers in place of the king in other
- 00:23:44words exactly the powers which Cardinal
- 00:23:47Wolsey had had in relation to the Pope
- 00:23:50it's just recreating the Cardinals
- 00:23:52legged ship in the interest of the
- 00:23:54English monarchy but what did Cromwell
- 00:23:56do with it well he again consistently
- 00:23:59pressed the Reformation against the will
- 00:24:02of the king without the king noticing it
- 00:24:05the obvious example being the Bible in
- 00:24:08English something which about which
- 00:24:10Henry the eighth was unenthusiastic he
- 00:24:12actually issued a Latin Bible in 1535
- 00:24:15but then krummel made sure the king was
- 00:24:18gradually persuaded to issue a
- 00:24:21vernacular Bible most of the text of
- 00:24:25which had actually been written by one
- 00:24:27of the King's chief bugbears William
- 00:24:30Tyndale a man in whose arrest and
- 00:24:33eventual execution the King had connived
- 00:24:36the Kindle had been arrested in the Low
- 00:24:38Countries and was strangled today
- 00:24:41in 1536 and yet the following year his
- 00:24:47Bible was being authorized by the king
- 00:24:50who had helped to get him destroyed the
- 00:24:52previous year only Thomas Cromwell could
- 00:24:55have done that I suspect Henry the
- 00:24:56eighth never realized that perhaps it
- 00:25:01might have contribute to distributed to
- 00:25:03his Connells death in 1540 who knows but
- 00:25:07that's the sort of thing you look for
- 00:25:08and I will not at the stage bore you
- 00:25:11with any other examples but let me
- 00:25:12reassure you there there in the book he
- 00:25:15has his own religious agenda which
- 00:25:17you'll notice is terribly risky in the
- 00:25:21fate of William Tyndale shows how risky
- 00:25:24it was in his own fate this gives the
- 00:25:27lie to the idea that this is a cynical
- 00:25:30bureaucrat the sort of man who actually
- 00:25:33Geoffrey Elton might have approved of no
- 00:25:35he's something more than that he is an
- 00:25:39ideologue who is taking risks for his
- 00:25:42own agenda but the agenda is not just
- 00:25:45religion just like the king he had an
- 00:25:50interest in the future he is a dynastic
- 00:25:53man he is Baron chromel of Wimbledon in
- 00:25:56fact Earl of Essex as part of his last
- 00:25:59disastrous year and this is the reason
- 00:26:03that so much of that energy was expended
- 00:26:05Gregory the only son two daughters who
- 00:26:09had died tragically 1529 same year as
- 00:26:12his wife never remarried interestingly
- 00:26:15and he's left with Gregory this boy is
- 00:26:19about 17 when this Holbein miniature was
- 00:26:22done sort of quite pretty in a way and
- 00:26:25you can see that it's the same face as
- 00:26:27Thomas with the retrouve nose and so on
- 00:26:30it's a very individual face and
- 00:26:31curiously unstylish there is a second
- 00:26:34Holbein miniature of Gregory as well
- 00:26:36from a few years on 37 y 1537 because in
- 00:26:42that year Gregory was married and he
- 00:26:48married there here this is a companion
- 00:26:53miniature so the
- 00:26:55these are to commemorate the marriage
- 00:26:56and proud father look at him he doesn't
- 00:26:59look nearly as unpleasant as in the
- 00:27:01Holbein that's me you just see him my
- 00:27:04son but the wife is the reason partly
- 00:27:08for the satisfaction Elizabeth Seymour
- 00:27:14this is Queen Jane Seymour's sister work
- 00:27:20it out
- 00:27:22Thomas chromel has married his son to
- 00:27:26the Kings sister-in-law Gregory is the
- 00:27:31Kings brother-in-law and in some
- 00:27:34informal genealogical sense that made
- 00:27:36Thomas crumble the king's uncle and you
- 00:27:39can see why so many many members of the
- 00:27:42nobility then were determined to get him
- 00:27:44destroyed this man is really making a
- 00:27:50bid for dynastic power not marrying the
- 00:27:53Lady Mary but marrying his son to this
