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hey there internet explorers and digital
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dreamers ready to unravel the mysteries
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of the online World welcome to network
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Nutters where Wi-Fi is life and
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buffering is the enemy ever wondered how
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your cat videos travel across the globe
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faster than you can say
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viral or why your Wi-Fi decides to take
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a coffee break just when you're about to
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win that online game well you're in for
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a treat in the next few minutes we're
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going to zoom through the wild world of
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computer networking from IP addresses to
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The Internet of Things we'll decode the
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digital magic that keeps our modern
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world spinning but before we dive in
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don't forget to hit that subscribe
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button trust me your future techsavvy
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self will thank you plus it helps us
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reach more curious minds like yours
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ready to get this show on the
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information Super Highway let's
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go that was a fun start wasn't it now
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let's get to the serious stuff Welcome
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to our journey through the world of
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computer networks in this slide we'll
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explore the basics of what networks are
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and why they're important computer
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networks are systems that allow
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computers to share information and
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resources think of them like a group of
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friends passing notes to each other
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networks come in various sizes from
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small home networks to the vast internet
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that spans the globe we use networks
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every day without realizing it when you
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send an email browse a website or stream
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a video you're using a network networks
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make our Digital World possible possible
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connecting devices and people across
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vast distances there are different types
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of networks each serving a specific
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purpose local area networks lands
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connect devices in a small area like
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your home or office wide area networks
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WS connect devices across larger
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distances even between countries now
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that we understand what networks are
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let's dive deeper into how they're
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structured in our previous slide we
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learned what networks are now let's
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explore how they're organized using
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network models Network models are like
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blueprints that show how different parts
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of a network work together they help us
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understand the complex process of data
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transmission by breaking it down into
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simpler steps or layers there are two
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main Network models The OSI open systems
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interconnection model and the TCP IP
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model the OSI model has seven layers
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while the TCP IP model has four each
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layer in these models represents a
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specific function in the data
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transmission process think of these
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layers like an assembly line in a
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factory each station or layer has a
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specific job to do before passing the
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product or data to the next station this
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organized approach helps in designing
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troubleshooting and understanding
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networks The OSI model's seven layers
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are physical data link Network transport
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session presentation and application the
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TCP IP model simplifies this into four
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layers network interface internet
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transport and
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application understanding these models
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is crucial for anyone working with
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networks now let's start our journey
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through these layers beginning with the
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physical
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layer we've just learned about Network
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models now let's zoom in on the
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foundation of all network communication
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the physical layer the physical layer is
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the first layer in the OSI model it
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deals with the actual physical
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connection between devices this is where
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electrical pulses light signals or radio
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waves come into play when you plug an
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ethernet cable into your computer or
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connect to Wi-Fi you're interacting with
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the physical layer it's responsible for
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transmitting raw bits ones and zeros
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from one device to another over a
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physical medium this layer defines
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specifications for cables network
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interface cards and wireless
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Technologies it handles aspects like
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voltage levels data rates maximum
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transmission distances and physical
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connectors the physical layer doesn't
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understand the meaning of the data it
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transmits its job is simply to get the
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raw data from one point to another
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reliably it's like a delivery truck that
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doesn't care what's in the packages it
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carries key Technologies at this layer
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include ethernet Wi-Fi Bluetooth and
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fiber optics each of these has its own
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set of standards for how data should be
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physically transmitted now that we
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understand how data is physically
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transmitted let's move up to the next
