00:00:01
After the fall of the western Roman
00:00:03
Empire, the political map of the Aenine
00:00:06
Peninsula changed significantly. What
00:00:08
was once part of a unified empire
00:00:11
transformed into numerous Italian
00:00:13
states. Thus emerged the Papal States,
00:00:16
the republics of Genoa, Venice, and
00:00:18
Florence, the kingdoms of Sardinia,
00:00:21
Naples, and Sicily, the Duchy of Milan,
00:00:24
and many other monarchies, citystates,
00:00:26
and republics. These states were
00:00:29
established, developed, and eventually
00:00:31
disappeared under the pressure of
00:00:33
powerful neighboring countries.
00:00:36
Throughout history, many foreign powers
00:00:38
conquered Italian lands. The barbarian
00:00:41
kingdoms of the dark ages, the
00:00:43
Byzantines, Arabs, and Normans, the
00:00:46
emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, the
00:00:49
Spanish kings, the Hapsburg monarchy,
00:00:52
and Napoleonic France. All these powers
00:00:55
at various times held parts of the
00:00:57
Aenine Peninsula. For centuries, Rome
00:01:00
held the status of the primary religious
00:01:03
center of western Christianity and later
00:01:06
Catholicism. Italians were at the
00:01:08
forefront of the Renaissance cultural
00:01:10
movement and modern banking and the
00:01:12
Italian lands were the birthplace of
00:01:14
numerous renowned figures. Marco Polo
00:01:18
and Dante Allegieri, Christopher
00:01:20
Columbus and Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolo
00:01:23
Makavelli and Micholangelo Bonaroti,
00:01:26
Galileo Galile and Antonio Vivaldi.
00:01:30
Still, Italy's religious, cultural, and
00:01:32
economic significance did not contribute
00:01:35
to the creation of a unified state. This
00:01:38
country was never united and remained
00:01:40
for centuries a target of foreign
00:01:42
intervention.
00:01:45
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exploiting digital weaknesses. In our
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daily work with historical sources, we
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visit dozens of websites and receive
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emails from platforms and brands. We're
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An archive labeled map that turns out to
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now back to the video and to the era of
00:03:05
Italy's
00:03:07
unification. After the Napoleonic Wars,
00:03:10
European diplomats at the Congress of
00:03:12
Vienna partially restored the political
00:03:14
map of the Aenine Peninsula to its state
00:03:17
before the rapid rise of France and
00:03:19
Napoleon Bonapart. The key difference
00:03:22
was that the Congress of Vienna
00:03:24
confirmed the definitive end of two
00:03:26
centuries old Italian republics. The
00:03:29
Kingdom of Sardinia was allowed to annex
00:03:31
the Republic of Genoa while Venice along
00:03:34
with the Duchy of Milan was incorporated
00:03:36
into the Austrian Empire. At that time,
00:03:40
besides the territories of the Austrian
00:03:42
Hapsburgs in the north of the Aenine
00:03:44
Peninsula, several independent states
00:03:46
continued to exist on Italian lands with
00:03:49
some standing out in particular. the
00:03:52
theocratic papal states centered in Rome
00:03:55
and governed by the head of the Roman
00:03:57
Catholic Church, the Pope. The kingdom
00:03:59
of the two Sicilles established by the
00:04:02
Spanish Bourbons in 1816 through the
00:04:04
unification of the kingdoms of Naples
00:04:06
and Sicily and the aforementioned
00:04:09
Kingdom of Sardinia with its capital in
00:04:11
Turin ruled by the German Italian house
00:04:14
of Savoy. 45 years later, members of
00:04:17
this house would become the kings of
00:04:19
Italy. Before the process of Italy's
00:04:22
political unification began, several
00:04:24
significant events occurred that
00:04:26
directly influenced the
00:04:32
resurgings broke out against the
00:04:34
outcomes and consequences of the
00:04:36
Congress of Vienna. At that time, the
00:04:39
Austrian Hapsburgs had already become
00:04:41
widely regarded as the main adversary of
00:04:43
those fighting for Italian unification.