- 00:27:56really quite extraordinary lady this is
- 00:28:00not a Holbein it's in Spain in Toledo
- 00:28:02now but look at her there
- 00:28:05self-possession
- 00:28:06she married as you see three times she
- 00:28:09had been married before her marriage to
- 00:28:12Gregory she was probably about a year or
- 00:28:14two older than him so maybe 18 or 19 at
- 00:28:181537 already had two children if that
- 00:28:23stage by her first husband Sir Henry who
- 00:28:25tread therefore she came to the marriage
- 00:28:28as lady you tread and technically she
- 00:28:30out ranked her husband after that until
- 00:28:33he got a peerage later on peerage thanks
- 00:28:36to her she again married after Gregory's
- 00:28:39death to the son of the Marquess of
- 00:28:40Winchester so she knew a thing or two
- 00:28:43and at the face gives it to you and the
- 00:28:45letters which she wrote also this is a
- 00:28:47lady of enormous presence I think much
- 00:28:50more than her sister Jane and she saved
- 00:28:54Gregory and his future after Thomas
- 00:28:57Cromwell's destruction she wrote to the
- 00:28:59king and said Librium I whatever my
- 00:29:02father-in-law did remember your poor
- 00:29:04servant and my poor husband Gregory and
- 00:29:08our poor children
- 00:29:09and the result was a barony a couple of
- 00:29:12months later young Gregory was now in
- 00:29:15his own right barren chromel and the
- 00:29:17family actually lasted until the end of
- 00:29:19the 17th century the Baron's crow mom
- 00:29:20they got a couple of Irish peerage
- 00:29:22titles as well so in that sense Thomas
- 00:29:24Cromwell
- 00:29:25delivered the goods he actually did
- 00:29:27create a dynasty just like Henry the 8th
- 00:29:29was desperately trying to create a
- 00:29:31dynasty that's to explain so much of the
- 00:29:361530s it is to promote Thomas promo and
- 00:29:40this boy whom he loved a clearly adored
- 00:29:45him like Wolsey and that's a key to the
- 00:29:49story Gregory has had a bad press he has
- 00:29:54been given the wrong age and therefore
- 00:29:55letters he wrote at 12 have been
- 00:29:57interpreted as letters well of a 15 year
- 00:30:00old that's unfair he was no great genius
- 00:30:04but he clearly had charm he charmed
- 00:30:07Elizabeth who put up with a lot from him
- 00:30:10and I would like to know more about
- 00:30:12Gregory really well I don't want to
- 00:30:16monopolize our time but just a few
- 00:30:19things from the 1530s obviously one
- 00:30:23thinks of monasteries as we began to
- 00:30:25think at the beginning of what I was
- 00:30:26saying
- 00:30:27what is cronniss well the first thing
- 00:30:30which you you'll have already realized
- 00:30:31is that this Henry the 8th policy of
- 00:30:33dissolving monasteries is Woolsey's
- 00:30:35policy and Thomas Cromwell knew how to
- 00:30:38do it because of Wolsey and the the
- 00:30:41mechanism is to dissolve monasteries in
- 00:30:44order to create another institution a
- 00:30:47college and you can see Thomas Cromwell
- 00:30:52doing that under the king there are a
- 00:30:55few cautious specimen dissolutions in
- 00:30:581532 to see how the public would take it
- 00:31:03only a few today the mood was not good
- 00:31:05and then there are very systematic moves
- 00:31:09from 1535 six dissolving monasteries
- 00:31:13there is legislation in parliament 1536
- 00:31:15getting rid of smaller monasteries the
- 00:31:18sort of monasteries that Wolsey had
- 00:31:20dissolved and emphasizing in the
- 00:31:23which probably got it through Parliament
- 00:31:24that good big monasteries were great
- 00:31:27divers Solomon great monasteries where
- 00:31:30religion thanks be to God
- 00:31:32is right well observed now that sounds
- 00:31:35cynical but I'm not sure it was because
- 00:31:39it is not certain that Thomas Cromwell
- 00:31:42really wanted to dissolve all the
- 00:31:44monasteries we know in fact in winter
- 00:31:471536 he opposed a general dissolution as