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layer to see how this raw data is
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organized and checked for
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errors we've seen how the physical layer
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transmits raw data now let's explore how
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the data link layer organizes and checks
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this data the data link layer is the
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second layer in the OSI model its main
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job is to make sure data is delivered
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reliably between two directly connected
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devices it's like a careful postal
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worker who ensures Packaging are
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correctly addressed and undamaged this
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layer takes the raw bits from the
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physical layer and organizes them into
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larger units called frames each frame
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typically includes the senders and
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receivers physical addresses Mac
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addresses the data itself and error
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checking information one of the key
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functions of the data link layer is
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error detection and correction it checks
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if data has been corrupted during
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transmission and can often correct minor
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errors or request retransmission if
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necessary the data link layer also
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handles flow control ensuring that a
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fast sender doesn't overwhelm a slow
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receiver with too much data at once it's
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like making sure you don't talk too fast
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for your listener to understand common
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protocols at this layer include ethernet
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for Wired networks and Wi-Fi for
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wireless networks these protocols Define
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how devices should format data and take
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turns using the network with data now
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organized into frames and checked for
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errors we're ready to move up to the
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network layer where we'll learn how how
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data Finds Its way through complex
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networks we've seen how the data link
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layer organizes data into frames now
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let's explore how the network layer
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helps these frames find their way across
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complex networks the network layer is
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the third layer in the OSI model its
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primary function is routing determining
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the best path for data to travel from
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its source to its destination it's like
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a GPS system for your data packets at
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this layer each device is assigned a
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unique unque logical address known as an
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IP address these addresses are crucial
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for routing data across different
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networks when you send data to a website
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it's the IP address that helps your data
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find its way there the network layer
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breaks data into smaller units called
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packets each packet contains not just
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the data but also the source and
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destination IP addresses this allows
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each packet to be routed independently
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potentially taking different paths to
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reach the same destination a key device
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at this layer is the router routers use
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complex algorithms to determine the best
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path for each packet based on factors
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like Network congestion and connection
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speeds the most common protocol at this
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layer is IP Internet Protocol there are
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two versions in use ipv4 and IPv6 IPv6
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was developed to address the shortage of
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available ipv4 addresses as more devices
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connect to the internet with our data
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now packaged in address for its Journey
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let's move up to the transport layer to
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see how it ensures our data arrives
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intact and in the right
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order we've learned how the network
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layer routes our data now let's see how
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the transport layer ensures this data
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arrives correctly and in order the
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transport layer is the fourth layer of
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the OSI model its main job is to provide
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reliable data transfer services to the
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upper layers think of it as a shipping
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company that handles the logistics of
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your data delivery this layer breaks
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large me messages into smaller segments
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which are easier to transmit and manage
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it also handles reassembly of these
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segments at the destination ensuring
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they're put back together in the correct
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order there are two main protocols at
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this layer TCP transmission control
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protocol and UDP user datagram protocol
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TCP is like sending a package with
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tracking and delivery confirmation it's
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reliable but slower UDP is like regular
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mail faster but with no guarantees TCP
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provides features like error checking
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acknowledgement of received data and
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retransmission of lost data it's used
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for applications where accuracy is
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crucial like web browsing or file
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transfers UDP on the other hand is
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simpler and faster but less reliable
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it's used for applications where speed
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is more important than perfect accuracy
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like online gaming or streaming video
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the transport layer also handles flow
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control ensuring that a fast sender
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doesn't overwhelm a slow receiver with
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too much data at once it's like making
