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the world of the ancient Mesopotamians
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was one that was filled with various
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invisible and supernatural creatures
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some of which were good but others that
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were definitely evil there were Gods
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ghosts witches and demons all of whom
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were seen as a natural part of everyday
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life in this region in ancient times
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indeed the existence of demons was
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basically taken for granted by the
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mesopotamus and there was never a
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question whether or not they existed but
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rather what should be done if you
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actually encountered one in fact there
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was quite a complex and developed
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demonology in this ancient civilization
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one that involved theories regarding the
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personalities of different demons how to
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interact with them and of course how to
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get rid of those that were causing
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trouble or malady so for this year's
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shocktober we're going to dive into the
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fascinating world of demons and ghosts
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and evil well supernatural creatures in
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ancient Mesopotamia
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foreign
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[Music]
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[Music]
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I am very excited to say that this is a
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big collaboration between four different
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creators here on YouTube I am working
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together with my friends Dr Justin
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Sledge from the channel esoterica Dr
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Angela Pucca from Angela's Symposium and
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Dr Dan atrell from the channel the
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modern hermeticist we will all be making
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videos and releasing them today on some
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related topics in terms of occultism I
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guess but also things like spirits and
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exorcisms I will tell you more about
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this collaboration at the end of the
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video but it is truly a blessing and
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such a privilege to be working with such
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amazing people that inspire me go check
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out their channels they're all amazing
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if you haven't already and and check out
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their videos which are going to be so so
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interesting
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now even though there were certainly
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many demons in ancient Mesopotamia it's
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important to remember that the modern
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idea of demon doesn't really correspond
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to the way that the Ancients conceived
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of these beings the idea of demons as an
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exclusively evil creature associated
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with the devil that is out to hurt or
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possess humans is one that very much
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develops with the writers of early
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Christianity
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ancient people in pre-christian times
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had a rather different conception of
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demons the word itself demon comes from
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the Greek term diamond and a diamond in
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ancient Greece was a much more
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ambivalent creature basically a diamond
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was a spiritual being that stood in
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between the gods and humans the gods
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were of course the highest beings in
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existence and US humans are lower
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physical creatures and in ancient
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writers such as Plato the diamonds fit
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right in between They Are Spiritual
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Beings that are more powerful than
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humans but not quite Gods as such they
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often acted as intermediaries between
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the two Realms and could serve as
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positive inspiration or as cause for
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trouble
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diamonds were neither good nor evil they
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were both good diamonds and evil
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diamonds so while the idea of evil
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diamonds did technically exist there was
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only one category of this elusive being
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and with us have a slightly more complex
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perspective here the situation in
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ancient Mesopotamia was basically the
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same demons could be both good or evil
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with different personalities it's not
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that any given demon was either good or
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bad definitively but they could do good
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or evil things their nature wasn't set
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in stone but had personalities and
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emotions just like other creatures
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obviously the mesopotamus didn't use the
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Greek word Diamond especially not in
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pre-hellenic times instead the Sumerian
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word udog or the equivalent Acadian
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utoku was used to refer roughly to our
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concept of demon today or rather the
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ancient Greek concept of demons as long
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as we understand that translating it as