- 00:31:51put forward in the legislation of spring
- 00:31:541536 he said now you should do it as the
- 00:31:56Cardinal did it you should do it one or
- 00:31:59two at a time otherwise there will be
- 00:32:01trouble and of course he was right
- 00:32:04because in the spring and in the summer
- 00:32:06sorry of 1536 in the autumn there was
- 00:32:09that huge explosion of rebellion and
- 00:32:11anger in the north of England the
- 00:32:13pilgrimage of grace
- 00:32:14Crom got it right after that the whole
- 00:32:17situation was different and monastery
- 00:32:19started going down in large numbers but
- 00:32:21I think even in 1538 and 9 the the the
- 00:32:26program is still like that of Wolsey in
- 00:32:31autumn 1538 it is clear that there was a
- 00:32:34government program of dissolving
- 00:32:36monasteries in order to create colleges
- 00:32:40all sorts of people across the political
- 00:32:43spectrum were putting up suggestions to
- 00:32:46do that
- 00:32:46Bishop Latimer at one end great
- 00:32:48Reformation hero the Duke of Norfolk at
- 00:32:51the other and most astonishingly of all
- 00:32:54Thomas Cromwell himself proposing that
- 00:32:57the the great shrine monastery at little
- 00:33:00Walsingham in Norfolk the shrine of our
- 00:33:02lady that monastery should become a
- 00:33:04college and be saved and the reason that
- 00:33:08this program apparently went nowhere was
- 00:33:10because of the King's sudden urgent need
- 00:33:13to build the most expensive set of
- 00:33:15fortifications up to the 19th century
- 00:33:17along the south and east coasts of this
- 00:33:19country against the French so the
- 00:33:22program became Universal dissolution
- 00:33:26except that it didn't we forget that
- 00:33:30some monasteries in England were not
- 00:33:32finally resolved they became
- 00:33:36cathedrals six new cathedrals which in
- 00:33:41the beginning were formerly called
- 00:33:43formerly called colleges they had a Dean
- 00:33:47and fellows just like colleges in other
- 00:33:52word this is the Woolsey plan and Thomas
- 00:33:55chromel was in charge of it still so the
- 00:34:00ruins that Krummel knocked about a bit
- 00:34:01when the ruins at Henry the eighth
- 00:34:02knocked about a bit and many of them
- 00:34:04chromel would also have knocked them
- 00:34:06about but there was still a program
- 00:34:09there which despite the Kings
- 00:34:11selfishness and greed did produce
- 00:34:13results cathedrals are still there they
- 00:34:15are the lasting product of Thomas
- 00:34:18Cromwell and Woolsey's plan for the
- 00:34:20reform of the English church so there is
- 00:34:23a significant modification of
- 00:34:26traditional story
- 00:34:28what of revolution in government well
- 00:34:31Reformation we've talked about I've
- 00:34:33mentioned Wales and Ireland and could
- 00:34:35bore you with more on that but there's
- 00:34:37one thing where I think you can say that
- 00:34:39there is something really distinctively
- 00:34:41Cromwellian the one shaping of the
- 00:34:46future which could not be attributed to
- 00:34:48anyone else and that is the role of
- 00:34:52parliament in all that happened in the
- 00:34:5516th century Cromwell was a parliament
- 00:34:59man he'd first sat as a humble
- 00:35:02backbencher in 1523 the 1523 Parliament
- 00:35:05we don't actually know which borough he
- 00:35:07set for interesting possible little
- 00:35:09project for someone but he clearly loved
- 00:35:13Parliament and in a way that Wolsey
- 00:35:16didn't Woolsey regarded Parliament's are
- 00:35:18nuisance and so incidentally did Sir
- 00:35:21Thomas Moore who was Speaker of the
- 00:35:2315:23 Parliament and extremely annoyed
- 00:35:25at the vocal opposition to Royal
- 00:35:28taxation shown within that Parliament
- 00:35:31now Crom or then went forward into the
- 00:35:341530s to do all that he did in
- 00:35:37supporting the Kings break with Rome by
- 00:35:41using parliament the King could in
