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hi guys
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today we are going to have an
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interesting topic it's going to be an
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exciting one
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many of you have requested for that so
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let's start
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today i'm going to tell you some tips
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and tricks about how you can ace an
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interview how you can stand out from the
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crowd how how you can be unique
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um now why it's important um of course
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any everyone wants to get a job right uh
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everyone wants to do good in the
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interviews so
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i have been taking interviews for over
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the last 10 years i've taken more than
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100 interviews
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so i can tell you what an interviewer is
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looking for and
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how
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you can stand out from the crowd and how
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you can make sure that you are the
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eligible one for the for that position
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now
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uh what i have seen is that there are
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many uh
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videos there are many sessions there are
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many there's a lot of documentation
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about uh interview questions but most of
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them they will show you the interview
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questions but not the answers even if
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they have the answers they will not
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really show you the
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the answers that will really make you
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stand out so you will see answers that
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are the generic description or
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definition of the of the event or of the
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the question
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at hand but you won't really see
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something that will
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make you
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you know the one that will make sure
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that the interviewer thinks that this is
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the guy i'm looking for so what i'm
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doing gonna do today is that i'm gonna
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tell you
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the top questions
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that you should be having in nearly all
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the interviews um when you go for an
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interview and i will tell you how you
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can answer in such a way that
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your answer will be the most unique one
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and it should be it will have the most
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uh technical depth to it so so let's
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start let's start i think if we can
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start with it uh you can get an idea
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what i'm talking about
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for instance
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there would always be a question about
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an lte kpi
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either accessibility or call drop rate
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so
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most of the time i've seen that the call
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drop rate is uh one of the the most
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important questions and one of the most
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uh go-to questions for interviewers
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because this question really can tell
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you uh you about the about the person
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about his optimization skills
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so if the interviewer asks you how to
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optimize lte call drop rate so what's
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the most easiest answer that many people
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give you many people reply in a very
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simple way that you need to improve
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radio quality and
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you need to improve handover success
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rate and things like that but what we
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what we really want to see is the depth
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of the knowledge and where that where
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you can show that is that you can
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actually tell the interviewer that there
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can be multiple causes which can cause a
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drop and then you can tell first three
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or four causes and then there are
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corresponding possible actions and
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optimization actions that you can take
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to reduce the impact of that specific
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cause
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so let's take an example for instance so
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you can tell that there can be if you
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they can be one of the cause that a
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major cause that causes the drops in lte
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is the rlcd transmission so it can be
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downlink it can be uplinked if it is
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downlink rlcd transmission it is a radio
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induced drop and you can improve it by
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improving downlink radio quality or you
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can also reduce the impact of this drop
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by increasing the downlink rlcd
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transmission count
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if you have an uplink rlcd transmission
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drop that usually is packed under mme
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this is another important difference you
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need to understand that
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you need to show that to the interviewer
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that you understand that
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the e note b initiated drops and the mme
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initiated drops are different and you
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understand that the mme initiated drops
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are actually most of the time the uplink
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drops which the enob is not aware of now
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i have explained this in detail in my
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lte call drop video so if you want to
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refer to that you can
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i don't want to go into those details
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over here but the point to understand is
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that this downlink rlcd transition drop
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this falls in tender radio while the
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uplink rs3 transmission drops usually
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fall under mme and to improve that you
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can increase the uplink rlc retransmit
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count as well
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similarly we have out of sync drops so
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if you have out of sync drops in the
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network again if you improve downlink
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radio quality they will improve but you
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can also reduce their impact and already
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improve the kpi by increasing the n310
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and t310 values so that is something
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that you know the interviewer will know
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that for each kind of drop you know that
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not just the drawing radio quality or
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uploading radio quality you know
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something else as well because when
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you're optimizing it's difficult to go
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and do radio quality optimization in
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detail but you need to know the tips and
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tricks like these ones which are quick
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ones that you can do n310 and t310 timer
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values to improve the this kind of drop
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rate
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another one is the hand over execution
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drops so if you have handover failures
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and they are causing drops then what you
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can do is that you can go and check at
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neighbor levels
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and check which if there is let's say
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one or two neighbors which are the cause
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of this drops you can blacklist those
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top neighbors
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but if
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it is being caused
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due to a neighbor being very far away
