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[Music]
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we will restore science to its rightful
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place and wheel technology wonders
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[Music]
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[Music]
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[Music]
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[Music]
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we live in an age of
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science technology
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progress modern science has remade our
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world but at what
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cost during the first half of the 20th
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century three prophetic writers warned
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about the Dark Side of scientific and
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technological progress GK
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Chesterton George
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Orwell and CS
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Lewis best known for his Narnia stories
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and his books of Christian theology CS
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Lewis also had an intense interest in
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The Growing Power of scientism the
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effort to use the methods of science to
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explain and control every part of human
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life Lewis was very much a I and a
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Critic of scientism he was opposed to an
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ideology which in his view had been
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confused with science it was a
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particular materialistic approach which
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wanted to reduce everything that we
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could learn
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scientifically uh to materialistic
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causes blind undirected causes uh Lewis
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thought that science was was a perfectly
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legitimate Enterprise he never denied it
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he he in fact studied it quite a bit he
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never so far as I know attacked science
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itself what he attacked was scientism
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this idea that the method or the methods
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really of Natural Science should be the
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bar by which every other intellectual
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discipline must be held just like in all
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human disciplines Lewis thought that
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science could be corrupted and that some
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people could pursue science because they
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wanted power over the world and power
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over other people in particular and I
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think what he saw was that you had to
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avoid those extremes in the in the um
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not only in the employment of science
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but in the popularization of it you
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could not afford to ignore the finding
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of science the importance of scientific
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method you had to see that it's one of
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the greatest um applications and
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developments of the rational method per
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se a subset of the rational method but
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that it was very dangerous and that in
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the 20th century it had had very
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malignant consequences to deify it
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Scientific Socialism cred credibly a
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scientific version of Politics the
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marxists called their system Scientific
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Socialism well no one in his right mind
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in 2012 will say that that Marxism was
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scientific no one in his right mind but
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people did for 150 years 170 years
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social darwinist racial science in Nazi
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Germany enormous Prestige was given to
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racialist views by their apparent
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clothing
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um people such as as as uh as Heckle and
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mshot and buner popularizing reductive
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scientific ideas with immense success in
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many ways more success in in Germany
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than in than in England Lewis saw these
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developments he saw that that two world
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wars in which one he served and was
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badly wounded had roots in barbaric and
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hysterical scientistic ideas abuses of
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the scientific method abuses of
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scientific terminology and language
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abuses of scientific
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faith when warning about the abuse of
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science Lewis made an unusual comparison
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although most people think of science as
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something modern Lewis compared it to
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something ancient
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magic CS Lewis thought that science and
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Magic are
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twins now if you think about this this
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might seem very strange but you know I
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think that Lewis was very perceptive
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here uh in fact he highlighted three
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different ways that science and Magic
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really are quite
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similar the first way science and Magic
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are similar according to Lewis is their
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ability to function as a
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religion uh certainly a magical view of
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the world can give one a sense that