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demon is a compromise and that we should
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keep in mind that this is referring to a
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much broader category of beings rather
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than the Christian evil creatures that
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we associate with the term today
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so what were these demons well the
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demons were everywhere and they were
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seen as the cause behind all kinds of
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different issues both personal and
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larger societal issues it was demons
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that caused illnesses both mental and
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physical it was demons that could cause
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Strife in general in society it could
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affect the crops in the fields demons
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that did Evil things which some evil
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some demons did was a problem to the
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ancient Mesopotamians and they were
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feared and they developed ways for
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humans to control and get rid of these
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creatures as we both see soon to
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understand more how they worked I think
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it's probably useful to take some
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particular examples so demons could be
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very ambiguous creatures that could take
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on different forms or no form at all but
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there are certain famous demon
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personalities that had certain
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characteristics and personalities and
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were associated with certain things one
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of the most famous of these demons was
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a frightening female demon that was
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primarily seen as a great danger to
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children and newborn babies indeed the
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thing she was most feared for was that
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she would stalk mothers and eat their
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babies either before or after birth in
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other words she is definitely a demon
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that represents the dangers of
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childbirth and the possibilities of
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miscarriage if a mother has a
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miscarriage the baby is stillborn or the
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mother doesn't survive the birth this is
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the work of La mashtu quite an
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unpleasant creature these frightening
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characteristics and features can also be
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seen from depictions of her as she's
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often portrayed with a lion's head and
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taloned hands clutching snakes and
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nursing a piglet the theme of motherhood
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is present here but in a kind of Twisted
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way
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the origins of this demon is uncertain
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but one of the names by which he is
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known is as the daughter of Anu Anu
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being the chief God in the Mesopotamian
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Pantheon in other words it seems like La
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Master originally came from the world of
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gods perhaps a goddess herself but that
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she somehow fell from that position to
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instead inhabit the world as an evil
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demon obviously this was the kind of
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demon that people wanted to get rid of
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and there were many techniques and
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rituals aimed at doing exactly this
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complex incantations that would drive
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her off connected to this another very
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famous and well-known demon in this
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context is Pazuzu indeed he is perhaps
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best remembered as the demon from the
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1973 movie The Exorcist in which he
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basically plays the role of the villain
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this is quite interesting because while
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Pazuzu certainly has a frightening
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appearance and some incantations do
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describe him as the king of the evil
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wind demons he was mostly used as a
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protective Spirit particularly against
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la mashtu
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Pazuzu really looks like a monster he
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has the head of a beast with long claws
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and four wings but the figure of this
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demon would be employed as protection
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his head would often be worn by pregnant
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women to keep La mashtu away from The
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Unborn Child and a statue of him could
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be kept in the house or used in rituals
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for the same reason quite the opposite
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of his role in The Exorcist in other
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words aside from these two prominent
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characters we also have other more
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ambiguous kinds of demons or creatures
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that roam the lands of Mesopotamia there
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was for example the so-called liliths or
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lilithu female spirits of women who died
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in childbirth that could roam around as
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well as these similar aradat Lily ghosts
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of young women who had died unmarried
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that now drifted with a wind from the
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hills and haunted men at night
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many have of course connected these