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then you can just increase the cell
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range of that neighbor and that should
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also solve the issue
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if you have no response drops this is a
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kind of drop where the e note b has sent
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an rrc message rrc command but the ue
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does not respond back with the rrc
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reconfiguration complete for instance in
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this case you will have a drop you can
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check if the rfc signaling response
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timer is very low you can increase that
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or you can take a cell trace and then
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identify if it is being caused by a
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specific rfcv configuration message or a
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specific user type so
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these are the kind of things that you
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need to show to the interviewer that you
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know
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much more in detail and you have much
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more depth when in comparison to other
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candidates
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let's take another example another very
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common question is can you explain the
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lte handover events
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now
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mostly the
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candidates just will tell you definition
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of each even a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 and these
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are the definitions
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this is not the wrong answer answer is
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correct but what makes you stand out
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what makes you stand out would be that
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if you also explain this with an example
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so for instance you can say that
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a3 start with a3 if i use an intra
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frequency handover i use a3 event and a3
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means that the target cell has to be
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better by an offset so it means that if
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my rsrp is -100 and target rsrp is minus
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96 if a3 is 4 db then i will do an intra
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frequency handover
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a3 can also be used for inter frequency
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handling but mostly for inter frequency
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we use this a4 or a5
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now
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a1 a2 a4 a5 they come into play together
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a2 is used that if
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i go below and the a2 threshold i will
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start to measure other inter frequency
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cells
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so let's take an example that a2 is
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minus 110
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so if i go below minus 110 i will start
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looking for other inter frequency cells
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where which should where i can hand over
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so
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that means i need a threshold that to
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find out if the other interfrequency
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cell is good that is where the event a4
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comes into play so if event a4 is minus
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106
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that means if my own rsrp is below 100
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minus 110 and the target cell
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which is the inter frequency cell has an
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rsrp of minus 106 and or higher
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force in minus 105 then i should do an
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inter frequency handover
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similarly if i don't use a4 and i use a5
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a5 has two thresholds
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threshold one and threshold two
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threshold one is that the user needs to
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be below threshold one on the serving
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cell
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and the target cell should be above
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threshold 2 to do a a5 handover so again
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if my rsrp is minus 111
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so i am below threshold 1 of my 110
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and the target cell has rsrp of my 105
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which is above this threshold 2 so i
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will have an a5 handover
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similarly if i am below
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a2 but
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none of the a4 or a5 thresholds are met
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and the user goes back
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in good radio conditions then i need to
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stop measurements because measurements
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they take away lots of resources and
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they impact the user's
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throughput and also battery life as well
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so that is why we have a1 so if i go
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above minus 108 let's say this is if
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that's my a1 or minus 108
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if i go above that then it would mean
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that i should stop all measurements that
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is what the a1
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is used for you really so um again
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this is not the only answer of course
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you can think of better answers as well
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but this is how i visualize that if we
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answer in this way we have told the
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interviewer that not only do i know the
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definitions i can quickly make a
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mobility strategy as well right on
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uh on the go right so if you give these
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examples these values you what you have
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done is that you have made a mobility
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strategy right on the spot so this shows
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that uh you your depth your technical
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depth your technical experience is much
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more complex is much higher comparison
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to in comparison to other candidates
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so another one which is nearly there in
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all the lte interviews is the lte pci
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planning rules now again
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normally people just list the rules
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which is you don't use same pci in the
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same geographical location pci mod 3 pcm
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or 30 but
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what's important is to understand the
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basis behind that and the impact of each
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rule if you violate this rule how much
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of an impact will there be
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so for instance
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you talk about the same pci rule you
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tell the user that it the interviewer
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that you should not use the same pci
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within the geographical location but or
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within the vicinity of the cell but you
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need to tell what is this vicinity
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so
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the best scenario would be that every
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cell has a cell radius or cell range so
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you should ensure that the same pci
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comes into play comes is being reused
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after two times the cell radius but that
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is not really not possible in dense
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urban areas in the cities because there
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are too many sites so in that case what
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you can do is that you can
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make sure that
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it should not be there within the
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neighbors so that we do not have pci
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confusion and pci collision if you if
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that is the minimum that's the minimum
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you can do but if you have pci confusion
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then you have a poor hand over success
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rates so
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that is uh then you can use this kind of
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criteria uh to use it to identify the
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geographical location where the pca
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should not be reused
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then comes the pci mod 3.