- 00:35:45theory at least have done it by Royal
- 00:35:47Proclamation or some something like a
- 00:35:49great cow
- 00:35:50of Notables no Parliament at every stage
- 00:35:53or was given the task of putting the
- 00:35:55legislation in place which created the
- 00:35:59English Reformation and the Parliament
- 00:36:02had never done anything as important as
- 00:36:05that before
- 00:36:05what Parliament did was to break with a
- 00:36:08thousand years of relationship with the
- 00:36:10Holy Father in Rome and they did it by
- 00:36:12legislation bills turned into acts and
- 00:36:16not just in the 1530s but at every stage
- 00:36:20there after the Protestant Reformation
- 00:36:21and incidentally Marys River a return to
- 00:36:24Rome was all done by parliamentary acts
- 00:36:27and so Parliament came to have a place
- 00:36:31in the English polity which he did not
- 00:36:33anywhere else in Europe everywhere had
- 00:36:36parliaments at the time now the English
- 00:36:38forget that and apartments are just a
- 00:36:40piece of medieval and decision making
- 00:36:44but virtually everywhere else apart from
- 00:36:46Iceland Parliament's began withering
- 00:36:49away in the 16th century and the future
- 00:36:52was absolutism but not in England
- 00:36:55Parliament literally grew so that there
- 00:36:59were 50% more members of the House of
- 00:37:02Commons in 1600 than there had been in
- 00:37:041500 and the big difference the big jump
- 00:37:08in numbers is the 1530s it's the chromo
- 00:37:11era and he tried the same thing in
- 00:37:13Ireland he boosted the Dublin Parliament
- 00:37:16which was a yeah a faded medieval relic
- 00:37:18and tried to give it a central place in
- 00:37:21the government of the King which he was
- 00:37:24now trying to establish there so he's a
- 00:37:26parliament man yeah let us not try and
- 00:37:28make him into the the predecessor of a
- 00:37:30Democrat and democracy that's not what
- 00:37:33he understood at all but he saw the
- 00:37:34value of this institution that the voice
- 00:37:37of the realm assembled in the cuy court
- 00:37:41of parliament Lords Spiritual and
- 00:37:43temporal and the Commons assembled
- 00:37:47beside them that is the achievement of
- 00:37:49the 1530s and it is distinctly Thomas
- 00:37:52grumbles and Geoffrey Elton saw that but
- 00:37:55let's hang on to that it the distinctive
- 00:37:57way in which the English polity went on
- 00:38:00to develop is thanks to him
- 00:38:03that hugely important respect we now see
- 00:38:05Parliament asserting itself against the
- 00:38:09executive in a way that he would have
- 00:38:10interest it would have interested him he
- 00:38:13understood it probably might not have
- 00:38:15approved but he would understood what
- 00:38:17was happening well I hope I've given you
- 00:38:21a sense of the difference of the man the
- 00:38:24unexpectedness of the man and also the
- 00:38:27way in which he has been traduced by
- 00:38:29many of his biographers the observed
- 00:38:32biography by Robert Hutchinson for
- 00:38:34instance of ten years ago just talking
- 00:38:36about him as a jocular lad a ruffian on
- 00:38:39the make well of course that's true but
- 00:38:42not true and how inadequate that is to
- 00:38:44describe this till oil and spiegel this
- 00:38:47master improviser this man who adored
- 00:38:51his family and adored the death the dead
- 00:38:54Cardinal he in other words is not just a
- 00:38:58thug in a doublet thank you
- 00:39:16right well we have time for questions do
- 00:39:18we not and how much time we got ten
- 00:39:22minutes earlier right so great any
- 00:39:30questions yeah you yeah yeah remember
- 00:40:07that she is Mary's quite young in 1536
- 00:40:11she's 19 or so and I'm sure she did have
- 00:40:14strong opinions and religion at that but
- 00:40:16they're not apart from breaking with
- 00:40:18Rome the church is not that different it