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there's something more than just our
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everyday lives if you walk through a
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forest and think it's Enchanted it gives
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you a sense of a Grand Vision that
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there's something out there uh that we
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don't ordinarily experience it can give
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you a sense of meaning I think there's a
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real reason why fantasy stories are so
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beloved whether it be Lewis's own
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Chronicles of Narnia or Geral tolkin
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Lord of the Rings or Harry Potter it
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really strikes a deep chord in people
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whether they're religious or not about a
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sense of grandeur in the universe
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something higher than ourselves and in
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fact from for some people who aren't
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religious this magical view of the world
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can actually be even more attractive
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because it substitutes for that well in
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the same way science can be an
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alternative religion and during Lewis's
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own time there were people like HG Wells
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who turned say Darwin's theory of
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evolution into this Cosmic theory of
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Life developing in this blind struggle
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in the universe and then human life
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develops sort of this heroic character
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fighting against nature and then
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eventually man evolved and evolves
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himself through Eugenics into a race of
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demigods but for man no rest and no
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ending he must go on Conquest Beyond
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Conquest first this little planet in its
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winds and waves and then all the laws of
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mind and matter that restrain him then
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the planets about him and at last out
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across immensity to the
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stars and when he has conquered all the
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deeps of space and all the mysteries of
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time
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still he will be
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begin and this sort of Epic struggle
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this Cosmic struggle of evolution was
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really an alternate religion for HG
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Wells and you know you see that same
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thing today whether it be Oxford
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biologist Richard Dawkins who says that
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Darwin helps us become an intellectually
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fulfilled atheist or uh in 2012 we had
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10 to 20,000 people converge on
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Washington DC in the United States uh
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for this reason rally where a lot of the
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people testifying whe they really offer
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science as a
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religion if you look at the Royal
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Society of London the equivalent for the
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British Commonwealth again about 90% of
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them are
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atheists and so today I think you see a
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lot of people speaking in the name of
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science who offer science as a quasi
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religion it's what gives their uh lives
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meaning another area that we see this
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today isn't in the whole celebration of
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Darwin's birthday hundreds of colleges
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Community organizations if not thousands
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around the world on February 12th every
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year hold Darwin Day Celebrations
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sometimes they have birthday cakes they
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have special concerts even with hymns
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towards Darwin I mean it really takes on
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the trappings of a religion
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[Music]
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[Applause]
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[Music]
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with the knowledge of the first atomic
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explosions to guide us our chances for
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survival will be far better than those
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of the people of Hiroshima and nasaki if
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we act on our knowledge and are
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prepared a second way science at Magic
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are similar according to Lewis is their
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encouragement of a lack of
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skepticism now again this may seem just
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completely outlandish because science
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how does that promote gullibility
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science is supposed to be just the hard
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facts now of course magic you could
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think of in you know the Trib has a
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witch doctor and they believe whatever
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the witch doctor says and so being you
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know magical thinking can promote a type
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of credulous thinking where you just
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trust what the authority figure says but
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how does science promote that type of
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credulous or gullible thinking Lewis
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pointed out that in the modern world
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people will believe almost anything if