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now why is it important because the pci
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tells you the location of the lte
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reference signals
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and for for a 2tx or 4tx system
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every third pci has the same reference
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signal location
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that means that the reference signals
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will collide with each other
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they will
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they will have interference with each
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other if we use pci mod 3
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in the areas where the cells are
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overlapping
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similarly if you have one tx size
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then the pci
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every six pci overlaps so in that case
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the pcm mod 6 rule applies
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and the pci mod 30 that is used for
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uplink so every 30th pci it has the same
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reference signals for uplink same
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sequence is used so that means that you
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will have higher interference for uplink
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uh or you can say that if the e note b
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will have more difficulty in decoding
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the uplink if you have a pcm mod 30
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being used uh within the within the same
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cells within the adjacent self
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so that is uh what each pci rule
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actually implies so you if you tell this
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in this detail then
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the interviewer will know that not only
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do you know the rules you also know the
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impact of these rules and you know the
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basis behind them so that is something
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that is
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going to make sure that you stand out
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again
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another one that is there in
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it can be in different flavors you can
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ah you can the interior can ask you
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about the lte network entry call flow
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lte attach call flow network entry steps
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accessibility call flow but uh more or
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less this is there in nearly all
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the interviews now
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usually people start from the rrc
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connection request which is over here
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but what i prefer
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is that if the user starts from the
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scratch with the pss because this if you
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start from here and you move all the way
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towards the
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edap setup this shows that you know end
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to end this shows that your knowledge is
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end to end you understand
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from the start till end and this also
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shows that you you are knowledge hungry
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because most of the people will simply
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start from rfc connection request and
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will not even talk about all of this
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again that starting from here is not
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incorrect as well that's also okay the
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answer is still gonna be fine but it
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will not be something that will
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make that will really make you stand out
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it will not be something that will uh
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tell the interviewer that this candidate
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is unique so if you start from this test
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from the start that the ue first of all
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it reads the primary synchronization
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signal the pss which gives it a slot
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level synchronization and center
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frequency information
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then it reads the secondary
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synchronization signal which is the sss
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and that tells it about the cp length
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the cyclic prefix length it gives it's a
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symbol level synchronization it tells
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you whether the the frame structure is
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tdd or fdd it also gives you sub frame
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information
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and with the combination of pss and ssss
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together