- 00:40:22is in everyone's interest later on to
- 00:40:25forget the relationship certainly in
- 00:40:27Mary's interest but it's also in
- 00:40:28prophecy interests so there's a lot of
- 00:40:32forgetting there but the fact it went on
- 00:40:34throughout krummel's emitted ly brief
- 00:40:37life for the next six years or so and
- 00:40:40she went on cooperating it is often
- 00:40:43forgotten
- 00:40:44for instance that what brought him down
- 00:40:46with the Anne of Cleves business and we
- 00:40:49could go into that but the the Anne of
- 00:40:51Cleves marriage was actually a two
- 00:40:53princess deal and would come here but
- 00:40:58Mary would go to Bavaria and marry the
- 00:41:01Duke of Bavaria it's it's a complete -
- 00:41:04princess deal to the extent that when
- 00:41:07anne of cleves was travelling here to
- 00:41:10meet her new bridegroom the Duke of
- 00:41:13Bavaria was also travelling here and met
- 00:41:17Mary in the garden of the abbot of
- 00:41:20Westminster and kissed her against all
- 00:41:23precedents and she she didn't objects it
- 00:41:27Hey so she's happy with this idea and of
- 00:41:32course it's all off because the island
- 00:41:33cleaves thing went wrong and the do you
- 00:41:36had to go back I'm its extruding monarch
- 00:41:39coming here incognito and then kissing
- 00:41:42in a monix daughter so that was off that
- 00:41:45think of the way history would have been
- 00:41:47different if Mary and Mary Duchess of
- 00:41:50both Bavaria how different things would
- 00:41:53have been yeah questions yes madam all
- 00:41:59right
- 00:42:06absolutely nothing I mean absolutely
- 00:42:09none that did this extraordinary isn't
- 00:42:11it because he's clearly a very
- 00:42:13well-educated man with an interesting
- 00:42:15library he liked reading Italian books
- 00:42:18he I mean he read Machiavelli's Prince
- 00:42:20we know because it was given by an
- 00:42:23aristocratic mate of his and where's
- 00:42:27that all come from it's extraordinary
- 00:42:29I mean his education presumably in
- 00:42:31Putney is Chantry priest teaching Rahzel
- 00:42:34alphabet no hint of university rushing
- 00:42:38off to Florence but Florence in itself
- 00:42:40is an education and the fact that he
- 00:42:43linked up with one of its greatest
- 00:42:44families of Frescobaldi must have given
- 00:42:47him the education but he's just very
- 00:42:50bright very clever soap didn't I think
- 00:42:53the most mysterious part of his
- 00:42:54education is the law the English law
- 00:42:58side and admittedly it's not the most
- 00:43:00difficult side of the law it's
- 00:43:02conveyancing any fool can do that and he
- 00:43:05never really got into the intricacies of
- 00:43:08the law and interestingly didn't become
- 00:43:09Lord Chancellor when I'm no doubt he
- 00:43:12could have done in the end and perhaps
- 00:43:15he just didn't want to get drawn into
- 00:43:17the law of that much but he knew how to
- 00:43:19use it and in parliamentary terms in
- 00:43:23particular yeah sir and Mike coming
- 00:43:28through the chuff's on the coat of arms
- 00:43:33hmm they were Woolsey's and you said
- 00:43:37that originally they were talking back
- 00:43:41yeah they've got that's another name for
- 00:43:43the justice Beckett's right the fact
- 00:43:46that Cromwell adopted them when he did
- 00:43:51yeah clearly a gesture of respect for
- 00:43:57Wolsey yeah but does it also imply that
- 00:43:59at that date he did not stand for quite
- 00:44:04such an opposite policy to Beckett's now
- 00:44:07I think I think it's probably right and
- 00:44:09when Becket had not taken on the valence
- 00:44:11that he would if once you break with
- 00:44:13Rome with Rome but actually I think the
- 00:44:16Thomas side is much more important
- 00:44:18any-any Thomas can take out the chuff's
- 00:44:21and they're all called Thomas since the
- 00:44:25traveling of Thomas Cranmer Thomas
- 00:44:26Cromwell Thomas Wolsey so I think it's