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it's dressed up in the name of
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[Music]
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science he's going to be all right of
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course he's going to be all right oh
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sure oh Mom the dock here just wants to
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cut a little of the Badness out of
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me for Lewis one of the leading examples
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of science fueled gullibility was
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freudianism Lewis had an interest in
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Sigman Freud since his days as an Oxford
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undergraduate Lewis was intrigued by
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some of the claims of psychoanalysis but
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he ultimately rejected the effort by
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Freud's followers to explain everything
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from religion to stealing cars as a
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result of our subconscious urges
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[Applause]
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before the police finally caught up with
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him Peter took about 30 cars a car had
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meaning to him in a symbolic way it
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represented his mother since he could
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not get her he had to have a substitute
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and a car was that substitute hence his
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thrill every time he drove a car hence
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his continuous stealing to the average
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reader such an explanation may seem seem
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far-fetched yet clinical experience
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shows that a car often stands for a
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woman in Daily Language we often call a
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car she when we have the tank filled
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with gasoline we say fill her
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up well Lewis pointed out that if you
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actually take Freud's view to its
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eventual conclusion that actually
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undermines even the belief in
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freudianism suppose suppose you you had
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a a Freud somebody kind of like
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Freud and this person who is kind of
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like Freud said no one ever believes
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anything for reason because there's
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always some
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other uh explanation for why they why
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they believe it other than their reason
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for believing it well that would be true
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of religious people but it would also be
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true of Freud right Freud himself Lou's
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point is where does this end if you
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really think that all reasoning
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fundamentally is based on subrational
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urges and that we can't analyze those
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urges and there isn't real reason that
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we can judge uh on based on evidence and
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that we can't be self-critical then that
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destroys freudianism just like it
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destroys everything
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else shortly after Lewis accepted
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Christianity he sazed Freud in his
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allegory the Pilgrim's regress in
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Lewis's Story the main character John
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ends up being thrown in jail by a
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character named zigmund enlight
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zigmund was actually Sigman Freud's real
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first name he ended up shortening it
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later and so this was very much a parody
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of Freud and but what is this jail that
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he's thrown into well it's a jail
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governed by this giant and this giant
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has a particular propensity that
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anything that he looks at becomes
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transparent and so when this Pilgrim
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character is thrown into this dungeon
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into this jail
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it's a jail of Horrors because whenever
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he looks at someone he doesn't see them
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he sees their insides their intestines
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he sees through them and it's horrible
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it's like it's it's like a a you know a
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house of horrors and that was Lewis's
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pictures really of where freudianism
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leads you it if you try to deconstruct
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everything you're left with
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nothing another example of science
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inspired gullibility according to Lewis
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was what he called evolutionism the
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popular idea that matter could magically
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transform itself into complex and
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conscious living things through a blind
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and unguided process Lewis's doubts
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about unguided Evolution went back to
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his days as a soldier in World War I
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while recovering from shrapnel wounds a
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young Lewis read the book creative
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evolution by French natural philosopher
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Orr beron beron questioned the ability
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of Darwin's theory to account for
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complex structures like the human eye
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through a blind process like natural
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[Music]