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liliths the etymology of which means
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something like a female spirit or demon
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with a figure of Lilith in the Bible
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sometimes conceived of as the first wife
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of Adam
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etymologically there's probably a
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connection and it's another example of
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the influence of Mesopotamian mythology
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on the books of the Bible again to
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protect themselves against all these
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malevolent forces the Mesopotamians used
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various techniques of what we could call
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Magic
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just like in the later Islamic World
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basically all magic or occult practices
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had a protective purpose it sought the
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help from God or Gods from Evil forces
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and their influence either to eradicate
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an already existing problem or to
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prevent something bad from happening to
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begin with
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there are examples of non-protective
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magic too though and the most famous and
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prominent example of this is the witch
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yes there were witches in ancient
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Mesopotamia too Dina constantopoulos
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writes that the witch is quote perhaps
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best rendered as malevolent magic user
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known as kasheptu and Acadian witches
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were evil Cosmic beings similar to
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Demons that used magic to do evil rather
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than for protective reasons they could
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hurt or curse people and could be both
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male and female even though the female
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version is definitely overrepresented in
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other words while magic could be used
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for good or evil the kasheptu or which
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represented the malevolent use of magic
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and something that one needed to be
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protected from so now that we have a
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kind of General overview of some of the
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creatures and evil spirits that roam the
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lands of ancient Mesopotamia what can we
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say about the actual practices used to
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ward off these forces I mentioned
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earlier that there existed various
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rituals and protective
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ways that one would counter these evil
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forces or get rid of them or at least
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control them in some way and this
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included fascinating things everything
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from incantations protective amulets
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exorcisms and various other juicy things
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it's definitely true that the
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Mesopotamians had developed systems that
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were called protective rituals indeed a
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lot of such Traditions that we find in
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other places later in history such as in
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the Greek magical papyri or in Egyptian
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and Roman magic may actually originate
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in places like Babylonia and Assyria we
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have long text written back then about
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how to protect oneself from witchcraft
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or demons and archaeological findings
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also gives us first-hand examples of
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what this could look like
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at the center of this tradition was a
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class of professional exorcists referred
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to as ashipu
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these were ritual Specialists that could
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do everything from divination herbal
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medicine and to exercise and banish evil
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demons
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a pretty important person in a society
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in which these forces were omnipresent
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the art ship who had a bunch of
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different tools and special knowledge
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with which he could accomplish this
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first and foremost when protection was
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sought from evil spirits or misfortunes
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this was done from the Gods Not the
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diamonds right but the actual Gods who
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ruled the world deities like enki Marduk
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or Ishtar in other words the ritual
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specialist would counter evil spirits by
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invoking the power up and seeking the
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help of the Gods and he would do so
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through spells incantations and magical
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objects such as amulets not only do some
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of these objects survive but we also
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have significant writings which attest
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to these practices and even sometimes
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give instructions there are very
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significant works such as the so-called
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Exorcist manual a compendium of
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everything that an aspiring professional
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needed to know in terms of esoteric
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knowledge incantations medical knowledge
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and generally how to perform rituals of
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exorcism works such as these are
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invaluable for our understanding of how