00:04:46
This dynasty controlled the northeastern
00:04:49
part of the Aenine Peninsula and firmly
00:04:52
opposed any Italian nationalist
00:04:54
movements. The Austrian authorities
00:04:56
suppressed the uprising in the Kingdom
00:04:58
of the Two Sicilles in 1820 and the
00:05:01
following year in the Kingdom of
00:05:02
Sardinia. By 1831, the Hapsburgs had
00:05:06
crushed yet another revolt, this time in
00:05:08
the duchy of Parma and Piaenza.
00:05:11
That same year, journalist and
00:05:13
politician Joseeppe Matsini along with
00:05:16
other Italian immigrants founded Young
00:05:18
Italy in Marseilles, France. This
00:05:21
organization, whose ultimate goal was a
00:05:23
free, independent, and unified Italian
00:05:26
Republic immediately began its struggle
00:05:28
for the unification of Italy and the
00:05:30
liberation of the country from foreign
00:05:32
domination. In 1833, Joseepppe Matsini
00:05:37
organized an uprising in Piedmont. And a
00:05:40
year later, a military invasion of
00:05:42
Tsavoy under the leadership of General
00:05:44
Girroamo Ramarino. Both efforts ended in
00:05:48
failure. Young Italy temporarily ceased
00:05:51
its activities. Some members were
00:05:53
executed or sentenced to death in
00:05:55
absentia and the organization was
00:05:58
dismantled.
00:05:59
Matsini was expelled from France and
00:06:02
settled in Switzerland where in 1834 he
00:06:06
founded Young Europe, an international
00:06:08
political association that included
00:06:10
Young Italy, Young Germany, and Young
00:06:13
Poland as its members. 2 years later,
00:06:16
Swiss authorities dissatisfied with the
00:06:18
activities of revolutionaries on their
00:06:21
soil dissolved the organization.
00:06:24
Following this, Matsini relocated to
00:06:26
London. Young Italy resumed its
00:06:29
activities in the 1840s, but the
00:06:32
uprisings and conspiracies organized by
00:06:35
the group still lacked popular support.
00:06:38
During the revolutions, known as the
00:06:40
springtime of nations, young Italy
00:06:42
ceased to exist. Its activities served
00:06:45
as a transitional phase between the
00:06:47
uprisings of the 1820s and 1830s and the
00:06:51
resorimento while also influencing other
00:06:53
nations and the creation of similar
00:06:55
organizations in their own countries.
00:06:58
These included the aforementioned young
00:07:00
Germany and young Poland, the young
00:07:02
Turks who would later seize power in the
00:07:05
Ottoman Empire and organize the Armenian
00:07:08
genocide and even the much later Young
00:07:11
Bosnia whose member Gabriilo Princip
00:07:13
carried out the infamous Sievo
00:07:16
assassination. All of these groups in
00:07:19
one way or another drew inspiration from
00:07:21
Joseepppe Matsini's Young Italy. The
00:07:24
revolution in Italy, which was part of
00:07:27
the revolutions of 1848, the springtime
00:07:30
of nations, is considered the beginning
00:07:32
of Italy's
00:07:33
unification. This revolution aimed to
00:07:36
abolish outdated feudalism, overcome
00:07:39
long-standing feudal fragmentation,
00:07:41
liberate the country from Austrian rule,
00:07:44
and implement reforms in many areas.
00:07:47
Nevertheless, only one of the goals of
00:07:49
the Italian revolutionaries was the most
00:07:52
important, the creation of a unified and
00:07:55
independent Italian state. It all began
00:07:58
with a popular uprising in Sicily, which
00:08:01
initially achieved success. The rebels
00:08:04
managed to seize power and establish a
00:08:06
provisional government. This sparked a
00:08:09
series of revolutions in several other
00:08:11
Italian states. Venice, which was
00:08:14
liberated from Austrian rule, as well as
00:08:16
Parma and Modina, where the
00:08:18
pro-Ostustrian rulers were overthrown
00:08:20
almost
00:08:22
simultaneously. The most dramatic
00:08:24
uprising was the so-called 5 days of
00:08:27
Milan. As a result of street battles
00:08:29
from March 18th to the 22nd, the city's
00:08:32
inhabitants managed to force the
00:08:34
Austrian forces under Marshall Joseph
00:08:36
Raditki to leave Milan. After this, the
00:08:40
first Italian war of independence began.