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sure a conversation is at a pace both
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parties can handle with our data now
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segmented ordered and ready for reliable
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transmission let's move up to the
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application layer to see how our
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everyday apps interact with the
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network we've seen how lower layers
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handle the nitty-gritty of data
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transmission now let's explore the
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application layer where our everyday
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apps interact with the network the
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application layer is the topmost layer
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in both the OSI and TCP IP models it's
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the layer closest to the end user
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providing Network Services directly to
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Applications think of it as the user
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interface of our networking system this
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layer defines protocols and rules for
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how applications should communicate
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common protocols include HTTP for web
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browsing SMTP for sending emails FTP for
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file transfers and DNS for translating
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domain names to IP addresses when you
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open a web browser browser and type in a
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URL you're interacting with the
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application layer it takes your request
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formats it according to the HTTP
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protocol and sends it down through the
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other layers for transmission the
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application layer also handles things
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like data formatting encryption and
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session management for example when you
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log into a website the application layer
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manages your session to keep you logged
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in as you navigate different pages it's
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important to note that the application
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layer in the network model is not the
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same as as the applications themselves
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rather it provides services that
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applications can use to access the
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network some other important protocols
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at this layer include SSH for secure
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remote access DHCP for automatic IP
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address assignment and pop 3 and iMap
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for receiving emails now that we
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understand how data moves through the
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network layers let's take a closer look
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at how devices are identified on a
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network with IP
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addressing we've explored the layers of
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network communication now let's focus on
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how devices are identified on a network
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using IP addressing IP Internet Protocol
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addresses are unique identifiers
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assigned to each device on a network
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they work like postal addresses for
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computers ensuring data reaches its
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intended destination there are two
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versions of Ip in use today ipv4 and
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IPv6 ipv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers
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usually written as four numbers
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separated by dots like 1 192 168 uh 1
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IPv6 addresses are 128 bit numbers
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written in hexad decimal like example
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given in the slide ipv4 is still widely
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used but with the growing number of
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Internet connected devices we're running
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out of available addresses that's why
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IPv6 was developed offering a vastly
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larger address space IP addresses can be
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static permanently assigned or dynamic
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temporarily assigned by a DHCP server
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most home devices use Dynamic IP
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addresses while servers often use static
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IPS IP addresses are divided into
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classes a b CDE based on their first few
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bits this classification helps an
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efficient routing and address allocation
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there are also special types of IP
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addresses private IP addresses are used
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within local networks and can't be
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accessed directly from the internet
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public IP addresses are global unique
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and used for internet facing devices
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understanding IP addressing is crucial
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for network configuration and
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troubleshooting it's the foundation of
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how devices find each other on the vast
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Network that is the internet now that we
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know how devices are addressed let's
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look at how large networks are divided
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into smaller manageable Parts through
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subnetting we've learned about IP
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addressing now let's explore how large
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networks are divided into smaller
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manageable Parts through subnetting
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subnetting is the practice of dividing a
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large Network into smaller subnetworks
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or subnets it's like dividing a large
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office building into smaller departments
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for better organization and management
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the main reasons for subnetting include
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improved Network performance enhanced
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security and more efficient use of IP
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addresses by creating smaller Network
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segments we can reduce traffic
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congestion and isolate potential
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security threats subnetting works by
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borrowing bits from the host portion of
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an IP address to create additional
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Network bits this is done using a subnet
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mask which determines which part of an
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IP address identifies the network and
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which part identifies the host Network