- 00:44:30the symbolism of the Wolsey which is
- 00:44:32more important than the huge irony
- 00:44:35obviously he just he is responsible for
- 00:44:38destroying Thomas Becket shrine in 1538
- 00:44:40but that's that's a different world
- 00:44:41things have just moved so quickly in the
- 00:44:44intervening years yes sir back yeah
- 00:44:51thank you so much
- 00:45:08and of course Hillary does to some
- 00:45:10extent and she says look I'm a novelist
- 00:45:13and I'm writing from Thomas cromoz point
- 00:45:16of view there is that danger and and
- 00:45:18more let's let me not try and denigrate
- 00:45:22more he is an extraordinary fascinating
- 00:45:24man he has a very dark side which came
- 00:45:28out in 1530 32 when he decided that he
- 00:45:32was an existential struggle for the soul
- 00:45:35of the world and heretics must be
- 00:45:37destroyed as a result I mean he said in
- 00:45:39his literary duel with Tyndall not
- 00:45:42enough heretics have been burned and
- 00:45:45that's the context in which you have to
- 00:45:48see the more chromel relationship I've
- 00:45:51no doubt that in the 1520's they got on
- 00:45:53fine they're part of the same cultured
- 00:45:56London world and Moore is partly in
- 00:46:01Wolsey service too they have the same
- 00:46:03cultural interest they've got the same
- 00:46:05friends and and that clearly became very
- 00:46:08awkward and embarrassing once more was
- 00:46:11in the tower but but krama let one of
- 00:46:13the great friends in Italian called
- 00:46:15Antonia Levine's bond vz-- go to more
- 00:46:19bring him nice food and wine and that
- 00:46:22sort of thing so that sort of civilized
- 00:46:27relationship did go on but in the end I
- 00:46:30mean that there is a dark and implacable
- 00:46:33side to chromel to and anyone who is the
- 00:46:36King's enemy must be dealt with and he
- 00:46:39had a fierce and bile vile temper so
- 00:46:42there's all that and I'm not trying to
- 00:46:44minimize that but you have to see that
- 00:46:46they they do begin to see themselves as
- 00:46:48in a great struggle literally to the
- 00:46:51death with Tyndall on one side being
- 00:46:54killed on the other more and Fisher
- 00:46:56being killed the Charterhouse monks so
- 00:47:00it's it's a zero-sum game there was a
- 00:47:03sort of hand floating there no that's
- 00:47:06not we do it we got Oh David yes where
- 00:47:11does his Protestantism come from well
- 00:47:14you say that but there is a developing
- 00:47:19what does one call it evangelicalism in
- 00:47:21Italy which didn't we forget that Italy
- 00:47:25is not necessarily Catholic just cuz the
- 00:47:27Pope lives there and there is a native
- 00:47:31Italian reformism which became we hardly
- 00:47:35call it Protestantism but it's
- 00:47:36evangelicalism and some of his Italian
- 00:47:41friends went into that world one can't
- 00:47:44say more than that but the other source
- 00:47:47is wrong lollardy and in the Woolsey
- 00:47:50years that there are definite definite
- 00:47:53links between what he was doing in
- 00:47:55dissolving monasteries and local
- 00:47:57Lollards in the Thames Valley and he
- 00:48:01actually took he kept on a lot private
- 00:48:03legal practice and at one stage he was
- 00:48:05very publicly involved in being the
- 00:48:09lawyer for the the biggest Lollard in
- 00:48:11Oxfordshire and and its mate his friends
- 00:48:14said look what are you doing taking on
- 00:48:16this lady it's it's clear that there's a
- 00:48:20sense of that's a bit surprising so it
- 00:48:23may be lollardy it may be he's a
- 00:48:25humanist and he told John Fox that his
- 00:48:29conversion started from reading Erasmus
- 00:48:31his New Testament on his way to
- 00:48:32negotiate with the Pope for Boston guild
- 00:48:35and that's possible I know it was a sort
- 00:48:37of alibi for Fox for the great
- 00:48:40Protestant hero but I don't see any