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the these magical practices worked in
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Antiquity on top of just being
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incredibly fascinating in themselves so
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say you were being bothered by a demonic
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Force perhaps your house was being
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haunted or a family member had
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mysteriously Fallen ill or you wanted to
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protect your baby from the child eating
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lamashtu in that case you could simply
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call an ashipu who would come and solve
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your problem he would and it is mostly
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he in these cases show up to your house
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and make an assessment of what needed to
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be done since ghosts and demons were
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such a taken for granted part of
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everyday life the vibe here is kind of
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similar to people today calling for a
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doctor to help with a medical problem
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got a demon problem just call your local
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ashipu and he will help you out and
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indeed in this culture the doctor was
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kind of the same person as The Exorcist
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since the ashipu could also have medical
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knowledge once the demon was identified
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or the ashibu knew what needed to be
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done he would get to work Gathering all
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the materials that were required for the
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ritual before it would commence we've
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already mentioned some of the details of
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the kinds of practices and material that
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would be used in these kinds of
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exorcistic rituals say for example that
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your troubles were caused by a ghost the
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spirit of a deceased human being
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this could happen for various reasons
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and the effects of the ghost would often
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be connected to the way they died
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if you have trouble breathing maybe
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that's a ghost who died by strangulation
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or by Drowning do you have a terrible
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fever maybe you're haunted by a ghost
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who died in a fire
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ghosts were again spirits of the Dead
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who had not quite moved on to the
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underworlds or in more Sinister examples
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might have been summoned by a
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necromancer the job of The Exorcist in
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these cases was to make sure the ghost
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could make its way to that underworld
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through reciting incantations and spells
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it's all kind of similar to the way that
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we conceive of ghosts today and the way
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that they are portrayed in movies and so
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on the ashipu as part of this ritual
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could chant incantations that included
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instructions like I implore you to
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return to your true Abode in the
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Underworld and then the ghost would
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hopefully listen to him for example now
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if your problems were rather caused by a
00:14:22
demon that was a more complicated matter
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demons are not deceased human beings but
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Immortal Spirits as we saw standing in
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between Gods and Men
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so unlike a witch or a ghost you
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couldn't get rid of a demon by killing
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it or destroying it this required more
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complicated rituals in the case of La
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Master the baby eating demon we
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discussed before there were several ways
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of getting rid of her
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usually The Exorcist would use a
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figurine of the Goddess herself which
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became like a kind of receptable or body
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for the actual demon the figurine could
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be placed next to the victim or in
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general kept in the House Then followed
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several days of ritual the figurine
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would be taken care of even perhaps fed
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and such things almost in way to show
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hospitality and get the demon on your
00:15:10
good side
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The Exorcist would throughout these days
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recite incantations and perform various
00:15:16
rituals
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all the effects of the rituals performed
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upon the figurine were transferred to
00:15:21
the demon herself so to say so the the
00:15:24
figure of this demon just like when you
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pray to a god in various polytheistic
00:15:29
religions were seen as the kind of as as
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embodying the demon and what you did to
00:15:34
the Statue of the figurine affected the
00:15:37
actual Spirit herself lastly then after
00:15:40
these days of rituals the figurine would
00:15:42
be taken away and buried outside the
00:15:45
city walls together with another
00:15:46
figurine of a black dog thus one had
00:15:49
banished lamashtu in the case of this
00:15:52
demon s we also often see the employment
00:15:54
of Pazuzu that other demon as a
00:15:57
protective force in these rituals in
00:15:59
connection to rituals like these or just
00:16:01
in themselves for preventive or
00:16:02
productive reasons The Exorcist could
00:16:04
also make amulets that would protect the
00:16:07
prison
00:16:07
amulets could look in different ways and
00:16:10
be made up of various materials and
00:16:12
their contents developed across the
00:16:14
history of Mesopotamia for the most part
00:16:16
amulets in Mesopotamia were so-called
00:16:18
unleathered or semi-lettered amulets in
00:16:21