00:08:43
It was an attempt by the Kingdom of
00:08:45
Sardinia and the Italian Volunteer Army
00:08:47
with the support of several Italian
00:08:49
states to resist the rule of the
00:08:51
Austrian Hapsburgs on the Aenine
00:08:54
Peninsula. At the beginning of the
00:08:56
following year, the Roman Republic was
00:08:58
declared. Pope Pius I 9th had already
00:09:01
fled to Gaeta and power in the papal
00:09:04
states temporarily passed to a
00:09:06
triumvirate consisting of Joseeppe
00:09:08
Matsini Carlo Armalini and Aurelio Safi.
00:09:12
Soon the first Italian war of
00:09:14
independence reached its climax. The
00:09:17
ruler of the Kingdom of Sardinia,
00:09:19
Charles Albear faced off in a decisive
00:09:22
battle with Austrian Marshall Joseph
00:09:23
Radetski. This was the battle of Novara
00:09:27
which ended in a victory for the
00:09:28
Hapsburg monarchy. Charles Albear
00:09:31
abdicated the throne and immigrated to
00:09:33
Portugal where he died in the same year.
00:09:37
His son Victor Emanuel II became the
00:09:40
king of Sardinia and immediately signed
00:09:42
an armistice with the
00:09:44
Austrians. The Roman Republic lasted
00:09:47
only a short time. Pope Pius I 9th had a
00:09:50
powerful patron. Louisie Napoleon
00:09:53
Bonapart, president of the second French
00:09:56
Republic and nephew of the famous
00:09:58
Napoleon I. At the request of Pius I
00:10:02
9th, the first French president
00:10:04
organized a military intervention in the
00:10:06
Roman Republic to restore the Papal
00:10:09
States. The French expedition to Rome
00:10:11
was led by General Charles Udol. He laid
00:10:14
siege to the city and despite fierce
00:10:17
resistance from the military minister of
00:10:19
the Roman Republic, Joseeppe Gibbaldi,
00:10:22
captured Rome and restored the secular
00:10:25
power of the head of the Catholic
00:10:27
Church. Joseeppe Matsini and other
00:10:29
leaders of the republic immigrated to
00:10:32
London. In the summer, a peace treaty
00:10:35
was signed between the Kingdom of
00:10:36
Sardinia and the Austrian Empire. Under
00:10:39
its terms, the Italian state was
00:10:41
required to pay a huge indemnity to the
00:10:44
Hapsburgs. At the same time, Venice, the
00:10:48
last stronghold of the revolutionaries,
00:10:50
fell. The situation returned to what it
00:10:53
had been before the war. The revolution
00:10:57
was defeated and did not lead to
00:10:59
territorial changes. Almost all the
00:11:02
achievements of the Italian
00:11:03
revolutionaries were reversed. The only
00:11:06
exception was the Albertine Statute of
00:11:09
the Kingdom of Sardinia. This document
00:11:11
would later become the Constitution of
00:11:14
the Unified Kingdom of Italy. During the
00:11:17
revolution, a key figure was the
00:11:19
military leader Joseeppe Garibaldi, a
00:11:22
former member of young Italy, who had
00:11:24
already become popular among Italians.
00:11:27
After the springtime of nations, this
00:11:29
prominent figure temporarily relocated
00:11:32
to North America only to return in a few
00:11:35
years and become a national hero of
00:11:38
Italy. In
00:11:39
1857, Carlo Pizakane, one of the first
00:11:43
Italian socialists, attempted to incite
00:11:45
an uprising in the Kingdom of the Two
00:11:48
Sicilles. He gathered a small force and
00:11:50
sailed from Genoa to the island of Ponza
00:11:53
in the Terraneian Sea. At the time,
00:11:56
there was a prison on this small island.
00:11:58
Pizakane and his men overcame the guards
00:12:01
and freed several hundred prisoners.