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selection Lewis believed that
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evolutionism like freudianism contained
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a fatal self-contradiction regarding the
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human mind according to the darwinian
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view reason was simply the unforeseen
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and unintended byproduct of a Mindless
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process based on survival of the fittest
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Lewis pointed out the key difficulty
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with the darwinian account of reason if
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my own mind is a product of the
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irrational he asked how shall I trust my
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mind when it tells me about
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evolution in his personal copy of
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Charles Darwin's autobiography Lewis
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underlined passages where Darwin had
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asked himself the same
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question but then with me the horrid
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doubt always arises whether the
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convictions of a man's mind which has
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been developed from the mind of the
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lower animals are of any value or at all
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trust worthy would anyone trust in the
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convictions of a monkey's mind if there
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are any convictions in such a
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mind what this means is that if natural
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selection in random genetic mutations
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gave rise to our intellectual capacities
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we should assume that our intellectual
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capacities are consistent with survival
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enhancing Behavior but we should have no
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especially good reason to believe that
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we actually know truth or that you know
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we our intellectual faculties even have
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that capacity of connecting ING with
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truth is one of its natural outcomes
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because that's not always designed for
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if anything our reason is just sort of
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along for the ride with our survival
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enhancing behaviors which natural
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selection over millions of years has
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selected so the implication of lewis'
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argument here is that if naturalism is
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true and the darwinian mechanism more or
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less accounts for our faculties we
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probably shouldn't trust our reason the
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idea that a blind and purposeless
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process without a mind can produce
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things like human beings that have minds
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and produce moral beliefs and things
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that sometimes go against our need for
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physical survival the idea that a
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Mindless process of survival in the
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fittest could create such things really
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was an outlandish one according to Lewis
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uh how could a Mindless process produce
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minds and uh to think that it could
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really was just shows how gullible
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people can be in the name of science 3 2
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1
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[Music]
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zero the third similarity between
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science and Magic according to Lewis is
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the quest for
00:18:04
power magic was about the quest for
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power magicians wanted to have power
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over the world and over the universe
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they wanted to harness the powers of
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Nature and the the deeper powers of
00:18:17
nature in order to control it and Lewis
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said that much of modern
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science uh not all but much of modern
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science was actually devoted towards
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power over the world for many people in
00:18:28
the 20 Century the power of modern
00:18:30
science was its greatest virtue they
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hoped science would Usher in a new age
00:18:35
of peace and prosperity a scientific
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Utopia all curves and plastic monsanto's
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House of the future is open to the
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public at Disneyland a four-wing plastic
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shell makes a snug and solid five room
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dwelling designed for a family of four
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and coincidentally it's a fairly typical
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family of four that gets first look a
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family food to store atomically
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irradiated
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food a work surface that includes a
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combination supersonic dishwasher and
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storage
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unit a look at the future looks good ehy
00:19:15
for the scientific utopians of Lewis's
00:19:17
era science was the Savior that would
00:19:20
allow us to remake our world what gets
00:19:23
under your skin about research is the
00:19:25
attitude of the men in the lbs they work
00:19:27
on the principle that nothing is
00:19:29
impossible you hear that bud oh sure but
00:19:31
I don't believe it open your eyes bu the
00:19:33
proofs all around you and of course that
00:19:36
can be good modern science brings us
00:19:38
good things uh many things from the
00:19:41
microwave oven to computers to uh life
00:19:45
saving treatments of modern medicine
00:19:47
which Lewis certainly
00:19:49
appreciated but on the other hand that
00:19:52
tendency to want to control things can
00:19:54
bring us the orwellian state of you know
00:19:57
George Orwell's 1984 and so Lewis
00:20:00
thought that modern science in fact was
00:20:02
far more dangerous than magic because
00:20:04