- 00:48:41reason to dismiss a disavow it for that
- 00:48:45so II I'm saying I don't know but I'm
- 00:48:49saying that there are all these
- 00:48:50interesting links Italian evangelism
- 00:48:52lollardy humanism all his mates in
- 00:48:56Cambridge they're you know classic
- 00:48:58card-carrying humanists which doesn't
- 00:49:00necessarily make you our Protestant but
- 00:49:02it's it's one way in and so many of them
- 00:49:05did go that way no my batter do you into
- 00:49:13the ground oh one last snippet since we
- 00:49:15have two minutes
- 00:49:17he's ancestry this is really strange and
- 00:49:21it's another piece of nice revision we
- 00:49:22thought we knew where his family came
- 00:49:25from Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire
- 00:49:27sorry there's a place called ROM well in
- 00:49:29Nottinghamshire and there were had been
- 00:49:31a baron Cromwell in the
- 00:49:33century so it all looked right curiously
- 00:49:36he didn't take anything like the
- 00:49:38heraldry of that 15th century Baron
- 00:49:40chroma despite the fact it was an
- 00:49:42extinct period you could easily ethnic
- 00:49:44nicked the heraldry so then it became
- 00:49:48apparent from a local historian in
- 00:49:49putney who did a marvelous little
- 00:49:51pamphlet on krummel's context in putney
- 00:49:54that virtually everything we thought we
- 00:49:57knew about his answer tree had been made
- 00:49:59up by a victorian antiquary it's
- 00:50:02actually just lies and we'd all taken it
- 00:50:05on board and not examined it now this
- 00:50:09came as a revelation to me thank
- 00:50:10goodness
- 00:50:11before I finish the book but it also
- 00:50:14opened my ears to something I'd been
- 00:50:16once deliberately ignoring that in the
- 00:50:19late 1530s one or two people said Thomas
- 00:50:23cromwell's family came from Ireland I
- 00:50:26thought yeah yeah but one of these is a
- 00:50:30really well informed anonymous
- 00:50:32chronicler in London who gave us
- 00:50:34information which my Putney friend then
- 00:50:38confirmed about Thomas Kronos father in
- 00:50:41Putney that was extraordinary we didn't
- 00:50:43know that was true until then and so
- 00:50:47that's a convincing and what that
- 00:50:50probably means is that Walter Cromwell
- 00:50:52his father came from Ireland possibly in
- 00:50:56the 1480s and established himself near
- 00:50:58the court in Putney now that is
- 00:51:01extraordinary because it means that his
- 00:51:05Co lateral descendant Oliver Cromwell
- 00:51:08he's also of Irish descent and if you
- 00:51:11know anything about Irish stereotypes
- 00:51:13and history that is a bit of a bombshell
- 00:51:16the massacres of guerrilla dare all that
- 00:51:20is actually committed by an Irishman
- 00:51:22Irish descent I said this when I spoke
- 00:51:26in Dublin about the book and the room
- 00:51:29just sort of went blank
- 00:51:31they didn't laugh as I expected them to
- 00:51:33no no
- 00:51:35so there's something again that would be
- 00:51:36a marvelous research project for someone
- 00:51:39because it would mean going into the the
- 00:51:41shattered archives of Ireland and
- 00:51:43looking for Cromwell's in the medieval
- 00:51:45Anglo Irish bit of their there clearly
- 00:51:48and an English fam all Dingley family if
- 00:51:52that's the truth
- 00:51:53and who knows there they might be a
- 00:51:55double in Oran all Drogheda that would
- 00:51:58be an irony wouldn't it English port in
- 00:52:01medieval Ireland so there you are
- 00:52:02last snippet what we done
- 00:52:10[Music]
- 00:52:23now I think I'm signing books outside so
- 00:52:26let me go and do that yes but yes
- 00:52:47[Applause]
- 00:53:33[Music]
- 00:53:48you
- Thomas Cromwell
- Tudor-Zeit
- Kardinal Wolsey
- Heinrich VIII.
- englische Reformation
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- Anne Boleyn
- Mary Tudor
- historische Biographie
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