00:12:04
They then landed on the Aenine
00:12:06
Peninsula, hoping to start an uprising
00:12:09
against the Neapolitan Bourbons, but
00:12:11
they failed to gain support from the
00:12:13
local population. Pizakane himself was
00:12:16
killed by locals during an attempt to
00:12:19
reach the Chileento mountain range. 10
00:12:22
years after the springtime of nations,
00:12:24
the Savoy dynasty and the kingdom of
00:12:26
Sardinia with its capital in Turin,
00:12:28
which had lost the AustroItalian war,
00:12:31
became the center of Italy's
00:12:33
unification. It was from the historical
00:12:36
region of Piedmont that the liberation
00:12:38
of the country from Austrian Hapsburg
00:12:40
rule began. King Victor Emanuel II of
00:12:44
Sardinia did not repeat the mistakes of
00:12:46
his late father. He immediately secured
00:12:49
the support of a powerful ally, the
00:12:51
second French Empire, in which a few
00:12:54
years earlier, President Louis Napoleon
00:12:56
Bonapart had staged a coup and become
00:12:59
emperor Napoleon III. In 1858, the
00:13:03
secret plumbers's agreement was reached.
00:13:06
These were verbal arrangements for war
00:13:08
against the Austrian Empire made in the
00:13:11
French town of Plumier Laban between the
00:13:13
prime minister of Sardinia Camilo Benzo
00:13:16
de Cavore and Napoleon III. The second
00:13:20
Italian war of independence resulted in
00:13:22
the defeat of the Hapsburgs with the
00:13:24
help of the French. The Savoy dynasty
00:13:27
was able to seize the Austrian Lombardi
00:13:29
with Milan as its center. As a result of
00:13:32
the weakened influence of the Hapsburgs
00:13:34
on the Italian peninsula, Sardinia was
00:13:37
also able to annex several central
00:13:39
Italian states. The Grand Duchy of
00:13:41
Tuskanyany, the Duchy of Parma and
00:13:43
Piaenza and the duchy of Modana and
00:13:46
Reio. Initially all of these states
00:13:50
freed themselves from Austrian influence
00:13:52
and came under the protection of the
00:13:54
Savoy dynasty. Later they became the
00:13:57
United Provinces of central Italy and in
00:14:00
1860 they joined the Kingdom of
00:14:03
Sardinia. In exchange for its support in
00:14:05
this war the French Empire under
00:14:07
Napoleon III gained control of Savoy and
00:14:11
Nice. Soon after the final agreements
00:14:14
resulting from the AustroItalian French
00:14:16
War, the so-called expedition of the
00:14:19
Thousand led by Joseeppe Garibaldi took
00:14:22
place in the mid 1850s. This prominent
00:14:25
figure returned to Italy during the
00:14:28
second war of independence. He commanded
00:14:30
a core of Alpine hunters which assisted
00:14:33
the Sardinian army in fighting the
00:14:35
Austrians in northern Italy. The
00:14:37
expedition of the thousand initiated by
00:14:40
the influential Italian politician
00:14:42
Francesco Krispy began with the landing
00:14:45
of
00:14:46
1,189 Italian volunteers on the island
00:14:49
of Sicily under the leadership of
00:14:51
Joseeppe Garibaldi. The goal of this
00:14:54
military campaign was the conquest of
00:14:57
the kingdom of the two Sicilles which
00:14:59
was still under Bourban rule. Over time,
00:15:02
the size of the army increased
00:15:04
dramatically. Garibaldi's southern army
00:15:07
which was formed during the conquest of
00:15:09
the northern part of the Italian
00:15:10
peninsula eventually numbered around
00:15:13
50,000 Italian and foreign
00:15:16
volunteers. Parallel to the expedition
00:15:19
of the thousand, Manfredo Fonti's
00:15:21
expedition took place against the Papal
00:15:23
States, resulting in the Sardinian army
00:15:26
capturing part of the Papal territory.