other words they didn't necessarily have
00:16:23
anything written on them or inscribed on
00:16:25
them lettered amulets would appear later
00:16:27
in Egyptian and Roman contexts and
00:16:30
adopted a Mesopotamia through that but
00:16:32
in the earlier period this was usually
00:16:34
not the case an amulet could be a little
00:16:37
bag made of animal hire that contained
00:16:39
some sort of natural material like a
00:16:41
plant or something that was considered
00:16:43
protective or the object could be
00:16:45
infused with its protective Powers
00:16:47
through incantations vocally recited
00:16:49
over it by The Exorcist it could then be
00:16:52
worn around the neck or hung above the
00:16:54
door or bed of someone you wanted to
00:16:55
keep safe again in the case of La Master
00:16:58
we saw that one very popular amulet was
00:17:00
to wear a figurine of the head of the
00:17:02
demon Pazuzu who protected against her
00:17:05
evil Powers the Spells and incantation
00:17:07
used by The ashipur Exorcist could vary
00:17:11
also depending on the particular
00:17:12
circumstance or spirit that one worked
00:17:15
with but in most cases they take the
00:17:17
form of seeking help from the gods
00:17:19
praising them before asking for the
00:17:21
specific favor and ending with a promise
00:17:24
to fulfill if help is granted as I said
00:17:26
in later periods we also see the
00:17:28
prominence of written talismans where
00:17:30
images or spells will be written on an
00:17:32
object like a piece of parchment or
00:17:34
copper or stone and just the fact that
00:17:37
those words are written on it means it
00:17:39
has protective powers
00:17:40
a common spell could look like this
00:17:42
quote First there would be the word an
00:17:46
which means spell and then it would say
00:17:48
the actual spell like like this
00:17:50
daughter of Anu prominent one among the
00:17:53
gods in in most princely lady but also
00:17:57
binder Grievous asako demon ghost that
00:18:00
weighs heavily upon mankind so that
00:18:02
exalted La Master should not come close
00:18:04
to man may you be bound by the spell of
00:18:07
Heaven Bound by the spell of Earth
00:18:10
this kind of thing becomes incredibly
00:18:12
widespread in later periods we see a
00:18:15
very extravagant examples of this in the
00:18:17
so-called Babylonian incantation bowls
00:18:19
of late Antiquity these were often
00:18:21
conceived in a Jewish context but
00:18:23
functioned in the same way rabbinic or
00:18:25
Biblical verses could be written in
00:18:27
these bowls which then function to trap
00:18:30
evil demons it's fascinating stuff and
00:18:33
the later Islamic tradition and there
00:18:35
are called practices we see the exact
00:18:37
same things with quranic verses or names
00:18:39
of God in Arabic being employed as
00:18:42
talismans by simply writing them down on
00:18:44
different materials
00:18:46
some argue that many of these practices
00:18:48
have their origins in ancient
00:18:50
Mesopotamia as a third example maybe you
00:18:53
are being bothered by the malevolent
00:18:54
magic of witches or ashaptu this is a
00:18:58
little different from demons because
00:18:59
witches can be killed the ritual of
00:19:02
getting rid of a witch is somewhat
00:19:04
similar to a demon exorcism though the
00:19:06
ashipu would often make a figurine of
00:19:09
the witch and rituals performed on the
00:19:11
figurine would transfer to the actual
00:19:13
rich just like in the case with LA
00:19:15
Master for example
00:19:16
in a similar fashion incantations were
00:19:18
recited and then the figurine was often
00:19:21
burned in a fire so that the witch's
00:19:23
Spirit would rise like smoke to the
00:19:25
heavens and be punished by the gods and
00:19:28
even more mundane problems could be
00:19:30
solved with the help of these ritual
00:19:32
Specialists perhaps you got stung by a
00:19:34
scorpion a pretty serious thing in the
00:19:36
ancient Middle East one instruction
00:19:38
sounds like this quote a bundle of seven
00:19:41
Reeds to be used as a torch then the
00:19:44
Scorpion will be placed on the burning
00:19:46
torch until it is consumed during that
00:19:49
time one will recite Over The Sting the
00:19:51
prayer as follows and then there follows
00:19:53
a longer prayer which ends like this
00:19:55
then let the flowing water carry
00:19:58
everything away in its Eddies let the
00:20:00
current take it away and may a solitary
00:20:02
hand that of envel descend to rest on
00:20:05
its victim such is the formula to calm
00:20:08
the effects of the sting of a scorpion
00:20:10
indeed these are just a few examples of
00:20:13
the different ways that the ashipur the
00:20:15
ritual Specialist or Exorcist would help
00:20:17
people with various evil forces or
00:20:20
demons and spirits in ancient
00:20:22
Mesopotamia but as we saw this was an
00:20:25
accepted reality this was part of
00:20:27
everyday life for people and calling for
00:20:29
an exorcist was basically the same as us
00:20:31
calling for a doctor today the lands of
00:20:34
Babylon and Assyria of Sumer and akkad
00:20:37
were filled with spooky ghosts and
00:20:39
spirits and creatures which sometimes
00:20:42
could cause you illnesses or other
00:20:44
problems and the only way to get rid of
00:20:46
those problems was to call a ritual
00:20:49
specialist an ashipu or Exorcist that
00:20:52
could use his specialized knowledge and
00:20:55
the tools that he had at his disposal to
00:20:58
get rid of the issue some of this we
00:21:01
recognize very clearly from our modern
00:21:03
conception of these things from how
00:21:05
ghosts work to demons and exorcisms but
00:21:08
we should also be careful not to project
00:21:10
are modern ideas onto a context in
00:21:14
ancient times that was very different a
00:21:17
lot of these Concepts and ideas have a
00:21:20
different meaning to the ancient
00:21:21
Mesopotamians than they perhaps do to us
00:21:23
today but at the very least it remains a
00:21:26
fascinating tradition of occult practice
00:21:30
a fascinating tradition of ancient
00:21:32
religion that not only can tell us a lot
00:21:34
about the development of these kinds of
00:21:37
ideas all the way to modern times but
00:21:40
also of course fits perfectly into this
00:21:44
wonderful yearly tradition of shocktober
00:21:47
here on let's talk religion as I said in
00:21:50
the beginning this is a collaboration
00:21:51
with three other creators again Dr
00:21:55
Justin Sledge from esoterica who will be
00:21:58
making a video about the dibik the very
00:22:01
famous kind of possessing uh spirit of
00:22:04
Judaism and especially or particularly
00:22:08
he will be talking about the first case
00:22:10
of dybic exorcism in the I believe the
00:22:14
16th century and that's incredibly
00:22:17
fascinating and of course connected to
00:22:19
what we talk about here so I'll have
00:22:21
talked just now about ancient exorcism
00:22:24
the earliest examples of exorcistic
00:22:26
rituals in ancient Mesopotamia and
00:22:29
Justin will be talking about how that
00:22:31
tradition is also present to some degree
00:22:34
in Judaism with the case of the dybic so
00:22:37
check out that video Dr Angela puka from
00:22:40
Angela Symposium will be making a video
00:22:42
about ancestor worship again very
00:22:45
strongly connected to a lot of what
00:22:47
we've been talking about here today uh
00:22:50
incredibly interesting stuff so check
00:22:52
out that video and then a trail aka the
00:22:54
modern hermeticist will basically be
00:22:56
putting out a full audiobook of a 17th
00:22:59
century translation of the arbatel of
00:23:02
magic a fast knitting grimoire from the
00:23:05
16th century about ceremonial magic so
00:23:09
do not miss out on those incredibly
00:23:11
fascinating videos by some amazingly
00:23:14
talented creators and friends and
00:23:17
amazing human beings go to their
00:23:19
channels there will be links in the
00:23:21
description to all of that stuff to
00:23:23
their videos and to their channels go
00:23:25
watch the videos go subscribe to their
00:23:27
channels you will not regret it it is
00:23:29
truly some really awesome
00:23:31
content here on YouTube I hope this
00:23:34
video was a good introduction to some of
00:23:36
the earliest examples of magic some of
00:23:40
the earliest examples of occult
00:23:41
practices and in particular exorcisms
00:23:44
and demons in ancient Mesopotamia this
00:23:47
is such a interesting topic to to
00:23:50
research and talk about I just love
00:23:52
doing this stuff and especially on a
00:23:55
October evening like this look forward
00:23:59
to more episodes in this year's October
00:24:02
next week we are talk talking about the
00:24:05
Sham Selma Arif the most famous and I
00:24:08
should say Infamous book of
00:24:11
occult
00:24:13
practices in the history of the Islamic
00:24:16
and arabic speaking world so I will see
00:24:19
you then