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the ue can decode the pci as well
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and pci tells the ue about the location
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of the reference signals and the pc
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pitch
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now after this would just just
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behind the pss we have the pbch
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so the ue decodes the pbch which carries
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the master information block the mib
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and this gives you information about
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system bandwidth
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frame number
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ph and the number of tx
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now when you have information about ph
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pc fetch and reference signals then all
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the other
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symbols or ref source elements in that
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in the first symbol they are they belong
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to pdcch that means that after this you
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can read the pdc ch as well
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and from the pdcch you look for the si
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rnti so the pcc it will tell you where
00:16:21
the sieve one is located
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and then you read the save one it tells
00:16:25
you about multiple parameters but it
00:16:28
also tells you about qrx level min
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so
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that tells you the minimum
00:16:35
rsrp that you need to access the cell so
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how do you get the rsrp
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you have already know where the
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reference signals are you read the
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reference signal so you get the rsrp and
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if the rsrp is above qrx level min you
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try to attach or connect to the cell now
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the next thing you need to do you need
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to do ratch now the rash parameters they
00:16:56
come from sieve two so say one also
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tells you about the other sieves so you
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read the sieve too and you get the raj
00:17:03
information based on this one the ue it
00:17:08
generates the preamble and it sends the
00:17:10
preamble to the e node b this is
00:17:13
also called the message one which is the
00:17:15
premium which carries the preamble now
00:17:16
once the energy gets the preamble it
00:17:19
responds back with the message to which
00:17:21
is also called random access response or
00:17:23
rar
00:17:25
and that carries the timing at once
00:17:28
so now the ue knows its timing at once
00:17:31
it
00:17:32
fixes its timing and sends rash message
00:17:35
3 which is also
00:17:37
known as rrc connection request an rfc
00:17:40
connection request carries the ue id if
00:17:43
the ui is already connected before it
00:17:45
will know it's timzy value so it this
00:17:47
this rrc connection request will carry
00:17:49
the timzy
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if it does not know it's timzy it will
00:17:52
carry a random ue id
00:17:54
it also carries the course code so if
00:17:57
the ue is
00:17:58
let's say wants to send something send
00:18:01
some data the course code will be mo
00:18:03
data if the ue is just a signaling
00:18:06
message it will be ammo signaling
00:18:08
similarly if it is an incoming call it
00:18:11
will be empty access
00:18:12
from here you can find out
00:18:14
what kind of
00:18:16
this connection is as well
00:18:18
then the enodb sends an rfc connection
00:18:20
setup
00:18:21
in response to the rfc connection
00:18:23
request this carries the srb1 which is a
00:18:26
signaling radio beta 1 configuration so
00:18:29
once the ue gets that then the ue uses
00:18:32
this configuration applies it on itself
00:18:35
and then responds with rrc connection
00:18:37
setup complete
00:18:38
now if it is a let's say an attached
00:18:40
message then the attached message will
00:18:43
carry some nas signaling non access
00:18:46
stratum signaling so the rrc connection
00:18:48
setup complete is the message which
00:18:51
carries that nas signaling
00:18:53
now the e node b needs to now transfer
00:18:56
this nas signaling to the core to the
00:18:58
mme and that was done using the s1
00:19:01
initial ue message so inode b sends this
00:19:04
message to the mme the core and it
00:19:07
carries the nas message now the core
00:19:10
when it looks into this message it
00:19:11
responds with s1 initial context setup
00:19:14
request
00:19:15
now the core might respond with some
00:19:17
other messages as well but the most
00:19:19
common message which is the erab setup
00:19:21
message is this one in response to s1
00:19:24
initial ui message so this message it
00:19:27
carries the qos information like the qci
00:19:30
erev id
00:19:32
mbr values and once the node b gets this
00:19:35
information it transfers this message to
00:19:38
the
00:19:39
huey using rrc reconfiguration messages
00:19:42
and over here it also sends the security
00:19:44
mode command as well
00:19:46
so with this message rsvd configuration
00:19:48
message it sets up the data radio bearer
00:19:51
and the signaling radio beta 2 srb2 and
00:19:54
also the security information which is
00:19:56
in the smc message the security mode
00:19:58
command so once this is completed ue
00:20:02
will respond
00:20:03
back with security mode complete and rs3
00:20:05
configuration complete the enode b will
00:20:07
then send s1 initial context setup
00:20:11
response to the mme indicating that the
00:20:14
betas are set up and this is where we
00:20:16
say the e-wrap setup is completed and
00:20:18
over the over the nas messages we can
00:20:20
also do the attach complete uh or
00:20:24
after this message
00:20:26
and
00:20:27
we can say that the ue is now
00:20:28
successfully connected to the
00:20:30
lte network and we can say that this is
00:20:33
the end of our call flow or and we can
00:20:36
also end our answer here as well so what
00:20:38
we have done here is that we have taken
00:20:40
this network entry steps and
00:20:43
we have given an answer that is
00:20:46