magic failed you know magic doesn't work
00:20:07
at the end of the day and so it wasn't
00:20:09
so dangerous because people actually
00:20:11
couldn't use it to control the world
00:20:12
modern science has the potential that
00:20:14
you really can control uh people if you
00:20:16
find the right drugs or find the right
00:20:18
treatments you can manipulate them and
00:20:20
so if you don't have some other way of
00:20:23
protecting and limiting what you do in
00:20:26
the name of science some ethical basis
00:20:28
that isn't dictated by science itself
00:20:30
that can control it then you are facing
00:20:34
a really Bleak uh future Lewis's
00:20:38
critique of scientific utopianism was at
00:20:40
the heart of his novel That Hideous
00:20:42
Strength which tells the story of a
00:20:44
conspiracy to transform England into a
00:20:47
scientific dictatorship the conspiracy
00:20:50
is led by a government bureaucracy with
00:20:52
the deceptively innocuous name of the
00:20:54
National Institute of coordinated
00:20:56
experiments or nice
00:20:59
I think that That Hideous Strength and
00:21:01
huxley's Brave New World are the two
00:21:04
greatest dystopias in our language in
00:21:07
the 20th century the agenda of nice in
00:21:10
That Hideous Strength reads like a wish
00:21:13
list drawn up by the eras leading
00:21:15
scientific social reformers it included
00:21:18
sterilization of the
00:21:20
unfit selective
00:21:22
breeding biochemical
00:21:24
conditioning experimentation on both
00:21:27
animals and criminals
00:21:29
and above all truly scientific planning
00:21:32
a scientific planning that is pretending
00:21:35
to uh to uh provide a new Humanity that
00:21:39
is doing away with traditional ethics
00:21:41
that is doing away with all traditional
00:21:43
restraints
00:21:45
[Music]
00:22:04
Lewis depicts a world in That Hideous
00:22:07
Strength In which nothing is sacred um
00:22:11
Daniel Bellis told us that the essence
00:22:13
of modernity is that nothing is
00:22:16
[Music]
00:22:23
sacred in in the abolition of man and
00:22:26
also in That Hideous Strength we see the
00:22:28
consequence of a world in which nothing
00:22:30
is sacred which includes the human
00:22:33
person the human person is not sacred
00:22:35
and when that happens there are no
00:22:37
distinctions between individuals or
00:22:40
humans and animals or humans and
00:22:41
vegetables or humans and minerals and we
00:22:44
have the kind of thing we've had in the
00:22:45
20th
00:22:48
century in the two decades before his
00:22:50
death Lewis became increasingly alarmed
00:22:52
by the rise of scientific
00:22:56
authoritarianism Lewis was very
00:22:57
concerned by the dogmatic use of Science
00:23:00
and that is why he wrote his novel That
00:23:03
Hideous Strength that is why he wrote
00:23:06
his book the abolition of man where he
00:23:08
actually worries and and somewhat sort
00:23:11
of predicts the rise of a new class of
00:23:13
speak people of experts speaking in the
00:23:16
name of science who would dictate to
00:23:19
everyone else in fact by the end of his
00:23:21
life Lewis was worrying about the rise
00:23:24
of what he called
00:23:26
scientocracy uh government and Society
00:23:29
that claims to be based on the claims of
00:23:31
modern science but in reality really is
00:23:34
based on a scientific click of a few
00:23:36
people who are speaking in the name of
00:23:38
Science and maybe they are adopting the
00:23:41
majority view of science but they're
00:23:42
claiming the right to rule based on
00:23:45
their scientific knowledge and
00:23:49
[Music]
00:23:54
expertise ls's concern about
00:23:56
authoritarian science seems eerily
00:23:59
prophetic
00:24:03
[Music]
00:24:26
[Music]
00:24:52
[Music]
00:24:58
[Music]
00:25:04
[Music]
00:25:20
[Music]
00:25:22
in a world driven by science and
00:25:24
technology those who question the New
00:25:26
Order like CS Lewis did increasingly
00:25:29
find themselves labeled
00:25:31
anti-science CS Lewis would have
00:25:33
rejected the
00:25:36
charge Lewis did not accept uh the idea
00:25:39
that that science was a special form of
00:25:41
knowledge that was somehow immune to
00:25:43
inspection that was some somehow uh
00:25:46
cordoned off from the
00:25:48
non-specialist uh assessing uh the
00:25:51
deliverances of the Sciences Lewis was
00:25:54
well aware that uh first of all that
00:25:56
there's no such thing as science as such
00:25:58
there are science says and each science
00:26:01
has its particular methods uh and its
00:26:04
particular areas of
00:26:05
study uh and also that that uh the
00:26:08
science says to be good need to interact
00:26:11
with one another but they do so uh by by
00:26:15
means of the larger tools of good uh
00:26:17
rational critical thinking uh and so
00:26:20
that the the um the things that the
00:26:23
scientists say are subject to review by
00:26:27
by everyone who is able to think well to
00:26:29
think critically to think
00:26:32
rationally Lewis did not deny that
00:26:34
scientific expertise might be necessary
00:26:36
for good public policy in many areas but
00:26:40
he insisted that science alone was not
00:26:43
sufficient knowing say how things work
00:26:46
knowing how cells work or knowing uh how
00:26:50
ecosystems work doesn't tell you what
00:26:53
you ought to do for your Society because
00:26:56
public policy is not just about the
00:26:58
technical expertise of how things work
00:27:01
it's about what good is worth having at
00:27:04
what price and as CS Lewis pointed out
00:27:06
on these questions a scientific training
00:27:09
gives you no added value scientists are
00:27:11
not moral philosophers yet political and
00:27:14
social judgments involve not just how do
00:27:17
things work and how can we make them
00:27:18
work better but uh how should we act and
00:27:23
what's worth spending money on and
00:27:26
what's worth doing and um what freedoms
00:27:30
are worth giving up or
00:27:34
not and on these sorts of moral and
00:27:37
ethical questions someone's science
00:27:39
training doesn't give them the right to
00:27:41
dictate to the rest of society
00:27:50
[Music]
00:28:06
CS Lewis thought that science was a good
00:28:09
thing but he also thought that it held
00:28:11
some really strong dangers the biggest
00:28:15
danger really was the pensent to control
00:28:18
uh in a scientific view if you think
00:28:20
that is the only way that we have
00:28:22
knowledge of the world and so uh if you
00:28:25
think that if I have the scientific
00:28:27
truth about something that's you know
00:28:29
end of story I know everything that
00:28:32
really tends to feed a Power Trip
00:28:34
whether you're a scientist or you're a
00:28:36
politician who's trying to latch on to
00:28:38
The Prestige of science uh you really
00:28:41
have people who are going to abuse their
00:28:43
power because they think look we're the
00:28:45
only ones who know what should happen
00:28:48
because we know how the universe really
00:28:50
works therefore we should be able to
00:28:52
dictate uh what our cultural beliefs are
00:28:55
we should dictate what uh our government
00:28:58
should do how we should design
00:29:00
governmental programs we should dictate
00:29:03
uh all manner of public policy and the
00:29:06
anyone who doesn't have a scientific
00:29:07
training or isn't part of the consensus
00:29:09
view of science is basically stupid or
00:29:12
against progress or against science and
00:29:14
so should be really swept by the wayside
00:29:16
and shouldn't be listened to and I think
00:29:19
Lewis thought that that almost
00:29:21
totalitarian impulse was really a
00:29:24
dangerous thing
00:29:29
Lewis I think was properly so frightened
00:29:33
by that uh potential within science and
00:29:36
that's why he stressed why we really
00:29:38
need a way to understand the limits of
00:29:40
Science and that uh there is something
00:29:44
behind science a larger Transcendent
00:29:47
ethical sphere behind science uh and
00:29:50
that we aren't just blind matter and
00:29:51
motion that we're part of a designed
00:29:53
universe that actually sets limits on
00:29:56
what we should and shouldn't do
00:30:00
it's an age-old problem how do we
00:30:02
prevent something good from being
00:30:04
Twisted for evil ends CS Lewis hoped
00:30:08
that scientists themselves would find a
00:30:10
way to rescue science from scientism
00:30:13
creating a regenerate science that
00:30:15
respected human rights and honored human
00:30:17
dignity a science that would no longer
00:30:20
be the magician twin
00:30:23
[Music]
00:30:24
[Applause]
00:30:26
[Music]