00:15:28
Less than a year after the war began,
00:15:31
the Southern army achieved final
00:15:33
victory. The Bourbons lost their
00:15:35
influence on the Italian Peninsula and
00:15:37
Naples and Sicily were incorporated into
00:15:40
the Kingdom of Sardinia. As a result,
00:15:43
nearly all of Italy except for Austrian
00:15:46
Venice and the theocratic Papal States
00:15:48
came under the control of the Savoy
00:15:51
dynasty. The expedition of the thousand
00:15:54
became the final territorial conquest
00:15:57
before the proclamation of the Kingdom
00:15:58
of Italy and was the only military
00:16:01
campaign supported by all four
00:16:03
universally recognized leaders of the
00:16:06
Rorimento. The so-called fathers of the
00:16:09
fatherland. Joseeppe Matsini, leader of
00:16:12
young Italy, King Victor Emanuel II of
00:16:15
Sardinia, General Joseeppe Garibaldi,
00:16:18
and the Prime Minister of Sardinia,
00:16:20
Camilo Beno Davore. On March 17th, 1861,
00:16:26
the Parliament of the Kingdom of
00:16:27
Sardinia proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy
00:16:30
under Victor Emanuel II. Today, the
00:16:33
anniversary of Italy's unification is
00:16:35
celebrated as a national holiday. Turin
00:16:38
was chosen as the provisional capital of
00:16:41
the newly unified Italy as it was the
00:16:43
historical center of the Piedmont
00:16:45
region. All the same, Rome was
00:16:47
officially declared as the capital even
00:16:50
though it remained under the control of
00:16:52
the Papal States at the time. This set
00:16:54
the stage for what became known as the
00:16:57
Roman question, a nearly 70 yearlong
00:17:00
conflict between the Italian government
00:17:02
and the Pope regarding the temporal
00:17:04
power of the papacy. In the following
00:17:07
year, Joseeppe Garibaldi, who held
00:17:10
anti-atholic views and strongly opposed
00:17:13
the secular power of the pope, made a
00:17:15
doomed attempt to capture Rome. Emperor
00:17:18
Napoleon III of France had stationed a
00:17:21
military garrison in the city to ensure
00:17:23
its independence from Italy. Pope Pius I
00:17:27
9th excommunicated Garbaldi and King
00:17:29
Victor Emanuel II of Italy refused to
00:17:32
authorize or support his military leader
00:17:35
in seizing the religious center of
00:17:37
Catholicism. Despite all this, Gibbaldi
00:17:40
managed to rally 2,000 volunteers and
00:17:44
under the banner of Rome or death
00:17:47
marched toward Rome. Along the way, his
00:17:50
forces were intercepted by the Royal
00:17:52
Italian Army led by Alio Palvichini, who
00:17:56
defeated Garibaldi's army in the one-day
00:17:59
almost bloodless battle of
00:18:01
Aspraonte. The battle ended quickly
00:18:04
because Garibaldi had ordered his men
00:18:06
not to shoot at fellow Italians.
00:18:09
Gabbaldi himself was wounded and after a
00:18:12
major operation during his honorary
00:18:14
imprisonment was released by order of
00:18:16
the Italian government after recovering.
00:18:19
In 1865, due to its cultural, economic,
00:18:22
and political influence, as well as its
00:18:24
geographical location in the center of
00:18:26
the Italian peninsula, Florence became
00:18:29
the temporary capital of the Kingdom of
00:18:31
Italy, parallel to the process of the
00:18:34
unification of Italy. A prolonged
00:18:36
confrontation between the Prussian Hoen
00:18:39
and the Austrian Hapsburgs for the right
00:18:41
to unify Germany continued in central
00:18:43
Europe. You can learn more about this in
00:18:45
our episode on the unification of
00:18:47
Germany. The Austroprussian War directly
00:18:50
influenced the beginning of the Third
00:18:52
War of Italian independence. Under prior
00:18:56
secret agreements between Prussia and
00:18:58
Italy, this war began almost immediately
00:19:01
after the German one and forced the
00:19:03
Austrian Empire to fight on two fronts.
00:19:07
The Savoy dynasty had little success in
00:19:09
the confrontation with the Hapsburgs.
00:19:12
Despite having numerical superiority,
00:19:14
the Italians lost the battle of Kustoa.