from the start the first thing the ue
00:20:48
does it starts over here and we have
00:20:50
taken it all the way uh to the until the
00:20:53
end where the edap setup is done and we
00:20:56
have also explained
00:20:58
what each individual message is carrying
00:21:01
so it is
00:21:02
it is something that
00:21:03
is
00:21:04
giving a lot of depth to the answer
00:21:08
and definitely if the interviewer goes
00:21:11
through this kind of depth
00:21:13
the interview will know that this guy
00:21:16
is different from others
00:21:20
another one which is uh which is the
00:21:22
most common question and it is
00:21:24
asked in
00:21:25
nearly every interview that is how to
00:21:28
optimize
00:21:29
lte downlink through performance just
00:21:32
now
00:21:32
again
00:21:34
simple answers you can improve radio
00:21:37
quality carrier aggregation a couple of
00:21:40
features
00:21:41
but
00:21:42
the most important thing that i
00:21:45
think is important for
00:21:47
optimization is to identify the
00:21:49
bottleneck first so uh
00:21:51
you can answer that with
00:21:54
this scenario that first i need to
00:21:56
identify what is the bottom lag that is
00:21:59
causing the load throughput so if i say
00:22:01
that the throughput is being low
00:22:04
throughput is being caused because of
00:22:06
low cqi and low mcs
00:22:09
and even the ta timing advanced value is
00:22:11
also low that means the users even near
00:22:14
the cell have bad radio quality so that
00:22:17
means they it is more of an interference
00:22:19
scenario it is a low si and r scenario
00:22:22
so in those kind of scenarios physical
00:22:24
optimization like down tilts can help
00:22:28
features like lean carriers can help
00:22:30
reference signal d boosting can help
00:22:33
because the reference signals are
00:22:34
de-boosted they reduce the interference
00:22:36
noise
00:22:37
there are also features like coordinated
00:22:39
multi-point or
00:22:41
adaptive or single frequency network
00:22:43
which used to combine two cells into one
00:22:46
cell together at the cell edge they also
00:22:49
reduce interference a lot these kind of
00:22:51
features
00:22:52
are
00:22:53
there when you have an interference
00:22:55
limited uh issues interference limited
00:22:58
cells where you have low throughput
00:23:00
because of high interference or low sinr
00:23:04
another one is the congestion now the
00:23:06
congestion can be on the data channel in
00:23:09
this case you have high resource block
00:23:11
utilization so in this case either you
00:23:14
add more cells that will add more
00:23:15
capacity you can add more carriers that
00:23:17
can add more capacity or you enable load
00:23:20
balancing features so you
00:23:23
make sure that all the carriers are
00:23:25
equally loaded if one carrier is less
00:23:27
loaded you can use load balancing to
00:23:29
push users to that one you can enable
00:23:32
carrier aggregation so
00:23:34
it should already be there but lte carry
00:23:36
aggregation should improve your overall
00:23:38
throughput and capacity
00:23:41
if you have a control congestion that is
00:23:43
a pdcch
00:23:45
congestion and you can see that you have
00:23:48
high pdcc utilization
00:23:51
in that case what you need is that you
00:23:53
need to expand the pdc ch capacity so
00:23:56
increase the cfi that means
00:23:58
number of symbols required or allocated
00:24:01
to pdcch if you increase that if there's
00:24:03
only one symbol make it two with the two
00:24:05
symbols make it three they're already
00:24:07
three make it adaptive so in that case
00:24:10
what happens is that you can improve
00:24:12
your
00:24:13
pdc ch capacity another thing you can do
00:24:16
is that you can reduce your aggregation
00:24:18
levels so the uh if the pcc is using
00:24:21
high aggregation levels then it will be
00:24:23
congested very quickly for instance if
00:24:26
you are using the highest aggregation
00:24:27
level you and you have one symbol you
00:24:29
might only you be able to allocate one
00:24:31
or two uis
00:24:32
in that slot in that subframe but if you
00:24:35
reduce the irrigation level to let's say
00:24:37
four or two you can now um
00:24:40
transmit
00:24:41
four or eight users for instance in the
00:24:44
same subframe so in this case you can
00:24:46
increase your pgch capacity
00:24:50
excuse me
00:24:52
another issue could be backhaul issues
00:24:54
so backhaul issues
00:24:55
are something that we can't really do
00:24:57
but if how to find out that is important
00:25:00
so
00:25:01
from the rand perspective if you have
00:25:03
low slot usage
00:25:05
or if you have
00:25:07
high
00:25:08
single
00:25:10
last tdi usage
00:25:11
then that means that you have you can
00:25:14
have
00:25:15
some backhaul issues or or your core
00:25:17
issues so in that case you need to
00:25:19
increase the backhoe capacity so the
00:25:21
important thing is to add yet you should
00:25:23
be able to identify
00:25:25
possible backhaul capacity issues from
00:25:28
your
00:25:29
own analysis on the rant side
00:25:31
now another one could be
00:25:33
simple poor coverage in this case what
00:25:36
will happen is that you will see high
00:25:37
path loss and high ta timing advanced
00:25:40
counters so in this case you know that
00:25:42
users are very far away so in this case
00:25:45
you can up tilt
00:25:47
you can increase your power
00:25:49
or you can move users to the lower
00:25:52
frequency bands so if you are using
00:25:54
let's say a higher band like 2600 and
00:25:57
you can see that it is the users are
00:25:59
camping in very poor coverage and their
00:26:01
throughput is very very low and you and
00:26:03
you have tried up tilting you've tried
00:26:05
increasing the power but nothing is
00:26:07
really helping you can offload the cell
00:26:09
edge users to a lower band for instance
00:26:12
the 1800 band or 2100 band or 800 band
00:26:15
so that in in that band because a lower
00:26:18
band they will have more higher rsrp and
00:26:21
more coverage so it will be uh
00:26:24
it will end up users having better
00:26:26
throughputs in comparison to uh what
00:26:28
they're getting on the higher uh
00:26:30
higher frequency band
00:26:32
so these are the factors uh but if you
00:26:35
talk about throughput for per bottleneck
00:26:39
and you explain the optimization actions
00:26:42
and the identifying factors for each of
00:26:44
the bottleneck type then that is
00:26:46
something that gives a structure to your
00:26:48
answer and it also tells
00:26:50
the interviewer that
00:26:52
your knowledge and your depth is much
00:26:55
more and you have done that your
00:26:57
experience is much much higher so it
00:27:00
gives you the edge that you're looking
00:27:02
for and
00:27:03
if you try to answer them in these kind
00:27:06
of structural ways
00:27:08
you should be able to
00:27:10
land yourself a job pretty quickly so
00:27:13
that's all from my side
00:27:15
to let me know if you have any questions
00:27:17
or any other questions that you want me
00:27:18
to cover that will also be good so best
00:27:21
of luck
00:27:22
have a nice day