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administrators use subnetting to
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optimize Network design improve security
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by segregating sensitive parts of the
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network and make more efficient use of
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limited IP address space understanding
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subnetting is crucial for anyone working
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with networks especially when configur
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ing routers and Planning Network
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expansions now that we've seen how
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networks are divided let's explore how
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data Finds Its way through these complex
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Network structures through
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routing we've learned about subnetting
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now let's explore how data navigates
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through these complex Network structures
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through routing routing is the process
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of selecting paths for data to travel
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across a network it's like a GPS system
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for your data packets guiding them from
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their source to their destination
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through the most efficient path at the
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heart of routing are devices called
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routers routers are like traffic cops at
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intersections directing data packets
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based on their destination IP addresses
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they maintain routing tables that list
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available paths to different network
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destinations there are two main types of
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routing static and dynamic static
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routing involves manually configuring
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routes which is suitable for small
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unchanging networks Dynamic routing on
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the other hand allows routers to aut
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automatically adjust to network changes
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Dynamic routing protocols like rip
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routing information protocol OPF open
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shortest path first and bgp Border
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Gateway protocol allow routers to share
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information about Network topology and
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select the best routes routers make
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routing decisions based on various
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factors including the number of hops
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intermediate devices to the destination
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line speed and network congestion the
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goal is to find the most efficient path
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which isn't always the most direct one
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internet routing is particularly complex
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involving multiple autonomous systems as
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networks under a single Administration
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bgp is used for routing between these
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systems forming the backbone of internet
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communication understanding routing is
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crucial for Network design and
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troubleshooting it's what makes it
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possible for data to find its way across
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the vast interconnected landscape of the
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internet now that we know how data is
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routed it let's look at how it's managed
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within local networks through switching
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and
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vs we've explored how routing guides
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data across networks now let's focus on
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how data is managed within local
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networks through switching and vs
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switches are crucial devices in local
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area networks lands unlike hubs that
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broadcast data to all connected devices
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switches intelligently direct data only
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to its intended destination they do this
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by learning and maintaining a table of
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Mac addresses associated with each of
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their ports when a switch receives a
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data frame it looks at the destination
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Mac address and forwards the frame only
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to the port where that device is
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connected this reduces Network traffic
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and improves overall Network performance
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switches operate at the data link layer
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of the OSI model making forwarding
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decisions based on Mac addresses rather
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than IP addresses this makes them faster
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and more efficient for local network
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traffic than routers lanss or virtual
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local area networks are a way to
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logically segment a network without
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changing its physical structure they
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allow Network administrators to group
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devices together as if they were on
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separate physical networks even if
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they're connected to the same switch V
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offer several benefits improved security
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by isolating sensitive parts of the
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network better performance by reducing
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unnecessary traffic between Network
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segments more flexible Network design as
00:17:28
devices can be grouped logically rather
00:17:30
than by physical location switches that
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support vs can tag frames with vaan IDs
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allowing them to keep traffic from
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different vs separate even when it's
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traveling over the same physical links
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understanding switching in vs is crucial
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for Designing efficient and secure local
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networks they form the backbone of most
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Enterprise Network infrastructures now
00:17:52
that we've covered wired networking
00:17:54
Concepts let's move on to explore the
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World of Wireless networking
00:18:00
we've discussed wired networking now
00:18:03
let's explore Wireless networking which
00:18:05
has revolutionized how we connect
00:18:06
devices Wireless networking allows
00:18:09
devices to communicate without physical
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cable connections the most common form
00:18:14
is Wi-Fi which uses radio waves to
00:18:16
transmit data Wi-Fi operates on 2.4 GHz
00:18:20
and 5 GHz frequency bands standards like
00:18:24
802.11n 802.11 AC and Wi-Fi defined
00:18:29
speeds and features other Wireless
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Technologies include Bluetooth for
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short- range communication and cellular