00:19:18
Even so, their Prussian allies defeated
00:19:20
the Austrians in the famous battle of
00:19:22
Sodawa, which led to the defeat of the
00:19:24
Hapsburgs in both wars. As a result,
00:19:28
Italy gained the region of Venice with
00:19:30
the city of Venice. In 1867, Joseeppe
00:19:34
Garibaldi made another unsuccessful
00:19:37
attempt to capture Rome. He once again
00:19:40
expressed his anti-atholic and
00:19:42
anti-papal views, gathered about 7,000
00:19:45
volunteers, and marched towards the
00:19:48
eternal city. To the northeast of Rome,
00:19:51
near the town of Mantana, Gibbaldi's
00:19:54
Italian army was met by the combined
00:19:56
Francoal forces commanded by the German
00:19:59
general Herman Consler. In the Battle of
00:20:02
Mentana, the poorly armed volunteers
00:20:04
were defeated and their commander was
00:20:07
wounded in the leg. For a time, Joseeppe
00:20:10
Garibaldi was imprisoned by the Italian
00:20:12
government, but his influence, popular
00:20:15
love, and contributions to the homeland
00:20:18
paved the way for his release from
00:20:20
custody. The last significant event of
00:20:23
the resurgento was also linked to the
00:20:25
expansion of Prussia. During the
00:20:27
FrancoRussian War, the result of which
00:20:30
was the formation of the German Empire.
00:20:32
French troops were forced to leave Rome,
00:20:35
leaving the secular power of the Pope
00:20:37
defenseless.
00:20:39
Victor Emanuel II sent the vice governor
00:20:42
of Naples, Count Gustavo Pona de San
00:20:44
Martino to Rome with an offer of safe
00:20:47
passage for the Italian army into the
00:20:49
city with the personal permission of the
00:20:52
pope. Thus, the king of Italy proposed
00:20:54
to Pas 9th the opportunity to save face,
00:20:58
but the head of the Catholic Church
00:21:00
rejected the offer. I am neither a
00:21:03
prophet nor the son of a prophet, but I
00:21:05
tell you that you will never enter Rome.
00:21:09
In the spring of 1870, Italian forces
00:21:12
under the command of Rafael Kadora, the
00:21:14
father of Luigi Kadorna, who would later
00:21:17
become the chief of staff of the Royal
00:21:19
Army during World War I, marched on
00:21:22
Rome. After a brief siege, the forces of
00:21:25
the Kingdom of Italy, did what Joseeppe
00:21:27
Garbaldi had long dreamed of. They
00:21:30
captured the eternal city for the
00:21:32
Italian crown. The renowned military
00:21:35
leader himself was at the time actively
00:21:37
involved in the Franco-Russian War
00:21:40
fighting on the side of the French. Pope
00:21:43
Pius I 9th renounced all territories
00:21:46
outside the Vatican marking the
00:21:48
definitive end of the Papal States.
00:21:51
Still the Roman question remained
00:21:53
unresolved. The head of the Catholic
00:21:56
Church declared himself a prisoner of
00:21:58
the Vatican and refused to recognize the
00:22:01
authority of the Italian crown. The
00:22:04
Roman question lingered until 1929 when
00:22:08
under the direct involvement of Italy's
00:22:10
prime minister and fascist leader Benito
00:22:13
Mussolini, the Lateran Treaty was
00:22:15
signed, establishing the Vatican
00:22:17
city-state, the smallest independent
00:22:20
country in the world. Already in 1871,
00:22:24
the capital of Italy was officially
00:22:26
moved from Florence to Rome. Finally,
00:22:30
everything that had been proclaimed
00:22:31
during the creation of the Kingdom of
00:22:33
Italy became a historical reality. The
00:22:37
Resurimento came to an end with the
00:22:39
Kingdom of Sardinia and the House of
00:22:41
Savoy uniting a fragmented Italy under
00:22:44
one flag after centuries of division.
00:22:47
But some territories of the modern
00:22:49
Italian Republic were annexed to the
00:22:51
Kingdom of Italy much later when this
00:22:53
state as a member of the Anton military
00:22:56
alliance took part in the victory over
00:22:58
AustriaHungary in World War I. The
00:23:01
Hapsburg monarchy ceased to exist
00:23:04
transforming into several independent
00:23:06
states and Italy seized small
00:23:08
territories in the northeast of the
00:23:10
Aenine Peninsula. For this reason, some
00:23:13
historians consider the unification of
00:23:16
Italy to be a significantly more
00:23:17
extended process culminating in the
00:23:20
treaty of Rapollo with the Kingdom of
00:23:22
Serbs, Croats, and Slovines. One of the
00:23:25
countries that emerged from the
00:23:26
dissolved
00:23:28
AustriaHungary. Incidentally, this
00:23:30
perspective on the chronological
00:23:32
framework of Italy's unification is
00:23:34
represented in the central museum of the
00:23:36
Resurgimen in Rome.