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networks 3G 4G 5G for mobile devices
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security is crucial in wireless networks
00:18:43
with protocols like WPA2 wpa3 encrypting
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data to prevent unauthorized access now
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let's explore how we keep these networks
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safe with network
00:18:55
security as we've explored networking
00:18:58
it's crucial to discuss how we keep
00:18:59
these networks safe network security
00:19:02
protects the Integrity confidentiality
00:19:05
and accessibility of computer networks
00:19:07
and data key security measures include
00:19:11
firewalls Monitor and control Network
00:19:13
traffic encryption scrambles data for
00:19:16
secure transmission virtual private
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networks vpns create secure connections
00:19:22
over public networks intrusion detection
00:19:25
SL prevention systems monitor for and
00:19:28
block suspicious activity regular
00:19:30
security audits software updates and
00:19:33
user education are also crucial
00:19:35
components as threats evolve network
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security remains an everchanging field
00:19:41
now let's explore how we Translate
00:19:43
website names into IP addresses with
00:19:47
DNS we've learned about securing
00:19:49
networks now let's explore the domain
00:19:52
name system DNS DNS translates human
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readable domain names like ww w.
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example.com into IP addresses that
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computers use the DNS system is
00:20:05
hierarchical with root servers at the
00:20:07
top followed by top level domain servers
00:20:10
doc.org Etc then authoritative name
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servers for specific domains when you
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type a URL your computer checks its
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local DNS cache then queries a DNS
00:20:21
resolver if needed DNS uses various
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record types including a records ipv4
00:20:27
four times a records IP TV6 and MX
00:20:30
records mail servers now let's see how
00:20:33
multiple devices can share a single
00:20:35
public IP address through
00:20:38
Nat Network address translation or Nat
00:20:42
is a crucial technology that allows
00:20:44
multiple devices to share a single
00:20:46
public IP address it works by modifying
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Network address information in the IP
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header of packets as they pass through a
00:20:53
router there are different types of nat
00:20:56
including static Nat which Maps private
00:20:58
private IPS to public IPS 1:1 Dynamic n
00:21:02
which uses a pool of public IPS and port
00:21:05
address translation which Maps multiple
00:21:07
private IPS to a single public IP using
00:21:10
different ports net not only helps
00:21:12
conserve ipv4 addresses but also adds a
00:21:15
layer of security by hiding internal
00:21:17
Network details this technology has been
00:21:20
instrumental in extending the lifespan
00:21:22
of ipv for
00:21:25
addressing now let's explore how Network
00:21:28
prior PR ize different types of traffic
00:21:30
with quality of service quality of
00:21:32
service or qos is a set of technologies
00:21:35
that work to manage Network traffic and
00:21:37
ensure Optimal Performance for critical
00:21:40
applications it becomes especially
00:21:42
important when network capacity is
00:21:44
limited qos looks at several key
00:21:46
parameters including bandwidth the
00:21:48
maximum rate of data transfer latency
00:21:51
the delay before data transfer begins
00:21:54
Jitter variation in packet delay and
00:21:56
packet loss data that fails to reach its
00:21:59
destination Network administrators use
00:22:01
various qos techniques such as traffic
00:22:04
shaping packet scheduling and congestion
00:22:06
management to prioritize certain types
00:22:08
of data over others for instance in a
00:22:11
corporate Network video conferencing
00:22:13
data might be given priority over file
00:22:15
downloads to ensure smooth communication
00:22:18
qos is crucial for applications like
00:22:21
online gaming or streaming services that
00:22:23
require consistent Network
00:22:27
performance now let's look at how
00:22:29
networking extends Beyond physical
00:22:31
infrastructure with Cloud networking
00:22:33
Cloud networking represents a shift in
00:22:35
how we think about an Implement network
00:22:37
resources instead of owning and
00:22:39
maintaining physical Network
00:22:41
infrastructure organizations can now
00:22:43
host some or all of their Network
00:22:45
capabilities in Cloud platforms this
00:22:47
approach offers several service models
00:22:50
including infrastructure as a service
00:22:52
platform as a service and software as a
00:22:54
service Cloud networking brings benefits
00:22:57
like scalability allowing easy
00:22:59
adjustment of resources as needs change
00:23:02
cost Effectiveness through pay as youo
00:23:03
models and reduced maintenance as the
00:23:06
cloud provider handles much of the
00:23:07
upkeep key Concepts in Cloud networking
00:23:10
include virtualization where physical
00:23:12
resources are abstracted into virtual
00:23:14
ones softwar defin networking for more
00:23:17
flexible Network control and network
00:23:19
function virtualization which turns
00:23:22
Network functions into software that can
00:23:24
run on standard
00:23:27
Hardware now let's let's explore how
00:23:29
everyday objects are becoming part of
00:23:31
networks in The Internet of Things The
00:23:33
Internet of Things or iot represents a
00:23:36
significant expansion of networking
00:23:38
Concepts to everyday objects iot refers
00:23:41
to the network of physical devices
00:23:43
embedded with electronics software and
00:23:45
network connectivity allowing them to
00:23:48
collect and exchange data these can
00:23:50
range from simple sensors to complex
00:23:52
machines including items like smart home
00:23:54
devices wearable fitness trackers or
00:23:57
connected cars iot networks face unique
00:24:00
challenges including managing power
00:24:02
consumption for battery operated devices
00:24:05
ensuring security across billions of
00:24:07
connected devices and maintaining
00:24:09
interoperability between devices from
00:24:11
different manufacturers to address these
00:24:14
challenges specialized protocols like
00:24:16
mqtt and coap have been developed the
00:24:19
iot is driving Innovation across various
00:24:21
fields from Smart cities and agriculture
00:24:24
to healthcare and Manufacturing opening
00:24:26
up new possibilities for data collection
00:24:29
and Analysis if you are able to master
00:24:31
Cloud networking or iot you are most
00:24:34
likely to earn significantly more as
00:24:35
these are specialized Fields with very
00:24:37
few professionals and there is huge
00:24:39
demand in the
00:24:41
market now let's look at how we solve
00:24:44
problems when things go wrong with
00:24:45
network troubleshooting Network
00:24:47
troubleshooting is the process of
00:24:49
identifying locating and resolving
00:24:51
problems within a network it's a
00:24:53
critical skill for Network
00:24:55
administrators and involves a systematic
00:24:57
approach to problem solving common tools
00:25:00
used in troubleshooting include ping for
00:25:02
testing connectivity Trace rot for
00:25:04
showing the path data takes through the
00:25:06
network net stat for displaying network
00:25:08
connections and wire shark for detailed
00:25:10
analysis of network traffic the
00:25:12
troubleshooting process typically
00:25:14
involves steps like identifying the
00:25:16
problem establishing and testing
00:25:18
theories about the cause implementing
00:25:20
Solutions and documenting the process
00:25:23
for future reference as networks become
00:25:25
more complex automated troubleshooting
00:25:28
tools tools employing artificial
00:25:29
intelligence and machine learning are
00:25:31
becoming increasingly common helping to
00:25:33
predict and prevent issues before they
00:25:35
cause significant
00:25:39
disruptions finally let's look towards
00:25:41
the future and explore emerging Trends
00:25:43
in networking the field of networking is
00:25:46
continuously evolving with several
00:25:48
exciting Trends shaping its future the
00:25:51
roll out of 5G networks promises faster
00:25:53
speeds and lower latency Paving the way
00:25:56
for new applications in areas like a
00:25:58
autonomous vehicles and augmented
00:26:00
reality Network Automation and
00:26:02
artificial intelligence are making
00:26:04
networks more self-managing and
00:26:06
efficient intent-based networking is
00:26:08
emerging as a new paradigm where
00:26:10
networks can configure themselves based
00:26:12
on the desired outcomes specified by
00:26:15
administrators Edge Computing is gaining
00:26:17
prominence bringing data processing
00:26:19
closer to where it's generated to reduce
00:26:21
latency and bandwidth use Technologies
00:26:24
like Network function virtualization and
00:26:26
softwar defined networking are making
00:26:29
networks more flexible and easier to
00:26:31
manage looking further ahead Quantum
00:26:34
networking holds the promise of ultra
00:26:36
secure communication as our world
00:26:38
becomes increasingly connected these
00:26:40
networking technologies will play a
00:26:42
crucial role in shaping our digital
00:26:44
future enabling new Innovations and
00:26:46
transforming how we interact with the
00:26:48
world around us this concludes our
00:26:50
journey through the basics of computer
00:26:52
networking remember this field is vast
00:26:55
and constantly evolving so keep learning
00:26:58
and and exploring and don't forget to
00:27:00
like share and subscribe
